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Wyszukujesz frazę "Lee, J. J." wg kryterium: Autor


Tytuł:
An analysis on the thermal characteristics according to the viscosity of bearing lubricant and the cooling condition for the high speed motor spindle
Autorzy:
Choi, D. B.
Lee, J. J.
Kim, S. T.
Kwon, H. D.
Kim, C. Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1429194.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
high speed motor spindle
thermal displacement cooling condition
lubricant viscosity
Opis:
Thermal displacement of the high speed machine tools has a large influence on machining accuracy. The high speed motor spindle with many heat sources is widely used for the high speed machine tools recently. The important problem in this spindle is to reduce and minimize the thermal effects by motor and bearings. This paper presents the analysis on thermal characteristics for high speed motor spindle system with oil-air lubricated angular contact ceramic ball bearings and built-in motor. An analysis on the thermal characteristics of spindle is performed according to the cooling conditions and the viscosity of bearing lubricants by using finite element method. This results can be applied to the design and manufacturing for the high speed motor spindle.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2008, 8, 4; 88-98
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EPR Paradox Solved by Special Theory of Relativity
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-05
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
03.65.Ud
Opis:
This paper uses the special theory of relativity to introduce a novel solution to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. More specifically, the faster-than-light communication is described to explain two types of EPR paradox experiments: photon polarization and electron-positron pair spins. Most importantly, this paper explains why this faster-than-light communication does not violate the special theory of relativity.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 125, 5; 1107-1109
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tiling Spaces of Taylor-Socolar Tilings
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373221.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-08
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.44.Br
61.44.-n
Opis:
The Taylor-Socolar tiling has been introduced as an aperiodic mono-tile tiling. We consider a tiling space which consists of all the tilings that are locally indistinguishable from a Taylor-Socolar tiling and study its structure. It turns out that there is a bijective map between the space of the Taylor-Socolar tilings and a compact Abelian group of a Q-adic space (Q̅) except at a dense set of points of measure 0 in Q̅. From this we can derive that the Taylor-Socolar tilings have quasicrystalline structures. We make a parity tiling from the Taylor-Socolar tiling identifying all the rotated versions of a tile in the Taylor-Socolar tiling by white tiles and all the reflected versions of the tile by gray tiles. It turns out that the Taylor-Socolar tiling is mutually locally derivable from this parity tiling.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 126, 2; 508-511
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hearing impairment among Korean farmers, based on a 3-year audiometry examination
Autorzy:
Lee, S.
Lee, K.
Lee, S.-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082988.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
agriculture
sensorineural hearing loss
audiometry
Opis:
Introduction and objective. Work noise exposure among farmers can cause hearing loss. Farmers are exposed to hazardous noise from equipment and domestic animals, and experience high rates of noise-induced hearing loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the hearing thresholds of farmers in Korea. This study is the first to evaluate hearing impairment in Korean farmers nationwide. There have been few studies that have performed audiometric testing to measure hearing impairment at the national level in Korea. Materials and method. Through the Farm Work Safety Model Project among the 40 villages in which inhabitants received health check-ups from 2006–2008, 2,027 people from 35 villages were targeted (957 people in 16 villages in 2006, 436 people in five villages in 2007, and 634 people in 14 villages in 2008) and underwent pure tone audiometry tests. 2,027 people from 35 villages underwent pure tone audiometry tests through the Farm Work Safety Model Project. The tests were conducted using a portable audiometer, and air conduction thresholds were determined. Results. Hearing impairment at 3kHz and above was more prevalent in men than in women. The prevalence of moderate- to-profound hearing impairment was 19.6% in the total study population and increased with age. Conclusions. It is proposed that the high prevalence rate of farmers’ hearing impairment may be due to excessive workplace noise. To manage farmers’ hearing health, precise evaluations of farmers’ hearing acuity and noise exposure on farms should be conducted. This study might be a stepping-stone to protect farmers’ hearing health.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 1; 148-153
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of applied frequency on microstructural and electrochemical characteristics of ceramic coating produced on Al-Mg alloy by pulsed plasma electrolytic oxidation
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Lee, S.
Kim, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1155322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
81.16.Pr
Opis:
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating is gaining attention as a promising surface treatment technique for lightweight metals and alloys such as Al, Mg and Ti. The coating involves complex interactions among various process parameters including substrate composition, current modes and electrolyte composition. In this study, ceramic coating was produced in silicate based alkaline solution on Al-Mg alloy by pulsed PEO with different applied frequencies (100, 500, 1000, 2000 Hz). The resultant coating was characterized using FE-SEM, EDS and HR-XRD. The electrochemical characteristics of the PEO coating were also investigated in seawater solution. It was found that changing frequency in the PEO process had a prominent effect on both surface and cross-sectional morphology of the coating. The electrochemical studies indicated that the pulsed PEO have improved the corrosion resistance of the Al-Mg substrate. In particular, the applied frequency of 100 Hz has produced one order of magnitude lower corrosion current density than that of the Al-Mg substrate.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2016, 129, 4; 753-758
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rapid Synthesis of Gold Nano-Particles Using Pulse Waved Potential in a Non-Aqueous Electrolyte
Autorzy:
Jang, J. G.
Lee, J.-O.
Lee, C. K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352529.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
gold
nanoparticle
nonaqueous electrolyte
pulse wave
catalyst
Opis:
Rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by pulsed electrodeposition was investigated in the non-aqueous electrolyte, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumbis(trifluoro- methanesulfonyl)imide ([EMIM]TFSI) with gold trichloride (AuCl3). To aid the dissolution of AuCl3, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) was used as a supporting electrolyte in [EMIM]TFSI. Cyclicvoltammetry experiments revealed a cathodic reaction corresponding to the reduction of gold at −0.4 V vs. Pt-QRE. To confirmthe electrodeposition process, potentiostatic electrodeposition of gold in the non-aqueous electrolyte was conducted at −0.4 V for 1 h at room temperature. To synthesize AuNPs, pulsed electrodeposition was conducted with controlled duty factor, pulse duration, and overpotential. The composition, particle-size distribution, and morphology of the AuNPs were confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrodeposited AuNPs were uniformly distributed on the platinum electrode surface without any impurities arising from the non-aqueous electrolyte. The size distribution of AuNPs could be also controlled by the electrodeposition conditions.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1389-1392
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Study on the Optimal Design of Air Pockets in an Air Bearing Applied Tilting Index Table
Autorzy:
Lee, M.-J
Lee, C.-M
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/971152.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
optimal design
tilting index table
air bearing
air pocket
Opis:
The tilting index table has attached to CNC machining center with 3axes, it can be improvement of its performance and its machining efficiency. The tilting index table is a key unit in order to manufacture some non-rotational and 3-dimensional parts, using the conventional machining center. The tilting index table is directly connected to a processing object. Regarding the increase in the deflection of the table, it directly affects processing objects and increases errors and that makes impossible to obtain desired processing precision. Thus, this study performed the shape optimization of air pockets in order to minimize the deflection presented in the existing table. In the numerical optimizing method for implementing optimal design, the general full factorial design and response surface method in the design of experiments were used. A finite element analysis was used for computational experiments in which the finite element analysis was performed by using the ANSYS Workbench, which is a type of commercial FEM tool. In addition, the analysis of the results was performed by using the commercial program, Minitab 15. The results show that the optimum design results is better than those of the initial design.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2009, 9, 2; 114-123
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Graphite Nanosheet Exfoliation From Graphite Flakes Through Functionalization Using Phthalic Acid
Złuszczanie nanoarkuszy grafitu z płatków grafitu przy użyciu kwasu ftalowego
Autorzy:
Kim, J. H.
Lee, J. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
exfoliation
graphite nanosheet
functionalization
grafting molecule
Friedel-Crafts acylation
złuszczanie
nanoarkusz grafitu
funkcjonalizacja
kwas ftalowy
acylowanie Friedela-Craftsa
Opis:
In order to fabricate graphite nanosheets from graphite flakes, edge-functionalized graphite nanosheets were prepared by a functionalization method using phthalic acid as the molecule to be grafted. A polyphosphoric acid/P2O5 solution containing graphite and phthalic acid were heated at different temperatures for 72 h in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy that the resultant phthalic acid-functionalized graphite nanosheets had a large surface area of 20.69 μm2 in average and an average thickness of 1.39 nm. It was also found by X-ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis that the functionalization caused the formation of C=O bonds at the edges of the graphite nanosheets. The yield from this functionalization method was found to be dependent on the reaction temperature, only when it is between 70 and 130°C, because of the dehydration of phthalic acid at higher temperatures. This was confirmed by FT-IR analysis and the observation of low thermal energies at low temperatures.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1251-1255
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structural Transformation of Minimal Spanning Trees in World Commodity Market
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Nobi, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1029531.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-06
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
89.20.-a
89.65.Gh
89.75.-k
Opis:
We consider structural change of a world trade-flow network for different commodities from 1995 to 2013. A minimum spanning tree is generated from the trade flow data, and we investigate the hierarchical organization of the tree by changing the hub node. Only a few countries are the hub nodes for many of the commodities. We observed the structural transitions, from a chain-like tree (many countries are hub nodes) to a bi-starlike tree (only two countries are hub nodes). In the bi-starlike tree, China and Germany are the only two hub nodes.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2018, 133, 6; 1414-1416
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sensitizing Effects of Ti Alloying Contents on Damage Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Exposed to Ultrasonic Vibratory Cavitation
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Kim, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1186947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
47.55.dp
Opis:
The cavitation damage characteristics of austenitic stainless steel with different concentrations of Ti were investigated. The microstructure of the alloys was observed with optical microscope to identify its correlation with cavitation resistance. Hardness of the alloys was measured to examine its contribution to cavitation damage. It was found that the microstructure played a more significant role in cavitation damage behavior of austenitic stainless steel with Ti than the hardness. The findings in this study revealed that Ti addition in austenitic stainless steel may present either a beneficial or detrimental effect on cavitation damage behavior, depending on the microstructural characteristics. In particular, Ti content of 1.0% represented the most deteriorated cavitation characteristics due to the formation of relatively coarse precipitates. Therefore, control of Ti concentration is essential for marine application of austenitic stainless steel.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2016, 129, 4; 578-583
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
$SiO_x$ Nanowires Produced on Molybdenum-Coated Si Substrates
Autorzy:
Kim, H.
Lee, J.
Yang, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1813396.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
81.07.-b
78.55.-m
Opis:
We synthesized $SiO_x$ nanowires with diameters of 30-140 nm, for the first time by the simple heating of the Mo-coated Si substrates. X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the nanowires were in an amorphous state, comprising Si and O only. Fitting the photoluminescence spectrum with Gaussian functions revealed that the nanowires exhibited significant photoluminescence intensities near blue and green light regions. We extensively discussed the possible growth mechanism of $SiO_x$ nanowires.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2008, 113, 3; 1017-1020
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Fatigue Fracture Study on TDCB Aluminum Foam Specimen of Type Mode III Bonded with Adhesive
Autorzy:
Lee, J. H.
Cho, J. U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356731.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
aluminum foam
fatigue fracture
fatigue analysis
load
Mode III type
specimen thickness
Opis:
This paper studies the characteristics of junction structure of closed-cell type aluminum foam, which is generally used as a shock absorber. TDCB specimens were designed for mode III type with thickness as a variable and performed a fatigue experiment on them by thickness. As the result, the load value of all specimens peaks under 0 to 25 cycles and decreases as the cycles increase. As the specimen thickens by 10 mm, the maximum load value is 1.2 times. When the thickness increases by 20 mm, the maximum value increases by 1.5 times. This study result can be utilized by investigating the mechanical characteristics of TDCB specimens for mode III type under fatigue loading conditions systematically and efficiently.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1359-1362
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transient Liquid Phase Behavior of Sn-Coated Cu Particles and Chip Bonding using Paste Containing the Particles
Autorzy:
Hwang, J. H.
Lee, J.-H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353042.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Sn-coated Cu
immersion plating
chip bonding
intermetallic compounds (IMC)
transient liquid phase (TLP)
sintering
Opis:
Sn-coated Cu particles were prepared as a filler material for transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. The thickness of Sn coating was controlled by controlling the number of plating cycles. The Sn-coated Cu particles best suited for TLP bonding were fabricated by Sn plating thrice, and the particles showed a pronounced endothermic peak at 232°C. The heating of the particles for just 10 s at 250°C destroyed the initial core-shell structure and encouraged the formation of Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds. Further, die bonding was also successfully performed at 250°C under a slight bonding pressure of around 0.1 MPa using a paste containing the particles. The bonding time of 30 s facilitated the bonding of Sn-coated Cu particles to the Au surface and also increased the probability of network formation between particles.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1143-1148
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Properties of Copper Doped Neodymium Nickelate Oxide as Cathode Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Autorzy:
Lee, K. J.
Choe, Y-J.
Hwang, H-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solid oxide fuel cells
copper
electrical conductivity
excess oxygen
Opis:
Mixed ionic and electronic conducting K2NiF4-type oxide, Nd2Ni1-xCuxO4+δ (x=0~1) powders were synthesized by solid state reaction technique and solid oxide fuel cells consisting of a Nd2Ni1-xCuxO4+δ cathode, a Ni-YSZ anode and ScSZ as an electrolyte were fabricated. The effect of copper substitution for nickel on the electrical and electrochemical properties was examined. Small amount of copper doping (x=0.2) resulted in the increased electrical conductivity and decreased polarization resistance. It appears that this phenomenon was associated with the high mean valence of nickel and copper and the resulting excess oxygen (δ). It was found that power densities of the cell with the Nd2Ni1-xCuxO4+δ (x=0.1 and 0.2) cathode were higher than that of the cell with theNd2NiO4+δ cathode.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 2A; 625-628
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Valorization of Cobalt from Waste LIB Cathode through Cobalt Oxalate and Cobalt Oxide Synthesis by Leaching-Solvent Extract-Precipitation Stripping
Autorzy:
Swain, B.
Lee, J.-C.
Lee, C.-G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352333.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
valorization of cobalt
cobalt oxide powder
rod-shaped cobalt oxalate
precipitation stripping
Opis:
An ecoefficient, economical and sustainable valorization process for the synthesis of Co3O4 from waste lithium-ion battery (LIB) by leaching-solvent extract-scrubbing-precipitation stripping route has been developed. Through an optimization, the waste LIB cathode was leached using 2000 mole/m3 of H2SO4 and 5 Vol. % of the H2O2 at a pulp density of 100 kg/m3 under leaching time 60 minutes and temperature 75°C. From the separated leach liquor, cobalt was purified by saponified Cyanex 272. From cobalt, loaded Cyanex 272 impurities were scrubbed and the CoC2O4·2H2O was recovered through precipitation stripping. Finally, the precipitate was calcined to synthesize Co3O4, which is a precursor for LIB cathode materials manufacturing. From TGA-DTA, followed by XRD analysis it was confirmed that at 200°C the CoC2O4·2H2O can be converted to anhydrous CoC2O4 and at 350°C the anhydrous can be converted to Co3O4 and at 1100°C the Co3O4 can be converted to CoO. Through reported route waste LIB can back to LIB manufacturing process through a versatile and flexible industrial approach.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 2; 1037-1042
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compressive Deformation Behavior of Thick Micro-Alloyed HSLA Steel Plates at Elevated Temperatures
Autorzy:
Lee, J.-H.
Kim, D.-O.
Lee, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
alloys
rolling
strain rate
compression test
HSLA steel
Opis:
The hot deformation behavior of a heavy micro-alloyed high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel plate was studied by performing compression tests at elevated temperatures. The hot compression tests were carried out at temperatures from 923 K to 1,223 K with strain rates of 0.002 s-1 and 1.0 s-1. A long plateau region appeared for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate, and this was found to be an effect of the balancing between softening and hardening during deformation. For the 1.0 s-1 strain rate, the flow stress gradually increased after the yield point. The temperature and the strain rate-dependent parameters, such as the strain hardening coefficient (n), strength constant (K), and activation energy (Q), obtained from the flow stress curves were applied to the power law of plastic deformation. The constitutive model for flow stress can be expressed as σ = (39.8 ln (Z) – 716.6) · ε(−0.00955ln(Z) + 0.4930) for the 1.0 s-1 strain rate and σ = (19.9ln (Z) – 592.3) · ε(−0.00212ln(Z) + 0.1540) for the 0.002 s-1 strain rate.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1191-1196
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cr Poisoning On Nd2Ni0.95Cu0.05O4+δ Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Autorzy:
Choe, Y-J.
Lee, K. J.
Hwang, H-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354728.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
chromium poisoning
Ruddlesden-Popper
layered perovskite
solid oxide fuel cells
Nd2NiO4
Opis:
In this study, Nd2Ni1-xCuxO4+δ (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) layered perovskite powders were synthesized by the glycine nitrate process (GNP) and the chromium poisoning effect on the electrochemical performance of the Nd2Ni0.95Cu0.05O4+δ and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.88O3-δ cathodes were investigated. In the case of the LSCF cathode, the strontium chromite phase formed after the exposure of the gaseous chromium species, while there was no additional phase in the Nd2Ni0.95Cu0.05O4+δ cathode. The area specific resistance (ASR) of the Nd2Ni0.95Cu0.05O4+δ cathode did not change significantly after the exposure of the gaseous chromium species at 800°C
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 2A; 629-634
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Phase Transformation And Mechanical Properties Of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe Alloy With Nano-Sized Precipitation
Przemiany fazowe i właściwości mechaniczne stopu Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe z nanometrycznymi wydzieleniami
Autorzy:
Lee, D.-G.
Seo, J.
Li, Ch.
Lee, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
age hardening
Omega phase
Ti-Mo-Fe alloy
precipitation
hartowanie
faza omega
stop Ti-Mo-Fe
wydzielenia
Opis:
Microstructural characterization and aging hardening behaviors of a new designed Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy during solution treatment and aging were investigated in the present study. It is well known that when β-Ti alloys are generally under solution treatment or aging, α phases and ω phases appear or disappear dependent on heat treatment temperature and holding time. It is very necessary to understand the phase transformation phenomenon and to control the microstructure because these phases can control the drastic changes of the mechanical and physical properties of these alloys. According to the calculated [Mo]eq value and the microstructural observation, the β-transus temperature was about 780°. After the solution treatment, this alloy was composed of the β-phase and the microstructure mainly consisted of the equiaxed β grains with the average size of 25 μm. ω phases which were precipitated during aging process, played a more important role to the hardening effect than α phases. The highest hardness value of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy showed in the condition of the aging temperature of 450°. The hardening due to ω-phase precipitation can lead to a high hardness about 480 Hv but the coarse α-phase result in hardness below 300 Hv.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1393-1396
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Pre-Sintering on the Diffusion Treatment of HRE for Coercivity Enhancement of a NdFeB Sintered Magnet
Autorzy:
Lee, M. W.
Lee, J. K.
Jang, T. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
grain boundary diffusion process
GBDP
NdFeB magnet
coercivity
pre-sintering
Opis:
We investigated the effect of pre-sintering process on the penetration behavior of Dy in a NdFeB sintered magnet which was grain boundary diffusion treated with Cu/Al mixed Dy source. The pre-sintering of a magnet was performed at 900°C in vacuum and then the pre-sintered body was dipped in the solutions of DyH2, DyH2 + Cu, and DyH2 + Al, respectively. The dipped pre-sintered body were then fully sintered 4 hours at 1060°C followed by a subsequent annealing. The pre-sintering apparently improved the diffusivity of Dy atoms. The penetration of Dy into the magnet extended almost to 2,000 μm from the surface, about four times deeper than that of the normally sintered and diffusion treated one, when the DyH2 + Al solution was used as a Dy source. However, the resulting increase of coercivity was about 4 kOe, somewhat lower than that of the normally treated one, mostly due to excessive oxide formation that hindered to make a continuous Nd-rich grain boundary phase and a core-shell type structure.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 2; 597-601
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Ni Content on the Austenite Stability and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Fe-Ni Alloy Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering
Autorzy:
Park, D.
Oh, S.-J.
Shon, I.-J.
Lee, S.-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352972.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Fe-Ni alloy
austenite stability
mechanical properties
spark plasma sintering
Opis:
The mechanical behavior and the change of retained austenite of nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloy have been investigated by considering the effect of various Ni addition amount. The nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloy samples were rapidly fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The SPS is a well-known effective sintering process with an extremely short densification time not only to reach a theoretical density value but also to prevent a grain growth, which could result in a nanocrystalline structures. The effect of Ni addition on the compressive stress-strain behavior was analyzed. The variation of the volume fraction of retained austenite due to deformation was quantitatively measured by means of x-ray diffraction and microscope analyses. The strain-induced martensite transformation was observed in Fe-Ni alloy. The different amount of Ni influenced the rate of the strain-induced martensite transformation kinetics and resulted in the change of the work hardening during the compressive deformation.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1477-1480
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Immobilization of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel as a sorbent for Basic Fuchsin removal
Autorzy:
Lee, H.-J.
Ong, S.-T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/207651.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
fuchsin
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry
FTIR
Nephelium lappaceum
fuksyna
spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformatą Fouriera
Opis:
The potential of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel as a low-cost adsorbent in an immobilized condition to remove Basic Fuchsin from aqueous solution was studied. The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage for the dye removal was studied at room temperature (26±2 °C). Infrared spectrum of rambutan peel indicates the presence of C–O, –OH and C=C functional groups. The adsorption rate was found to be high at the first 30 min and the process reached equilibrium after 3 h with more than 80% of dye being removed. The uptake of Basic Fuchsin was more promising at pH slightly above 7. The study of sorption model and kinetic model showed that the adsorption of Basic Fuchsin on rambutan peel conformed to the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient, R,sup>2 > 0.98. This indicates the Basic Fuchsin adsorbs chemically on the heterogeneous surface of rambutan peel. The maximum adsorption capacity determined from the Langmuir isotherm was 108.696 mg/g. It seems that rambutan peel has the potential to substitute activated carbon as an alternative low-cost adsorbent in the treatment of the dye effluent.
Źródło:
Environment Protection Engineering; 2017, 43, 1; 169-181
0324-8828
Pojawia się w:
Environment Protection Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure Evolution of Tungsten-Based ODS Alloys Reinforced with the γ(Ni, Fe) Phase by a Secondary Ball Milling Method
Autorzy:
Chen, C.
Zeng, Y.
Lee, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375180.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
81.20.Ev
81.20.Wk
81.07.Bc
81.05.Ni
Opis:
In the current study, $W-5Ni-2Fe-Y_2O_3$ model alloys were produced using a high-energy planetary ball mill. The presence of the γ(Ni, Fe) phase is favored with respect to material properties in this alloy. Therefore, a secondary ball milling method was introduced to obtain a fine and uniformly distributed γ(Ni, Fe) phase. Phase development of mechanical alloyed powders was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The results show that the formation of the γ(Ni, Fe) phase was found after 18 h of a pre-milling procedure. A further secondary milling method produced a uniform microstructure with grain refinement. TEM results also show changes in the lattice parameters of the tungsten and γ(Ni, Fe) phase associated with the solid solubility limits in the alloy produced by secondary ball milling.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 126, 4; 907-911
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of Carbon Nanotube Based Reflection Type X-ray Source
Autorzy:
Choi, H.
Kim, J.
Lee, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1807922.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-06
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
75.47.Lx
75.47.Gk
73.50.Fq
Opis:
X-ray imaging technology is a useful and leading medical diagnostic tool for health care professionals to diagnose disease in human body. Carbon nanotube based X-ray source, which we have developed in this study, could be also useful and supply integrated diagnostic X-ray imaging tool in diagnosis. Conventionally, thermionic type of tungsten filament X-ray tube is widely employed in the field of biomedical and industrial application fields. However, intrinsic problems, such as poor emission efficiency, low imaging resolution, and high electrical energy consumption etc., may cause the limitation of using the X-ray tube. To fulfill the current market requirement, specifically for medical diagnostic field, we have developed rather a portable and compact carbon nanotube based X-ray device in which microfocus high imaging resolution can be feasible.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2009, 115, 6; 1078-1080
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preparation of Submicroscale Ag-Coated Cu Particles by Multi-Step Addition of Ag Plating Solution and Antioxidation Properties for Different Ag Shell Thicknesses
Autorzy:
Choi, E. B.
Lee, J.-H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351202.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Ag-coated Cu particle
submicrometer
Glycol-based Ag plating solution
mult-step addition
antioxidation
Opis:
For application as a low-cost conductive filler material, submicroscale Cu@Ag particles were fabricated at room temperature without any reductants by a multi-step addition method using an ethylene glycol-based Ag plating solution. Scanning electron microscopy images of the Ag-coated Cu particles demonstrated the formation of discrete Ag particles less than 100 nm in size as well as a thin Ag coating on Cu particles, during the early addition steps. However, as the thickness of the Ag coating increased, the small Ag particles agglomerated into Ag coatings with an increase in the number of Ag plating steps. Owing to the absence of additives such as surfactants, a comparison between the microstructural images and calculations indicated increased agglomeration between fabricated Ag-coated Cu particles with an increase in the number of Ag plating steps. However, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry of the agglomerated Ag-coated Cu particles after the fifth addition of the Ag plating solution demonstrated their antioxidation behavior even after 70 min in air at 150°C.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1137-1142
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fabrication of Porous Silica Fibers by Electrospinning for Sound Absorbing Materials
Autorzy:
Cho, Y.-S.
Lee, H. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electrospinning
porous silica fiber
thermal insulator
sound absorption
Opis:
Macroporous silica fibers having spherical cavities were fabricated by electrospinning using the spinning solution prepared from the mixed dispersion of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and polystyrene nanospheres as precursor and sacrificial templates, respectively, by injection through metallic nozzle. By applying electric field, the electro-spun fibers obtained by evaporation-driven self-assembly were collected on flat substrate or rotating drum, followed by the removal of the templates by calcination. The sound absorption coefficient of the porous fibers was measured by impedance tube, and the measured value was larger than 0.9 at high frequency region of incident waves. The surface of the resulting fibers was modified using fluorine-containing silane coupling agent to produce superhydrophobic fibrous materials to prevent the infiltration of humidity.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1497-1502
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects Of Process Parameters On Cu Powder Synthesis Yield And Particle Size In A Wet-Chemical Process
Wpływ parametrów procesu na wydajność syntezy proszku Cu i wielkości cząstek w procesie mokrym chemicznym
Autorzy:
Shin, Y. M.
Lee, J. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
wet-chemical process
micron-size Cu powder
Synthesis yield
particle size
gibbs free energy difference
proszek Cu
proces chemiczny mokry
wydajność syntezy
rozmiar cząsteczki
różnica energii swobodnej Gibbsa
Opis:
This study presents a simple wet-chemical process to prepare several micron-size Cu powders. Moreover, changes in powder synthesis yield and particle size are examined with different solvents, synthesis temperatures, and amounts of reducing agent during the synthesis. As a reducing agent and capping agent, L-ascorbic acid and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were used, respectively. The yields in distilled water or an ethylene glycol (EG)/distilled water mixture were higher than that in EG alone, and the yield increased with increasing temperature owing to a lower Δ Gred value. Increasing the L-ascorbic acid concentration also increased the yield. The Cu powder synthesized in 3 h at 90°C in distilled water with 272.8 mM of L-ascorbic acid showed the lowest average particle size of 2.52 μm, indicating mechanisms of short burst nucleation and reduced growth via the increased reduction rate of Cu ions. It is estimated that the nucleation step was nearly completed within 10 min in this system. The Cu powders synthesized in an ethylene glycol/distilled water mixture presented an average particle size of 3.76 μm and the highest yield of 87.9%.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1247-1250
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of PVA Polymer Type and Calcination Temperature on Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Yttria Powder by Polymer Solution Route
Autorzy:
Yang, Y.-K.
Lee, S.-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356024.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
yttria
PVA
nanocrystalline
synthesis
nanowire
Opis:
Nano-sized yttria (Y2O3) powders were synthesized by a polymer solution route using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an organic carrier. The PVA polymer affected the dispersion of yttrium ions in precursor sol. In this study, three kinds of PVA polymer (different molecular weight) were applied for synthesis of yttria powder. The PVA type as well as calcination temperature had a strongly influence on the particle morphology. Single crystal nano wire particles were observed at the temperature of polymer burn out range and the size was dependent on the PVA type. The stable, fully crystallized yttria powder was obtained through the calcination at 800°C for 1 h. The yttria powder prepared with the high weight PVA (MW: 153,000) revealed a particle size of 30 nm with a surface area of 18.8 m2/g.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1473-1476
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Crystallization Behavior of Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17 Metallic Glass
Autorzy:
Jo, M. S.
Lee, J. K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metallic glass
crystallization
kinetics
amorphous
Zr-based
Opis:
The crystallization behavior has been studied in Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17 metallic glass alloy. The Zr62Al8Ni13Cu17 metallic glass crystallized through two steps. The fcc Zr2Ni phase transformed from the amorphous matrix during first crystallization and then the Zr2Ni and residual amorphous matrix transformed into a mixture of tetragonal Zr2Cu and hexagonal Zr6Al2Ni phases. Johnson- Mehl-Avrami analysis of isothermal transformation data suggested that the formation of crystalline phase is primary crystallization by diffusion-controlled growth.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1023-1026
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Integration, Analysis and Visualization of Sensor Data from Dispersed Wireless Sensor Network Systems Using the SWE Framework
Autorzy:
Lee, Y. J.
Trevathan, J.
Atkinson, I.
Read, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/308227.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
environment data
environmental monitoring
sensor technologies
standardization
web-based visualization
Opis:
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been used in numerous applications to remotely gather real-time data on important environmental parameters. There are several projects where WSNs are deployed in different locations and operate independently. Each deployment has its own models, encodings, and services for sensor data, and are integrated with different types of visualization/analysis tools based on individual project requirements. This makes it dicult to reuse these services for other WSN applications. A user/system is impeded by having to learn the models, encodings, and services of each system, and also must integrate/interoperate data from different data sources. Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) provides a set of standards (web service interfaces and data encoding/model specications) to make sensor data publicly available on the web. This paper describes how the SWE framework can be extended to integrate disparate WSN systems and to support standardized access to sensor data. The proposed system also introduces a web-based data visualization and statistical analysis service for data stored in the Sensor Observation Service (SOS) by integrating open source technologies. A performance analysis is presented to show that the additional features have minimal impact on the system. Also some lessons learned through implementing SWE are discussed.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2015, 4; 86-97
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structural Properties and Mechanical Behavior of the 2 Step-Reinforced Al-Si/SiCp Metal Matrix Composite by Titanium-Fiber
Autorzy:
Oak, J.-J.
Lee, Y. C.
Park, Y. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356010.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metal matrix composite
sintering
Ti fiber
mechanical properties
diffusion
Opis:
In this study, the newly designed Al-9Si/SiC particles (SiCp) + Ti-fiber (2step-reinforced Al-9Si alloy matrix) metal matrix composites (MMCs) were fabricated by hot-pressing sintering at 560°C. 2step-reinforced Al-based MMCs were characterized by thermal shrinkage, phase transition, microstructure and tensile strength. The addition of Ti-fiber reduced thermal shrinkage was caused by temperature difference in sintering process as well as enhanced assistance for tensile strength and plastic deformation at room temperature. Experimental results reveal that the 2step-reinforcment sintering by ceramic and metal has a significant effect to increase interface bonding in boundary of each component material and the improved mechanical properties were due to the influence of interfacial product by diffusion. Tensile strength and elongation at room temperature by 2step-reinforcement were improved in 19.5% and 26.2% more than those of Al-9Si/SiCp, respectively. Especially, it reveals that diffusion direction may be varied by sintering methods at low temperature in this study.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 1089-1097
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Biological Evaluation of Anodized Biodegradable Magnesium-Calcium Alloys
Autorzy:
Kim, J.
Lee, J.
Lee, K.
Park, S.
Lim, H.
Park, C.
Bae, J.
Yun, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1398763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
87.85.jj
87.85.J-
Opis:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of studied binary magnesium-calcium (Mg-Ca) alloys for biodegradable intraosseous implants. Mg is necessary for health and is a non-toxic biodegradable material that decomposes naturally in the body. Nevertheless, Mg has been implicated in problems including diminished physical properties and corrosion resistance when degradation is too rapid prior to bone healing. This study has explored the effect of Ca on the corrosion resistance and biological evaluation after anodizing treatment with different contents of Ca alloy. Binary Mg-0.5Ca, Mg-1Ca and Mg-5Ca alloys were prepared by the casting method under an argon atmosphere and cut into disc-shaped pieces. Pure Mg alloy was used as the control. Anodic oxidation was performed for 15 minutes at a voltage of 120 V using an electrolyte solution containing Ca gluconate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium hydroxide at room temperature. Corrosion resistance was analyzed using a corrosion tester. After a hydrogen evolution test, the surface pattern and phase changes were observed on a scanning electron microscop (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscop (EDS). Microscopic evaluation of the adhesion and cell biological functions of Mg was conducted by observing the response of human fetal osteoblastic 1.19 cells with regard to changes in surface film properties, depending on the amount of Ca. Our results support the view that in Mg-xCa alloys (x=0.5, 1, 5 wt.%) treated using anodic oxidation, the increasing Ca content controls the rate of decomposition and improves corrosion resistance.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2016, 129, 4; 728-735
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enhanced Microwave Absorption of CNT Composites Mixing with Fe3O4 and Carbonyl Iron
Autorzy:
Park, J. H.
Choi, J.
Lee, K.
Park, J.
Song, J. K.
Jeon, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351106.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
magnetic powders
complex permittivity
complex permeability
composite materials
microwave absorption
Opis:
We fabricated two different kinds of composite materials for absorbing microwave in a frequency range of 2 to 18 GHz using coaxial airline and thru-reflect-line (TRL) method. The composite materials having carbon nanotube (CNT) with carbonyl iron (CI) or iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) were fabricated by mixing each components. Magnetic properties were measured by SQUID equipment. Complex permittivity and complex permeability were also obtained by measuring S-parameters of the toroidal specimen dispersing CI/CNT and Fe3 O4 /CNT into the 50 weight percent (wt%) epoxy resin. The real permittivity was improved by mixing the CNT however, the real permeability was same as pure magnetic powders. The CI/CNT had a maximum value of real permittivity and real permeability, 11 and 1.4 at 10 GHz, respectively. The CNT composites can be adapted to the radar absorbing materials, band width 8-12 GHz.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1513-1516
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An example of template based protein structure modeling by global optimization
Autorzy:
Joo, K.
Joung, I.
Lee, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1938628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska
Tematy:
template based modeling
protein structure modeling
global optimization
casp
homology modeling
sequence alignment
fold recognition
Opis:
CASP (Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction) is a community-wide experiment for protein structure prediction taking place every two years since 1994. In CASP 11 held in 2014, according to the official CASP 11 assessment, our method named `nns' was ranked as the second best server method based on models ranked as first out of 81 targets. In `nns', we applied the powerful global optimization method of conformational space annealing to three stages of optimization, including multiple sequence-structure alignment, three-dimensional (3D) chain building, and side-chain remodeling. For the fold recognition, a new alignment method called CRF align was used. The good performance of the nns server method is attributed to the successful fold recognition carried out by combined methods including CRF align, and the current modeling formulation incorporating accurate structural aspects collected from multiple templates. In this article, we provide a successful example of `nns' predictions for T0776, for which all details of intermediate modeling data are provided.
Źródło:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk; 2016, 20, 4; 341-352
1428-6394
Pojawia się w:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opportunities and constraints for reconstructing palaeoenvironments from stable light isotope ratios in fossils
Autorzy:
Lee-Thorp, J. A.
Sponheimer, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2060629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
stable light isotopes
fossils
vertebrates
diagenesis
environmental reconstruction
Opis:
Stable light isotope ratios (13C/12C and 18O/16O) in fossilteeth provide key archives for understanding ecology of past faunal communities and the evolution of environments during the Plio-Pleistocene. Given the inevitable processes of diagenesis during fossilisation, the integrity of isotopic in formation and the degree of detailed in formation that can be extracted, remain important issues in all fossil studies. The most appropriate tests are those in trinsic to isotopic abundances in ecosystems. They are easier to develop for 13C/12C in savanna environments where large 13C/12C differences exist between C4 tropical grasses and C3 trees and shrubs. Validating 18O/16O ratios in fossil carbonate or phosphate is more difficult, but patterned variability, mainly tracking water-related behaviour, within modern faunal communities has been replicated in several fossil as semblages. The identification of seasonal variation in 13C/12C and 18O/16O along the growth axis of a tooth crown, also applicable in areas composed solely of C3 plants, fills a dual role as a test and for providing data on seasonal amplitude. The results of studies from low- and mid-latitude African sites suggest that isotopic variation in rain fall on short timescales and ecological differences amongst animals, dominate over smaller differences in 18O16O composition due to temperature.
Źródło:
Geological Quarterly; 2005, 49, 2; 195-204
1641-7291
Pojawia się w:
Geological Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Molding Condition on Waviness Profile of GFRP Composites in Compression Molding
Autorzy:
Kim, J.
Kim, H.
Lee, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1399878.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
81.05.Lg
81.05.Qk
88.30.mj
Opis:
During compression molding of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, annealing and quenching experiment is conducted by changing pre-heating and cooling method. As results, major cause of unevenness that affects waviness profile (winding) is the shrinkage of matrix during holding and cooling process. Waviness profile of the surface on molding in glass fiber reinforced plastic composites will be lower when holding pressure load is higher, mold temperature is lower during demolding, and cooling rate is slower. In addition, surface roughness of moldings is depending on holding pressure load compared with mold temperature. According to molding condition of glass fiber reinforced plastic composites, waviness profile of surface can be quantitatively estimated using the proposed equation.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2013, 123, 2; 337-340
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Availability analysis of series redundancy models with imperfect switchover and interrupted repairs
Analiza gotowości modeli redundancji kaskadowej uwzględniających niedoskonałe przełączanie oraz przerwane naprawy
Autorzy:
Shim, J.
Ryu, H.
Lee, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/302074.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
gotowość
redundancja kaskadowa
niedoskonałe przełączenie
naprawa przerwana
ogólny czas naprawy
availability
series redundancy
imperfect switchover
interrupted repair
general repair time
Opis:
This paper considers N + 1 series redundancy, where N components are active and 1 component is standby in normal state. The active components execute the service, while the standby component is ready to take over the active role if the active components fail. When an active component fails, the standby, if available, automatically takes over system operations. However, the automatic switchover of the standby component to active mode might not be possible due to hardware or software issues. When a component failure or an imperfect switchover occurs, it immediately begins to be repaired. However, the repair process is possible to be interrupted. The most existing literature of redundancy models has focused on Markovian systems with uninterrupted repairs. This paper considers a non-Markovian redundancy model with interrupted repairs, where the repair time, the non-automatic switchover time, and the interrupted time are generally distributed. Using supplementary variable method and integro-differential equations, we obtain the steady-state availability for the redundancy model.
W niniejszym artykule rozważano przypadek redundancji kaskadowej typu N + 1, w której liczba N elementów pozostaje aktywnych, a jeden komponent jest w trybie gotowości w stanie normalnym. Elementy aktywne wykonują usługę, podczas gdy składowa rezerwowa pozostaje w stanie gotowości do przejęcia roli aktywnej w przypadku, gdyby składniki aktywne uległy uszkodzeniu. Gdy element aktywny przestaje działać, element zastępczy, jeśli jest dostępny, automatycznie przejmuje operacje systemowe. Jednak automatyczne przełączenie komponentu zastępczego na tryb aktywny nie zawsze jest możliwe z powodu problemów ze sprzętem lub oprogramowaniem. Jeśli wystąpi awaria komponentu lub niedoskonałe przełączenie, natychmiast rozpoczyna się naprawa. Proces naprawy może jednak zostać przerwany. Większośćistniejącej literatury na temat modeli nadmiarowości koncentruje się na systemach Markowa, w których nie dochodzi do przerwania naprawy. W niniejszym artykule rozważano niemarkowowski model nadmiarowości uwzględniający możliwość przerwania naprawy, w którym czas naprawy, czas nieautomatycznego przełączenia oraz czas przerwany mają rozkład ogólny. Wykorzystując metodę dodatkowej zmiennej oraz równania całkowo-różniczkowe otrzymano gotowość stacjonarną dla omawianego modelu redundancji.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2017, 19, 4; 640-649
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Boundary element modelling of wave diffraction by interaction with wave-offshore structure and dredged region
Autorzy:
Kim, S. D.
Lee, H. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259525.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
Submarine pit
Green function
boundary integral approach
breakwater
Opis:
The purpose of this study is to estimate the wave height at the front face of breakwater (Refracted breakwater and Straight breakwater), when dredging like the submarine pit is performed in the distant offshore from outer breakwater. The wave field of the problem is considered to be two dimensional planes and the configuration of the pit region is designated by a single horizontal long-rectangular system. The numerical approach uses the Green function based on the boundary integral approach. The results of the present numerical works are illustrated by applying the normal and inclined incidence. It is shown that in the case of normal incidence, the ratio of wave height reduction at the front face of both types of breakwaters is approximately more than 20% due to the effect of the submarine pit on the sea bed. Furthermore, regardless of the type of breakwater and the difference in incident wave angles, the ratio of wave height was shown to be reduced.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2010, 2; 67-71
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A stepwise ISO-based TQM implementation approach using ISO 9001:2015
Autorzy:
Chen, C.-K.
Anchecta, K.
Lee, J. -D.
Dahlgaard, J. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/407353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Total Quality Management
TQM
ISO QMS
ISO 9000
ISO 9001:2015
international standard
Opis:
The lack of an implementation roadmap always deters enterprises from choosing Total Quality Management (TQM) as its major management approach. This paper proposes a stepwise ISO-based TQM implementation approach which is based on the notion of the new threedimensional overall business excellence framework developed by Dahlgaard et al. [1]. The proposed approach consists of nine steps comprising three categories: “TQM faith building”, “TQM tools and techniques learning”, and “system development”. The steps in each of the three categories are arranged to span across the proposed nine-step approach. The ISO 9001:2015 standard is used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed approach. The ideas and benefits of the proposed approach are further discussed in relation to this illustration.
Źródło:
Management and Production Engineering Review; 2016, 7, 4; 65-75
2080-8208
2082-1344
Pojawia się w:
Management and Production Engineering Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vibrational Properties of Sundatang Soundboard
Autorzy:
Batahong, R. Y.
Dayou, J.
Wang, S.
Lee, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/176904.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
sundatang
frequency response function
impact testing
mode shape
Opis:
This paper presents the measurement of vibrational properties of sundatang soundboard. Sundatang is a plucked stringed traditional musical instrument that is popular among the Kadazandusun communities in Sabah, Malaysia. The vibrational properties of the soundboard are measured using CADA-X impact hammering system in a condition where the instrument is without any string. There are two types of sundatang used in this study; one made from acacia and the other from vitex wood. In this measurement, frequency response functions (FRFs) and modal parameters of the top plate and back plate of this instrument are obtained. It is found that in free edge, fundamental frequency of both plates of acacia sundatang is greater than the vitex sundatang in a range of 112 Hz to 230 Hz. However, in clamped edge (attached to its ribs), it was modified to a lower frequency and closer to each other in the range of 55 Hz to 59 Hz. Another finding is the detection of the excitation of similar mode shape at different resonance frequencies. This phenomenon is termed as Different State of Mode (DSM) which is observed may be because the number of testing points is not enough. Findings of this study provide important information to the study of quality development of this instrument.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2014, 39, 2; 177-187
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of a Novel Audio Network Protocol
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Jeon, H.
Choi, P.
Kwon, S.
Lee, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178062.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
audio mixer
AoIP
audio over internet protocol
DANTE
SR System
Opis:
Recently, the rapid advancement of the IT industry has resulted in significant changes in audio-system configurations; particularly, the audio over internet protocol (AoIP) network-based audio-transmission technology has received favourable evaluations in this field. Applying the AoIP in a certain section of the multiple-cable zone is advantageous because the installation cost is lower than that for the existing systems, and the original sound is transmitted without any distortion. The existing AoIP-based technology, however, cannot control the audio-signal characteristics of every device and can only transmit multiple audio signals through a network. In this paper, the proposed Audio Network & Control Hierarchy Over peer-to-peer (Anchor) system enables all audio equipment to send and receive signals via a data network, and the receiving device can mix the signals of different IPs. Accordingly, it was possible to improve the system-application flexibility by simplifying the audio-system configuration. The research results confirmed that the received audio signals from different IPs were received, mixed, and output without errors. It is expected that Anchor will become a standard for audio-network protocols.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2018, 43, 4; 637-645
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Premixed combustion of acetylene-hydrogen fuel mixtures for thermodynamic state generation in a constant volume combustion vessel
Autorzy:
Johnson, S.
Nesbitt, J.
Lee, S. -Y.
Naber, J. D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242374.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
diesel engine
combustion processes
pressure vessel
preborn
Opis:
Flammability limits and flame speeds of dilute-lean fuel mixtures of hydrogen (H2) and acetylem premixed with oxygen (02) and nitrogen (N2) were examined with a detailed kinetics model. These mixtures are used in a preburn in a constant volume combustion vessel to create elevated temperatures and pressures with gas compositions that represent the thermodynamic state in a diesel engine combustion chamber at fuel injection and auto ignition. A mixture of hydrogen and acetylene with combined atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio (HCR) of 1.85 was used to match that of typical diesel fuel and results are shown in comparison to a previously used mixture with a HCR of 1.17. The lower flammability limit (LFL) of the HCR 1.85 fuel mixture was found at an equivalence ratio of 0.235, while flame speed and adiabatic combustion temperatures were also predicted for post preburn product oxygen levels between O and 21 percent. Flame speeds were shown to decrease with a reduction in oxygen concentration, an increase in nitrogen dilution, while combustion temperatures increased over most of this range. Trends for this relation of flame speed and temperature are presented and a new premixed fuel mixture with an HCR of 1.85 is proposed.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 2; 199-208
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variable-Focus Fluid Lens Using an Electromagnetic Actuator
Autorzy:
Lee, J.
Park, K.
Choi, J.
Kim, H.
Kong, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1399681.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
85.85.+j
42.79.Bh
Opis:
A variable-focus fluid lens controlled by an electromagnetic actuator and its characteristics are presented in this paper. The repulsive force between an NdFeB magnet and a solenoid through electromagnetic induction causes deflections in the elastomeric membranes integrated in the lens resulting in a focal-length change. The controllability of the focal length of the fabricated lens with an aperture size of 2 mm was approximately from infinity to 15 mm (with input current of 100 mA). The actuator including the solenoid was carefully designed to avoid thermal crosstalk of the lens fluid and magnet from the electromagnetic induction of the solenoid. The settling time to form a convex shape of the lens membrane was approximately 2.5 ms at an input current of 20 mA.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2013, 123, 2; 202-204
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integrated plant and pathogen‘omics approaches to understanding fungal diseases of wheat
Autorzy:
Rudd, J.J.
Lee, W.-S.
Hammond-Kosack, K.
Kanyuka, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/81017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
conference
plant infection
fungal disease
wheat
septoria tritici blotch
intercellular pathogen
leaf damage
RNA sequence
functional genomics
Źródło:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology; 2013, 94, 3
0860-7796
Pojawia się w:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Growth Break before Capping on Photoluminescence Dynamics of CdSe/ZnSe Self-Assembled Quantum Dots
Autorzy:
Nowak, S.
Suffczyński, J.
Goryca, M.
Kossacki, P.
Gaj, J.
Lee, S.
Furdyna, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1811967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-11
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
78.55.Et
78.67.Hc
81.07.Ta
Opis:
Influence of growth breaks before capping of CdSe self-assembled quantum dot layers on photoluminescence dynamics was examined in three samples. Short (5s) break resulted only in a small blue shift, caused probably by partial strain relaxation and/or Zn interdiffusion. Long (20 min) break induced a strong broadening and red shift of the spectra, combined with a dramatic slow down of the photoluminescence decays. The main result of the long break was identified as introduction of defects (impurities), which generate local electric fields and act as traps of photogenerated carriers.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2008, 114, 5; 1267-1271
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compositional Dependence of Hardness of Ge-Sb-Se Glass for Molded Lens Applications
Zależność stężeniowa twardości szkła Ge-Sb-Se do zastosowań na formowane soczewki
Autorzy:
Park, J. K.
Lee, J. H.
Shin, S. Y.
Yi, J. H.
Lee, W. H.
Park, B. J.
Choi, J. H.
Kim, N. Y.
Choi, Y. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
chalcogenide glasses
Ge-Sb-Se glass
infrared lens
molded lens
infrared camera
szkło
Ge-Sb-Se
soczewki formowane
twardość szkła
kamera termowizyjna
Opis:
Chalcogenide glass in the ternary Ge-Sb-Se system is inherently moldable, thus being considered as a strong candidate material for use in infrared-transmitting lens applications from the viewpoint of thermal and mechanical stability. In an effort to experimentally determine compositional region suitable for the molded lens applications, we evaluate its compositional dependence of hardness. Among the constituent atoms, Ge content turns out to exert a most conspicuous correlation with hardness. This phenomenological behavior is then explained in connection with the structural evolution that Ge brings about.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1205-1208
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Characterization of Cu and Ni Nano-Fluids Synthesized by Pulsed Wire Evaporation Method
Autorzy:
Kim, H.-S.
Yilmaz, F.
Dharmaiah, P.
Lee, D.-J
Lee, T.-H.
Hong, S.-J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
pulsed wire evaporation
nanofluid
Cu
Ni
suspension stability
dispersibility
Opis:
In the present work, Cu and Ni nanofluids were synthesized using the pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) method in the different aqueous medias, namely (ethanol and ethylene glycol), and the effects of the aqueous media on the dispersion state, stability, and particle size of nanoparticles were studied. The size and morphology of synthesized nano-particles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, the dispersion stability of the nanofluids was evaluated by turbiscan analysis. The TEM results showed that the nano-particles were spherical in shape, and the average particle size was below 100 nm. The average particle size of the Cu nano-particles was smaller than that of Ni, which was attributed to a difference in the specific sublimation energy of the elements. Moreover, ethylene glycol (EG) exhibited higher suspension stability than ethanol. Finally, the dispersion stability of Cu@EG displayed the highest value due to lower particle size and greater viscosity.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 2B; 999-1004
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System Identification from Multiple-Trial Data Corrupted by Non-Repeating Periodic Disturbances
Autorzy:
Phan, M. Q.
Longman, R. W.
Lee, S. C.
Lee, J. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/908209.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
automatyka
robotyka
system identification
disturbance identification
iterative learning control
repetitive control
interaction matrix
Opis:
Iterative learning and repetitive control aim to eliminate the effect of unwanted disturbances over repeated trials or cycles. The disturbance-free system model, if known, can be used in a model-based iterative learning or repetitive control system to eliminate the unwanted disturbances. In the case of periodic disturbances, although the unknown disturbance frequencies may be the same from trial to trial, the disturbance amplitudes, phases, and biases do not necessarily repeat. Furthermore, the system may not return to the same initial state at the end of each trial before starting the next trial. In spite of these constraints, this paper shows how to identify the system disturbance-free dynamics from disturbance-corrupted input-output data collected over multiple trials without having to measure the disturbances directly. The system disturbance-free model can then be used to identify the disturbances as well, for use in learning or repetitive control. This paper represents the first extension of the interaction matrix approach to the multiple-trial environment of iterative learning control.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2003, 13, 2; 185-192
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Study On Dispersion Stability Of Nickel Nanoparticles Synthesized By Wire Explosion In Liquid Media
Badanie stabilności dyspersji nanocząstek niklu wytworzonych metodą WEP w ciekłym medium
Autorzy:
Kim, C. K.
Lee, G.-J.
Lee, M. K.
Rhee, C. K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356909.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
nickel nanofluid
pulsed wire evaporation
surfactant
zeta potential
dispersion stability
nanocząstka niklu
środek powierzchniowo czynny
stabilność dyspersji
potencjał zeta
dyspersja
Opis:
In this study, nickel nanoparticles were synthesized in ethanol using portable pulsed wire evaporation, which is a one-step physical method. From transmission electron microscopy images, it was found that the Ni nanoparticles exhibited a spherical shape with an average diameter of 7.3 nm. To prevent aggregation of the nickel nanoparticles, a polymer surfactant was added into the ethanol before the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles, and adsorbed on the freshly synthesized nickel nanoparticles during the wire explosion. The dispersion stability of the prepared nickel nanofluids was investigated by zeta-potential analyzer and Turbiscan optical analyzer. As a result, the optimum concentration of polymer surfactant to be added was suggested for the maximized dispersion stability of the nickel nanofluids.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1379-1382
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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