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    Wyświetlanie 1-45 z 45
    Tytuł:
    One hundred years of the Faculty of Law, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
    Autorzy:
    Olszewski, Henryk
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/704191.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    law
    higher education
    legal science and legal teaching
    Opis:
    The text is written on the occasion of the centenary of the Faculty of Law of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The author describes the history of the Jubilarian, discusses the achievements of the Faculty’s community and reveals some of its imperfections. The review presents the changes which the Faculty has undergone. The authors commentary is pervaded with the pride of he Faculty‘s successes from the articular periods of the history. The author also expresses concern about the effects of the Polish higher education reform which is now in its initial stage.
    Źródło:
    Nauka; 2019, 1
    1231-8515
    Pojawia się w:
    Nauka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The End of the Classical Paradigms of Law
    Autorzy:
    Leszczuk, Sylwia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135751.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    paradigm
    legal science paradigms
    legal science
    philosophy of law
    grand narratives
    disenchantment of the world
    Opis:
    Goal – the aim of this text is to show the functioning, transformation, convergence and ultimately decline of classical paradigms operating in the legal sphere. Particular attention is focused on the contemporary state of affairs, referring to today’s trends in thought, philosophy and the contemporary way of explaining reality by societies that are carriers of the law. The purpose is to showcase that the today’s changing world is faced with many problems that are completely new to humanity as a whole, and that those problems have the power to affect the legal sphere as well. It proves that despite the belief in the stabilizing function of the law, it itself begins to be questioned, and its iron foundations begin to waver in principle, resulting in spectacular changes in the way we view such non‑negotiable issues as justice, power, order, and the meaning of being. Research methodology – through an analysis of the literature on the subject and by compiling the most important paradigmatic frameworks, a cross‑section of attitudes relevant to understanding the presented issue is made. Score/result – as a result, an observation is made regarding the current state of paradigms operating in the legal sphere. In line with the conclusion, it is stated that in the present world paradigms have mostly lost or are losing their power. They will lose it completely or undergo a transformation. There is also an exhaustion of the power of all grand narratives that must necessarily be taken into account when making any considerations about the embeddedness of law and its validity. Originality/value – the content of the text refers to well‑known paradigms of law that seem to be unshakable elements of Western legal culture. Nevertheless, the analysis of the problems presented in the text shows that the unshakable foundations of law are beginning to degrade, or at least to change, in collision with, above all, contemporary socio‑cultural transformations.
    Źródło:
    Studia Sieci Uniwersytetów Pogranicza; 2021; 79-92
    2544-5790
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Sieci Uniwersytetów Pogranicza
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Co zostaje po uczonym prawniku?
    Why to Remember a Law Professor Several Years after His Death?
    Autorzy:
    Longchamps de Bérier, Franciszek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518560.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
    Tematy:
    jurisprudence
    legal history
    legal science
    lawyer
    professor
    subjects of legal research
    Opis:
    Questions and answers of the paper concern academic achievements of law professors seen at least two decades after their death. What remains of a law professor: good character, disciples and students, specificity of university genealogy, important research topics, work and writings, institutions created, international research friendships? Who can be considered a great lawyer? What are the criteria to asses it?
    Źródło:
    Forum Prawnicze; 2020, 4 (60); 7-16
    2081-688X
    Pojawia się w:
    Forum Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Protection in Germany of the fundamental rights of the European Union (GrCH). Case note of the BVerfG (German Federal Constitutional Court) of 06.11.2019 - 1 BvR 16/13 concerning the interpretation of the fundamental rights within the Basic law with regard to non-fully harmonized EU law.
    Autorzy:
    Giambrone, Filippo
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1976447.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-22
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
    Tematy:
    EU law
    civil law
    Law
    Legal science
    European Fundamental Rights
    Opis:
    Orientation sentences for the remark 1. In the case of non-fully harmonised EU law, the fundamental rights of the Basic Law constitute the primary standard of assessment. Within the diversity of fundamental rights provided for by European law, the presumption is that the fundamental rights of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (GrCh) are co-guaranteed by those of the GG(German Constitution). That presumption can only be rebutted if there is concrete and sufficient evidence to support it. 2. Threats from the dissemination of personal reports and information as part of public communication affect the scope of protection of the expressions of general personality law, not that of the right to informational self-determination. 3. The general right of personality does not give way to filtering and restricting publicly available information about one’s own person according to his own ideas. The unlimited public confrontation with previous positions, statements and actions, on the other hand, is not appropriate. 4. On the contrary, it is necessary to strike a balance with the interests of the content provider, with specific emphasis on the temporal aspect, availability and context of the information in relation to the communication conditions of the Internet.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Modern Science; 2021, 47, 2; 523-541
    1734-2031
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Modern Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metodologiczne problemy związane z badaniem związków polityki z prawem
    Methodological Problems in Research on the Relations between Politics and Law
    Autorzy:
    Blok, Zbigniew
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28411054.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    methodology
    legal science
    political science
    law
    theory
    metodologia
    nauki prawne
    politologia
    prawo
    teoria
    Opis:
    Badania nad relacjami między polityką i prawem mają bogatą tradycję, cieszą się sporym zainteresowaniem i mają przed sobą znaczące perspektywy. Nie oznacza to jednak, że udało się przezwyciężyć wszystkie problemy o charakterze metodologicznym – a jest to warunek niezbędny do prowadzenia takich wspólnych badań politologiczno-prawniczych, które będą rzetelne i efektywne poznawczo. W artykule podjęto się rozważenia głównych wyzwań metodologicznych, które powinny zostać przezwyciężone, jeśli badania politologów i prawników mają stworzyć nową jakość badań społecznych. Autor wyraża przy tym sceptyczne stanowisko wobec możliwości integracji wiedzy w obliczu różnic przedmiotowych między prawem i polityką.
    Research on the relations between politics and law has rich tradition, enjoys considerable scientific interest, and has significant perspectives for the future. It does not, however, mean that all of the methodological problems have been solved – and this is a necessary condition for conducting such a common political-legal research that would be reliable and cognitively effective. In the article, an attempt has been made to consider the main methodological challenges that should be overcome if common research of political scientists and legal scholars is to create new quality of social research. The author expresses a sceptic attitude towards the possibility of integration of knowledge in the face of differences in subject matters of law and politics.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2022, 41 (48); 21-40
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nauki prawne wobec problemu polityczności: zagadnienia wybrane z perspektywy jurysprudencji krytycznej
    Legal Sciences and the Problem of the Political: The Perspective of Critical Jurisprudence
    Autorzy:
    Mańko, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531608.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-01
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR
    Tematy:
    nauka prawa
    polityczność
    antagonizm
    analityczna teoria prawa
    dogmatyka prawnicza
    legal science
    the political
    antagonism
    analytical legal theory
    legal dogmatics
    critical legal theory
    Opis:
    Wzrastające zainteresowanie związków zjawisk prawnych z politycznością uzasadnia podjęcie problemu polityczności nauki prawa. Artykuł podejmuje problem związków z politycznością dwóch subdyscyplin prawniczych – analitycznej teorii prawa oraz dogmatyki prawniczej, prowadząc rozważania z perspektywy jurysprudencji krytycznej, będącej prawniczą aplikacją teorii krytycznej. W tym celu najpierw definiuje pojęcie polityczności, rozumianej w duchu Mouffe jako wymiar antagonizmu leżący u podstaw każdego społeczeństwa. Tak rozumianą polityczność (the political) należy odróżnić od polityki (politics) oraz poszczególnych polityk (policies). Co się tyczy analitycznej teorii prawa, artykuł stawia tezę, iż jest ona programowo (choć milcząco) polityczna, a jej nastawienie badawcze sprowadza się do blankietowej afirmacji formy prawnej, przy uchyleniu się do ustosunkowania się konkretnego do jego treści. Z kolei co się tyczy dogmatyki prawniczej, nawiązując do Sawy Frydmana artykuł stawia tezę, iż dogmatyk, pomimo deklarowanej apolityczności, w rzeczywistości dokonując doktrynalnej wykładni prawa podejmuje kolejne decyzje, które są nie tylko decyzjami interpretacyjnymi, ale też politycznymi, bowiem wyznaczają kolejne etapy w antagonistycznych zmaganiach w społeczeństwie.
    The growing interest in the connections between legal phenomena and the political (das Politische, le politique) justifies an analysis of the problem of the relationship of legal sciences towards the political. The article focuses on two juridical sub-disciplines: analytical legal theory and legal dogmatics, and the analysis is conducted from the perspective of critical jurisprudence, a juristic application of critical theory. Towards this end, first the concept of ‘the political’ is defined, along the lines of Chantal Mouffe, as a dimension of antagonism, which lies at the foundation of any society. The political, understood in this way, must be differentiated both from ‘politics’ and from ‘policies’. As far as analytical legal theory is concerned, the article claims that it is programmatically (yet tacitly) political, as it affirms the juridical form as such, abstracting from its concrete content. As far as legal dogmatics is concerned, the article claims, following Sawa Frydman, that the dogmatician, despite his declared apoliticality, when performing a doctrinal interpretation of law, makes in fact decisions which are not only interpretive, but also political ones, setting subsequent stages in the antagonistic struggles within society.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2018, 3(18); 38-50
    2082-3304
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Доктрина права: некоторые методологические аспекты
    The doctrine of law: selected methodological aspects
    Doktryna prawa: wybrane aspekty metodologiczne
    Autorzy:
    Suleimanov, Bigruzi Bukharinovic
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565078.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-07-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
    Tematy:
    право
    источники права
    правоведение
    юридическая наука
    правовая система
    законодательство
    правовая доктрина
    law
    sources of law
    jurisprudence
    legal science
    legal system
    legislation
    legal doctrine
    Opis:
    Доктрина права является одной из важных и привлекательных проблем юридической науки. В некоторых правовых системах доктрина остается значимым источником права. Это означает, что доктрина права выходит за рамки научной проблемы и имеет и прикладное значение. Однако многие аспекты доктрины права остаются весьма спорными, неоднозначными. К таковым можно отнести, в том числе и ее признаки, при помощи которых можно разграничить доктрину права от других источников права. Правовая жизнь является одним из наиболее популярных направлений доктринальных исследований в современной отечественной юриспруденции. Многозначность самого слова «доктрина» порождает разные трактовки, которых надо учитывать. Все это предопределяют актуальность и необходимость дальнейших исследований доктрины права.
    The doctrine of law is one of the most important and fascinating problems of legal science. In some legal systems, the doctrine remains a significant source of law. It means that the doctrine of the law goes beyond the scope of scientific problems and has practical value. However, many aspects of the doctrine of law remain highly controversial and ambiguous. To them we can include, among others, its constitutive features, which enable us to distinguish the legal doctrine from other sources clearly. Legal conditions constitute one of the most popular trends of doctrinal research in contemporary Russian literature on legal issues. The ambiguity of the term "doctrine" refers to different approaches that should be considered. This determines the timeliness and necessity of further research on legal doctrine.
    Doktryna prawa stanowi jeden z ważniejszych i fascynujących problemów nauki prawniczej. W poszczególnych systemach prawnych doktryna pozostaje znaczącym źródłem prawa. Oznacza to, że doktryna prawa wychodzi poza ramy problemu naukowego i posiada znaczenie pragmatyczne. Niemniej jednak pozostaje wiele spornych i niejednoznacznych aspektów zagadnienia doktryny prawa. Do nich możemy zaliczyć między innymi jej cechy konstytuujące, pozwalające jednoznacznie rozróżnić doktrynę prawa od innych jego źródeł. Byt prawny stanowi jeden z najbardziej popularnych kierunków badań doktrynalnych we współczesnej literaturze rosyjskiej o tematyce prawniczej. Wieloznaczność samego terminu „doktryna” nawiązuje do różnych ujęć, na które należy zwrócić uwagę. Przesądza to o aktualności i konieczności dalszych badań nad doktryną prawną.
    Źródło:
    De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności; 2018, 1(4); 108-127
    2450-5005
    Pojawia się w:
    De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Legal futurology - potential of foresight research in legal sciences: could legal futurology be treated as an independent science in jurisprudence?
    Autorzy:
    Kotowski, Artur
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2191370.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie SILGIS
    Tematy:
    theory of law
    methodology of law
    legal science
    futurology
    teoria prawa
    metodologia prawa
    nauki prawne
    futurologia
    Opis:
    Forecasting the future in relation to the science of law has not been seriously considered so far. It is not only because the fact that half a century ago futurology was treated as an issue of science fiction. Doubts were raised by the specificity of law as a social science and its susceptibility to cultural factors which are impossible to predict. It was also not very clear what legal futurology was supposed to concern itself with and how to define it. Is it about the area of law in force or about the way of practicing the science of law? The limitations of futurological reflection also result from the fact that the characteristics of the law in force determine the way of conducting jurisprudential research. The former, in turn, as already signaled, operate within a wide spectrum of uncertainty. The paper aims to answer the research question to what extent legal futurology, understood as a set of issues oriented towards the analysis of the future of law and legal science, can be cultivated as a sub-discipline within the structure of legal sciences.
    Źródło:
    GIS Odyssey Journal; 2022, 2, 2; 93--104
    2720-2682
    Pojawia się w:
    GIS Odyssey Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Anzelm Lutwak (1877-1942) i jego „Głos”
    Anzelm Lutwak (1877-1942) and his “Voice”
    Autorzy:
    Redzik, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498812.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja im. Aliny i Leszka Allerhandów
    Tematy:
    adwokatura
    czasopiśmiennictwo prawnicze
    nauka prawa
    II Rzeczpospolita
    Lwów
    Anzelm Lutwak
    the Bar
    legal journals
    legal science
    II Republic of Poland
    Lwów (Lviv)
    Opis:
    Artykuł poświęcony jest twórcy „Głosu Prawa” w 1924 r., cenionemu lwowskiemu adwokatowi Anzelmowi Lutwakowi (1877-1942). Był on człowiekiem typowym dla inteligencji lwowskiej tamtego czasu, przedstawicielem zasymilowanej inteligencji żydowskiej. Choć identyfikował się z polskością, to nie przestał być jednocześnie Żydem. Łączył w sobie podwójną identyfikację, jak wielu mu podobnych, w tym Maurycy Allerhand. Początkowo związany z ruchem syjonistycznym, z czasem związki te rozluźniał na rzecz propagowania idei wolnościowych, solidarnościowych i socjalistycznych. Posiadał wyjątkowe zdolności organizacyjne i twórcze, a jego wnikliwy język niejednokrotnie wybrzmiewał w walce o wolną adwokaturę, równą w całym państwie. To on wymyślił w 1910 r. czasopismo adwokackie „Palestra”, a w 1924 r. założył i redagował do wybuchu wojny „Głos Prawa”, jedno z najważniejszych czasopism prawniczych okresu II RP, którego cechą charakterystyczną był wyraźny ryt autorski – piętno twórcy i redaktora.
    Article dedicated to Anzelm Lutwak (1877-1942), the founder of the “Voice of Law” (“Głos Prawa”) and the esteemed barrister from Lwów (now: Lviv). He was a typical person for the Lwów intelligentsia of that period; a representative of assimilated Jewish intelligentsia. Although he identified with the Polish character, he did not stop being a Jew as well. He held a double identity, as many similar to him, which also includes Maurycy Allerhand. At the beginning, he was associated with the Zionism movement, but with the passing of time he reoriented himself towards liberal, solidarity and socialist ideas. He possessed unique organizational and creative abilities, while his perceptive language often echoed in the fight for the independent Bar association, equal in the whole country. It was he who established the barrister’s journal “Palestra” in 1910, and in 1924 set up “The Voice of Law”, one of the more important legal magazines in the Second Republic of Poland, which he edited until the outbreak of war. The magazine’s characteristic feature was an explicit author’s rite – a mark of the founder and the editor.
    Źródło:
    Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda; 2019, 2, 1(3); 8-29
    2657-7984
    2657-800X
    Pojawia się w:
    Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Adama Żydowskiego uwagi o właściwości sądów duchownych i świeckich w sprawach o czary
    Adam Żydowski’s Remarks on the Competence of Lay and Ecclesiastical Courts in Witchcraft Cases
    Autorzy:
    Mikołajczyk, Marian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621390.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    procesy o czary, nauka prawa, właściwość sądów, sądownictwo ko- ścielne, Adam Żydowski
    witchcraft cases, legal science, courts’ competence, ecclesiastical courts, Adam Żydowski
    Opis:
    Witchcraft cases in Poland (before partitions) have been examined by historians since olden times. Among the issues discussed in this matter there was the Act of the Polish Sejm of 1543, according to which witchcraft cases should be in the competence of ecclesiastical courts. Researchers have been interpreting the meaning of this Act in a very different way. According to one group, the Act excluded the competence of lay courts in witchcraft cases totally. Another group claimed that the lay court could examine a case if there was evidence of damage caused by a witch. In practice these cases were examined by the lay courts (especially town courts). It has been pointed out recently that the 1543 Act was only supposed to remain in force for one year, so there was no legal ground to undermine the competence of lay courts in witchcraft cases. It seems that one cannot agree with such a simple solution. Research on practice of the old courts and the works of the 17th century lawyer Adam Żydowski, presents a viewpoint contrary to this. Żydowski, among other issues, discusses the competence of lay and ecclesiastical courts in witchcraft cases and illustrates their respective abilities. The author himself – according to his concept of research – does not present clear opinion. Notwithstanding, his work reveals that the 1543 Act was included in 17th century treatises as still being in power. Probably the clause which limited the act to only one year had been forgotten.
    Źródło:
    Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2015, 14, 2; 127-142
    1732-9132
    2719-9991
    Pojawia się w:
    Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi w przedmiocie paradygmatu nauk prawnych
    Selected problems of the paradigm of jurisprudence
    Autorzy:
    Ciepły, Filip
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    wykładnia prawa
    aksjologia prawa
    filozofia prawa
    paradygmat nauk prawnych
    postmodernizm
    interpretation of the law
    axiology of law
    philosophy of law
    legal science paradigm
    postmodernism
    Opis:
    Autor artykułu zwraca uwagę na trudności prowadzenia badań normatywnych wynikające z silnego wpływu na poziomie ogólnej metodologii nauk postmodernistycznej kontestacji założeń klasycznej logiki i etyki, oświeceniowego racjonalizmu i utylitaryzmu oraz aksjomatów pozytywistycznych, uznanych dotychczas za podstawowe składniki paradygmatu nauk prawnych. Autor w szczególności wskazuje na nieprzychylne otoczenie dla prowadzenia badań w zakresie aksjologii prawa w poszczególnych dogmatykach prawniczych, w szczególności w nauce prawa karnego. Podkreśla przy tym, że hermeneutyka aktów normatywnych musi być zakotwiczona semantycznie w kulturze, która wykreowała system prawny i właściwym jej systemie wartości. W wykładni prawa należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na kryjącą się za językiem prawnym tzw. meta-narrację aksjologiczną, a więc konkretny kontekst antropologiczny, etyczny, społeczny i kulturowy, stanowiący pierwotne, relewantne dla treści norm prawnych tło aksjologicznych i normatywnych rozstrzygnięć prawodawcy.
    The author draws attention to the postmodern critique of basic assumptions of the paradigm of jurisprudence, i.e., classical logic and ethics, rationalism and utilitarianism of the Enlightenment, and also positivism and naturalism. In particular, the author points out the contemporary neglect of profound research in the field of axiology of law, especially criminal law. He also emphasizes that the hermeneutics of the language of law semantically must be associated with a certain culture and its value system. The interpretation of law should pay attention to the meta-narrative context of the law, including original and relevant anthropological, ethical, social and cultural background of legislative decisions.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2017, 2; 27-37
    1897-7146
    2719-4264
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    International Law at the Saint Volodymyr Imperial University of Kyiv in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
    Autorzy:
    Savchuk, Kostiantyn
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706856.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-10-26
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    history of international legal science in Ukraine
    Saint Volodymyr Imperial University
    Nikolai Karlovich Rennenkampf
    Otton Ottonovich Eikhel’man
    Petr Mikhailovich Bogayevskii
    Roman Ivanovich Baziner
    Vasilii Andreevich Nezabitovskii
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to the science of international law at the Saint Volodymyr Imperial University of Kyiv, a major centre for the teaching and study of international law in Tsarist Russia. It examines the international legal views propounded by Vasilii Andreevich Nezabitovskii (1824–1883), Roman Ivanovich Baziner (1841–?), Nikolai Karlovich Rennenkampf (1832–1899), Otton Ottonovich Eikhel’man (1854–1943), and Petr Mikhailovich Bogayevskii (1866–1929). Scientists working at the Saint Volodymyr Imperial University contributed considerably to the development of the science of international law, although their work is not widely known due to the fact they did not produce many works in “western” languages. The large majority of these scholars’ writings represent a perfect development of international legal theory. These works advanced the concepts of the legal nature of international law (Nezabitovskii, Eikhel’man); proposed a new spatial concept of territory that was further developed in international legal science (Nezabitovskii); and explored the laws and customs of war and the role of the Red Cross in the development of humanitarian norms in international law (Baziner, Rennenkampf, Bogayevskii).
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2019, 39; 89-110
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    August Karl Heylmans thoughts on the legal science
    Myśli Augusta Karola Heylmana o nauce prawa
    Autorzy:
    Koredczuk, Józef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697449.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Opolski
    Tematy:
    Jurysprudencja
    Królestwo Polskie
    nauka prawa
    prawo rzymskie
    szkoła historyczna prawa
    “Themis Polska”
    Jurisprudence
    The Kingdom of Poland
    legal science
    Roman law
    historical school of law
    Themis Polska
    Opis:
    August Heylman jest jednym z zapomnianych prawników Królestwa Polskiego w XIX w. Praktykiem zajmującym wysokie stanowiska w administracji i sądownictwie Królestwa Polskiego, zajmującym się przy tym działalnością naukową. Był jednym z głównych propagatorów szkoły historycznej prawa w polskiej nauce prawa w XIX w. oraz współtwórców jednego z najbardziej znanych polskich czasopism naukowych „Themis Polska”.
    August Heylman is one of the forgotten lawyers of the Kingdom of Poland in the 19th century. He was a practician, holding high positions in the then administration and judiciary of the Kingdom. At the same time he occupied himself with scholarly activity. He was one of the main advocates of the historical school of law in the Polish legal science in the 19th century as well as a co-creator of one of the best-known Polish scientific journals edited under the title Themis Polska.
    Źródło:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2019, 17, 4; 69-77
    2658-1922
    Pojawia się w:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Creative interpretation of lex Rhodia de iactu in the legal doctrine of ius commune
    Twórcza interpretacja lex Rhodia de iactu w doktrynie prawnej ius commune
    Autorzy:
    Zalewski, Bartosz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2006884.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Roman law
    legal science of the ius commune
    lex Rhodia de iactu
    compensation for damage incurred in joint interest
    prawo rzymskie
    ius commune
    naprawa szkody poniesionej we wspólnym interesie
    Opis:
    Among the institutions adopted from Roman law whose historical evolution within ius commune is particularly interesting, it is worth pointing out the issues connected with the distribution of damage incurred as a result of throwing a part of the cargo overboard from a ship due to the risk of its sinking because of overload. Deliberations of Roman lawyers, gathered under the title De lege Rhodia de iactu, were object of medieval jurists’ creative interpretation. The role of the glossators’ school representatives seems to be particularly significant here as an important contribution to the development of the European legal doctrine in subsequent centuries. In the modern era, the innovations introduced by representatives of this school were considered communis opinio doctorum and it was applied in legal practice of the Imperial Chamber Court of the Reich. Its purpose was compensation for any damage incurred in joint interest or in other people’s interest, which was reflected in the content of ABGB, the Polish Civil Code and Roman-Dutch Law.
    Wśród recypowanych instytucji prawa rzymskiego, których historyczna ewolucja w ramach ius commune jest wyjątkowo interesująca, wskazać należy zagadnienia związane ze sposobem rozdziału szkód powstałych na skutek wyrzucenia ze statku części ładunku ze względu na ryzyko jego zatonięcia wynikające z przeciążenia. Zebrane w tytule De lege Rhodia de iactu rozważania prawników rzymskim były już przedmiotem twórczej interpretacji średniowiecznych prawników. Szczególnie znacząca wydaje się tutaj rola przedstawicieli szkoły glosatorów, stanowiąc istotny wkład w rozwój europejskiej nauki prawa późniejszych stuleci. W czasach nowożytnych innowacje wprowadzone przez przedstawicieli wspomnianej szkoły postrzegano jako communis opinio doctorum i stosowano w praktyce orzeczniczej Sądu Kameralnego Rzeszy. Celem ich była naprawa wszelkiej szkody, która poniesiona została w interesie wspólnym lub cudzym, co przełożyło się na treść ABGB oraz polskiego Kodeksu Cywilnego oraz norm prawa rzymsko-holenderskiego.
    Źródło:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2016, 8, 2; 173-191
    2080-1084
    2450-7938
    Pojawia się w:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polska kryminologia i nauki penalne w pierwszej dekadzie po zakończeniu II wojny światowej
    Polish criminology and penal sciences in the first decade after World War II
    Autorzy:
    Pływaczewski, Emil W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698807.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kryminologia
    ideologia komunistyczna
    nauki społeczne
    nauki prawne
    Komisja Konsultacyjna przy Ministerstwie Sprawiedliwości
    badania kryminologiczne
    kierunki badań kryminologicznych
    pionierzy polskiej kryminologii
    criminology
    communist ideology
    social science
    legal science
    Science and Consultation Committee at the Ministry of Justice
    directions of criminological research
    pioneers of Polish criminology
    criminological research
    Opis:
    The article presents Polish criminology and penal sciences during the first decade after World War II. Communist ideology had a significant impact on science, especially the social and legal sciences. Some representatives of criminal law, acting in accordance with the dominant ideology of the time, considered criminology to be a superfluous science. Based on materials sourced from the New Files Archive, previously unknown facts were revealed from the period of the ‘Sovietisation of the penal law science’, which started with the initiation of the activities of the Scientific and Consultation Committee at the Ministry of Justice. In the author’s opinion, despite the dogmatism and schematic thinking that was dominant in the approach to criminological problems, some Polish criminologists effectively defended themselves against the government’s negative approach towards criminology. As much as possible, they studied important criminological problems and conducted research in selected areas related to the criminal activity of both adults and minors. Thanks to this attitude, in the most difficult period for Polish criminology, a solid foundation was created both for the continuation of earlier research and for taking on new research challenges after October 1956, when the so-called renewal of political life started.
    Artykuł prezentuje stan polskiej kryminologii i nauk penalnych w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Ideologia komunistyczna wywierała wówczas znaczący wpływ na naukę, w szczególności zaś na nauki społeczne i prawne. Niektórzy przedstawiciele prawa karnego, kierując się obowiązującą wówczas ideologią, uważali kryminologię za naukę zbędną. Na podstawie materiałów źródłowych z Archiwum Akt Nowych ukazane zostały nieznane dotąd fakty z okresu tzw. sowietyzacji nauki prawa karnego, rozpoczętego działalnością Komisji Naukowo-Konsultacyjnej przy Ministerstwie Sprawiedliwości. Pomimo dominujących w omawianym okresie dogmatyzmu i schematyzmu w ujmowaniu zagadnień kryminologicznych niektórzy polscy kryminolodzy skutecznie bronili się przed antykryminologicznym nastawieniem ówczesnych władz. Na miarę możliwości podejmowali też ważne problemy kryminologiczne, prowadząc w wybranych obszarach badania zarówno w odniesieniu do przestępczości dorosłych, jak i nieletnich. Dzięki takiej postawie w tym najtrudniejszym dla polskiej kryminologii okresie stworzony został solidny fundament zarówno do kontynuacji wcześniejszych badań, jak i podejmowania nowych wyzwań badawczych po październiku 1956 r., który dał początek tzw. odnowie w życiu politycznym.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/2; 381-402
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Les sciences juridiques á la lumiére du IIe Congrés de la Science Polonaise
    Autorzy:
    Łopatka, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44319874.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1974-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    legal sciences
    II Congress of Polish Science
    science
    law
    Polska
    Źródło:
    Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1974, 2 (22); 5-15
    0070-7325
    Pojawia się w:
    Droit Polonais Contemporain
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Genesis of the Case Method and its Impact on the American Philosophy of Law
    Autorzy:
    Srokosz, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1975393.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Case Method
    Christophus Collumbus Langdell
    legal realism
    American classical jurisprudence
    legal education
    law as a science
    Opis:
    The article discusses the Case Method – the dominant method of teaching in American law schools, based on an analysis of judicial decisions, created in the 1870s by Christophus Collumbus Langdell. Langdell perceived law as a science similar to physics or chemistry, and hence as an ordered system of objective knowledge, and the method of teaching that he created was intended to educate people dealing with law in a scientific manner. The article presents Langdell’s concept of law and the impact of his teaching method on the trends in American legal philosophy – classical jurisprudence and legal realism
    Źródło:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2018, 10, 2; 304-319
    2080-1084
    2450-7938
    Pojawia się w:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polskie wykazy czasopism naukowych – podsumowanie dotychczasowych doświadczeń z perspektywy czasopism prawniczych
    Polish lists of scientific journals – a summary of experiences to date from the perspective of law journals
    Autorzy:
    Wierczyński, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1368733.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    scientific legal journals
    science evaluation
    prawnicze czasopisma naukowe
    ewaluacja nauki
    Opis:
    W pierwszej części artykuł omawia obowiązujące w Polsce zasady tworzenia urzędowego wykazu czasopism naukowych. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że zasady te miały wiele wad. Wśród wniosków de lege ferenda, autor wymienia: 1) wykaz nie może działać retroaktywnie, powinien wywoływać wyłącznie skutki na przyszłość; 2) decyzje o wpisie do wykazu i nadaniu punktów powinny być uzasadniane a uzasadnienia te powinny być publicznie dostępne; 3) decyzje o wpisie do wykazu i nadaniu punktów powinny podlegać kontroli sądowej; 4) wykaz czasopism naukowych nie powinien być sporządzany przez ministerstwo, lecz przez niezależną agencję naukową; 5) wykaz powinien w całości być opracowywany zgodnie z ujednoliconą, transparentną metodologią, w której zasadniczym elementem oceny jest analiza cytowań. W drugiej części artykuł omawia bazy naukowe, które służą do tworzenia rankingów czasopism naukowych. Autor wskazuje, że w odniesieniu do europejskich czasopism prawniczych bazy Web of Science i Scopus mają zbyt ograniczoną zawartość, żeby poprawnie służyć do tego celu. Autor postuluje, żeby tworząc wykaz czasopism z nauk prawnych, w przypadku europejskich czasopism prawniczych uwzględniać dane o cytowaniach z bazy Google Scholar.
    The first part of the article discusses the rules regulating the creation of the official list of scientific journals in Poland. The author concludes that these rules have many flaws. Among the de lege ferenda conclusions, the author mentions: (i) the list cannot be applied retroactively, it should only have effects for the future; (ii) decisions concerning inclusion on the list and awarding points should be justified, and these justifications should be publicly available; (iii) decisions concerning inclusion on the list of scientific journals and the awarding of points to scientific journals should be subject to judicial control; (iv) the list of scientific journals should not be prepared by the ministry, but by an independent scientific agency; (v) the list should be fully developed on the basis of a unified, transparent methodology, in which the essential element of the evaluation is the analysis of journal citations. The second part of the article discusses the scientific databases used to create rankings of scientific journals. The author points out that in relation to European legal journals, the Web of Science and Scopus databases include content that is too limited to be properly used for this purpose. The author suggests taking into account the citations from the Google Scholar database to evaluate European scientific legal journals.
    Źródło:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2021, 83, 2; 141-164
    0035-9629
    2543-9170
    Pojawia się w:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ioannikii Malynovskyi as an Enlightener of the History of Law
    Autorzy:
    Matviichuk, Mariia
    Popeliushko, Vasil
    Herasymchuk, Oleh
    Gongalo, Serhii
    Borzhetska, Nataliia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18105108.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-27
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
    Tematy:
    way to education
    higher education
    legal education
    science
    university
    lectures
    textbook
    Malynovskyi
    Opis:
    Aim. The purpose of the study is to research the career of Professor Ioannikii Malynovskyi in higher education, his contribution to its development, the goals of the university education. Methods. In the study several different methods were used in the system and interaction. A dialectical method, which boils down to the fact that all phenomena in society have a beginning and an end. The historical method was used to take into account historical traditions, socio-cultural roots of the state and law. A logical-semantic method was also used to help define the conceptual apparatus used in the study. Formal-legal method was used to analyse and disclose legal concepts. Results. The research showed that Malynovskyi conducted scientific researches in the chosen field and by getting acquainted with the heritage of national and world culture. The professor made considerable efforts in education to democratise higher education, in particular, by admitting women to higher education in Western Siberia. He defined the goals of university teaching: 1) to learn to acquire knowledge, the method of scientific research and, 2) to get acquainted with the current state of science. The scientist was the first to create a chronologically consistent, comprehensive subject course on the history of Rus’ law. Conclusions. Malynovskyi’s contribution to the democratisation of higher education already belongs to history, but his scientifically based recommendations on the goals of university education and means of achieving it are not without relevance today, but especially on the practical side in training future legal practitioners  which are topical for today.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Education Culture and Society; 2022, 13, 2; 65-84
    2081-1640
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Education Culture and Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ideał naukowości prawoznawstwa. Józef Nowacki przeciw ideologizacji twierdzeń prawniczych
    An Ideal of Scientific Jurisprudence. Józef Nowacki Against Ideological Influences on Jurisprudential Claims
    Autorzy:
    Pietrzykowski, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26124504.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR
    Tematy:
    prawo
    metodologia
    wartościowanie
    teoria prawa
    nauka
    law
    methodology
    valuing
    legal theory
    science
    Opis:
    Jednym z najbardziej oryginalnych i interesujących aspektów twórczości naukowej Józefa Nowackiego był założenia metodologiczne jego badań teoretycznoprawnych. Niezwykle rygorystyczne rozumienie naukowości twierdzeń prawniczych daje się zrekonstruować na podstawie jego prac poświęconych różnorodnym problemom prawniczym – w tym pojęciu normy prawnej, klauzuli generalnej, przepisów dyspozytywnych, zasad prawnych czy praktyki stosowania konstytucyjnego pojęcia państwa prawnego. Bezwzględne dążenie do ujawniania i eliminacji z rozważań naukowych wszelkich sądów wartościujących służyło obronie teorii prawa przed wpływami politycznych ideologii i subiektywnego wishful thinking udającego twierdzenie naukowe. Pod tymi względami nie tylko miała ona, ale wciąż zachowuje ogromną wartość. Jednocześnie nasuwa wiele wątpliwości i pytań pozostających w centrum metodologicznej dyskusji prawoznawstwa.
    Methodological assumptions underpinning Józef Nowacki’s research were one of the most original and intriguing aspects of his approach to legal theory. An extremely rigorous conception of what kind of legal claims may be regarded as scientific can be reconstructed based on his various writings about legal norms, general clauses, dispositive provisions of law, legal principles or the practical application of the constitutional notion of the rule of law. His relentless efforts to uncover and eliminate from scientific discourse any evaluative judgments served to defend legal theory against ideological influences and subjective wishful thinking disguised as scientific claims. In these respects, it not only was an unquestionably valuable position then, but it remains so nowadays. At the same time, it begs numerous questions and doubts that still permeate central methodological debates in jurisprudence.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2023, 36, 3; 22-33
    2082-3304
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fabrication and Falsification of Scientific Research – a Challenge for Legislators or an Irrelevant Issue?
    Autorzy:
    Skarbek, Oskar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47209892.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-15
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    science
    scientific misconduct
    fabrication and falsification of research
    legal liability of researchers
    Opis:
    The article addresses the problem of fabrication and falsification of scientific research in the context of the role that lawmakers can play in combating this practice. Legislators may establish organisational units specialising in combating scientific misconduct (also referred to as ‘research misconduct’), having the authority to, for instance, to conduct investigations or recommend penalties. A researcher who commits such misconduct may face not only disciplinary, but also civil, administrative or criminal liability. The article discusses the results of a survey asking 70 Polish academics about their opinion on the role of legislators in countering fabrication and falsification in research. The findings show, for example, that respondents mostly support disciplinary responsibility for such misconduct (81%), and also believe that legislators should combat this practice using ‘soft’ measures, such as promoting codes of ethics in research (70%). Half of those surveyed wanted such behaviour criminalised. According to almost half of the respondents, the Polish legislator does not combat such misconduct effectively.
    Źródło:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2024, 16, 1; 200-212
    2080-1084
    2450-7938
    Pojawia się w:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Problemy regulacji prawnej archiwistyki
    Autorzy:
    Grygier, Tadeusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1043611.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1990
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    archiwistyka
    prawo
    normy prawne
    zbiory archiwalne
    archival science
    law
    legal principles
    archival repertory
    Źródło:
    Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 1990, 59; 5-162
    0518-3766
    2545-3491
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Petrażycki w sprawie Bejlisa
    Petrażycki in the Beilis Case
    Autorzy:
    Cywiński, Zbigniew
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046340.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-09-23
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    aksjologia prawa
    antysemityzm
    mordy rytualne
    naukowa polityka prawa
    normy społeczne
    Petrażycki
    rytuał
    socjologia prawa
    wielokulturowość
    Żydzi
    anti-Semitism
    axiology of law
    blood libel
    Jews
    legal policy science
    multiculturalism
    Petrazycki
    ritual
    Russian law
    sacred law
    social norms
    sociology of law
    Opis:
    Opracowanie poświęcone zostało artykułowi Leona Petrażyckiego, opublikowanemu w 1913 roku i odnoszącego się do procesu Menahema Bejlisa, oskarżonego o mord rytualny. Na wstępie przedstawiono sprawę Bejlisa na tle towarzyszących jej napięć społecznych, kryzysu komunikacji społecznej w ówczesnej Rosji i budowania pierwocin społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. W tym kontekście rozważono przyczyny zaangażowania się Petrażyckiego w sprawę Bejlisa, będącą przejawem konfliktów dzielących mieszkańców wielonarodowego i wielokulturowego Imperium Rosyjskiego. Podkreślono znaczenie poglądów etycznych Petrażyckiego, leżących u podstaw naukowej polityki prawa. Wskazano także inne uwarunkowania sprzeciwu wobec antysemityzmu, jako dolegliwej formy dyskryminacji kulturowej, przypisywanej społeczeństwom Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Wśród nich wyróżniono zaangażowanie uczonego na rzecz reform, przeprowadzanych w duchu poszanowania wartości wolności i równości. Główna część opracowania to próba odtworzenia i uporządkowaniu naukowych wątków, zawartych w artykule, który jakkolwiek naznaczona publicystyką, stanowi wartościowy przykład publicystyki naukowej, zakorzenionej w teorii Petrażyckiego i ukazującej możliwości aplikacji psychologicznej teoria prawa (w szczególności – w empirycznej analizie i krytyce normatywności społecznej). Zasadniczą intencją opracowania jest wykazanie, że Petrażycki, jakkolwiek krytyczny wobec znanej sobie socjologii i tylko marginalnie wzmiankujący o możliwości empirycznego badania prawa, w istocie rzeczy nie tylko dopuszczał takie metody badania zjawisk normatywnych, ale sam je stosował. W tym sensie artykuł przedstawia Petrażyckiego jako socjologa prawa.  
    The subject of this paper is to introduce a lesser-known article that Leon Petrażycki published in 1913 into a broader context. Said article was written in response to the then-famous trial of Menahem Beilis, a Kievan Jew accused of ritual murder. The introduction of the paper briefly covers the context of the Beilis case, referring both to the trial itself as well as the social tensions surrounding it that illustrate the state of social communication in contemporary Russia and civil society institutions in statu nascendi. Special attention was paid to the reasons for which Petrażycki involved himself in the issues that divided the citizens of a multinational and multicultural Russian Empire. Primary importance was assigned to Petrażycki’s ethics, which he openly declared and which were expressed both in his civic work and in his legal theory. They are expressed, for example, in the belief that values law is based on have fundamental meaning for legal policy science – the science of planned social change, which has as a goal approaching the ideal of universal love, realised by impressing on the legal emotions of individuals. Furthermore, the article points out possible motivations that come from the same basis but are tied to Petrażycki’s social and political engagements. The fundamental issue was opposing antisemitism as a particularly severe form of cultural discrimination. Fighting antisemitism, which societies and Eastern and Central Europe were often accused of, was obvious to anyone involved in supporting reforms introduced in the occidental spirit of freedom and equality. Furthermore, other possible sources were indicated, especially the effort to weaken the accusations of antisemitism levied upon Poles under the Russian rule. The article points out that although Petrażycki’s work has elements of an opinion piece, and does not even shy from ad personam arguments, its worth is proven not by its social engagement, but also the scientific content, couched in journalistic style but entrenched in Petrażycki’s theory, which shows the possibilities created by psychological legal theory. In particular, the text focuses on the possibilities of using said theory in empirical analysis and critique of social normativity. Petrażycki’s reflections upon the nature of social norms, especially those that can be placed in a broad understanding of law and those that show possibilities of empirical study of their social influence, are worth bringing to attention. The fundamental intent of this article is proving that Petrażycki, although very critical of the sociology he knew and who only marginally brought up the possibility of empirical study of law, in fact was open to methods of studying law that could be called socio-legal, and that there is no conflict between an introspection-based theory of legal experiences and a possibility for an empirical study of legal behaviour, both of groups and individuals. In this sense, the paper shows Petrażycki as a sociologist of law.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe KUL; 2019, 62, 2; 81-98
    0044-4405
    2543-9715
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Potencjał poznawczy łączonej teorii polityki i teorii prawa. Garść argumentów na rzecz ściślejszej współpracy politologów (teoretyków polityki) i prawników (teoretyków prawa) oraz tworzenia wspólnego programu naukowego
    Cognitive Potential of a Combined Political and Legal Theory: A Handful of Arguments in Favor of Closer Cooperation between Political Scientists (Political Theorists) and Legal Scholars (Legal Theorists), and Creation of Common Scientific Program
    Autorzy:
    Obacz, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28411073.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    interdisciplinarity
    political science
    jurisprudence
    political theory
    legal theory
    interdyscyplinarność
    politologia
    prawoznawstwo
    teoria polityki
    teoria prawa
    Opis:
    Celami artykułu są: nakreślenie perspektyw wspólnych badań naukowych teoretyków polityki i teorii prawa, przedstawienie tez i postulatów na rzecz ściślejszej współpracy tych dwóch grup uczonych, a także zainicjowanie debaty środowiska politologiczno-prawniczego w tym zakresie. Opracowanie stanowi klarowną odpowiedź na pytanie: teoria polityki i teoria prawa – razem czy osobno? Problem wyrażony w tym pytaniu jest doniosły i domaga się szerokiej dyskusji przedstawicieli obu subdyscyplin naukowych. Rozległe tradycje wspólnej refleksji teoretycznej z jednej strony i wyzwania współczesności z drugiej dostarczają wielu argumentów za wznowieniem kooperacji badawczej.
    The aims of the paper are: outlining the perspectives for common scientific research between political theorists and legal theorists; presenting theses and postulates in favor of closer cooperation of these two groups of scholars; as well as initiating a debate within political science and legal science communities in this matter. The article provides clear answer to the question: Political theory and legal theory – together or separately? The problem expressed in this question is significant and deserves extensive discussion of representatives of the two scientific subdisciplines. Broad traditions of common theoretical research, on one hand, and contemporary challenges, on the other, provide many arguments in favor of restoration of research cooperation.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2022, 41 (48); 9-19
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Geneza Case Method i jej wpływ na kształt amerykańskiej filozofii prawa
    The Genesis of the Case Method and its Impact on the American Philosophy of Law
    Autorzy:
    Srokosz, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1975394.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Case Method
    Christophus Collumbus Langdell
    realizm prawniczy
    amerykańska klasyczna jurysprudencja
    edukacja prawnicza
    prawo jako nauka
    legal realism
    American classical jurisprudence
    legal education
    law as a science
    Opis:
    Artykuł omawia Case Method – dominującą metodę edukacyjną stosowaną w amerykańskich szkołach prawa, która polega na nauczaniu prawa poprzez analizę orzeczeń sądowych, stworzoną w latach 70. XIX w. przez Christophusa Collumbusa Langdella. Langdell postrzegał prawo jako naukę, podobną do fizyki czy chemii, a więc jako uporządkowany system obiektywnej wiedzy. Stworzona przez niego metoda nauczania służyć miała przygotowaniu osób zajmujących się prawem w sposób naukowy. W artykule przedstawiona została koncepcja prawa Langdella, oraz wpływ, jaki jego metoda nauczania wywarła na nurty amerykańskiej filozofii prawa – klasyczną jurysprudencję oraz realizm prawniczy.
    The article discusses the Case Method – the dominant method of teaching in American law schools, based on the analysis of judicial decisions, which was created in the 1870s by Christophus Collumbus Langdell. Langdell perceived law as a science similar to physics or chemistry, and thus as an ordered system of objective knowledge, and the method of teaching created by him was intended to prepare people dealing with law in a scientific manner. The article presents the Langdell’s concept of law, and the impact of his teaching method on streams of American legal philosophy – classical jurisprudence and legal realism.
    Źródło:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2018, 10, 2; 283-303
    2080-1084
    2450-7938
    Pojawia się w:
    Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Użyteczność określania metody w kanonistyce
    Usefulness of determining a method in the science of canon law
    Autorzy:
    GAŁKOWSKI, TOMASZ
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/661359.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    natura nauki
    przedmiot
    cel
    metoda
    prawo kanoniczne
    zjawisko prawne
    nature of science
    subject
    purpose
    method
    canon law
    legal phenomenon
    Opis:
    The article poses the question concerning the usefulness of determining a method used in research on canon law, whose perspective is not unambiguous. The author points out that in the discussion about the method one does not always distinguish ontological issues (what the canon law is) and epistemological ones (how to study it) from the problem of legal phenomena, that is  truths and occurrences connected with the existence and effects of law.  It allows to select a study method of legal phenomena which depends on the research purpose and the properties of the object (aspect), which in canon law must take into consideration its theological perspective.
    W artykule zostało postawione pytanie dotyczące użyteczności określania metody wykorzystywanej w badaniach nad prawem kanonicznym, której ujęcie nie jest jednoznaczne. Autor zwraca uwagę, że w dyskusji o metodzie nie zawsze odróżnia się problematykę ontologiczną (co to jest prawo kanoniczne) i epistemologiczną (jak je badać) od kwestii zjawisk prawnych czyli stanów rzeczy i zdarzeń związanych z istnieniem i działaniem prawa. Pozwala to na wybór metody badawczej zjawisk prawnych, która uzależniona jest od celu badawczego i właściwości przedmiotu (aspektu), które w prawie kanonicznym muszą dostrzegać jego perspektywę teologiczną.
    Źródło:
    Prawo Kanoniczne; 2017, 60, 1; 3-21
    2353-8104
    Pojawia się w:
    Prawo Kanoniczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Administracja publiczna jako zjawisko prawne
    Autorzy:
    Wrzosek, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049881.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-03-24
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    administracja publiczna
    zjawisko prawne
    zasada praworządności
    otoczenie administracji
    nauki prawne po II wojnie światowej
    nauka administracji
    Public administration
    legal occurrence
    rule of law
    legal sciences
    law
    science of administration
    administrative environment
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pozycji administracji publicznej w strukturze współczesnego państwa i nauki administracji wśród innych dyscyplin naukowych. Przedmiotem badawczym artykułu jest administracja publiczna ukazana – zgodnie z założeniami nauki administracji – jako organizacja będąca rodzajem systemu. Tak rozumiana administracja jest potraktowana jako zjawisko prawne. Istota administracji, niezależnie od przemian zachodzących w państwie, opiera się bowiem na zasadzie legalności. Oznacza to, że jej struktura i formy działania są ściśle związane przepisami prawa. Na ten system administracji publicznej oddziałują różnorodne elementy jej otoczenia zewnętrznego. Otoczenie wewnętrzne administracji jest także bardzo zróżnicowane. W artykule zostało wskazane, że administracja publiczna, pomimo iż jest obiektem zainteresowania różnorodnych dyscyplin naukowych, jest przede wszystkim obiektem zainteresowania badawczego w ramach dziedziny nauk prawnych. Pierwszym podstawowym wnioskiem wyciągniętym z rozważań zawartych w artykule jest wskazanie, że ze względu na związanie administracji prawem i możliwość stosowania tylko tych form działania, które określa prawo, podstawową dyscypliną, w ramach której należy analizować zagadnienia funkcjonowania administracji, jest dyscyplina „nauki prawne”. Na tej podstawie wysnuty jest drugi wniosek, że naukę administracji należy traktować jako subdyscyplinę nauk prawnych. Jest to subdyscyplina naukowa, która wykorzystując osiągnięcia z zakresu pozaprawnych dyscyplin naukowych, będzie analizowała skuteczność i celowość działania administracji, ale w oparciu o granice wyznaczone przez prawo.
    The aim of the article is to present the position of public administration in the structure of the modern state and the science of administration among other scientific disciplines. The research subject of the article is public administration presented – in accordance with the assumptions of the science of administration – as an organization that constitutes a particular system. Administration understood in this way is deemed as a legal phenomenon. The essence of administration, regardless of the changes taking place in the state, is based on the principle of legality. This means that its structure and forms of action are strictly regulated by the law. The system of public administration is impacted by various elements of the external environment. Moreover, the internal environment of the administration is also very diverse. The article implies that public administration, despite being an object of interest of various scientific disciplines, is primarily an object of research within the law. The first basic conclusion drawn from the article is to indicate that, due to administration’s connection to the law and the requirement to use only those forms of action that are prescribed by the law, the primary discipline within which we shall analyze the rules of the functioning of administration is the law. On this basis, a second conclusion is presented that the science of administration should be regarded as a subdiscipline of the law. In addition, administration is a scientific subdiscipline that, using achievements in the field of extralegal scientific disciplines, will analyze the effectiveness and expediency of the administration's action, however based on the boundaries set by law.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2022, 1; 305-316
    1897-7146
    2719-4264
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze KUL
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Why is Analogy in the Empirical Science and Everyday Life Different from Analogy in Law?
    Autorzy:
    Koszowski, Maciej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618801.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    analogy
    law
    differences
    science
    natural
    empirical
    life
    everyday
    daily
    legal
    analogia
    prawo
    różnice
    nauka
    przyrodnicze
    empiryczne
    życie
    codzienne
    prawniczy
    Opis:
    The article elucidates differences between analogy in law and the empirical science and everyday matters such as: a) the lack of possibility of verification of its conclusions on empirical grounds resulting in the necessity of its performing either heuristic and probative functions or rejecting both of them, b) being of a prescriptive nature, c) having an obligatory character, d) entailing rather no need for complex underling doctrines or theories, e) causing more serious practical consequences, f) having base points that are easily recognizable, g) serving as a means of extending authority, h) being a subject of training and education, i) receiving extraordinary attention among scholars, often combined with the real adoration – if not worship – on their part.The author is convinced that – by highlighting these differences – he will have demonstrated the uniqueness of legal analogy. However, simultaneously, he is far from contending that he knows how legal analogy really proceeds and how the judgment of similarity within it is precisely done. Instead, he assumes that if exact knowledge in these respects remains unattainable for human beings, it is all the better for legal philosophy and those who are devoted to it.
    W artykule zostały omówione różnice, jakie zachodzą pomiędzy rozumowaniem per analogiam w prawie oraz w naukach przyrodniczych i życiu codziennym. W efekcie w stosunku do analogii stosowanej w prawie zwrócono w nim uwagę na: a) brak możliwości empirycznej weryfikacji wniosków stawianych za jej pomocą, skutkujący bądź koniecznością zakceptowania pełnienia przez nią zarówno funkcji heurystycznej, jak i dowodowej, bądź odmówieniem jej możliwości pełnienia którejkolwiek z tych funkcji, b) względny brak potrzeby uzasadniania (wyjaśniania) takich wniosków za pomocą jakichś rozbudowanych teorii (doktryn), c) jej obligarotryjny (w sensie konieczności sięgania do niej) oraz normatywny (preskryptywny) charakter, d) poważniejsze konsekwencje, jakie wiążą się z korzystaniem z niej w praktyce, e) łatwiej identyfikowalną podstawę dla przeprowadzanych w jej zakresie porównań, f) służenie jako środek do rozciągania tego, co posiada „autorytet”, g) bycie przedmiotem profesjonalnego nauczania, h) szczególne zainteresowanie się nią ze strony ludzi nauki, połączone często z jej uwielbieniem, jeśli nie wręcz kultem.Autor przejawia nadzieję, iż przez wyszczególnienie wyżej wymienionych różnic wykazał jednocześnie unikalny charakter prawniczej analogii na tle analogii występującej w naukach empirycznych i życiu codziennym. W treści artykułu nie stawia on jednak tezy, iż wiadome jest, jak dokładnie przebiega rozumowanie z takiej analogii, tudzież w jaki sposób dochodzi do określania w jej ramach zaistnienia istotnego podobieństwa pomiędzy porównywanymi stanami (sprawami, sytuacjami). Niejako w zamian twierdzi on, iż jeśli pełna wiedza w tym zakresie pozostanie dla ludzi nieosiągalna, to tym lepiej dla filozofii prawa i tych, którzy oddają się jej uprawianiu.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2016, 25, 2
    1731-6375
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O pewnej (rewolucyjnej) hipotezie Harolda J. Bermana – prawo i nauka w średniowieczu
    On Harold J. Berman’s (revolutionary) Hypothesis – law and science in the Middle Ages
    Autorzy:
    Leszczyński, Marcin J
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965007.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    revolution
    (dis)continuity dispute
    European legal tradition
    time
    medieval science
    rewolucja
    problem ciągłości/nieciągłości
    europejska tradycja prawna
    czas
    nauka w średniowieczu
    Opis:
    W książce „Prawo i rewolucja” Harold J. Berman wysuwa hipotezę, że pewne polityczne i społeczne przekształcenia przełomu XI i XII wieku miały, jak to określa, formatywny charakter w odniesieniu do całej późniejszej historii Zachodu. Pierwszorzędną rolę w tych wydarzeniach, określanych przez Bermana rewolucją, odgrywali prawnicy-dekretyści. Co więcej, Berman wiąże te przekształcenia z powstaniem uniwersytetów oraz, w ogólności, z pojawieniem się nowożytnej nauki. W artykule prześledzę znaczenia terminu rewolucja i zrekonstruuję argumentację Bermana.
    In his book “Law & Revolution” Harold J. Berman ventures an opinion that certain sociopolitical transformations of XIth and XIIth century had a formative character for subsequent Western history. Emerging profession of lawyer (decretists) played a fundamental role in that upheaval, called by Berman a revolution. Moreover, Berman is trying to connote that with the creation of universities and, more generally, modern science. In my article I will try to investigate different meanings of revolution in Berman’s argument and its general structure.
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2015, 75
    0208-6069
    2450-2782
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O strukturze intuicji normatywnych: uniwersalna gramatyka moralna
    On the structure of normative intuitions: universal moral grammar
    Autorzy:
    Próchnicki, Maciej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531598.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR
    Tematy:
    etyka
    filozofia prawa
    językoznawstwo generatywne
    psychologia moralności
    filozofia umysłu
    kognitywistyka
    Noam Chomsky
    ethics
    legal philosophy
    generative linguistics
    moral psychology
    philosophy of mind
    cognitive science
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu jest krytyczne scharakteryzowanie nowego, interdyscyplinarnego nurtu badań nad moralnością, określanego jako uniwersalna gramatyka moralna, oraz przedstawienie jego znaczenia dla nauk prawnych. Przedstawiciele tego programu badawczego, tacy jak John Mikhail i Marc Hauser powołują się na uczynioną przez Johna Rawlsa analogię lingwistyczną, tj. porównanie moralności do języka oraz propozycję badania jej w sposób podobny do paradygmatu językoznawstwa generatywnego Noama Chomsky’ego. Zdaniem gramatyków moralnych moralność, podobnie jak język, osadza się na wrodzonych, uniwersalnych kompetencjach poznawczych, wspólnych wszystkim ludziom. Pewne świadectwa na rzecz tej tezy pochodzą z rozmaitych dyscyplin naukowych, takich jak psychologia rozwojowa, neurobiologia, antropologia, czy logika, jednak argumenty te są przez krytyków uważane za słabe i niekonkluzywne. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny, na ile trafna i użyteczna może być analogia lingwistyczna, a także wytyczenia jej granic, m. in. poprzez przedstawienie kilku najistotniejszych elementów teorii N. Chomsky’ego i próby ich adaptacji dla systemów norm społecznych, takich jak moralność, czy prawo. Pierwszym argumentem, który zbliżać ma moralność do języka, jest tzw. niedostatek bodźca (poverty of the stimulus), opierający się na założeniu, że klasyczne mechanizmy uczenia się nie wyjaśniają fenomenu nabywania reguł językowych i moralnych. Wśród innych elementów teorii N. Chomsky’ego przetworzonych na potrzeby analizy moralności, odnaleźć można próbę scharakteryzowania moralności jako systemu zasad i parametrów (principles and parameters), podziału na moralność wewnętrzną i zewnętrzną oraz kompetencję i wykonanie, a także założenie, że istnieje wyspecjalizowany moduł umysłowy, odpowiedzialny za jej realizację. Badania prowadzone w obrębie uniwersalnej gramatyki moralnej mogą mieć istotne znaczenie dla nauk prawnych. Po pierwsze, założenia przyjmowane przez ten nurt badawczy można postrzegać jako próbę konstrukcji nowoczesnej, znaturalizowanej teorii prawa natury, która ma oprzeć się na naukach empirycznych. Co więcej, celem badaczy jest jak najpełniejsze scharakteryzowanie takich pojęć, jak np. wina, czyn, zobowiązanie, czy szkoda, i w efekcie próbę ich schematyzacji w ramach rozwiniętej logiki deontycznej, a także ukazanie źródeł intuicji z nimi związanych poprzez badania dotyczące nie tylko ich podłoża biopsychologicznego, ale również antropologię prawa, czy komparatystykę prawniczą.
    The aim of the article is to critically characterize the new, interdisciplinary research program on morality: universal moral grammar, and to describe its meaning for jurisprudence. Its proponents, such as John Mikhail and Marc Hauser, refer to John Rawls’ linguistic analogy, i.e. comparison of morality to language and suggestion to study it similarly to Noam Chomsky’s generative linguistics paradigm. According to moral grammarians morality, like language, settles on innate, universal cognitive capacities, common to all people. Some evidence supporting these claim, come from various scientific disciplines, such as developmental psychology, neuroscience, anthropology or logic, but they are criticised as weak and inconclusive. The article tries to assess to what extent the linguistic analogy is accurate and useful, analyzing some of the most important N. Chomsky’s claims and their adaptations to the systems of social norms, such as morality and law. The first argument is so called poverty of the stimulus, assuming that the classic learning mechanisms cannot explain the phenomenon of acquisition of language and morals. Other elements of N. Chomsky’s theories adapted to analyze morality include characterizing morality as a system of principles and parameters, divisions between I-morality/E-morality and competence/performance, and also an assumption that the specialized mental module for it exists. Research conducted in universal moral grammar program may have substantial influence on jurisprudence. Firstly, assumptions made by moral grammarians can be seen as a construction of a modern, naturalized theory of natural law, based on empirical study. Moreover, the goal of the program is to fully describe concepts such as guilt, act, obligation or damage, and as an effect to schematize it as an advanced deontic logic, and also to discover sources of intuitions regarding them not only through research on their biopsychological foundations, but also through legal anthropology and comparative legal studies.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2017, 1(14); 102-114
    2082-3304
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Działalność oświatowa w więzieniach Królestwa Polskiego 1815–1867
    Educational activities in prisons of the Kingdom of Poland 1815–1867
    Autorzy:
    Bieda, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/533161.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    The Kingdom of Poland
    penitentiary science
    penology
    legal history
    history of penology
    administrative law
    Królestwo Polskie
    penitencjarystyka
    więziennictwo
    historia prawa
    historia więziennictwa
    prawo administracyjne
    Opis:
    Educational activities in prisons at the time of the Kingdom of Poland were the consequence of the nineteenth-century change of views related to purposes and conditions concerning serving custodial sentences. The idea of teaching inmates in the Kingdom of Poland began to form in the ’30s of the 19th century and is precisely connected with Fryderyk Skarbek, who founded the first school for juvenile offenders in Warsaw Dom Kary i Poprawy. First resolutions established at the same time by Komisja Rządowa Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych ordered prison authorities to found Sunday schools where adult prisoners could be taught writing and reading. Unfortunately, recommendations of central governmental bodies were not enthusiastically received by lower-level administrative authorities. Eventually, seeing little interest shown by province governments in founding educational establishments for juvenile offenders, Komisja Rządowa Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych authoritatively formed schools in four prisons in 1860 (Warszawa, Kielce, Lublin, Płock) where juvenile off enders were conducted from the whole country. Unfortunately, we do not know how the establishments functioned in reality. Th e issue of teaching adult prisoners is alike. The first establishment was formed in a prison in Kielce just in 1853 despite the fact that Komisja Rządowa Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych had already issued a regulation in 1833 recommending running Sunday schools for adults. It is known that such establishments also functioned in prisons in Sandomierz and Radom.
    Działalność oświatowa w więzieniach Królestwa Polskiego była konsekwencją XIX-wiecznej zmiany poglądów na cele i warunki wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności. Idea nauczania osadzonych przestępców na ziemiach Królestwa Polskiego zrodziła się w latach 30. XIX w. i nierozerwalnie wiąże się z osobą Fryderyka Skarbka, który powołał do życia pierwszą szkółkę więzienną dla nieletnich przestępców w warszawskim Domu Kary i Poprawy. Z tego samego okresu pochodzą pierwsze rozporządzenia Komisji Rządowej Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych nakazujące władzom więziennym zakładanie szkółek niedzielnych, gdzie nauczani pisania i czytania mieli być dorośli więźniowie. Niestety zalecenia centralnych organów rządowych nie były entuzjastycznie przyjmowane na niższych szczeblach władz administracyjnych. Ostatecznie Komisja Rządowa Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych, widząc małe zainteresowanie rządów gubernialnych tworzeniem placówek oświatowych dla nieletnich przestępców, w roku 1860 odgórnie powołała do życia szkółki w czterech więzieniach (Warszawie, Kielcach, Lublinie i Płocku), do których mieli być kierowani nieletni z terenu całego kraju. Niestety nie wiemy, jak w rzeczywistości wyglądało funkcjonowanie tych placówek. Podobnie przedstawiała się kwestia nauczania więźniów dorosłych. Mimo rozporządzenia Komisji Rządowej Spraw Wewnętrznych i Duchownych z 1833 r., zalecającego prowadzenie w więzieniach szkółek niedzielnych dla dorosłych, pierwsza taka placówka powstała w więzieniu kieleckim dopiero w 1853 r. Wiadomo, że takie ośrodki działały jeszcze w więzieniach w Sandomierzu i Radomiu.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego; 2017, 20; 135-146
    1733-0335
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Status prawny i działalność lwowskich towarzystw naukowych (1900-1939)
    Legal Status and Activities of Lviv Scientific Societies (in the Years 1900-1939)
    Autorzy:
    Pyter, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1807651.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-11-15
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    Towarzystwo dla Popierania Nauki Polskiej
    status prawny
    organizacja
    Towarzystwo Naukowe we Lwowie
    Society for the Promotion of Polish Science
    Scientific Society in Lviv
    legal
    status
    organisation
    Opis:
    The purpose of the article is to acquaint the reader with the activity of scientific institutions present in Lviv in early 20th century. The Society for the Promotion of Polish Science came into being in 1900. Its objective was to promote science in its broad sense, both in academic circles and elsewhere. Scientific Society, which evolved from the former, had a similar profile. Undoubtedly, the activities of these institutions positively influenced numerous fields of science, not only in Lviv but also elsewhere in the country and beyond.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2009, 19, 2; 75-90
    1507-7896
    2544-5227
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pojęcie prawdy we współczesnej etyce prawniczej
    The notion of truth in contemporary legal ethics
    Autorzy:
    Czachorowski, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1047434.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    ethics
    legal ethics
    truth of good
    human being
    ethical subjectivism
    descriptive science of morality
    etyka
    etyka prawnicza
    prawda o dobru
    człowiek
    subiektywizm etyczny
    opisowa teoria moralności (etologia)
    Opis:
    W artykule wskazuje się powody, z uwagi na które w etyce pojęcie prawdy znajduje kluczowe miejsce. Dobro moralne to bowiem dobro człowieka jako człowieka, a zatem musi odpowiadać jego rozumności jako zdolności do poznania prawdy o rzeczywistości. Niektóre koncepcje współczesnej etyki prawniczej wprost lub pośrednio odrzucają te model etyki, przechodząc na pozycje subiektywizmu etycznego i zastępując etykę etologią (teorią ludzkich przekonań moralnych).
    The article indicates the reasons why in ethics the concept of truth finds a key place. The moral good is the good of man as a human being, and therefore must correspond to his rationality as the ability to know the truth about reality. Some concepts of contemporary legal ethics explicitly or indirectly reject this model of ethics, turning to the position of ethical subjectivism and replacing ethics with ethology (the theory of human moral convictions).
    Źródło:
    Teologia i moralność; 2018, 13, 2(24); 197-209
    1898-2964
    2450-4602
    Pojawia się w:
    Teologia i moralność
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dobra osobiste uczelni publicznej
    Autorzy:
    Szczotka, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/609307.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    civil law
    personal interests
    legal person
    public university
    Law on Higher Education and Science
    prawo cywilne
    dobra osobiste
    osoba prawna
    uczelnia publiczna
    Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce
    Opis:
    The issues concerned with personal interests of a public university involve two aspects, which are currently subjected to significant transformation. The first one is the issue of personal interests granted to legal persons – the institiutions of civil law, regulated in the Civil Code. The second element refers to the public law, in terms of the public university regulated in the so-called Constitution for Science, i.e. the Law on Higher Education and Science. With reference to a fact that the public university has a legal presonality, it is entitled to personal rights as the subject of civil law. It means that these interests are subjected to protection provided for in the Civil Code. In consequence, in case of illegal threat or infringement of personal interests, the public university can effectively come up with claims provided for in Articles 24 and 448 of the Civil Code.
    Zagadnienie dotyczące dóbr osobistych uczelni publicznej łączy w sobie dwa aspekty podlegające w ostatnim czasie znaczącym przemianom. Pierwszy z nich dotyczy dóbr osobistych przysługujących osobom prawnym, a więc instytucji prawa cywilnego uregulowanej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. Drugi element dotyczy pojęcia z zakresu prawa publicznego – uczelni publicznej, uregulowanego w tzw. Konstytucji dla Nauki, czyli ustawie Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce. W związku z tym, że uczelnia publiczna posiada osobowość prawną, przysługują jej dobra osobiste jako podmiotowi prawa cywilnego. Oznacza to, że dobra te podlegają również ochronie przewidzianej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. W konsekwencji, w razie bezprawnego zagrożenia lub naruszenia dobra osobistego, uczelnia publiczna może skutecznie występować z roszczeniami przewidzianymi w art. 24 i 448 k.c.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius); 2020, 67, 1
    0458-4317
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kilka uwag o nauce prawa ochrony środowiska w ośrodku wrocławskim
    Some remarks on the science of Environmental Law in the Wroclaw Research Centre
    Autorzy:
    Radecki, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38697124.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-07-17
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Opolski
    Tematy:
    environmental law
    legal protection of nature
    environmental law science
    international cooperation
    Wroclaw Research Centre
    prawo ochrony środowiska
    prawna ochrona przyrody
    wrocławski ośrodek naukowy
    współpraca międzynarodowa
    nauka prawa ochrony środowiska
    Opis:
    The aim of this paper is to present the contribution of the Wrocław scientific community to the development of the science of environmental law, with particular reference to the academic chair led by Jan Bocia of the University of Wrocław, the Department of Environmental Law of the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the direction of Jerzy Sommer, and the Centre for Environmental Law under the direction of Jerzy Jendrośka. The scientific achievements of the Wroclaw lawyers are based on the development of Polish environmental law from its beginnings in 1971, through the 1976 amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland, the 1980 Act on the protection and shaping of the environment, the 1991 Act on the protection of nature, into the 2001 Act – Environmental Protection Law. The presentation takes into account the laws of other European countries, emphasising the international cooperation of the Wroclaw lawyers. The essay also pays tribute to four late representatives of the Wroclaw scientific community: Jerzy Sommer, Jan Boć, Konrad Nowacki and Jan Jerzmański.
    Przedmiotem szkicu jest przedstawienie roli wrocławskiego środowiska naukowego w rozwoju nauki o prawie ochrony środowiska, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem katedry Jana Bocia z Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Zakładu Prawa Ochrony Środowiska Instytutu Nauk Prawnych PAN kierowanego przez Jerzego Sommera oraz Centrum Prawa Ekologicznego pod dyrekcją Jerzego Jendrośki. Bazą osiągnięć naukowych prawników wrocławskich jest rozwój polskiego prawa ochrony środowiska od jego zalążków w 1971 r., przez nowelizację Konstytucji PRL przeprowadzoną w 1976 r., ustawę z 1980 r. o ochronie i kształtowaniu środowiska, ustawę o ochronie przyrody z 1991 r. do ustawy – Prawo ochrony środowiska z 2001 r., przedstawiany z uwzględnieniem prawa innych państw europejskich i zaakcentowaniem współpracy międzynarodowej prawników wrocławskich. Szkic jest także wyrazem uznania dla czterech nieżyjących już przedstawicieli wrocławskiego środowiska naukowego: Jerzego Sommera, Jana Bocia, Konrada Nowackiego i Jana Jerzmańskiego.
    Źródło:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2024, 22, 1; 183-202
    2658-1922
    Pojawia się w:
    Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Professional Titles of Landscape Architects in Poland
    Tytuły zawodowe architektów krajobrazu w Polsce
    Autorzy:
    Sobota, Marcin
    Drabiński, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1191553.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu
    Tematy:
    professional titles
    graduates
    legal aspects
    engineer in landscape architecture
    Master of Science in landscape architecture
    tytuł zawodowy
    absolwent
    studia wyższe
    uwarunkowania prawne
    inżynier architekt krajobrazu
    magister inżynier architekt krajobrazu
    Opis:
    Autorzy dokonują przeglądu źródeł prawa w zakresie uregulowań dotyczących nadawania tytułu zawodowego absolwentom studiów wyższych, począwszy od przepisów prawa z okresu bezpośrednio po odzyskaniu niepodległości przez Polskę w 1918 r., przez okres Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej, aż do uregulowań związanych z wejściem w życie tzw. Konstytucji dla Nauki, a więc przede wszystkim ustawy z dnia 20 lipca 2018 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce1 . Autorzy wskazują poszczególne rozwiązania prawne przyjęte przez ustawodawcę i ich ewolucję zmierzającą m.in. do uwzględnienia postulatów prezentowanych przez środowiska akademickie związane z kierunkiem studiów – architektura krajobrazu, jak i przez organizacje pozarządowe, które swoimi działaniami zmierzały do uzyskania przez uczelnie możliwości nadawania absolwentom tytu- łu zawodowego inżyniera/magistra inżyniera architekta krajobrazu i tym samym uwzględnienia takiego zapisu na dyplomie absolwenta.
    Źródło:
    Architektura Krajobrazu; 2019, 1; 4-21
    1641-5159
    Pojawia się w:
    Architektura Krajobrazu
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Realia kariery uczonego w RPL i III RP. Przyczynek do dziejów nauki i środowisk naukowych w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wieku
    The reality of making an academic career in the Polish People’s Republic and the Third Polish Republic: the contribution to the history of science and scientific circles in Poland in the second half of the 20th century
    Autorzy:
    Olstowski, Przemysław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193937.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    science and scientific circles in Poland in the second half of the 20th century
    historical sciences
    historical and legal sciences
    attitudes of scholars in the period of the Polish People’s Republic
    Opis:
    The memoirs of Professor Stanisław Salmonowicz titled Life escapes like a donkey published two years ago constitute the recapitulation of his own life and the scientific autobiography including extensive and important retrospective remarks concerning science and scientific circles in Poland and Europe in the second half of the 20th century. He particularly refers to historical sciences and historical-legal sciences. Against other valuable memoirs of scholars of the period of the Polish People’s Republic, the memoirs by Prof. Salmonowicz are characterized by the thorough description and analysis of attitudes and achievements of scientists and scientific circles in this period. Moreover, as one of the few testimonies of this kind, they stem from the experience of the scholars who, as it was defined by the author, „did not pact with totalitarianism”. Dozens of years of research and teaching in the most outstanding universities in Poland and abroad (despite difficulties generated by the communist authorities) makes the memoirs rich in unique knowledge about the history of science in Poland, particularly in the period of the Polish People’s Republic and to some extent also in the Third Polish Republic. It is of major importance as the research on the history of science and scientific circles in the Polish People’s Republic still remains very scarce. That is why the testimonies of active and important scholars of the period are so significant. They are frequently a more reliable source of information than preserved formal documentation; they allow us to understand how scientific institutions operated in Poland prior to and after 1989 and how it determined their work, development and achievements.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 2; 105-127
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uczelnie za progiem zmian
    Universities: Crossing a verge of changes
    Autorzy:
    Kistryn, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1192893.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    science and higher education system
    legal regulations
    management and governance of universities
    evaluation of research institutions
    funding algorithms
    scientific excellence
    system nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego
    Ustawa 2.0
    zarządzanie uczelnią
    kategoryzacja
    algorytmy finansowania
    doskonałość naukowa
    Opis:
    Tekst prezentuje opinie na temat szeregu aspektów konstrukcji systemu nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce, w kontekście dyskusji nad projektem Ustawy 2.0. Kluczowym założeniem systemowym jest zwiększenie autonomii uczelni poprzez delegację regulacji z poziomu ramowej ustawy i doprecyzowujących rozporządzeń na poziom statutu, uwzględniającego specyfikę konkretnej uczelni. Omawiane są aspekty organizacyjne uczelni oraz struktura i organy zarządcze, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem silnej pozycji rektora jako menadżera i lidera. Zarządzanie uczelnią przez jej organy prawodawcze, wykonawcze i wspierające oparte ma być na naczelnej zasadzie harmonijnego rozwoju instytucji jako całości. Dyskutowane są aspekty kategoryzacji jednostek naukowych, podziału uczelni na typy, w tym sposób wyłaniania uczelni badawczych. Na bazie już wprowadzonych modyfikacji w algorytmach finansowania zaprezentowane są kierunki i założenia dalszych zmian w tym obszarze.
    A number of personal views on several aspects of the polish science and higher education system is presented, in the context of the current discussions concerning the forthcoming change of the basic law in that area. The leading issue underlying the whole system should be an increase of institutional autonomy of the universities, by delegating most of the relevant regulations from the high-level acts to the individually adopted statutes, including specific features of every institution. Elements of the university structure are outlined together with the hierarchy of the governing bodies, with a special emphasis on strengthening the role of rector as a manager and leader. Management conducted by university legislatorial, executorial and support bodies must be inspired by a fundamental guideline of university as a harmonious, although complex, entity. Considered are aspects of quality evaluation of research institutions, assignment of high schools to various classes, as well as some ideas on selection criteria for the top-ranked research universities. Already implemented modifications in the funding algorithms are used as a basis to point towards directions and assumptions for further changes in that sector.
    Źródło:
    Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe; 2017, 2, 50; 289-303
    1231-0298
    Pojawia się w:
    Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grupy nieletnich przestępców
    Gangs of juvenile delinquents
    Autorzy:
    Pawełczyńska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699155.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1960
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    grupy przestępcze
    nieletni przestępcy
    badania
    Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
    Warszawa
    criminal groups
    juvenile offenders
    research
    Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
    Warsaw
    kradzieże
    chuligaństwo
    thefts
    hooliganism
    Opis:
    In the years 1953 to 1955 the Department of Criminology of the Institute of Legal Sciences carried out research on gangs of juvenile delinquents; it was a matter of the offences committed by three or more boys aged up to 17 who formed gangs of offenders. At the Warsaw Juvenile Court the records of 716 juveniles who had, during the period in question; participated in 181 crime-committing gangs, have been investigated. Out of this material detailed investigation has been carried out on 50 groups, comprising 215 juveniles. Such detailed investigation comprised environment interviews in the family home, comprehensive conversations with the mothers, interviews at the schools, psychological examination of the minors themselves (part of them were also examined by a physician) and talks with the juveniles, who were investigated in detail from the point of view of the problem of gangs. Apart from the research carried out in Warsaw, 74 gangs comprising 309 juvenile offenders were investigated at the Juvenile Courts in the following provincial cities: Łódź, Katowice, Cracow, and Bialystok. The research dealt with all the gangs of juvenile offenders whose cases came before the above-mentioned four Juvenile Courts in the first six months of 1954. Such research has been carried out by the Judges of the Juvenile courts themselves, according to a special questionnaire; and consisted in the juveniles giving detailed evidence concerning circumstances such as participation in the gangs, in talks with the mothers, and environment interviews (with part of the cases also psychological examination was carried out). The basic material for the present, contribution are the 50 Warsaw and the 74 provincial gangs, all of them investigated in detail. 1. Out of a total of 255 gangs investigated (181 gangs investigated on the basis of judicial record and 124 gangs investigated in detail) there were: a) 113 gangs systematically committing thefts. b) 36 gangs committing either thefts or else deeds consisting in aggressively accosting or beating up (whether boys of their own age or older persons), in destroying property and in disturbing public peace. These are so-called acts of hooliganism. c) 24 gangs committing only acts of a hooligan character mentioned above. Finally, out of the 255 gangs investigated 82 gangs were selected which had committed only one theft, and the majority of which cannot be considered to be offender gangs because of the lack of any real bond between the members of such gangs. The age of the members of the offender gangs was as follows: 17.3 per cent of the boys were under 10 years of age. 34.6 per cent were from 11 to 12. 31 per cent were from 13 to 14. 17.1 per cent were from 15 to 17. The percentages in the several types of gangs are, in principle, rather similar. In the gangs which systematically committed thefts a bigger span between the ages of the members was found than in the other types of gangs. While in the remaining types of gangs the juveniles are usually of the same age, or else the difference of age between them amounts to from one to two years, in the gangs which systematically commit thefts, in 37 per cent of the cases the difference of age amounts to more than three years. As far as the number of members of whom a gang was composed is concerned, detailed investigation has established the fact that gangs numbering from three to four members amounted merely to 16 per cent, while gangs composed of six and more members were as many as 64 per cent (gangs of ten and more members were 22 per cent), It ought to be stressed that the actual number of members of a gang was not known to the Court; in the records the number of members of such an offender gang was, as a rule, considerably smaller. 2. The data concerning the home environment of the members of the gangs under investigation, their way of life and personality look more or less similarly as those concerning juvenile recidivists whose cases are discussed in the same volume of the Archives, and this is why we do not discuss these data in detail here. It is worth noting that a bad material situation of the families was more frequent in the case of the juveniles belonging to the gangs which went in for systematic thefts than with the other types of gangs: there were 60 per cent of such cases, while e.g. with the members of hooligan gangs the same situation was found in a mere 21 per cent. In the gangs which went in for systematic thefts there were more juveniles who hailed from homes where the family life had altogether gone to pieces. They were families in which an accumulation of such factors as the alcoholism of the fathers, continual brawls in the home, delinquency, etc., was found. In 66.6 per cent of the gangs which went in for systematical stealing all their members came just from such families, while e.g. in 45 per cent of the hooligan gangs all their members carne from families in which no decay of the family was found. Similarly, the number of children deprived of parental control at home was the largest among the members of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing. On the other hand, a bad attitude of the parents towards their child was more frequently found among the members of hooligan gangs than in the other types of gangs. The percentage of fathers who treated their children brutally was also highest here. 3. With offender gangs it is a matter of great importance whether the members of such gangs had committed criminal offences prior to their starting criminal their activities in gangs. In the areas of the several Juvenile Courts the percentage of juveniles who had previously been committing offences amounted to from 30.3 per cent to 52.6 per cent. The largest number of juveniles who had been committing crimes before, and consequently brought a considerable degree of depravation with them into the gangs belongs to the hooligan-and-stealing gangs (62.4 per cent) and to the gangs which go in for systematic thefts (42.4 per cent). On the other hand, the percentage of recidivists is low in the hooligan gangs and in those gangs which committed theft but once. Thefts constitute 76.7 per cent of the total of the offences committed previously, thefts together with hooligan acts - 14 per cent, and hooligan offences alone - only 9.3 per cent. Prior to their joining the gang, the boys stole mostly small sums of money, and' in the next place, food and sweets. Thefts of intoxicating liquor appear more frequently than with other types with those juveniles who later on joined hooligan gangs. At the time of making our investigations, the juveniles who acted in delinquent gangs had already gone astray considerably, and their way of life was almost entirely disorganized. 4. The data concerning the origin of the gangs show that: 40 per cent of the gangs arose owing to contacts between boys who lived in the neighborhood; 32 per cent of them arose partly owing to neighbourly contacts, and partly owing to acquaintance struck at school; 15 per cent of the gangs arose as a result of boys meeting in the street, in public parks, at the cinema, in various places of public entertainment; 9 per cent of the groups were composed of boys who had met only at school; 4 per cent of the gangs were composed of boys who had come near each other during escapes from home or a correctional institution. The large majority of the gangs which arose owing to neighborhood and school contacts consists of stealing gangs. The picture is altogether different in the case of gangs which arose in places of common entertainment. Here the majority consists of hooligan gangs mostly formed by older boys. The period of activity of such a gang down to the moment of it committing its first offence is mostly very brief. The mechanism of the formation of such criminal gangs also varied: the boys, as a rule, at first formed groups just with the view to having good time. The transformation of ordinary neighborhood groups for purposes of play into criminal gangs was fostered by the family conditions of the members of such groups; by the lack of adequate care and of proper bonds between the boy and his family home, as well as by the harmful influence of the social environment at large. School becomes, under certain circumstances, an additional factor favorable for the creation of gangs. Part of the members of such gangs consist of children who are excitable, nervous, retarded in development, and encountering great difficulties in adapting themselves to study at school and to the requirements set by the school. Such children easily become alienated from the pupils community, forming a peculiar social margin within the school. 5. From the point of view of organizational structure we can distinguish, in the material under investigation, loose gangs, gangs with certain elements of organization, and organized gangs. Loose gangs amounted to 52.4 per cent. Their composition varied, they lacked elements of an organization altogether, they had no leader and no ,,den" of their own. Organized gangs, with a leader and a crystallized division of roles within the gang, amounted to 23.4 per cent. Gangs with but some elements of organization amounted to 24.2 per cent. Organized gangs occur more frequently among the gangs which go in for systematic stealing (35 per cent) than among other types of gangs, while, on the other hand, loose gangs are typical, of hooligan gangs (91 per cent). There exists a very essential difference between the gangs which go in for systematic stealing and those of a hooligan character. While the former are offender gangs the prime purpose of which is to commit thefts, the gangs which go in for hooligan offences are really groups for purposes of play, with whom the offence is closely connected with perverted play. 6. With the gangs which committed thefts the object of such thefts were mostly things of very small material value - food in 31 per cent of the cases, sums of money, mostly very small, in 10 per cent, sports and technical articles in 10.1 per cent, sweets in 9.1 per cent, alcoholic liquors in 8.5 per cent, building materials in 7 per cent, clothing in 6,4 per cent, while bicycles accounted for only 1.1 per cent, and watches and jewelry - for 0.8 per cent. A comparison between the objects stolen by the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs with those stolen by the stealing ones shows obvious differences in accordance with the type of the gang. In the gangs which went in for stealing only, the most frequent object of theft is food (37 per cent), then sport and technical articles (12.9 per cent), sweets (11.8 per cent), clothing are (8.3 per cent). Alcoholic liquors one of the most infrequent objects of theft (0.8 per cent). On the other hand, with the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs, it is precisely alcohol that constitutes the most frequent object of theft !34.5 per cent); the next place is occupied by money (22.3 per cent), while the remaining objects of theft appear much more seldom; they are mostly such objects as can be sold (e.g. building materials account for 12.6 pe cent). In a definite majority of the investigated gangs the value of the stolen object is the outcome of mere chance, and it is dependent on the opportunity of theft which has arisen. The largest number of theft committed by the gangs investigated took place in shops (70.3 per cent). Specialization as to the mode of performing theft is an extremely rare phenomenon with the gangs investigated. The investigated boys who belonged to hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs have committed the following acts of a hooligan character: Aggressive accosting and beating up 41.6 per cent. Destruction of property (breaking window-panes, street-lamps ect.) 37.6 pe cent. Disturbance of public peace and order 19.1 per cent. Others 1.7 per cent. The character of the hooligan acts perpetrated is closely connected with the age of the investigated. For the younger age groups the characteristic offences are destruction of property (44.4 per cent) and disturbance of public peace (39.5 per cent). 66 per cent of the offences committed by older boys consist of more serious offences - accosting and beating up. Along with the age of the boys and the length of time a gang has existed the number of frequency of hooligan acts perpetrated by them also increases. Hooligan offences were mostly committed by them at school (68.1 per cent) and in the streets and gardens (27 per cent). 7. In the investigation concerning the 50 Warsaw gangs follow-up studies have been carried out, from two to four years after the trial and the following was stated: In this period only 42 per cent of the gangs underwent complete decay, while 58 per cent of them continued to go in to their criminal activities, including 38 per cent, the numerical strength of which had even increased. Nearly all the groups which had committed theft but once underwent a complete decay; so did one half of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing, and one about one-fourth of the hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs. In the light of our investigation it appears that the gangs composed of younger boys (9 to 12 years) are much more permanent than the gangs composed of older boys. As far as the individual destinies of the several members of the gangs are concerned, the follow-up studies which have been carried out have shown that only 28 per cent of the investigated have completely mended their ways. One half of the investigated have been declared to be recidivists, while with 22 per cent further symptoms of serious demoralization were found, in spite of lack of data concerning the commission of any criminal offences by them. Improvement took place mostly in the case of the less demoralized boys, those who played but a marginal role in the gang. The improvement with younger boys was much more infrequent than that with the older ones (more than 70 per cent of the members of the hooligan-cum-stealing and systematically stealing gangs, aged up to 12, have proved to be incorrigible). The lack of improvement was also related to the length of the period of a juvenile offender's association with his gang. The longer they had participated in the offences committed by the gang, the more difficult it was for them to mend their ways, even after having severed any contacts between themselves and the gang.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 113-163
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nieletni recydywiści
    500 juvenile recidivists
    Autorzy:
    Kołakowska, Helena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699132.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1960
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    nieletni recydywiści
    badania
    Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
    Warszawa
    Łódź
    Katowice
    Kraków
    przestępczość nieletnich
    juvenile recidivists
    research
    Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
    Warsaw
    Cracow
    juvenile delinquency
    Opis:
    The research conducted by the Department of criminology of the Institute of Legal sciences has covered 240 juvenile recidivists in Warsaw, and 260 juvenile recidivists in Łodź, Katowice, Cracow and Białystok. In a total of 500 juvenile recidivists there were 463 boys and 37 girls. The age of the juveniles covered by the investigation was as follows: 116 recidivists were between 7 and 12 years of age, while 384 were between 13 and 16. The research carried out in Warsaw in the years 1954 to 1955 consisted in examining judicial records, in environment interviews, interviews at school, at the place of work, as well as in psychological and medical examinations. All the cases of recidivism, whether formal or actual, which came before the juvenile court, were included in the research. Follow-up studies, carried out several times, have made it possible to establish what were the further destinies of the juvenile recidivists after the lapse of some three years from the termination of the research. The research carried out in the four provincial juvenile courts was less detailed and did not comprise psychological or medical examination. Moreover, they could not be supplemented with follow-up studies. All the cases of juvenile recidivists which came before the juvenile courts in six months of the year 1954 were included in the research. The results of the follow-up studies in Warsaw are the following: It appeared that out of the 240 juvenile recidivists examined 116 continued to commit criminal offences within the following three years, 32 of them did not, to be sure, commit offences, but they could be considered as but partly reformed considering their unsettled way of life, their unsystematic work and the whole of their social attitude, while 54 had completely mended their ways. The remaining 38 examined persons could not be included into any of the preceding groups, since part of them still remained in correctional institutions and concerning the rest of them reliable data were lacking. Thus out of 202 juvenile recidivists in Warsaw the percentage of those who continued to commit offences within a three-year period after the termination of our research amounted to 57 per cent, and, over and above that, a further 16 per cent could not be considered as truly reformed. 1. Out of the 500 juveniles recidivists examined only 49 per cent have both parents living, 30 per cent are being brought up only under the care of solitary mothers, 16 per cent have a stepfather and mother, or else a stepmother and father, 3 per cent are brought up by a solitary father, and 2 per cent are orphans who remain under the care of relations. The percentage of factory workers among the fathers amounted to 65 per cent, 13 per cent of the fathers were unskilled manual workers, 10 per cent were clerical workers, 4 per cent were handicraftsmen, and 2 per cent farmers. 32.3 per cent of the mothers did not have any trade and had never worked, 30 per cent were employed as workers, 2s per cent worked manually as cleaners, laundresses, while 9 per cent were clerical workers. In the families where both parents are alive both father and mother worked in 52 per cent of the cases, and the father only - in 48 per cent. In the families where the mother is solitary, as many as 90 per cent of the mothers work. The material situation in the families investigated was described as bad in 47 per cent of the families, middling in 36 per cent and good - in 17 per cent. Taking into consideration both the social outlook of the families and an evaluation of the total of educational factors at work in the family home, four categories of families have been singled out: Family Group A, the most negative, where we have to do, first and foremost, with a particularly intense alcoholism of the fathers, a complete neglect of the home by the parents, bad relations between the parents, a delinquency of the father, a bad attitude towards the child, a lack of care for the child and control over it, and similar factors. These are family environments of the lowest moral level, in which the habitual drunkenness of the fathers has led to a decay of family life. Of such families there were 101, i.e. 20.2 per cent. Family Group B includes the families which also deserve a negative evaluation, but the intensity of negative factors in them is less than in the Group A families. The alcoholism of the fathers is also a typical factor here, only it assumes slightly lesser proportions, while the mothers show more care for their home. A lack of protection of the child, bad educational methods, bad material conditions are present in these families too, just as they are in Group A. of such families there were 125, i.e. 25 per cent. Family Group C consists, first and foremost, of those families in which the children are usually brought up by a solitary mother (42.5 per cent of the cases), who cannot cope with all her duties, and in which the children are deprived of proper care and control. Moreover, in those families where there is a stepfather or stepmother, a very bad attitude to the child and very faulty educational methods have been found to exist. Of such families there were 162, i.e. 32.4 per cent. Family Group D is composed of the families described as ,,good home environment", in which investigators have failed to find any factors negative in the educational sense. Both the moral level of the parents, their mutual relations and the care of the child were beyond any obvious criticism. Of such families there were only 112, i.e. 22.4 per cent. It ought to be stressed, however, that on the basis of the investigation which has been carried out it was not possible to establish properly either the whole of the complicated factors which go to form the educational atmosphere of the home, or fully to elucidate the father's and mother's emotional attitude to their child. It is, therefore, probable, that a detailed analysis of such good family environments (Group D) could yet bring to light the sources of such psychical experiences and emotional conflicts with the children under investigation, as did influence them, causing character deviations. In analyzing how, apart from the delinquency factor, data concerning the degree of demoralization of the five hundred juvenile recidivists investigated looked in the several family groups, and making use of such factors only as the degree of neglecting school work, the amount of playing truant from school, the number of flights from home, strolling about the streets in the company of demoralized schoolmates, etc., on the basis of the Chi-square test a significant relationship has been stated to exist between the type of family environment and the intensity of the demoralization of the juveniles investigated. What is noteworthy, besides, is the fact that among the brothers and sisters of the investigated there were the following percentages of children above 10 years of age, showing symptoms of very serious demoralization: in Group A families - 90 per cent, in Group B families - 32 per cent, in Group C families - 30 per cent, and in Group D families - only 8 per cent. The data concerning the further destinies of 202 Warsaw juvenile recidivists after a lapse of three years also testify to the fact that there exists a significant relationship between the type of family environment and the recidivism or else improvement of the investigated in the future. Of the juveniles seriously demoralized and continuing to steal systematically only 15.2 per cent came from Group D homes, i.e. those with a good reputation, while among the juveniles who had completely mended their ways a mere 7.4 per cent came from the worst family environments (Group A). Among the investigated brought up in those worst family environments as many as 68.5 per cent continued to steal systematically after a lapse of three years, while among the investigated who belonged to Group D families only 26.6 per cent continued to show recidivism on a large scale. 2. On the basis of the results of psychological and psychiatric examination it can be stated that 42 per cent of the Warsaw juvenile recidivists exhibited various pathological traits, while among those of the investigated who later on proved unreformed the percentage of juveniles with pathological traits amounted to 53.4 per cent, among the partly reformed - to 40.6 per cent, and among the entirely reformed - to 18.5 per cent. The percentage of children with psychopahatic traits and of children with symptoms of neurosis together constituted 22 per cent of the total of those examined in Warsaw (42 cases). Of children with symptoms of a post-traumatic state there were 16, of sufferers from epilepsia - 7, with post-encephalitic disorders - 3. Mental deficiency (feeblemindedness) has been stated in g per cent of the cases. Even though the majority of the recidivists who continued to commit criminal offences in the period of the next three years exhibited pathological traits, yet 47 per cent of the recidivists, with whom no such traits were found, also committed offences. On the other hand, among the entirely reformed there were 18.5 per cent of such recidivists who also exhibited pathological traits. Although on the basis of the Chi-square test we find a significant relationship to exist between pathological traits and the lack or the presence of moral improvement, yet we ought not to forget the dependence between other factors and the lack of improvement, which has been established in the course of tests. 3. All the 500 juvenile recidivists examined committed thefts, even those few (16 per cent) who were tried for various other offences, also committed thefts. Barely 8 per cent of the boys examined committed thefts individually, while a typical phenomenon are thefts committed by them in a group of juvenile accomplices. 68 per cent of the investigated acted in gangs of three or more. 43 per cent of the juvenile recidivists (boys) began to steal between the 7th and the 10th  year of their lives, and 28 per cent between the 11th and 12th. There exists a significant relationship between the early starting of delinquent activities and recidivism later on. Out of the investigated with whom the first thefts took place between the 7th and the 10th year of their lives as many as 72.5 per cent continued to steal during the period of follow-up studies, while only 11.4 per cent reformed. Similarly, those recidivists who had begun stealing at the age of from 11 to 12 continued to steal systematically in 68.4 per cent of the cases. On the other hand, such recidivists with whom the first thefts took place only at the. age of 13 or 14, or even of 15or 16, later on figured in the entirely reformed groups in 44 per cent and 52 per cent respectively. There also exists a significant association between the length of the period of committing thefts and the further destinies of the investigated. Those juvenile recidivists who had previously been stealing for from 3 to 4 years and from 5 to 9 years, later on figured in the ,,unreformed" group to the amount of 69 per cent and 63.5 per cent respectively. On the other hand, those juveniles with whom the period of committing thefts did not exceed two years formed almost equal percentages in the unreformed groups (52 per cent and 48 per cent respectively). The results of the investigation seem to speak in favor of the view that the younger the age of the juvenile delinquent, and the longer the period of his criminal activities, the bigger the probability that he will continue to commit thefts for at least several years to come. Moreover, those juvenile offenders who had started stealing at the age of from 7 to 10 years continued to steal then systematically in 85 per cent of the cases, while those juveniles who had started stealing only after completing their 13th or 14th year of age, later on stole only sporadically, at least in an overwhelming majority of the cases. Moreover, there exists a significant relationship between the systematic character of committing thefts and the lack of improvement later on. Out of the juvenile recidivists who stole ,systematically only 14 per cent were found, after the lapse of three years, in the entirely reformed group, while among those who stole only sporadically the percentage amounted to as many as 47 per cent. 4. The majority of the juvenile recidivists stole, first and foremost, money, and, apart from money, food articles and single articles of clothing. OnIy 11 per cent of the investigated went in for stealing objects of greater value, such as watches, bicycles, etc. A typical theft concerned but a small number of objects and the damage thereby caused was, as a rule, negligible. The place where thefts are most frequently perpetrated are shops and kiosks, and only after them - the family home and the school. Depending on the age of the investigated and on various lengths of the periods during which they committed offences there are, of course, differences, both as to the objects of theft and as to the places where the latter were committed. The thefts committed by the 37 recidivist girls investigated differed from the thefts committed by the boys. The girls stole almost exclusively money and articles of clothing, and it was only in exceptional cases that they committed thefts in shops. Girls began stealing a great deal later in Iife than the boys, and, as a rule, stole alone, without partners. The last chapter of the contribution discusses critically the practice of juvenile courts 'concerning the fight against the recidivism of juvenile offenders and the activities of the probation officers and correctional institutions.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 55-112
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    BEZPEČNOSTNÍ VĚDY V ČR A SR, BEZPEČNOSTNÍ STRATEGIE A PRÁVNÍ TEORIE O BEZPEČNOSTI
    Autorzy:
    Viktor, Porada,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/891888.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-08-22
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    Quae lex non prohibet debent permisa videri
    Making the iusnaturalist character of human rights more positive
    Analysis of the postmodern crisis concenring human rights and global security in legal and security sciences
    Structure of jurisprudence
    Safety Science
    Security policy
    Security strategy
    Security Doctrine
    Opis:
    The intrusion legal and security science in the Czech republic and Slovakia (the example formulations security doctrine). Central Europe, as part of Euro-Atlantic civilization, must react to the postmodern crisis of Western liberal capitelism, especially in the constitutional branch of the iusnaturalist substance of fundamental human rights and freedoms. Security and police authorities and bodies are part of the security community of a democratic state and their „secundum et intra legem“ acitivity is based on the postulates of legal, security and police sciences. The course police sciences iurisprudencia, the science of crime, security and constitution of police science in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Police science and security doctrine and includ today – what are the intersections of the object of investigation?
    Źródło:
    Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje; 2014, 15; 214-227
    2299-4033
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rozkwit doktryny prawa karnego w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym – ośrodki, uczeni, idee
    The great age of the criminal law doctrine in Poland between the two World Wars – centres, scholars, ideas
    Autorzy:
    Janicka, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/533054.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    legal history
    the Second Polish Republic
    criminal law of 20th century
    history of criminal law science
    penalties
    safety measures
    juvenile criminal law
    administrative offences law
    historia prawa
    II Rzeczpospolita, prawo karne XX w.
    historia nauki prawa karnego
    kary
    środki zabezpieczające
    odpowiedzialność karna nieletnich
    prawo wykroczeń
    Opis:
    The interwar period was marked by a significant growth of the criminal law doctrine in Poland. Along with senior academics – professors Krzymuski and Miklaszewski, an extensive research was developed by the representatives of the younger generation, including professors Makarewicz, Makowski, Mogilnicki and Rappaport, and the representatives of the new generation, among those the most prominent were professors: Wolter, Śliwiński, Glaser, Wróblewski, Radzinowicz, Papierkowski, Świda and others. Five university law faculties – in Warsaw, Cracow, Lviv, Vilnius and Poznań – were the most important Polish criminal law centres. The Polish scholars undertook all the fundamental and current issues regarding penal studies in a whole, including criminology and penal policy, which were structuralizing at the time. The theories and ideas presented by them corresponded to the modern European and global trends. Numerous enlightened conceptions of the Polish scholars were realised in the criminal code, administrative offences law, prison act and other legal acts. The original and modern juvenile law created in the interwar period, which was constituted in adequate sections of the criminal code and the code of penal proceedings, deserves a particularly high grade.
    Dwudziestolecie międzywojenne było w Polsce okresem wspaniałego rozwoju doktryny prawa karnego. Obok najstarszych profesorów – Krzymuskiego czy Miklaszewskiego, wszechstronną działalność rozwinęli przedstawiciele średniej generacji, zwłaszcza profesorowie Makarewicz, Makowski, Mogilnicki i Rappaport, a także młodego pokolenia, wśród których wyróżniali się profesorowie Wolter, Śliwiński, Glaser, Wróblewski, Radzinowicz, Papierkowski, Świda i inni. Rolę centrów polskiej myśli prawnokarnej odgrywało pięć uniwersyteckich wydziałów prawa: w Warszawie, Krakowie, Lwowie, Wilnie i Poznaniu. Polscy uczeni podjęli wszystkie fundamentalne i aktualne problemy obejmujące całość nauk penalnych, w tym kształtującej się ówcześnie kryminologii i polityki kryminalnej. Głoszone teorie i idee odpowiadały nowoczesnym trendom europejskim i światowym. Wiele postępowych koncepcji polskich uczonych znalazło odzwierciedlenie w wydanym kodeksie karnym, prawie o wykroczeniach, ustawie o organizacji więziennictwa i innych aktach prawnych. Na szczególnie wysoką ocenę zasługuje wydane w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym oryginalne i nowoczesne prawo dla nieletnich, które umieszczono w odpowiednich rozdziałach kodeksu karnego i kodeksu postępowania karnego.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego; 2019, 22; 185-208
    1733-0335
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dzieje II Katedry Prawa Administracyjnego i Nauki Administracji na Wydziale Prawno-Ekonomicznym Uniwersytetu w Poznaniu w latach 1919–1939
    The history of the Second Chair of Administration Law and Administration Science at the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Poznań in 1919–39
    Autorzy:
    Żukowski, Przemysław Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/533270.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Poznań
    Chair of Administration Law and Administration Science in Poznań
    Stanisław Kasznica
    M. Zimmermann
    organisation of legal studies.
    Wydział Prawno-Ekonomiczny UP
    Katedra Prawa Administracyjnego i Nauki Administracji w Poznaniu
    S. Kasznica
    organizacja studiów prawniczych.
    Opis:
    From the moment of its institution, the University of Poznań envisaged studies in law and economics within a single faculty. This required separate classes in a single subject for the legal section on the one hand, and for the economic and political one on the other. The issue covered the lectures in administrative law and administration science, therefore two different chairs were set up to cover the educational needs. The first of them, lecturing for the legal section, was efficiently entrusted to Professor Stanisław Kasznica. In turn, no appropriate person was found among the faculty for the Second Chair, which operated since 1933. The opinion poll conducted in 1920/21 among the professors did not bring positive results, as B. Wasiutyński employed in its wake moved to Warsaw in 1925. Faced with the lack of appropriate candidates, the chair with no permanent holder was finally liquidated by a decision of the ministry, even though the education envisaged for unit was provided by the staff of the Chair of Administrative Law working for the legal section. The attempts to bring the Second Chair back came to fruition in 1938, yet M. Zimmermann was employed to hold the post only in the spring of 1939.
    Uniwersytet Poznański od momentu powstania w ramach jednego wydziału przewidywał studia specjalizacji prawnej i ekonomicznej. Wymagało to prowadzenia dla sekcji prawnej i sekcji ekonomiczno-politycznej odrębnych zajęć z jednego przedmiotu. Takim był wykład prawa administracyjnego i nauki administracji i dla odpowiedniej realizacji dydaktyki przewidziano powołanie dwóch katedr. Obsadzenie I z nich, dla sekcji prawniczej, przeprowadzono sprawnie powierzając kierownictwo prof. Stanisławowi Kasznicy. Natomiast dla istniejącej do 1933 r. II Katedry nie udało znaleźć się odpowiedniego pracownika. Przeprowadzona w 1920/21 ankieta profesorska nie przyniosła efektu, gdyż zatrudniony w jej wyniku B. Wasiutyński przeniósł się ostatecznie w 1925 r. do Warszawy. Kolejne działania wobec braku odpowiednich kandydatów nie przyniosły pożądanego efektu i w końcu, nigdy nie obsadzona na stałe, decyzją ministerstwa II Katedra została zlikwidowana, choć przewidywane dla niej obciążenia dydaktyczne realizowane były przez pracowników katedry prawa administracyjnego obsługującej sekcję prawniczą. Podejmowane następnie przez Wydział Prawno-Ekonomiczny próby przywrócenia II Katedry przyniosły w 1938 r. efekt, ale dopiero na wiosnę 1939 r. na stałe został w niej zatrudniony M. Zimmermann.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego; 2015, 18; 149-167
    1733-0335
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Młodociani recydywiści
    Young adult recidivists
    Autorzy:
    Szelhaus, Stanisław
    Baucz-Straszewicz, Zofia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699148.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1960
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    młodociani recydywiści
    przestępczość młodocianych recydywistów
    badania
    Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
    wykolejenie społeczne
    młodzież
    young adults recidivists
    delinquency of young adults recidivists
    Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
    research
    young adult
    social maladjustment
    young adult recidivists
    delinquency of young adult recidivists
    Opis:
    Investigation has covered 100 recidivists between the ages of 18 and 21, serving their term in jail; its purpose was to bring to light the scope of social misfitting and delinquency of the individuals with whom delinquency and recidivism seem to be of recent origin. Investigation has covered the individuals domiciled in Warsaw, who have been punished for at least the second time after having reached the age when penal responsibility begins (i.e. their seventeenth year of age) and have gone to jail for at least the second time. The investigation, started at the end of 1956 and finished in the middle of 1958, was conducted in two Warsaw jails and three provincial ones. All young adult recidivists with a condemning sentence who were at that time in jail were investigated, without making any selection of the cases, apart from the criteria enumerated above. The investigation, however, has taken into consideration data from judicial records and prison records, as well as from the Convicts, Register. Talks with the mothers of the convicts have provided material concerning the family home, the diseases which the convicted person had gone through, his pre-school and school days, way of life, etc. Psychological and medical examination has also been carried out. Young adult recidivists have been examined on an average, from four to five times within a few hours. In the case of those of the investigated who have been released from prison before December 1st , 1958, follow-up studies were carried out, to comprise a period of from six months to one year. 1. In investigating 100 young adult recidivists past record it was established that as many as 79 of them had been previously tried by a juvenile court (even though the law-court which tried them after they had completed the seventeenth year of age knew about that in a mere 23 cases). Apart from that, another 12 had committed thefts during their minority without being prosecuted before the law-courts. Consequently a mere 9 of all the investigated began to commit criminal offences after they were 16. The beginnings of delinquency took place in 19 per cent of the cases before the tenth year of their rives, and in 68 per cent before the thirteenth; it is highly probable however, that in reality the beginnings of their delinquency were earlier than that. Investigation into the further destinies of 79 investigated persons who had been tried while still minors has established the fact that 85 per cent of their number found themselves in jail before the lapse of two years from the moment of being released from a house of correction, or from their last trial before a juvenile court. As far as the 43 investigated. persons are concerned who had previously been in institutions for delinquent boys (training schools), as many as 27 were arrested before the lapse of six months from their release from such an institution, 12 remained at large for periods ranging from six months to one year and only 4 from one year to two years. The total of the data concerning the number of trials before both juvenile and ordinary courts looked as follows: out of 100 recidivists 13 had been tried twice, 20 - 3 times, 29 – 4 times, 17 - 5 times, 11 - 6 times, 10 - 7 or more times. Consequently 67 per cent of the investigated had already been tried 4 or more times, and every fifth one of them - 6 or more times. As far as their first term in jail is concerned, 16 of the investigated found themselves in jail before having attained the age of criminal responsibility, as a rule owing to their having given false birthdata at the time of their arrest, 55 at the age of 17, 26 at the age of 18 and a mere 3 at 19 years of age. Nearly one half of the recidivists had spent more time in jail than at large (from the moment of having reached the age of criminal responsibility), while the longest spell at large between one arrest and the next amounted to: below six months with 49 per cent of the investigated, from six months to one year with 33 per cent, while it was more than one year with a mere 18 per cent. Taking into consideration the kind of offences committed, we may divide the material under investigation into the following groups: A. Young adult recidivists punished exclusively for offences against property (as a rule, thefts) - 39 cases. B. Young adult recidivists punished exclusively for offences against life and health (grievous injury to the body, and slight bodily harm, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability as well as for insulting a functionary of the police). There were only 10 offenders who committed such offences out of ,,hooligan" motives only, among all those investigated. C. Young adult recidivists punished for offences against property as well as for grievous injury to the body and slight bodily harm, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability and insult to police functionaries - 51 cases. A. As for the persons investigated who had been punished only for offences against property (nearly exclusively for theft), they began to commit offences at the age of from 9 to 12 years, i.e. earlier than the rest. The first thefts, as a rule, took place in the family home. The majority of the perpetrators had been punished several times for theft by a juvenile court; one half of these, recidivists are criminals whose principal source of income are thefts, and, all of them had spent more time in jail than at large. It should be emphasized that both recidivists belonging to this group and the remaining ones had, in an overwhelming majority of cases (91 per cent), lived in their parents', or else their mothers’, homes, and were able to have their meals at home (70 per cent). B. The beginnings of delinquency with the persons investigated who have been punished only for infringement of bodily inviolability, damage to the body, brawls and insults to police functionaries are considerably later and take place about the thirteenth to the sixteenth year of age. Similarly, the rate of penalties inflicted is smaller, and the spells of liberty much longer than with the thief group. Nearly all such acts (accosting and beating up a passer-by in the street, insult by word of mouth or beating up a policeman, etc.) were committed while under the influence of drink. Nearly All of the investigated who belong to this group systematically abuse alcohol, and their delinquency is closely connected with their drunkenness. C. The most numerous group of persons convicted, those punished both for theft and for damage to the body, brawls, infringement of bodily inviolability and insult to a policemen, may be divided into two sub-groups: Sub-Group One, 30 strong, consists of individuals who commit more thefts then other offences. They do not fundamentally differ from the individuals who belong to the thief group, either as to the objects of theft and their value, or as to the method of committing their crime. Here, too, we have to do with individuals for whom thefts constitute their principal source of income. Sub-Group Two, 27 strong, is composed of the individuals who commit more offences of injury to the body, insulting policemen and similar offences commited out of so-called hooligan motives, than thefts. This group approaches the individuals discussed in point B. It is characteristic of them that 11 (out of a total of 15 recorded in our materials) of perpetrators of robbery are to be found in this group. In the material investigated by us robbery goes hand in hand almost exclusively with offences committed from hooligan motives. When we evaluate the general degree of social misfitting of 100 of the investigated we may state that as many as 82 per cent of them belong to the category of manifold recidivists, who, as a rule, work only, if at all, by fits and starts, and are in close connection with the criminal environment. Particularly bad in this respect was the case of 35 of the investigated. 2. In so far as the family environment of young adult recidivists is concerned, we meet with a large percentage (53 per cent) of half-orphans; out of that number in 39 cases it was the mother who took care of the person investigated, in 5 cases - the father, while in the remaining 9 cases there was a stepfather or stepmother. 79 of the fathers were workers (of which 34 unskilled ones), 16 – clerical workers, 5 had their own artisan workshops. The majority of the mothers also earned their living, as a rule, as unskilled workers. The extent of alcoholism in the families under investigation is very considerable: 38 of the fathers can be considered drunkards - for many years they have been systematically drinking, they get drunk several times a week, spend their wages on drink. In the remaining families 29 fathers drink, on the average, from twice to three times a week, while 32 drink only sporadically and do not get drunk. Taking into consideration the educational atmosphere of the home, as well as the state of care and control in the environment during the period of the minority of the persons investigated, it was established that in 58 families the whole set of educationally definitely harmful factors was present. 3. The data obtained during the investigation concerning the personality of young recidivists speak in favor of the view that the latter are characterized by features which prove their low psychical maturity, and, in particular, a domination of impulsive reactions, a considerable and uncontrollable thoughtlessness, acting in the wake of motives responsible for the desire to make the most of life, in the form of continual entertainments and adventures, and a desire to impose on one’s coevals. A striking thing here is a lack of planning, absence of reflections on their future life, as well as of any more serious considerations for work, which, with them, is not identified with the idea of any definite trade; there is also a failure to appreciate critically the effects of one's own behavior. As far as the level of intelligence is concerned, only 11 of the investigated showed signs of mental deficiency. There were 18 individuals of more than average intelligence. A psychological and psychopathological analysis of the investigated shows that 39 of those recidivists are to be included in the category of persons with personality disorders, who are usually described by the name of psychopaths. Yet it does not seem possible, on the basis of the investigation, to delimit the cases which could be diagnosed as psychopathic from such in which the normal development of the personality has suffered serious disturbances, mostly as a result of serious psychical shocks and psychical conflicts during their childhood. There can be no doubt, however, that the psychical qualities of the investigated cannot be squeezed within the framework of even a broad norm adopted, that their personality has pathological traits which exert an essential influence upon their behavior. In comparison with this most numerous group of 39 of the investigated, who are usually approached from the point of view of psychopathy, other pathological cases are not numerous in the material under investigation: with 6 of the investigated we have to do with encephalopathy after skull lesions, with 4 - with psychical changes after an 3 encephalitis, while 3 of the investigated suffer from epilepsy. In analyzing the abnormal personality traits with these 39 recidivists, the following re-occurring psychical qualities and reaction attitudes (incidentally mentioned in conversation by the investigated themselves) have been met with: a great irritability, lack of self-control, a tendency to provoke conflicts owing to an impulsive pattern of behavior, considerable difficulties in trying to subordinate oneself to various kinds of discipline, frequent states of depression and bad feeling, o tension and anxiety. It ought to be emphasized that out of 39 recidivists with serious personality disorders there were as many as 30 cases of very bad family environment in childhood. Besides, in all this material in which the family home so frequently assumes a negative outlook, it is noteworthy how many of young adult recidivists showed no emotional attachment whatsoever to their parents, including a large percentage of individuals of a very aggressive attitude. Among 47 young adults of a definitely aggressive attitude there were 30 lacking any emotional ties with the family home, and among the others there were only 10 free from an aggressive attitude. It is a significant thing that it is precisely with those of the investigated, revealing clear tendencies to aggression, over-impulsive, uncontrolled, that, in comparison with the other investigated, the various emotional conflicts appear much more conspicuously conflicts going back to childhood days, caused by an atmosphere in the family home (a feeling of loneliness due to the lack of manifestations of any tenderer feeling on the part of the mother, jealousy of a brother or sister, because the father liked them better, experiences of fear evoked by the brutality of a drunken father and an ambivalent attitude towards him, etc.) 4. As far as their mode of life was, concerned, only 16 of the investigated, who worked systematically, led a life similar to that of the generality of young people of the same age and of similar social environment. With the remaining ones we find a definitely negative attitude to work, while 32 of them worked very unsystematically, and 52 did but odd jobs or did not work at all. An overwhelming majority of the investigated spent most of their time strolling about the town, sitting in restaurants or nighthouses etc. Alcoholism reached big proportions with 56 of the investigated. They drink at least four or five times per week and frequently get drunk, while the majority of this group drink, and get drunk, every day. All the sons of alcohol addicts belong to this group. 27 of the investigated drink alcohol from once to three times per week, and it is only of 17 of them that it can be said that they either do not drink at all, or else drink only on rare occasions. 5. In our investigation, problems concerning the penalty and prison have been taken into consideration, first and foremost, under two of their aspects: whether or not, and if so, to what extent, the penalty of imprisonment does act, as a deterrent upon the persons investigated, according to their own opinion, and what influence a spell in prison had previously exerted upon them. Nearly all of them (70 answers have been obtained) believe that a penalty of imprisonment can act as a deterrent only on those who have not been in prison yet. Afterwards, that deterrent action ceases, since the prisoner comes to the conclusion that ,,you can get used to anything and bear any conditions". All the investigated also think that a spell in prison, so far from favouring their reformation, derailed them even further. Questioned whether after serving their present penalty they would go on committing criminal offences, 45 of the investigated answered indecisively, while admitting the possibility of their further committing offences, 15 declared bluntly that they would go on stealing, and a more 10 asserted that they would never again appear in the dock (their previous offences had, as a rule, to do with alcoholism). After the investigation was terminated, the further destinies of the 100 young adult recidivists who had been investigated were checked and it appeared. That 42 of them still served prison sentences, 29 had been released and remained at large, while another 29 had been once more arrested after their release for the commission of a new crime. Of the latter group, 17 remained free less than six months, 9 - from six months to one year, and only 3 for more than one year. It ought to be emphasized that out of the 29 investigated persons who were not arrested again after having been released from prison, 10 had been free for only about six months at the time of the last follow-up study. The results of the investigation bear witness to the fact that 80 per cent of young adult recidivists systematically commit criminal offences and belong to the category of the socially entirely depraved. The fundamental conclusion boils down to the following questions: The prophylaxis of young adults recidivism is closely connected with the problem of the recidivism of juvenile delinquents and with the problem of the earliest possible interception of the process of the juvenile's demoralization. With regard to recidivists aged from 17 to 20 the imprisonment penalty ought to be altogether eliminated and long-term educational-cum-correctional methods applied, similar to those used with older juveniles with a high minimum term (two years). Young adult recidivists ought to be submitted to detailed psychological and psychiatrical examination in order to find and apply the appropriate, individualized methods of re-education.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 165-214
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Polish Minority in Armenia
    Autorzy:
    Lis, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1956413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-04-24
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    Polacy w okresie zaborów
    osadnictwo polskie w Armenii
    status prawny mniejszości polskiej w Armenii
    aktywność Polaków mieszkających w Armenii
    Polacy zasłużeni dla nauki i kultury Armenii
    Poles during the partitions
    Polish settlement in Armenia
    legal status of the Polish minority in Armenia
    activity of Poles living in Armenia
    Poles distinguished for the science and culture of Armenia
    Opis:
    Mniejszość polska W Armenii Położenie geopolityczne zdeterminowało losy narodu polskiego. Rywalizacja między Wschodem i Zachodem była podstawową przyczyną migracji ludności polskiej. W konsekwencji poza granicami Polski znalazła się ogromna liczba Polaków, głównie inteligencji. Ich potomkowie żyją dzisiaj na wszystkich kontynentach, niemal we wszystkich państwach świata. Jednym z obszarów osiedlania się ludności polskiej było Zakaukazie, w tym również ziemie historyczne Armenii. Niestety losy osadnictwa polskiego i Polaków mieszkających w Armenii to zagadnienie prawie nieznane. Celem opracowania jest wydobycie z zapomnienia losów mniejszości polskiej w Armenii.
    The geopolitical location determined the fate of the Polish nation. The rivalry between East and West was the basic reason for the migration of the Polish population. As a consequence, a huge number of Poles, mainly intelligentsia, found themselves outside Poland. Their descendants today live on all continents, in almost all countries of the world. One of the settlement areas of the Polish population was the Transcaucasus, including the historical lands of Armenia. Unfortunately, the fate of Polish settlement and Poles living in Armenia is an almost unknown issue. The purpose of the study is to recover from oblivion the fate of the Polish minority in Armenia.
    Źródło:
    Studia Polonijne; 2019, 40; 47-62
    0137-5210
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Polonijne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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