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Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law – the Case of Estonia
Autorzy:
Sein, Karin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530240.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage claim
collective redress
Estonia
evidence
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
Opis:
Jurisprudence on private enforcement of competition law has so far been almost non-existent in Estonia. Most cases where competition law issues are raised within the context of damage claims are solved by out-of-court settlements. One of the main reasons for this scarcity is the fact that this is a fairly unfamiliar field for Estonian lawyers, attorneys and judges. The first reason for the low number of private enforcement of competition law cases in Estonia is therefore lacking awareness and legal uncertainty. The other key barrier lies in burden of proof issues associated with damage claims. It has proven very difficult in practice for an injured person to prove that he/she sustained damages as a result of a competition law infringement; even more so to prove the actual extent of such damages. There is no juridical practice yet on how to calculate business losses and judges face considerable difficulties when confronted with this task. Another problem lies in the availability of evidence. As discovery is not possible in Estonia, its civil procedure rules make it difficult for claimants to obtain evidence necessary to prove the facts underlying their claims. Estonian law does not provide for a special procedure for antitrust damage claims – there are no collective claims, no class actions, nor actions by representative bodies or other forms of public interest litigation (no collective redress). It is thus only possible to file damage claims arising from competition law infringements either in normal civil proceedings or as a civil claim within the framework of criminal proceedings on a competition law crime. The need for collective redress has not yet been subject to a legal debate at the national level, and there has not been a single private enforcement case opened by a consumer in Estonia so far. The only Supreme Court case in existence in this field, which was decided in 2011, has cleared the basis and availability of damage claims for competition law infringement. It has shown, at the same time, the many problems connected to calculating damages in this context.
La jurisprudence relative à l’application privée du droit de la concurrence a été jusqu’à présent presque absente en Estonie. La plupart des cas où les questions de droit de la concurence sont soulevées dans le cadre de demandes d’indemnisation, sont résolus par des règlements à l’amiable. L’une des raisons principales de cette pénurie est le fait que c’est un domaine assez inconnu pour les avocats, les procureurs et les juges estoniens. La première raison pour le faible nombre de cas de l’application privée du droit de la concurrence en Estonie est donc la manque de conscience et l’incertitude juridique. L’autre obstacle majeur réside dans des questions relatives à la charge de preuve liées à des demandes d ‘indemnisation. Il s’est avéré très difficile en pratique pour une personne blessée à prouver qu’il/elle a subi des dommages à la suite d’une infraction au droit de la concurrence ; plus encore à prouver l’étendue exacte de tels dommages. Il n’existe pas encore de pratique juridique sur la façon de calculer les pertes commerciales. Alors les juges font face à des difficultés considérables lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à cette tâche. Un autre problème réside dans la disponibilité de la preuve. A cause du fait que la découverte n’est pas possible en Estonie, ses règles de procédure civile rendent l’obtention des preuves nécessaires pour soutenir les faits qui prouvent des revendications soumis par des demandeurs difficile. La législation estonienne ne prévoit pas de procédure spéciale pour les demandes de dommages antitrust – il n’y a pas de revendications collectives, aucune action de classe, ni des measures prises par les organes représentatifs ou d’autres formes de litiges d’intérêt public (pas de resours collectif). Il n’est donc possible que de déposer des demandes d’indemnsation en cas d’infraction au droit de la concurrence soit dans les procédures civiles normales, soit comme une action civile dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale sur un crime de droit de la concurrence. La nécessité de recours collectif n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’un débat juridique au niveau national, et il n’a pas eu en Estonie un seul cas de l’application privée ouverte par un consommateur jusqu’à présent. Le seul cas qui a été présenté à la Cour suprême en ce domaine (le jugement a été prononcé en 2011), a autorisé la base et la disponibilité des demandes d’indemnisation pour violation du droit de la concurrence. Il a présenté en même temps les problèmes nombreux reliés à la calculation des dommages dans ce contexte-là.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 129-139
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Lithuania
Autorzy:
Moisejevas, Raimundas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529902.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
antitrust damage claims
Directive on antitrust damages actions
evidence
follow-on action
Lithuania
nullity
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
Opis:
The article reviews the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts on private enforcement of competition law and identifies the main obstacles for the development of this practice. The analysis of the jurisprudence makes it possible to summarise that: most rulings of the Lithuanian courts relate to cases on the abuse of dominance; usually, dominant undertakings were allegedly applying discriminatory conditions towards the injured party and; most of the claims were presented as follow-on actions after a decision of the Competition Council. The courts held that damages caused by a breach of competition law have to be recovered in accordance with Lithuania’s main principles of civil responsibility. At the same time, the courts made it clear that their jurisprudence is based on the rulings of European Courts and the main principles of EU competition law. The main obstacles for the successful development of antitrust damages claims in Lithuania are, inter alia: complexity of competition cases; difficulty in obtaining substantive evidence; proving a consequential relationship and; high legal costs. The article also analyses substantial and procedural provisions of Lithuanian legislation that regulate the submission of antitrust damage claims.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(11); 35-52
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Interface of Competition law and blockchain Technology: a global Perspective
Autorzy:
Sharma, Deepankar
Sharma, Vijaylaxmi
Yadav, Amit
Kewaliya, Vini
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082795.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
law
enforcement
cross border
blockchain
competition law
technology
Opis:
The rule of law does not govern all human interactions. There are times when the state bypasses legal constraints, as documented by the World Justice Project. Other times, jurisdictions may be mutually unfriendly and refuse to enforce foreign laws. Blockchains create trust between contracting parties at the individual level, enabling them to transact freely and increase consumer welfare. Blockchains can only supple-ment antitrust if the legal constraints do not impede their development. The law should thus support the decentralization of blockchains so that blockchain-based mechanisms may take over (even if imperfectly) where the law does not apply. With that in mind, we justify the attractiveness of that approach by showing that blockchain causes an increase in the number of transactions by creating trust (Part 1), and that it may overall increase the decentralization of economic transactions (Part 2). The law should take into account where it applies (Part 3). We conclude afterward (Part 4).
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2022, 14, 1; 214-225
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Lithuania
Autorzy:
Stanikunas, Rimantas Antanas
Burinskas, Arunas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1395542.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damages actions
private enforcement of antitrust rules
competition law
leniency programme
Opis:
This paper provides a study of the interaction between public and private enforcement of Lithuanian antitrust law. The study refers to the Damages Directive. It has been found that private enforcement depends greatly on public enforcement of competition law. Therefore, their compatibility and balance are of great importance to antitrust policy. The Lithuanian NCA prioritises cases where an economic effect on competition does not have to be proven. This creates uncertainty about the outcome of private enforcement cases. Private enforcement in Lithuania is also in need of detailed rules on the identification of harm and causality. The analysis reveals how challenging it can be to estimate and prove harm or a causal link in private enforcement cases. Support from the NCA is therefore exceedingly needed. Moreover, even though the use of the leniency programme helps, it remains insufficient to solve the problem of under-deterrence. However, measures introduced by the Damages Directive do not make the leniency programme safe.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 237-258
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish Leniency Programme and its Intersection with Private Enforcement of Competition Law
Autorzy:
Rumak, Ewelina
Sitarek, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530375.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
competition law
leniency
whistle-blowing
cartels
private enforcement
discovery
protection of applications
follow-on actions
scope of damages
Opis:
This paper is devoted to the Polish leniency programme, including the conditions of obtaining lenient treatment and the applicable procedure. The type, scope and form of information that must be submitted are commented on as well as the marker system and summary applications. The intersection of the leniency scheme with private enforcement of antitrust rules is discussed in detail. Special attention is devoted to the possible ways in which private antitrust plaintiffs might access information submitted to the UOKiK by leniency applicants. Thoroughly analysed are the rules regulating the possibility of obtaining relevant documents from the UOKiK and from the defendant in the course of civil proceedings as well as the status of the administrative decision in subsequent civil litigation. The paper covers also the scope of the leniency recipient’s civil liability and touches upon the possible ways in which it could be limited to enhance the effectiveness of the leniency scheme. Some suggestions de lege ferenda are also provided concerning the means of increasing this effectiveness without prejudice to the private parties’ right to compensation.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2009, 2(2); 99-123
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementing the ECN+ Directive in Lithuania: Towards an Over-enforcement of Competition Law?
Autorzy:
Surblytė-Namavičienė, Gintarė
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159144.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
ECN+ Directive
Lithuanian Law on Competition
commitment
decision
structural remedies
association of undertakings
parental liability
leniency
interim measures
Opis:
In 2018, the ECN+ Directive was issued with a goal to grant stronger powers to national competition authorities while enforcing competition law. This article analyses how the legal provisions of the ECN+ Directive have already been implemented in the Lithuanian Law on Competition, and considers what further changes may need to be made in order to fully implement the ECN+ Directive in the national law. It elaborates on the legal challenges while implementing the aforementioned Directive and provides a critical view on some of the amendments that have already been made.
En 2018, la directive ECN+ a été adoptée pour conférer des pouvoirs renforcés aux autorités nationales de concurrence dans le cadre de l’application du droit de la concurrence. Cet article analyse comment les dispositions juridiques de la directive ECN+ ont déjà été transposées dans la loi lituanienne sur la concurrence et examine les modifications supplémentaires qui pourraient être nécessaires pour transposer intégralement la directive ECN+ dans le droit national. Il présente en détail les difficultés juridiques rencontrées lors de la mise en oeuvre de la directive susmentionnée et donne un avis critique sur certaines des modifications qui ont déjà été apportées.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2019, 12, 20; 173-204
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enforcement of Competition Law in Times of Crisis: Is Guided Self-Assessment the Answer?
Autorzy:
Wardhaugh, Bruce
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158405.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Enforcement
Competition Law
Regulation 1/2003
Guidance
Crises
Sustainability
Opis:
One common criticism of the EU’s competition regime is that it hinders adequate mitigation of crises by preventing a collaborative response to the problem. We suggest that this view is incorrect. We suggest that a collaborative response is unlikely to effectively mitigate most problems. Yet some forms of cooperation can facilitate a crisis solution. These may be at the margin of legality, giving uncertainty as to whether the proposed practice is permitted. With the possibility of significant penalties for competition infringements, most undertakings will not engage in such cooperative practices. There are significant legal and institutional impediments to providing this Guidance. Such gaps lead to uncertainty found in the nature of the EU competition rules and in NCA practice. We argue that the means forward is with greater engagement and guidance by the Commission and NCAs.
Une critique courante du régime de concurrence de l’Union européenne est qu’il entrave l’atténuation adéquate des crises en empêchant une réponse collaborative au problème. Nous suggérons que ce point de vue est incorrect. Nous suggérons qu’une réponse collaborative a peu de chances d’atténuer efficacement la plupart des problèmes. Pourtant, certaines formes de coopération peuvent faciliter la résolution d’une crise. Elles peuvent se situer à la limite de la légalité, ce qui crée une incertitude quant à savoir si la pratique proposée sera autorisée. Compte tenu de la possibilité de sanctions importantes en cas d’infraction à la concurrence, la plupart des entreprises ne s’engageront pas dans de telles pratiques de coopération. Il existe d’importants obstacles juridiques et institutionnels à la fourniture de ces orientations. Ces lacunes conduisent à l’incertitude que l’on retrouve dans la nature des règles de concurrence de l’Union européenne et dans la pratique des autorités nationales de la concurrence. Nous soutenons que la voie à suivre est celle d’un engagement et d’une orientation accrus de la part de la Commission et des autorités nationales.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2022, 15, 25; 63-86
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Slovenia: A New Field to Be Developed by Slovenian Courts
Autorzy:
Brkan, Maja
Bratina, Tanja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
collective redress
evidence
nullity
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
Slovenia
Opis:
This contribution aims to demonstrate the legal framework that can shape and influence private enforcement in Slovenia. This includes, in particular, conditions for damage claims, collective redress mechanisms, legal costs and fees as well as discovery and burden of proof. It is shown which legislative changes may be needed in order to improve the effectiveness of private enforcement and the practical obstacles that will have to be overcome in the future. Furthermore, the article analyses the jurisprudence of Slovenian courts concerning private enforcement. Although there was practically no jurisprudence in this area only a few years ago, Slovenian courts have now ruled on a few such cases already. The number of private enforcement proceedings will most likely increase in the future. Therefore, it can be stated that private enforcement of competition law is an area that is slowly, but steadily, gaining importance in the Slovenian legal system.
La présente contribution vise à démontrer le cadre juridique susceptible de former et d’influencer la mise en œuvre des règles de concurrence de l'UE à l'initiative de la sphère privée (« private enforcement ») en Slovénie. Les conditions pour des recours en dommages et intérêts, des mécanismes des recours collectifs, des règles sur des dépens ainsi que la divulgation des preuves et la charge de la preuve y sont analysés. La contribution démontre quelles modifications législatives seraient nécessaires et quelles obstacles pratiques devront être surmontés à l’avenir afin d’améliorer l’effectivité de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence. La jurisprudence des juridictions Slovènes dans ce domaine y est également analysée. Même si cette jurisprudence a été pratiquement inexistante il y a quelques années, les juridictions Slovènes ont, jusqu’à présent, rendu déjà quelques arrêts dans ce domaine et il est à attendre que le nombre de ce type d’affaires accroîtra dans le futur. Ainsi, il est possible de constater que l’importance de ce type de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence augmentera lentement mais sûrement dans l’ordre juridique slovène.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 75-106
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compensatory Collective Redress: Will It Be Part of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in CEE Countries?
Autorzy:
Piszcz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529959.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
compensatory collective redress
private enforcement
competition law
opt-in model
opt-out model
mixed model
group actions
representative actions
Opis:
The article aims to compare and evaluate solutions with regard to compensatory collective redress existing in CEE countries. The author will attempt to illuminate obstacles and challenges to using collective redress as an avenue for antitrust enforcement in CEE countries, as well as possible advantages of the scrutinised legal frameworks. Besides focusing on national provisions, the article will draw on provisions of the Damages Directive and the Commission's Recommendation on collective redress mechanisms. It will open up the field for de lege ferenda proposals also.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2017, 10(15); 223-250
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Polish Courts: The Story of an (Almost) Lost Hope for Development
Autorzy:
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530095.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
collective redress
evidence
nullity
private enforcement of competition law
Polska
public enforcement of competition law
Opis:
The article reviews judgments of Polish courts on private enforcement of competition law between 1993 and 2012. A quantitative analysis of this jurisprudence shows that very few cases of that type exist at all. Their qualitative characteristics illustrate that: none of them referred to consumers; none of the claims was a 'pure' damage claim; all of these cases focused on partial or general nullity of contracts concluded as a result of an anticompetitive practice; almost all of them concerned an abuse of a dominant position; only one referred to competition-restricting agreements. The relevant jurisprudence largely focused on the binding force of a prior decision of the Polish competition body upon civil courts. Even if the fact that some cases of this type were at all record might suggest that there is a potential for developing private enforcement of antitrust in Poland, nothing like this actually happened. Unfortunately, the Act on Collective Redress (in force since July 2010) has not contributed to a growth in the number of consumers (or any other entities) engaging in court disputes with undertakings restricting competition.
L’article passe en revue les jugements des tribunaux polonais sur l’application privée du droit de la concurrence entre 1993 et 2012. Une analyse quantitative de cette jurisprudence montre que très peu de cas de ce type existent. Leurs caractéristiques qualitatives montrent que : aucun d’entre eux ne concernait les consommateurs ; aucune des revendications ne constituait une demande d’indemnisation dans le sense exacte ; tous ces cas axaient sur la nullité partielle ou générale des contrats conclus à la suite d‘une pratique anticoncurrentielle ; la quasi-totalité d’entre eux concernaient un abus de position dominante ; une seule visait aux accords restreignant la concurrence. La jurisprudence se concentrait surtout sur la force contraignante d’une décision préalable de l’organe polonais de la concurrence prise par des tribunaux civils. Même si le fait que certains cas de ce type-là étaient notés, il pourrait suggérer qu’il existe un potentiel de développement de l’application privée de la concurrence en Pologne – rien que cela ne s’est réellement passé. Malheureusement, la Loi sur les recours collectif (en vigueur depuis juillet 2010) n’a pas contribué à une augmentation du nombre de consommateurs (ou d’autres entités) s’engageant dans des litiges judiciaires avec les entreprises qui restreignent la concurrence.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2013, 6(8); 107-128
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Institutional Challenges for Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Central and Eastern European Member States of the EU
Autorzy:
Blazo, Ondrej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530185.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
judicial system
judicial specialization
competition law
damages
harmonization
EU law
Opis:
The paper will focus on requirements and thresholds set for the judiciary by the Damages Directive. Answered will also be questions on the specialization of courts and its application in Central and Eastern European (CEE) Member States of the EU, as well as on the involvement of national competition authorities (NCAs) in court proceedings. The paper provides also general thoughts regarding the specialization of courts and confronts them with the judiciary structure in CEE Member States in the context of private enforcement of competition law. While there is no uniform model of a judicial system, the paper provides a critical analysis of the centralization, specialization and decentralization of private enforcement models, taking into account also the importance of the training of judges. The relationship between NCAs and courts will be discussed whereby the role of NCAs in private enforcement defines the responsibility of the given public authority in private enforcement as a country’s policymaker.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2017, 10(15); 31-48
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Role of the Judiciary in Effective Enforcement of Competition Law in New Jurisdictions: the Case of Kosovo
Autorzy:
Mucaj, Avdylkader
Zejna, Isuf
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20679134.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-11-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
competition law enforcement
role of judiciary
commercial court
private enforcement
stand-alone actions
Opis:
This paper aims to discuss the role of the judiciary in the effective, or ineffective, enforcement of competition law. It analyses those jurisdictions that can still be considered ‘new’ in the field of competition law, in particular the case of Kosovo, and by using qualitative research methods. The paper addresses the main findings characterizing the weak enforcement of competition law by the judiciary in Kosovo over a period of a decade, that is, from when the courts have started hearing competition cases since 2010. On the other hand, the paper places special attention to the establishment of the Commercial Court in Kosovo in 2022, which now has jurisdiction over the judicial review of competition decisions. The last part of the paper considers recent legal changes in the field of private enforcement of competition law. Kosovo’s new competition legislation, approved in 2022, expressly provides for the right to compensation for damage.
Cet article vise à examiner le rôle du pouvoir judiciaire dans l’application du droit de la concurrence, qu’elle soit efficace ou inefficace. Il analyse les juridictions qui peuvent encore être considérées comme « nouvelles » dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence, en particulier le cas du Kosovo, en utilisant des méthodes de recherche qualitatives. Cet article aborde les principales conclusions caractérisant la faible application du droit de la concurrence par le système judiciaire au Kosovo sur une période de dix ans, c’est-à-dire à partir du moment où les tribunaux ont commencé à entendre des affaires de concurrence en 2010. D’autre part, l’article accorde une attention particulière à la création du Tribunal de commerce du Kosovo en 2022, qui est désormais compétent pour le contrôle judiciaire des décisions en matière de concurrence. La dernière partie du présent article examine les changements juridiques récents dans le domaine de l’application privée du droit de la concurrence. La nouvelle législation kosovare sur la concurrence, approuvée en 2022, prévoit expressément le droit à la réparation des dommages.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2023, 16, 27; 133-152
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Leave it to the experts: A comparative analysis of competition-expert lay judges in private enforcement of competition law
Autorzy:
Hornkohl, Lena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158371.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Competition law
private enforcement
damages
lay judges
expert lay
judges
economics
specialisation
commercial court
Opis:
This paper focuses on the procedural instrument of ‘competition-expert’ lay judges to ease damages calculations and private actions for damages for the violation of competition law in general. To this end, the paper analyses various forms of ‘expert’ lay participation that already exist in Europe. It concentrates, in particular, on commercial and intellectual property proceedings, but also delves into the few existing examples of competition-expert lay judges for private enforcement of competition law. It assesses their transferability for competition damages proceedings and attempts to test EU and national competition as well as procedural law boundaries more generally. The paper considers common grounds, advantages and disadvantages, as well as best practices in this context. It concludes with early proposals for including competition-expert lay judges in private enforcement of competition law.
Cet article se concentre sur l’instrument procédural que sont les juges non professionnels experts en concurrence pour faciliter le calcul des dommages et intérêts dans les actions privées en dommages et intérêts pour la violation du droit de la concurrence. À cette fin, l’article analyse diverses formes de participation d’experts non professionnels déjà existantes en Europe. Il se concentre en particulier sur les procédures commerciales et de propriété intellectuelle, mais se penche également sur les quelques exemples existants de juges non professionnels experts en concurrence pour l’application privée du droit de la concurrence. Il évalue leur transférabilité aux procédures de dommages-intérêts en matière de concurrence et tente de tester plus généralement les limites du droit de la concurrence et du droit procédural au niveau européen et national. L’article met en évidence les motifs communs, les avantages et les désavantages, ainsi que les meilleures pratiques. Il se conclut par des premières propositions visant à inclure des juges non professionnels experts en concurrence dans l’application privée du droit de la concurrence.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2022, 15, 25; 7-36
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Joint and Several Liability of Competition Law Infringers in the Legislation of Central and Eastern European Member States
Autorzy:
Miskolczi Bodnár, Péter
Szuchy, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530385.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
joint and several liability
maximum degree of liability
micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
full compensation
proportional reimbursement
direct or indirect purchasers and suppliers
ceilings of the liability of immunity recipients
Opis:
The study reviews the provisions of the Directive by, first, presenting its general rule – joint and several liability – and then its two exceptions, pointing out that albeit they contain similar solutions, these have different reasons in the case of leniency applicants obtained immunity from fines and small and medium-sized enterprises. The study examines whether the 11 CEE Member States prescribe joint and several liability, in principle, to cases where multiple persons cause harm jointly by an infringement of competition law. The study also analyses the position of an immunity recipient in national laws. During the examination, the study separates the position of the immunity recipient and the injured parties, as well as the position of the immunity recipient and other co-infringers, as is the case in the Directive. The study summarizes also national experiences with the implementation of the Damages Directive. It is a fact that the norms of the Directive have been implemented, and there is no deviation to jeopardize either the enforcement of claims for damages or the integrity of the internal market. Nevertheless, having established two separate exceptions, it would have been duly justified for the Commission to explain them in detail, considering their rules differ from each other. Noticeably, some CEE countries considered the difference unjustified and uniformly provided an opportunity for the co-infringer who compensated the harm of an injured party to submit a reimbursement claim against the immunity recipient and SMEs. Other CEE countries considered that they did not have the authority to do so. It would be worth reviewing the implementation of the exceptions to joint and several liabilities after a year, in conjunction with the issue of alternative dispute resolution. The study makes a proposal for an amendment of the Directive. Doctrinal views related to the SMEs exemption from joint and several liability draw attention to the fact that it is unfortunate if solutions designed in a relatively late stage of the legislative procedure do, in fact, later become a part of that directive. It would seem practical, for example, to declare that this exception shall be applied also to micro enterprises in relation to the compensation of harms caused by infringements of competition law. The Damages Directive requires, however, the implementation of this exception only with regard to small and medium-sized enterprises.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2017, 10(15); 85-110
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Grounds for Private Enforcement of Albanian Competition Law
Autorzy:
Nazifi, Ermal
Petrina, Broka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
causal link
civil law
damages
fault
private enforcement of competition law
Opis:
Infringements of competition law can cause serious harm to both consumers and undertakings. Aside from the development of public enforcement of competition law, much focus has been placed in recent years in the European Union on private competition law enforcement. Lawsuits raised by undertakings that sustained damages from anti-competitive practice concerning the compensation of such damages have historically not been widespread in Europe. No such cases have been recorded in Albania at all yet, despite the fact that its competition protection legislation has provided this possibility since 1995. The main causes of the lack of private competition law enforcement in Albania include the absence of judicial practice and doctrinal approaches in this area. Relevant here is also the inability of Albanian businesses and consumers to react to competition protection cases as they still lack competition law knowledge and as a result of the absence of an appropriate legal framework for class actions. The scope of this article is to analyze the current situation of private competition law enforcement in Albania. The paper emphasizes the current legal framework including existing obstacles to private competition law enforcement and improvements that should be introduced in the context of its competition law, the law of civil procedures and the law of obligations.
Les violations du droit de la concurrence peuvent causer un préjudice grave aux consommateurs et aux entreprises. À part du développement de l'application publique du droit de la concurrence, beaucoup d’attention a été consacrée les dernières années à l’application privée du droit de la concurrence dans l’Union européenne. Néanmoins, les actions en indemnisation introduites par les entreprises qui ont subi des dommages résultant de la violation du droit de la concurrence n’étaient pas trop répandues en Europe. Malgré le fait que depuis 1995 la loi albanaise sur la protection de la concurrence prévoit la possibilité d’introduire les actions en indemnisation par les entreprises qui ont subi des dommages resultant de la violation du droit de la concurrence, aucune de ces actions n’était pas été introduite en Albanie jusqu’à présent. Les raisons principales du non-développement de l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence en Albanie sont : l’absence de la pratique judiciaire et l’absence de la doctrine juridique dans ce domaine. il faut aussi mentionner sur ce point l'incapacité des entreprises et des consommateurs albanais de répondre aux actions privées ce qui résulte du manque de connaissances en droit de la concurrence et l'absence d'un cadre juridique approprié pour les actions collectives. Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’état actuel de l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence en Albanie. L’article met l’accent sur le cadre juridique actuel, y compris les obstacles à l’exécution privée du droit de la concurrence, et propose les améliorations qui devraient être introduites dans le droit de la concurrence, dans la procédure civile et dans le droit des obligations afin de changer cette situation.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2016, 9(13); 61-76
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Interaction of Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law before and after the EU Directive – a Hungarian perspective
Autorzy:
Toth, Tihamer
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529889.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement
discovery
leniency
damages
joint and several liability
amicus curiae
class action
representative action
Opis:
The paper explores the changes the EU Directive on harmonizing certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions will bring about in Hungary, with a special focus placed on damages liability rules, the interaction of public and private enforcement of these rules, and the importance of class actions. Amendments of the Competition Act introduced in 2005 and 2009 had created new rules to promote the idea of private enforcement even before the Directive was adopted. Some of these rules remain unique even now, notably the legal presumption of a 10% price increase for cartel cases. However, subsequent cases decided by Hungarian courts did not reflect the sophistication of existing substantive and procedural rules. There has only ever been one judgment awarding damages, while most stand-alone cases involved minor competition law issues relating to contractual disputes. The paper looks at the most important substantial rules of tort law (damage, causality, joint and several liability), the co-operation of competition authorities and civil courts, as well as at (the lack of) class action procedures from the perspective of the interaction of public and private enforcement of competition law.
Le document analyse les changements apportés par la directive européenne relative aux certaines règles régissant les actions en dommages et intérêts en droit national pour les infractions aux dispositions du droit de la concurrence en Hongrie, en particulier concernant les règles sur la responsabilité civile en matière de dommages, l’interaction de l’application publique et privée du droit de la concurrence et l'importance des recours collectifs. Les modifications à loi de la concurrence introduites en 2005 et 2009 ont créé de nouvelles règles pour promouvoir l'idée d'une application privée du droit de la concurrence même avant que la directive a été adoptée. Certaines de ces dispositions sont toujours uniques, notamment la présomption légale d'une augmentation de prix de 10% par les ententes. Néanmoins, les jugements ultérieurs rendus par les tribunaux ne reflétaient pas les règles de fond et de procédures sophistiquées. Il n’y avait juste le jugement qui a accordé des dommages et intérêts, alors que la plupart des actions autonomes (« stand-alone actions ») portaient sur des problèmes secondaires du droit de la concurrence liés aux conflits contractuels. L’article examine des règles les plus importantes du droit de la responsabilité civile (le dommage, la causalité, la responsabilité solidaire), la coopération entre les autorités de la concurrence et les tribunaux civils, ainsi que l’absence de mécanisme de recours collectifs et de la perspective de l’application publique et privée du droit de la concurrence.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2016, 9(14); 43-68
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Individuals and the Enforcement of Competition Law – Recent Development of the Private Enforcement Doctrinein Polish and European Antitrust Law
Autorzy:
Gac, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530053.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
collective redress
damages actions
group litigation
private enforcement
public enforcement
Opis:
The following article focuses on the issue of private enforcement of competition law as one of the key elements of the current European and national debate on the efficiency of competition law. By analyzing this concept, the article aims to determine the influence of the European private enforcement model on the national competition law enforcement practice. The goal of the analysis is to answer two main questions: Does the current convergence of the national competition law enforcement system towards the European model guarantee the establishment of an effective, public-private system of antitrust enforcement? Under which conditions may the development of private methods of antitrust enforcement lead to an increase in the efficiency of Polish and European competition law? In order to address these questions, the article analyses the development of the private enforcement doctrine in the European Union and Poland. It refers to European and Polish jurisprudence on private enforcement, the competition policy of the European Commission as well as of the Polish competition authority – the UOKiK President. It also covers recent legislative changes introduced in the European and national legal orders. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the current convergence of the national antirust system towards the European model did not lead to the establishment of an effective mechanism of private enforcement in Poland. Nevertheless, the assessment of recent changes at the European level gives grounds to assume that the adoption of the Directive on Damages Actions, and its transposition into the national legal order, might overcome this problem and allow for better protection of individuals against anti-competitive behaviors.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(11); 53-82
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe, Rafael Amaro (ed.), conclusion by Paul Nihoul, Bruylant, Brussels 2021, ss. 419
Autorzy:
Wolski, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2206933.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2021, 10, 4; 97-98
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Harmonising Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Central and Eastern Europe: The Effectiveness of Legal Transplants Through Consumer Collective Actions
Autorzy:
Cseres, Katalin J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530149.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
private enforcement of competition law
collective actions
consumer
EU law
Europeanization
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to critically analyze the manner of harmonizing private enforcement in the EU. The paper examines the legal rules and, more importantly, the actual enforcement practice of collective consumer actions in EU Member States situated in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Collective actions are the key method of getting compensation for consumers who have suffered harm as a result of an anti-competitive practice. Consumer compensation has always been the core justification for the European Commission’s policy of encouraging private enforcement of competition law. In those cases where collective redress is not available to consumers, or consumers cannot apply existing rules or are unwilling to do so, then both their right to an effective remedy and the public policy goal of private enforcement remain futile. Analyzing collective compensatory actions in CEE countries (CEECs) places the harmonization process in a broader governance framework, created during their EU accession, characterized by top-down law-making and strong EU conditionality. Analyzing collective consumer actions through this ‘Europeanization’ process, and the phenomenon of vertical legal transplants, raises major questions about the effectiveness of legal transplants vis-à-vis homegrown domestic law-making processes. It also poses the question how such legal rules may depend and interact with market, constitutional and institutional reforms.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 33-60
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Commitment Decisions under the Polish Competition Act – Enforcement Practice and Future Perspectives
Autorzy:
Kozieł, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530135.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
commitment decision
enforcement of competition law
legal certainty
restorative justice
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the commitments procedure under the Polish competition law, including both legal and economic perspective. The outcome of this research is supposed to help in estimation whether novel negotiated instruments may be successfully employed in the field of antitrust enforcement. Hence, the paper first introduces the legal background of the commitments decisions, with focus on the specific features of the procedure. Being a tool of antitrust enforcement, commitment decisions should contribute to its goals. Therefore, the paper identifies such objectives drawing on the economic literature. It is in the light of these criteria that the decision practice of the Polish competition authority, still in the stage of development, is subsequently evaluated. This assessment reveals circumstances, under which the competition authority is particularly apt to engage into commitments procedure. It allows also for a conclusion that the application of this negotiated instrument is in principle commensurate with the exigencies following from economic theory.
Le but de cet article est de présenter une analyse de la procédure d’engagements en droit polonais de la concurrence, d’un point de vue juridique et économique. Le résultat de cette recherche permettra d’estimer l’efficacité de ces nouvelles procédures négociées dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence. Ainsi, l’article introduit le cadre juridique de la procédured’engagements en Pologne, en se focalisant sur les éléments spécifiques d’un tel mécanisme. Instrument de mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence, la procédure d’engagements devrait contribuer à accomplir les buts de cette politique. Par conséquent, l’article essaie d’identifier de tels objectifs, en s’appuyant sur la littérature économique. La pratique décisionnelle de l’autorité de la concurrence polonaise est par la suite analysée à la lumière de ces critères, tout en gardant à l’esprit qu’elle n’en est qu’à ses prémisses. Cette analyse revèle les circonstances dans lesquelles l’autorité de la concurrence est particulièrement susceptible de mettre en œuvre une procédure d’engagements. Elle nous permet aussi de constater que l’application des procédures négociées en Pologne est, en principe, conforme aux exigences relevant de la théorie économique. Néanmoins, quelques suggestions visant à l’amélioration de la procédure d’engagements sont proposées, au cas où cela soit nécessaire.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2010, 3(3); 71-91
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Condition of Fault in Private Enforcement of Competition Law – a Comparative Analysis of U.S. v. Polish and European Approach
Autorzy:
Mackiewicz, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158943.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
anonymous fault
compensatory liability
corporate fault
infringement
of competition law
intent
interchange fees
negligence
private enforcement
Opis:
The purpose of the Polish Act on Claims for Damages for Remedying the Damage Caused by Infringements of Competition Law, based on and implementing EU law – the Damages Directive, was to enable undertakings to effectively use private enforcement of their damages claims from competition law offenders. Infringement of competition law is classified as a tort according to the said Act on Claims. Therefore, the Act on Claims refers to tort liability rules. The conditions of classic tort liability in domestic law do not have exactly the same dogmatic meaning and scope as the conditions of public or private liability for the infringements of domestic and EU competition law. In practice, their application by national courts may rise many questions regarding conformity between domestic and EU law. This paper aims to analyse one of the key conditions of tort liability, that is, the fault of both the undertaking – the offenders, as well as the fault of their governing bodies and officers. If one were to understand the notion of fault within the limits laid down by civil law, and follow the literal wording of the Polish Civil Code’s provisions referring to the fault condition, the efficiency of private enforcement of damage claims arising from infringements of competition law would be doubtful. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide the readers with such an interpretation of the notion of fault, as a condition of liability of undertakings, that the legislative purpose of the Act on Claims is achieved and that the principles of efficiency and equivalence of the EU law are observed. In order to present a comprehensive picture, this paper will also discuss the case law of the CJEU concerning ‘anti-trust fault’, accompanied by a comparative analysis of the German and French approach to the fault condition as well as United States antitrust laws in the same area.
L’objectif de la loi polonaise sur les actions en dommages et intérêts pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence, qui se base sur le droit de l’UE et le transpose était de permettre aux entreprises d’utiliser efficacement l’exécution privée de leurs demandes de dommages et intérêts auprès des auteurs d’infractions au droit de la concurrence. La violation du droit de la concurrence est qualifiée comme un délit civil selon la loi sur les demandes d’indemnisation. Par conséquent, la loi sur les demandes d’indemnisation renvoie aux règles de responsabilité délictuelle. Les conditions de la responsabilité délictuelle classique en droit national n’ont pas exactement la même signification et portée dogmatique que les conditions de la responsabilité publique ou privée pour les infractions au droit national et européen de la concurrence. Dans la pratique, leur application par les tribunaux nationaux peut soulever de nombreuses questions concernant la conformité entre le droit national et le droit de l’UE. Le présent document vise à analyser l’une des principales conditions de la responsabilité délictuelle, à savoir la faute de l’entreprise ainsi que la faute de ses organes et dirigeants. Si on voulait comprendre la notion de faute dans les limites fixées par le droit civil, et suivre la formulation littérale des dispositions du code civil polonais relatives à la condition de faute, l’efficacité de l’exécution privée des demandes de dommages et intérêts résultant d’infractions au droit de la concurrence serait incertaine. Par conséquent, le présent article vise à fournir aux lecteurs une interprétation de la notion de faute, en tant que condition de la responsabilité des entreprises, qui permette d’atteindre l’objectif législatif de la loi sur les demandes d’indemnisation et de respecter les principes d’efficacité et d’équivalence du droit de l’UE. Afin de présenter un cadre complet, cet article examine également la jurisprudence de la CJUE concernant la “faute antitrust”, accompagnée d’une analyse comparative des approches allemande et française de la condition de faute ainsi que des lois antitrust américaines dans le même domaine.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2020, 13, 21; 71-98
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Review of Ten Years of Albanian Competition Law Developments
Autorzy:
Nazifi, Ermal
Broka, Petrina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530324.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
abuse of dominance
Albania
Albanian competition authority
anticompetitive agreements
competition law and policy
merger review
private enforcement
Opis:
Albania was one of the last countries in Europe to adopt a free market economy after suffering from one of the worst dictatorial communist regimes in the world. In order to succeed in its efforts to establish a free market economy, Albania needed to undertake a set of reforms to modernize its economy in order to cope with the new reality of global markets and Euro-Atlantic integration. An important aspect of these reforms is also the implementation of a competition law in line with the acquis an its effective implementation. A lot has been achieved in the last ten years but there is a lot to be done still in order to facilitate a competitive economy able to cope with Albania’s EU integration. The work of the ACA is only one aspect of this process, but it is of utmost importance for the development of the national economy and successful EU membership.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(11); 129-148
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of EU Competition Rules on Lithuanian Competition Law
Autorzy:
Stanikunas, Rimantas Antanas
Burinskas, Arunas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529929.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
goals of competition law
competition law
Lithuania
impact of EU competition rules
Opis:
This paper provides a study of the impact of EU competition rules on Lithuanian legislation and legal practice. It was found therein that the Lithuanian law on competition, its competition authority and courts do not adhere to all objectives of EU competition law consistently. In Lithuania, the most followed objectives of EU competition law are primarily that of the internal market and consumer welfare. The European Commission looks at both: competition and the creation and preservation of the internal market, as promoting consumer welfare and an efficient allocation of resources; it proclaims that the role of competition law is to prevent harm to consumers. The Lithuanian law on competition fully corresponds to the provisions of the Treaty. Full compliance is endorsed by the National Competition Authority while Lithuanian courts strive to maintain such policy by referring to the internal market and consumer welfare standards. Both the Lithuanian competition authority and its courts defend consumer welfare from higher prices, reduced output, less choice or lower quality of goods or services, or diminished innovation. Existing legislation and other procedural rules entitle the competition authority and courts of Lithuania to enforce competition law without significant obstacles. Applicable procedures ensure transparent, independent, and professional decision-making by the competition authority, confidentiality, as well as an effective process of investigation and information collection. The Commission's move towards the realignment of competition law with modern economic thinking on efficiency and welfare has begun. It entails not just the adoption of the consumer welfare standard, but also the application of the 'effects' approach. However, EU Courts have not been unambiguously following the consumer welfare standard, as endorsed by the Commission. They protect competitors themselves, rather than competition, ruling in favour of small or medium-sized firms in order to keep markets open and achieve fairness. They tend to protect the structure of the market from indirect possible long-term effects on consumers, rather than just from immediate direct effect on them. Some evidence was found of a 'more economic' approach being applied over the last decade as it started to find its way into the enforcement of Lithuanian competition law. Although this trend is likely to increase in the future, it is, nevertheless, still not the prevailing approach in Lithuania. At the same time, the national competition authority and courts strictly follow the guidelines and communications of the Commission on this issue.
Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent une étude de l'impact des règles de concurrence de l'UE sur la loi et la pratique juridique lituaniennes. Les auteurs ont constaté que le droit de la concurrence, l'autorité administrative et les tribunaux de la Lituanie ne respectent pas tous les objectifs du droit communautaire de la concurrence d’une manière uniforme. En Lituanie, les objectifs les plus suivis du droit de la concurrence de l'UE sont principalement ceux du marché unique et du bien-être des consommateurs. La Commission européenne examine à la fois la concurrence, la création et la préservation du marché unique autant que la promotion du bien-être des consommateurs et une allocation efficace des ressources. Elle proclame le rôle du droit de la concurrence dans la prévention des dommages faites aux consommateurs. En Lituanie, la loi sur la concurrence correspond pleinement aux traités de l'UE. Cette conformité est approuvée par l'autorité administrative. Les tribunaux de la Lituanie s'efforcent de maintenir cette politique en faisant appel aux normes du marché et de la protection des consommateurs individuels. En Lituanie, l'autorité administrative et les tribunaux défendent le bien-être des consommateurs contre la hausse des prix, la baisse de la production, la limitation du choix ou la détérioration de la qualité des biens ou des services, ou la diminution de l'innovation. Tous les actes juridiques et autres règles de procédure permettent à l'autorité administrative et aux tribunaux de la Lituanie d’appliquer l'appareil de droit de la concurrence sans obstacles importants. Les procédures prévues assurent que les décisions sont prises d’une façon transparente, indépendante et professionnelle par l'autorité administrative, autant que la confidentialité et l’efficacité du processus d’enquête et de collecte de l'information requise sont maintenues. La démarche de la Commission vers la réorganisation du droit de la concurrence en conformité avec la pensée économique moderne sur l'efficacité et le bien-être a commencé. Elle implique non seulement l'adoption de la norme de protection des consommateurs, mais aussi l'approche «effets» à l'application de celle-ci. Toutefois, les juridictions de l'UE n'ont pas été sans ambiguïté en suivant le concept de la norme de protection des consommateurs adopté par la Commission; ils protègent les concurrents eux-mêmes plutôt que la concurrence, en faveur des petites et moyennes entreprises, afin de maintenir l'ouverture des marchés et d’atteindre l'équité; ils ont tendance à protéger la structure du marché avec des effets sur les consommateurs qui serions indirects et possibles à long terme, et pas seulement à l'effet direct et immédiat. Les auteurs ont trouvé des preuves de l'approche «plus économique» au cours de la dernière décennie. Il a commencé à trouver sa place dans l'application du droit de la concurrence de la Lituanie. Cette tendance semble à augmenter. Cependant, il ne reste encore pas en vigueur dans l'approche de l'autorité administrative et les tribunaux. En Lituanie, l'autorité administrative et les tribunaux suivent les directives et les communiqués de la Commission sur cette question strictement.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(9); 87-108
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to Throw the Baby out with the Bath Water. A Few Remarks on the Currently Accepted Scope of Civil Liability for Antitrust Damages
Autorzy:
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530217.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust civil liability
damage
Directive 12014/104
joint and several liability
immunity recipient
private enforcement of competition law
public enforcement of competition law
umbrella pricing
Opis:
The Damages Directive introduces the right to ‘full compensation’ and the principle of ‘joint and several liability’ for antitrust damages (Article 3(1) and Article 11(1) respectively). The Directive does not determine the type of damage that can be awarded in civil proceedings. In theory, there are thus no barriers to establish punitive, multiple or other damages. In practice, it is rather unlikely that such types of damages will be awarded after the implementation of the Directive due to the ban placed on overcompensation in its Article 2(3). This paper will try to decode the concept of ‘full compensation’ and ‘joint and several liability’ in light of the Damages Directive as well as EU jurisprudence. An adequate understanding of these terms is without a doubt one of the key preconditions of correctly implementing the Directive and, consequently, a condition for making EU (competition) law effective. While on the one hand, a limitation of the personal scope of civil liability can currently be observed in EU law (covering both legislation and case law), a broadening of its subject-matter scope is visible on the other hand. With reference to the personal scope of civil liability, the Directive itself limits the applicability of the joint and several responsibility principle towards certain categories of infringers: small & medium enterprises (Article 11(2)) and immunity recipients in leniency (Article 11(3)). Considering the subject-matter scope of civil liability, the acceptance by the Court of Justice of civil liability for the ‘price umbrella effect’ should be highlighted. In addition, the principle of the ‘passing-on defence’ can also be regarded as a manner of broadening the scope of civil liability for antitrust damage (Article 12–16). The paper will present an overview of the scope of civil liability for antitrust damages (in its personal and subject-matter dimension) in light of the Directive and EU jurisprudence. The paper’s goal is to assess if the applicable scope will in fact guarantee the effective development of private competition law enforcement in EU Member States. This assessment, as the very title of this paper suggests, will be partially critical.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 61-78
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Influence of Economic Theories and Schools on Competition Law in terms of Vertical Agreements
Autorzy:
Jurczyk, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530261.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
economization of competition law
vertical agreements
economic efficiency
competition policy models and schools
Opis:
The paper aims at showing the influence and the views espoused by economic theories and schools of economics on competition policy embedded in antitrust law and conducted by competition authorities in the field of vertical agreements. The scope of the paper demonstrates how substantially the economization of antitrust law has changed the assessment as to the harmfulness of vertical agreements. The analysis of economic aspects of vertical agreements in antitrust analysis allows one to reveal their pro-competitive effects and benefits, with the consumer being their beneficiary. The basic instrument of the said economization is that antitrust bodies draw on specific economic models and theories that can be employed in their practice. Within the scope of the paper, the author synthesizes the role and influence of those models and schools of economics on the application of competition law in the context of vertical agreements. In presenting, one after another, the theories and schools of economics which used to, or are still dealing with competition policy the author emphasises that in its nature this impact was more or less direct. Some of them remain at the level of general principals and axiology of competition policy, while others, in contrast, delineate concrete evaluation criteria and show how the application of those criteria changes the picture of anti-competitive practices; in other words, why vertical agreements, which in the past used to be considered to restrain competition, are no longer perceived as such. The paper presents the models and recommendations of neoclassical economics, the Harvard School, the Chicago and Post-Chicago School, the ordoliberal school, the Austrian and neo-Austrian school as well as the transaction cost theory
L’article vise à montrer l’influence et les vues véhiculées par les théories économiques et les écoles d’économie sur la politique de la concurrence inscrite dans le droit de la concurrence et menée par les autorités de la concurrence dans le domaine des accords verticaux. La portée de l’article montre que l’économie du droit de la concurrence a considérablement modifié l’évaluation de la nocivité des accords verticaux. L’analyse des aspects économiques des accords verticaux dans l’analyse antitrust permet de révéler leurs effets et avantages pro concurrentiels, ayant le consommateur comme leur bénéficiaire. L’instrument de base de ladite économisation est que les organismes antitrust font appel à des modèles économiques spécifiques et des théories qui peuvent être utilisés dans leur pratique. Dans le cadre de cet article, l’auteur résume le rôle et l’influence de ces modèles et de ces écoles d’économie sur l’application du droit de la concurrence dans le contexte d’accords verticaux. En présentant, l’un après l’autre, les théories et les écoles de l’économie qui étaient ou sont encore aux prises avec la politique de la concurrence, l’auteur souligne que cet impact était plus ou moins directe. Certains d’entre eux restent au niveau des principes généraux et de l’axiologie de la politique de concurrence, tandis que d’autres, au contraire, définissent des critères d’évaluation concrets et montrent comment leur application modifie le tableau des pratiques anticoncurrentielles; en d’autres termes, l’article évalue pourquoi les accords verticaux, qui dans le passé étaient considérées restreindre la concurrence, ne sont plus perçus comme tels. L’article présente les modèles et les recommandations de l’économie néoclassique, de la Harvard School, de la Chicago and Post-Chicago School, de l’école ordinaire, de l’école autrichienne et néo-autrichienne, ainsi que de la théorie des coûts de transaction.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2018, 11(18); 153-180
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Autonomy of Sector-Specific Regulation – Is It Still Worth Protecting? Further Thoughts on the Parallel Application of Competition Law and Regulatory Instruments
Autorzy:
Stawicki, Aleksander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
abuse of dominant position
sector-specific regulation
Opis:
This article sets out to contribute to the on-going discussion regarding the relationship between competition law and sector-specific regulation, as well as the parallel application of competition law and regulatory instruments. Thus, this article attempts to provide a systematic outline of arguments which are conclusive for the proposition that sector-specific regulation must remain fully autonomous, while taking a critical stance with respect to the views of both the Supreme Court and academic lawyers who advocate the supremacy of competition law.
Le sujet du présent article est la relation entre le droit de la concurrence et le droit des secteurs regulés, ainsi que l’application parallele des institutions du droit de la concurrence et des instruments regulatoires. Le but de l’article est de presenter les arguments selon lesquelles les regulations des secteurs doivent rester autonomes. Il est important de polemiquer avec l’avis exprimé par la Cour Superierure polonaise et par certains juristes qui croivent le droit de la concurrence superieur aux autres regulations.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2011, 4(4); 115-133
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ways of Harmonising Polish Competition Law with the Competition Law of the EU
Autorzy:
Kowalik-Bańczyk, Krystyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530344.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
harmonisation
spontaneous harmonisation
judicial harmonisation
convergence of competition law regimes in the European Union
Opis:
This article discusses the harmonisation of laws within the EU focusing on the specific ways of achieving an approximation of the Polish legal system with European competition law. It identifies and gives an overview of three specific ways of harmonising national laws with EU antitrust provisions: (1) spontaneous (or bottom-up) harmonisation; (2) judicial harmonisation and; (3) legislative harmonisation by means of EU Directives. With respect to the last category, particular attention is drawn to the legislative competences of the EU, allowing it to harmonise antitrust issues either on the basis of Articles 103 and 114 TFUE, or perhaps even on the basis of Article 82 TFEU
Le présent article explique la notion d'harmonisation du droit dans l'UE et se concentre sur les moyens particuliers de réalisation du rapprochement du droit polonais au droit de la concurrence de l'UE. Il identifie et offre un aperçu des trois façons de l'harmonisation du droit national avec le droit antitrust de l'UE: (1) l'harmonisation spontanée (ou bottom-up); (2) l’harmonisation juridique et (3) l'harmonisation législative par voie de directives. Dans ce dernier cas, une attention particulière est accordée aux compétences législatives de l'UE, ce qui lui permet d'harmoniser les questions du droit de la concurrence de l'UE, soit sur la base des articles 103 et 114 du TFUE, soit même, peut-être, sur la base de l'article 82 TFUE.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(9); 141-159
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozwój elektromobilności w Polsce w kontekście wybranych zagadnień prawa konkurencji
Development of electromobility in Poland within the context of selected issues of competition law
Autorzy:
Jacolik, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/499468.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
elektromobilność
pojazd elektryczny
prawo konkurencji
praktyki ograniczające konkurencje
electromobility
electric vehicle
competition law
practices restricting competition
Opis:
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie problematyki rozwoju elektromobilności w Polsce w kontekście wybranych zagadnień prawa konkurencji. Rozważania te, poprzedzone są ogólną charakterystyką polityki państwa zawartą w dokumentach strategicznych określających ramy rozwoju tego sektora. Obecnie elektromobilność jest jednym z fundamentalnych założeń polskiej gospodarki. Ma charakter wielopoziomowy oraz wielopodmiotowy – wymaga współpracy wielu zróżnicowanych podmiotów, to znaczy podmiotów publicznych (władzy centralnej oraz samorządowej), podmiotów prywatnych (sektor techniczny), a także podmiotów ze sfery biznesu oraz nauki. Jest nową dziedziną, będącą w procesie rozwoju. Artykuł obejmuje zagadnienia dotyczące celów, instrumentów oraz działalności różnych podmiotów w tym obszarze. Odnosi się do wybranych zagadnień dotyczących prawa konkurencji, przede wszystkim do monopoli, oligopoli oraz do porozumień pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami. Kwestia porozumień została przedstawiona z perspektywy szans oraz zagrożeń dla polskiej gospodarki. Szczególna uwaga została skupiona na rozróżnieniu współpracy pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami, która jest destrukcyjna od takiej, która jest konstruktywna, wręcz pożądana i cechuje się niską szkodliwością.
This article aims to present an issue of development of electromobility in Poland from the point of view of selected issues of competition law taking into account the instruments contained in the strategic documents defining the development framework for this sector. At present electromobility is one of the fundamental assumptions of the Polish economy. It has a multi-level and multi-entity character - it requires cooperation of many diverse entities, i.e. public entities (central and local governments), private entities (technical sector), as well as entities from business and science industry. It is a new field that is under development. The article covers issues related to the goals, instruments and activities of various entities in this area. It refers to selected issues related to the competition law, first of all to monopolies, oligopolies and to agreements between enterprises. The issue of agreements was presented from the perspective of opportunities and threats to the Polish economy. Particular attention has been focused on the distinction of cooperation between enterprises, both destructive and constructive, with the latter being desirable and characterized as of minor harm.
Źródło:
Zeszyt Studencki Kół Naukowych Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UAM; 2019, 9; s. 69-81
2299-2774
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyt Studencki Kół Naukowych Wydziału Prawa i Administracji UAM
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reforma prawa konkurencji Wspólnoty Europejskiej
Reform of Community Competition Law
Autorzy:
Banasiński, Cezary
Wierzbowska, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32104775.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Opis:
1 maja 2004 r. nastąpiły istotne zmiany w prawie konkurencji. Weszło w życie Rozporządzenie (WE) Rady 1/2003, które wprowadziło nowe reguły postępowania w sprawach praktyk ograniczających konkurencję. Podstawowe założenia reformy są następujące: odejście od systemu zgłoszeń, harmonizacja prawa materialnego, decentralizacja stosowania prawa wspólnotowego oraz wzmocnienie instrumentów prawnych do prowadzenia postępowań przez organy konkurencji. Istotną rolę w stosowaniu tego prawa będą odgrywały sądy krajowe. Wraz z wejściem w życie Rozporządzenia (WE) 139/2004 zmieniły się wspólnotowe regulacje dotyczące kontroli koncentracji przedsiębiorców. Zostały również wydane nowe wytyczne mające na celu usprawnienie postępowania w tych sprawach. Krajowe przepisy dotyczące pomocy publicznej zostały zastąpione prawem wspólnotowym; organem nadzorującym udzielanie pomocy publicznej jest Komisja Europejska. Po wejściu Polski do Unii Europejskiej organ antymonopolowy oraz sądy krajowe będą musiały bezpośrednio stosować wspólnotowe prawa konkurencji, by nie narazić państwa na odpowiedzialność odszkodowawczą.
As of May 1, 2004, essential changes have taken place in competition law. Regulation (EC) 1/2003, which introduced new rules of proceeding in antitrust matters, entered into force on this date. The four pillars of the reform are as follows: discontinuation of the notification system, harmonisation of substantive law, decentralised application and reinforcement of investigative tools. National courts shall play a fundamental role in the effective enforcement of competition law. Regulation (EC) 139/2004 establishes a new EC merger control system. New Guidelines have also been adopted in order to increase effectiveness in this type of matters. National state aid provisions have been replaced by EC law. Now, the European Commission supervises the granting of state aid in Poland. As of the accession date, the antimonopoly body and the national courts are obliged to apply EC competition law directly, as otherwise Poland risks to incur state liability in damages.
Źródło:
Problemy Zarządzania; 2004, 2, 3 (5); 35-47
1644-9584
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Zarządzania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The parent-subsidiary relationship in EU antitrust law and the AEG Telefunken presumption: between the effectiveness of competition law and the protection of fundamental rights
Autorzy:
Pace, Lorenzo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530073.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Relationship between Competition Law and Fundamental rights
Concept of Undertaking
Parent-Subsidiary relationship in Corporate Groups
Imputability of Sanctions in Corporate Groups
Standard of reasoning of the Commission
Opis:
The increasingly frequent reference to the protection of fundamental rights in the application of EU antitrust law is a trend that has grown significantly alongside the reforms brought about by Regulation 1/2003. Greater attention being given to fundamental rights is evident in the development of the application of the AEG Telefunken presumption, whereby a parent company may be penalized for the antitrust infringements of its wholly-owned subsidiary on the ground that the parent and the subsidiary constitute a single economic entity, and hence a single “undertaking”. Recently, the Court of Justice has confirmed the lawfulness of that presumption. However, increasing attention is now given to the adequacy of the Commission’s reasoning, particularly when the Commission rejects arguments made by parent companies to rebut the presumption. These developments suggest that the growing importance of fundamental rights protection may under certain conditions temper the principle of the effectiveness of EU competition law.
La référence de plus en plus fréquente à la protection des droits fondamentaux dans l’application du droit antitrust de l’UE est une tendance qui a augmenté de façon significative avec des réformes apportées par le règlement N° 1/2003. L’attention plus grande accordée aux droits fondamentaux est évidente dans le développement de l’application de la présomption AEG Telefunken, par laquelle une société-mère peut être sanctionné pour les infractions antitrust de sa filia le en propriété exclusive au motif que la société-mère et la filiale constituent une seul e entité économique, et donc une seule «entreprise». Récemment, la Cour de justice a confirmé la légalité de cette présomption. Cependant, une attention croissante est maintenant dirigée vers la pertinence du raisonnement de la Commission, en particulier lorsque la Commission rejette les arguments présentés par les sociétés-mères pour réfuter cette présomption. Ces développements suggèrent que l’importance croissante de la protection des droits fondamentaux peut, sous certaines conditions, tempérer le principe de l’effectivité du droit communautaire de la concurrence.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(10); 191-207
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Personal liability of managers of undertakings for infringements of competition law in the Republic of Lithuania: the sanctions regime from the perspective of the principle of legal certainty
Autorzy:
Moisejevas, Raimundas
Nasutavičienė, Justina
Puksas, Andrius
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
personal liability
infringements of Competition Law
Competition
Council
administrative courts
principle of legal certainty
sanctions
Opis:
This article focuses on the personal liability of managers of undertakings for breaches of competition law. This article starts with a review of the sanction regime for managers of undertakings according to the Competition law of the Republic of Lithuania. Reviewed are legal provisions and judicial practice of the Lithuanian courts starting from 2017, that is, when the first request to sanction a manager of an undertaking was submitted to the court by the Competition Council (CC). It is pointed out that in most cases the courts do not fully accept the requests of the CC with respect to the severity of the sanctions to be imposed on managers. The second part of the Article comprehensively analyses the case-law of administrative courts of the Republic of Lithuania, and presents key elements of the imposition of sanctions on company managers. Firstly, in exceptional circumstances, courts may impose a lower penalty than the one specified by competition law. Secondly, the courts may impose both, the main sanction as well as an additional one, or any of them. Thirdly, the level of sanctions should be determined the light of the fines imposed on undertakings for their infringements of competition law. The article concludes with a short summary.
Cet article se concentre sur la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants d’entreprise pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence. Cet article commence par l’examen du régime de sanction des dirigeants d’entreprises selon la loi sur la concurrence de la République de Lituanie. Nous examinons les dispositions légales et la pratique judiciaire des tribunaux lituaniens à partir de 2017, date à laquelle la première demande de sanction à l’encontre d’un dirigeant d’entreprise a été déposée. Il est souligné que dans la plupart des cas, les tribunaux ne satisfont pas entièrement les demandes du Conseil de la concurrence en ce qui concerne la sévérité des sanctions imposées aux dirigeants. Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, nous analysons en détail la jurisprudence des tribunaux administratifs de la République de Lituanie et révélons les éléments clés pour l’imposition de sanctions aux dirigeants. Premièrement, dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, les tribunaux peuvent imposer une sanction inférieure à celle prévue par la loi. Deuxièmement, les tribunaux peuvent imposer à la fois des sanctions principales et des sanctions supplémentaires ou n’importe laquelle d’entre elles. Troisièmement, le niveau des sanctions doit être déterminé à la lumière des amendes imposées aux entreprises pour des infractions au droit de la concurrence. L’article se termine par un bref résumé.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2022, 15, 25; 87-108
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Twenty Years of Harmonisation and Still Divergent: Development of Slovak Competition Law
Autorzy:
Blažo, Ondrej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
competition law
Slovak competition law
EU competition law
harmonisation of competition law
divergence from EU law
European Commission
concept of undertaking
essential facilities
settlement procedure
Opis:
Since the time when the first competition rules were adopted after the Velvet Revolution in early 1990s, Slovak competition law has undergone several changes. Three acts on economic competition were subsequently adopted (in 1991, 1994, 2001), each of them several times amended. Although Slovakia became a member of the EU in 2004, the convergence of national competition rules with the law of the European Union is evident in the significant changes that were introduced in 2004. The evolution of Slovak competition rules cannot be considered finished – major amendments are expected in 2014. The following paper will analyze in which aspects Slovak competition law is diverging from the rules of the European Union. Court jurisprudence reviewing administrative decisions issued in competition matters is also important in the assessment of the competition law environment. The paper will provide an overview of those features of Slovak competition law that shall be harmonised, as well as reasons for their harmonisations. Yet it must be stressed that European law is not the universal model of convergence and hence the paper will provide thoughts on which features of Slovak competition law might remain country-specific.
Depuis l'époque où les premières règles de concurrence ont été adoptées après la Révolution de velours en début des années 1990, le droit slovaque de la concurrence a subi plusieurs changements: trois actes sur la concurrence économique ont été adoptés par la suite (1991, 1994, 2001); chacun d'entre eux a également été modifié à plusieurs reprises. Bien que la Slovaquie soit devenue membre de l'UE en 2004, la convergence du droit slovaque de la concurrence vers des règles européennes de concurrence est évidente et des changements importants ont été introduits en 2004. Les modifications de la législation slovaque en matière de la concurrence ne peuvent pas être considérées comme terminées – les modifications considérables sont attendues en 2014. Le présent article analysera dans quels aspects le droit slovaque de la concurrence est divergent. De plus, la jurisprudence des tribunaux, examinant les cas en matière de la concurrence, est importante dans l'évaluation de l'environnement de la réglementation de la concurrence. Cet article offre un aperçu des caractéristiques du droit slovaque de la concurrence qui doit être harmonisé, ainsi que les raisons pour ces harmonisations. D'autre part, il faut souligner que le droit européen n'est pas le modèle universel de convergence et donc l’article présentera des pensées sur lesquelles les caractéristiques du droit national de la concurrence pourraient rester spécifique.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(9); 109-123
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
8th Competition Law and Policy Conference in Memory of Prof. Vedran Šoljan “Goals of Competition Law and the Changing World”, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 25–27 May 2023
Autorzy:
Pecotic Kaufman, Jasminka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20679212.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-11-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2023, 16, 27; 181-184
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Szwajcarskie prawo konkurencji w zarysie
An outline of Swiss competition law
Autorzy:
Michałek, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/507861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-11-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
przedsiębiorstwo
najcięższe porozumienia
zakaz per se
pozycja dominująca
kontrola
test dominacji plus
sankcje
program łagodzenia kar
nowelizacja
undertaking
hardcore agreement
prohibition per se
dominant position
control
dominance plus test
sanctions
leniency program
amendment
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu jest szwajcarskie prawo konkurencji, przedstawione w zarysie w oparciu o stosowną legislację oraz orzecznictwo. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano wybrane najważniejsze aspekty (zarówno materialno-prawne, jak i proceduralne) szwajcarskiej regulacji antymonopolowej dot. inter alia zakresu jej zastosowania, organów ochrony konkurencji, a także „trzech tradycyjnych filarów prawa konkurencji”, tj. porozumień ograniczających konkurencję, nadużycia pozycji dominującej oraz kontroli koncentracji. W tekście wskazane zostały również niektóre różnice i podobieństwa z polskim i unijnym reżimem omawianej gałęzi prawa. Uwagi końcowe poświęcone zostały projektowi rychłej nowelizacji ustawy federalnej o kartelach i innych ograniczeniach konkurencji oraz kwestii zacieśniania się stosunków pomiędzy Szwajcarią i Unią Europejską w dziedzinie prawa konkurencji.
This article focuses on Swiss competition law, as outlined on the basis of the relevant legislation and case law. The paper presents selected key aspects (in relation to both substantive and procedural law) of Swiss anti-trust law regarding, inter alia, its scope, competition protection authorities, as well as “the three traditional pillars of competition law” (agreements restricting competition, abuse of dominance and control of concentrations). Noted in the text are some of the differences and some of the similarities between Swiss, Polish and EU competition law. The imminent revision of the Federal Act on cartels and other competition restrictions is considered in the closing remarks, as is the strengthening of the relations between Switzerland and the European Union in the field of competition law.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2013, 2, 7; 104-116
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jurgita Malinauskaite, Harmonisation of EU Competition Law Enforcement, Springer, 2020, p. 285
Autorzy:
Woźniak, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158995.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-18
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2020, 13, 22; 271-276
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Challenges of Combating Cartels, 14 Years After the Enactment of Indonesian Competition Law
Autorzy:
Wahyuningtyas, Sih Yuliana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529867.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Competition law
law enforcement
Indonesia
cartels
Opis:
Fourteen years after the enactment of Indonesian Competition Law, the public has had the chance to witness the enforcement practice of the Commission for the Supervision of Business Activities (the Kppu), the competition supervisory authority of Indonesia. Being recognized as an aggressive competition agency, the enforcement of Indonesian Competition Law seems to largely rely on the discretion of the Kppu. However, a review needs to take place not only of how the competition authority accomplishes its tasks, but also how the enforcement process is outlined in the provisions of the Law itself. Around 72% of the cases dealt with by the Kppu concern bid-rigging, 14% cover other types of cartel practices, further types of anticompetitive conduct account for the rest. Despite being criticized as having excessive authority covering the investigation, prosecution, and ruling on competition law cases, the Kppu faces problems in battling cartel practices because major legal flaws exist, for instance concerning collecting evidences. The discussion will be limited to the combat with cartels. Competition law enforcement through the Kppu is administrative in nature albeit with some criminal law influences (evidence). Although it is possible to enforce the law by means of criminal injunctions and private claims, they have rarely been used so far, mainly because Indonesian Competition Law lacks clarity. Problems with existing procedures are rooted in the Kppu’s inability to obtain sufficient evidences. Two propositions are made how to deal with these difficulties – using indirect evidence and implementing a leniency programme, both based on existing Indonesian Competition Law or by amending the Law and inserting new provisions which would explicitly allow the use of both indirect evidence and a leniency programme.
Quatorze ans après la promulgation de la Loi indonésienne sur la concurrence,le public a eu la chance d’assister à la pratique de l’application accomplie par la Commission pour la Supervision des activités commerciales (la KPPU), l’autorité de surveillance de la concurrence de l’Indonésie. Reconnu comme une autorité de la concurrence agressive, l’application de la Loi indonésienne de la concurrence semble se référer largement à la discrétion de la KPPU. Toutefois, un examen doit avoir lieu non seulement sur la façon dont l’autorité de la concurrence accomplit ses tâches, mais aussi la façon dont le processus d’application est décrite dans les dispositions de la Loi elle-même. Environ 72% des affaires traitées par la KPPU concernent des offres collusoires, 14% d’autres types de pratiques de cartel et encore d’autres types de comportement anticoncurrentiel compte pour le reste. En dépit d’être critiqué comme ayant autorité excessive couvrant des enquêtes, des poursuites, et des jugements sur les affaires de droit de la concurrence, la KPPU fait face aux problèmes rélatifs à la lutte contre les pratiques de cartel, car les grandes failles juridiques existent, par exemple en ce qui concerne la collecte des preuves. La discussion sera limitée à la lutte contre les cartels. L’application de la loi de la concurrence par la KPPU est de nature administrative mais avec quelques influences provenant du droit pénal (preuves). Bien qu’il soit possible d’appliquer la loi au moyen d’injonctions pénales et des demandes privées, ils ont été rarement utilisées jusqu’à présent, à cause de manque de clarté par rapport au droit indonésien de la concurrence. Les problèmes avec des procédures existantes sont enracinés dans l’incapacité de la KPPU d’obtenir des preuv es suffisantes. Deux propositions ont été faites sur la manière permettant de résoudre ces difficultés - en utilisant des preuves indirectes et en mettant en œuvre un programme de clémence, tous les deux basés sur la Loi indonésienne actuelle sur la concurrence ou en modifiant la Loi et introduisant des nouvelles dispositions qui permettraient explicitement l’utilisation des deux preuves indirectes et un programme de clémence
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(10); 279-306
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nowe zasady oceny koncentracji eksterytorialnych w niemieckim prawie antymonopolowym
New rules for the assessment of domestic effects of extraterritorial mergers in German competition law
Autorzy:
Łyszczarz, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/508288.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
kontrola koncentracji
eksterytorialne stosowanie prawa konkurencji
progi notyfikacyjne
Bundeskartellamt
concentration control
extraterritorial application of competition law
notification thresholds
Opis:
Niemiecka ustawa antymonopolowa ma zastosowanie także do tych przypadków naruszenia konkurencji, które wprawdzie mają miejsce poza obszarem Republiki Federalnej Niemiec, lecz wywołują skutki na jej terytorium. Zasada eksterytorialnego stosowania niemieckiej ustawy antymonopolowej ma również zastosowanie do kontroli koncentracji. Niemiecki Federalny Urząd ds. Karteli (Bundeskartellamt) wydał w 2014 r. nową wersję „Wytycznych na temat skutków krajowych w kontroli koncentracji”. Wytyczne mają pomagać uczestnikom koncentracji w samodzielnej ocenie czy zamierzona koncentracja wywołuje skutek krajowy w Niemczech, uzasadniający jej notyfikację do niemieckiego organu antymonopolowego. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano podstawowe zasady oceny wpływu planowanych koncentracji na wewnętrzny rynek niemiecki, zgodnie z zasadami zawartymi w wytycznych, w szczególności w zakresie istotnym dla polskich przedsiębiorców.
German competition law applies also to infringements committed outside the borders of the German Federal Republic which, however, have effects on its territory. The principle of extraterritorial application of German competition law is also applicable to concentrations. In 2014, the German competition authority (Bundeskartellamt) issued a new version of its Guidance on domestic effects in merger control. The act is meant to help merging parties in self-assessing whether their planned concentration has domestic effects in Germany and, hence, whether it should be notified to the Bundeskartellamt. Outlined in this article are the main rules on the assessment of domestic effects of concentrations on the German market (according to the new Guidance) considering, in particular, their relevance to Polish undertakings.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2015, 4, 4; 39-56
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compensation liability for antitrust damages caused by related companies – development of the concept of a single economic unit. Case comment to the CJEU judgment of 6 October 2021 in case C-882/19 Sumal SL v Mercedes Benz Trucks España SL
Autorzy:
Mackiewicz, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24987748.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
private enforcement
single economic unit
determining the entities responsible for repairing the damage
infringement of competition law
Opis:
The subject of this case comment is the analysis and assessment of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued on 6 October 2021 in case C-882/19, brought by Sumal SL v Mercedes Benz Trucks España SL. The Sumal judgment concerns an important issue in the area of competition law, both public and private (private enforcement) – determining the group of entities responsible for infringements of competition law operating within one economic body. Earlier CJEU case law in this regard focused primarily on determining the liability of the parent company within a group of companies. In the Sumal judgment, however, the CJEU raised the issue of the liability of subsidiaries in the event of a breach of competition law by the parent company. The CJEU has by no means crossed out its earlier case law on the single economic unit, but looked at the issue from the opposite direction and specified the liability conditions of subsidiaries. Such clarification was undoubtedly desirable. However, it calls into question the principle of liability of subsidiaries in a situation where they were not directly involved in the infringement, rather than only indirectly or informally.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2023, 12, 5; 124-131
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions and Current Changes of Slovak Competition and Civil Law
Autorzy:
Blazo, Ondrej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530357.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
competition law
Directive 2014/104/EU
Slovakia
civil law
commercial law
reform of competition law
leniency programme
settlement
procedural law
Opis:
Slovak competition law enforcement can be characterized by infrequency of leniency applications and near absence of private enforcement. As a result, the adoption of the Damages Directive is not likely to cause substantial breakthrough in Slovakia, be it with respect to the rate of leniency applications or in private enforcement. A comprehensive amendment of Slovak competition law took place in 2014. Changes introduced therein reflected, among other things, the practice of the European Commission regarding access to its file. A new approach was also introduced towards damages claims submitted against leniency applicants. The paper will first consider the question whether it is necessary to further redesign these new Slovak rules because of the adoption of the Damages Directive, or if they have been successfully pre-harmonized. Along with changes to Slovak competition law, procedural rules for civil courts were also re-codified. Hence the second part of this analysis will focus on the question if a new civil procedure framework, including obligatory harmonization, could foster private enforcement of competition law. Summarizing the resulting answers, the third question focuses on who could benefit from further changes to Slovak legislation – final consumers or enterprises that are involved in the production chain. Finally, will changes in Slovak legislation driven by the Directive be coherent with its overall legal system, or will they appear to be an odd and peculiar piece of legislation?
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2015, 8(12); 259-272
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jurgita Malinauskaite, Harmonisation of EU Competition Law Enforcement, Springer, Cham 2020, ss. 272
Autorzy:
Piszcz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2206934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2021, 10, 4; 99-101
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Increasing use of “negotiated” instruments of European competition law enforcement towards foreign companies
Autorzy:
Sage, Ewelina D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
European competition law
cooperation
negotiations
dialogue
conditional merger clearances
commitments decisions
leniency
settlement
US companies
East Asian companies
Japanese companies
South Korean companies
Opis:
This paper considers the increasing use of “negotiated” instruments of European competition law (ECL) enforcement as illustrated by the European Commission’s (EC) enforcement practice directed at firms of American and East Asian origin. The paper first defines the notion of “negotiated” instruments of ECL enforcement as a non-confrontational enforcement method that centres on the existence of a public-private dialogue and mutual will to solve the contested issue, which in turn facilitate mutual benefits in enforcement outcomes (e.g. faster market improvements v. no fines). Three key “negotiated” instruments of ECL enforcement are presented next: conditional merger clearances, commitments decisions, as well as leniency and the settlement procedure. The EC’s decision to introduce negotiated enforcement instruments into its toolkit has been largely embraced by the market. Their ever growing practical application suggests that public-private dialogue is becoming a rule, rather than an exemption, in public enforcement of ECL. This thesis is illustrated by a selection of ECL cases involving US (e.g. Microsoft) and East Asian (e.g. Samsung, Sony) companies which chose to cooperate with the EC in order to generate tangible benefits for themselves, which are largely precluded in a more adversarial procedure
Cet article examine l’utilisation croissante de l’application des instruments européens «négociés» du droit de la concurrence (ECL) comme il est illustré par la pratique de l’application de la Commission européenne (CE) dirigée vers les entreprises d’origine américaine et asiatique (Asie de l’Est). L’article définit d’abord la notion d’instruments «négociés» de l’application de l’ECL comme une méthode d’application non conflictuelle qui se concentre sur l’existence d’un dialogue public - privé et la volonté commune de résoudre la question en litige, qui, en revenche, facilite les avantages mutuels dans les résultats de l’application (par exemple, des améliorations plus rapides du marché v. aucunes amendes). Trois instruments «négociés» de l’application de l’ECL principaux sont présentés ci-dessous: les autorisations conditionnelles de fusion, les décisions d’engagement, ainsi que la coopération et la procédure de règlement. La décision de la CE à introduire des instruments négociés de l’application dans sa boîte à outils (toolkit) a été largement acceptée par le marché. Leur application pratique en croissance constante suggère que le dialogue public-privé devient une règle, plutôt que d’une exemption, en application publique de l’ECL. Cette thèse est illustrée par une sélection de cas d’ECL concernant les entreprises en provenvence des États-Unis (par exemple Microsoft) et de l’Asie de l’Est (par exemple Samsung, Sony) qui ont choisi de coopérer avec la Commission européenne afin de générer des bénéfices tangibles pour eux-mêmes, qui sont en grande partie exclue dans une procédure plus contradictoire.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(10); 235-262
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Solvents to the Rescue – a Historical Outline of the Impact of EU Law on the Application of Polish Competition Law by Polish Courts
Autorzy:
Miąsik, Dawid
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530346.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
EU competition law
judicial application of competition law
Europe’s Agreement
spontaneous harmonization
relevant market
consumer detriment
restriction of competition
Opis:
The article is devoted to the influence of European competition law on the application of Polish competition rules by Polish courts. It covers references to EU law that has been made throughout 20 years of its history. It aims at identifying various instances where EU law has been invoked to provide Polish competition rules with the actual content as well as different modes of referrals to EU law.
L’article concerne l’influence de la loi européenne de la concurrence sur l’application des règles polonaises de concurrence par des tribunaux polonais. L’article couvre les références a la loi de l’UE développée au cours des 20 années de son histoire. Son but est d’identifier des instances où la loi de l’EU a été invoquée pour donner aux règles polonaises de la concurrence le contenu actuel et les modes de référence a la loi de l’UE.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2010, 3(3); 11-27
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Możliwość ograniczania handlu równoległego produktami leczniczymi przez podmioty odpowiedzialne w świetle prawa konkurencji
Possibility to limit parallel trade in medicinal product by marketing authorisation holders in view of competition law
Autorzy:
Mądry, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/507828.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
handel równoległy
import równoległy
nadużywanie pozycji dominującej
porozumienia ograniczające konkurencje
produkty lecznicze
competition law
parallel trade of medicinal product
limitation of a parallel trade
marketing authorisation holders
Opis:
Handel równoległy produktami leczniczymi jest zagadnieniem niezwykle istotnym ze względu na skalę jego prowadzenia. Z uwagi na fakt, iż uderza on w obowiązki zapewnienia stałych dostaw i interesy ekonomiczne producentów produktów leczniczych, którzy definiowani są jako podmioty odpowiedzialne, podejmują oni rozmaite działania mające na celu ograniczenie jego skali. Działania te obejmują odmowę dostaw, stosowanie systemu podwójnych cen i systemu dystrybucji bezpośredniej. Natomiast ograniczanie handlu równoległego przez producentów budzi wątpliwości pod względem zgodności z prawem konkurencji. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza możliwości ograniczania handlu równoległego. Artykuł zwieńczony jest oceną dotychczasowego stosowania reguł konkurencji oraz próbą przedstawienia własnego stanowiska.
Parallel trade of medicinal products is a very important issue, mainly due to its scale. It contradicts the obligation to ensure the availability of medicinal products as well as threatens the economic interests of the producers of medicinal products, which are defined as marketing authorisation holders. These are the reasons why marketing authorisation holders are trying to limit parallel trade by various means. Their actions comprise the refusal to supply full orders, double pricing, and direct to pharmacy schemes, all of which raise concerns in view of competition law. The aim of this article is to analyse the possibilities to limit parallel trade of medicinal products by marketing authorisation holders in view of competition law. The article concludes with an assessment of the application of competition law on the pharmaceutical market and presents some recommendations on how the problem should be approached in the future.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2017, 6, 5; 46-60
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maciej Gac, Group litigation as an instrument of competition law enforcement – analysis based on European, French and Polish experiences, University of Warsaw Faculty of Management Press, Warsaw 2017, 532 pages
Autorzy:
Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Opis:
A key theme of the book under review here is the engagement of individuals (mainly consumers) in the enforcement of competition law. The involvement of consumers in a competition case, and their will to initiate proceedings against antitrust infringers before civil courts, seems to be natural fuel for the development of private enforcement of competition law – Maciej Gac confirms this straight in the title of his book by presenting group litigations as an instrument for the enforcement of competition law. However, the author does not describe this instrument in the title of the book as effective or efficient – this seems to be an intentional omission, because one of the hypothesis of this book is that – despite good prospects – group litigations do not play a sufficient role in competition law enforcement
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2018, 11(17); 169-172
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does Competition Matter? An Attempt of Analytical ‘Unbundling’ of Competition from Consumer Welfare: A Response to Miąsik
Autorzy:
Andriychuk, Oles
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529974.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
goals of competition law
deontological v. utilitarian antitrust
separability thesis
competition and liberal democracy
rule of form v. rule of reason
Opis:
This paper is an attempt to evaluate the conceptual relationship between two central elements of the theory of antitrust: competition and consumer welfare. These two notions are analysed in their mutual dependency. In terms of methodology, the paper proposes to structurally separate competition from consumer welfare. This technique is successfully applied in the domain of legal philosophy when the correlation between law and morality is debated. The main purpose of this paper is to show that both competition and consumer welfare are economic values of fundamental importance with no ex ante hierarchical dominance of consumer welfare over competition. In case of conflict, priority might be given to either of these values depending on the context of the assessment. This paper has a discursive character, it constitutes a response to Dawid Miąsik’s article entitled: ‘Controlled Chaos with Consumer Welfare as the Winner – a Study of the Goals of Polish Antitrust Law’ which was published in the ‘Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies’ 2008 vol. 1.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2009, 2(2); 12-26
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
What Are the Directions in the Enforcement of Polish Competition Law – Review of a Series of New Polish Soft Law Guidelines
Autorzy:
Laszczyk, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530000.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
soft law
guidelines
statement of objections
settlement
commitments
Opis:
A recent amendment to the Act of Competition and Consumer Protection of 2007, which entered into force in January 2015, brought with it a number of changes to the Polish competition law system introducing, among other things, several new legal institutions. This development created the need to issue new soft law guidelines in order to give some clarity as to their application. At the same time, certain pre-existing soft law guidelines of the Polish Competition Authority – the President of the UOKiK – needed updating in order to make them applicable to the new legal conditions. The aforementioned legislative changes were accompanied by an official UOKiK policy statement of openness and transparency. Given this objective, the UOKiK President provided a set of best practices for the Authority, in particular as regards its relations with undertakings. The aim of this paper is to critically review the newly adopted guidelines as well as modifications made to pre-existing soft laws. It emerges from this analysis that although the issuance of any sort of guidelines should be welcomed in general, since it improves legal certainty as to the Authority’s future conduct in individual cases, a number of problems remains which have not been sufficiently or in fact properly addressed.
Une réforme récente de la Loi sur la concurrence et la protection des consommateurs de 2007, qui est entrée en vigueur en janvier 2015, a introduit un certain nombre de changements dans le système polonais du droit de la concurrence, y compris des nouvelles institutions juridiques. Ce développement a créé un besoin de publier les lignes directrices afin de donner une certaine clarté concernant l’application des institutions juridiques qui ont été introduites. En même temps, certaines lignes directrices déjà publiés par l'autorité polonaise de la concurrence - le Président de l'UOKiK - devrait être mises à jour afin de les rendre applicables aux nouvelles conditions juridiques. Les changements législatifs mentionnés cidessus ont été accompagnés par la déclaration officielle de la part de UOKiK portant sur la politique d'ouverture et de transparence. Compte tenu de cet objectif, le Président d’UOKiK a fourni un code de bonnes pratiques pour l’Autorité de la concurrence, notamment en ce qui concerne ses relations avec les entreprises. Le but de cet article est d'examiner de manière critique les nouvelles lignes directrices adoptées par le Président d’UOKiK, ainsi que d’examiner des modifications apportées aux lignes directrices pré-existantes. Il ressort de cette analyse que, même si la publication de toute sorte de lignes directrices doit être appréciée, car elle améliore la sécurité juridique concernant la conduite future de l'Autorité de la concurrence dans des cas individuels, il reste toujours un certain nombre de problèmes qui n’étaient pas suffisamment ou correctement pris en compte.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2016, 9(13); 121-140
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Możliwości kwestionowania decyzji regulacyjnych Prezesa UKE na gruncie prawa ochrony konkurencji
The opportunities to challenge regulatory decisions of the President of the Office of Electronic Communications pursuant to the provisions of competition law
Autorzy:
Różyk-Rozbicka, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/508551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-11-26
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
MTR
decyzje SMP
Prezes UKE
nadużycie pozycji dominującej
stosowanie cen zawyżonych
praktyka zawężania marży
Komisja Europejska
Mobile Termination Rates
SMP decisions
the President of UKE
abuse of a dominant position
excessive pricing
margin squeeze
the European Commission
Opis:
W artykule poddano ocenie możliwość kwestionowania na gruncie prawa ochrony konkurencji decyzji Prezesa UKE nakładających na poszczególnych operatorów telekomunikacyjnych obowiązek pobierania stawek MTR w określonej regulacyjnie wysokości. W ocenie autorki stosowanie przez operatorów stawek wynikających z takich decyzji może być poddane analizie w kategoriach nadużycia pozycji dominującej, poprzez stosowanie cen zawyżonych (excessive pricing) albo praktyki zawężania marży (margin squeeze). Porównano zakres równoległego stosowania prawa konkurencji i regulacji sektorowych do oceny tego typu zachowań w polskim i unijnym porządku prawnym, odwołując się zarówno do uregulowań prawnych, jak i praktyki decyzyjnej organów ochrony konkurencji oraz dorobku judykatury. W artykule omówiono również aspekty proceduralne postępowań prowadzonych w tym zakresie przez Prezesa UOKiK oraz przez Komisję Europejską.
The article seeks to answer the question of whether, and, if so, under what conditions, regulatory decisions whereby the President of UKE (Office for Electronic Communications) imposes on telecommunications undertakings regulatory obligations to set their Mobile Termination Rates at a particular level may be contested in the light of competition law. In the author’s opinion, application by telecoms of MTRs established by virtue of a regulatory decision may be assessed from the point of view of possible abuse of a dominant position taking form of excessive pricing or margin squeeze. Moreover, the article presents a comparative analysis of the extent to which parallel application of competition law and sector-specific regulations to the abovementioned anticompetitive practices is possible under legal regimes of Poland and the EU, taking account of legal provisions as well as of the decision-making practice of competition authorities and law courts’ decisions. The last part of the article addresses procedural aspects of proceedings carried out within this scope by the President of UOKiK (Polish competition authority) and by the European Commission.
Źródło:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny; 2012, 1, 5; 6-23
2299-5749
Pojawia się w:
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Passing-on of Overcharges and the Implementation of the Damages Directive in CEE Countries
Autorzy:
Moisejevas, Raimundas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
antitrust damage
consumers
passing-on of overcharges
Lithuania
private enforcement of competition law
antitrust damage claims
Directive on antitrust damages actions
calculation of damages
Opis:
The article focuses on the concept of passing-on of overcharges and the peculiarities of its regulation by the Damages Directive. The Damages Directive obliges Member States to ensure that the defendant in an action for damages may invoke the passing-on defence. Moreover, the Directive establishes the new framework and the main principles that govern the application of the passing-on defence. The national case law on passing-on is very insignificant in Central and Eastern European countries and many questions are expected to be raised in the courts of the CEE Member States. While discussing the concept of passing-on in the Damages Directive, a lot of emphasis should be paid to the issue of causation. Causation will definitely be the subject of most of the questions in cases when an indirect purchaser will bring a claim for damages. Causation may be tricky when an indirect purchaser claims it suffered an ‘overcharge harm’ because of passing-on. In most cases, the issue of causation will be decided mainly by national courts based on national procedural rules. Depending on the situation, passing-on may be used as a basis for the claim (as a ‘sword’) or as a defence (as a ‘shield’). It could be used as a basis for the claim by an indirect purchaser, in case s/he has suffered any harm because of the illegal actions of a cartelist or a dominant company. At the same time, it could be used as a defence by the infringer against a claim for damages. The article also analyses the specifics of the implementation of the Directive into the national laws of CEE Member States.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2017, 10(15); 133-146
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Consistency of Polish Competition Law with ICN Recommendations – the Example of the Merger Notification Obligation
Autorzy:
Błachucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-04-07
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Opis:
The regulation of the merger notification obligation lies at the heart of the system of merger control. It defines what transactions are caught under the scrutiny of competition authorities, and which undertakings are obliged to notify them. The International Competition Network (ICN), which is a virtual network of competition authorities, has developed a series of recommendations for the proper construction of a merger notification obligation. The analysis presented here is limited to substantive provisions and the merger procedure itself is not covered by the paper. The article aims to confront the ICN Recommendations and the Polish regulations. It will identify areas of compatibility and discrepancy between the two sets of norms. The conclusions may serve as a basis for further development and the fine-tuning of the Polish merger control system. The analysis will also contribute to scholarship on the influence of transgovernmental networks on domestic legal order and the administrative practice of public authorities.
Określenie prawnego obowiązku zgłaszania koncentracji jest kluczowym elementem systemu kontroli koncentracji. Regulacja ta wskazuje jakie koncentracje podlegają obowiązkowi ich zgłoszenia do organu antymonopolowego oraz na jakim przedsiębiorcy ten obowiązek spoczywa. Międzynarodowa Sieć Konkurencji (ICN) stanowiąca wirtualną sieć organów konkurencji stworzyła serię wytycznych w jaki sposób należy konstruować obowiązek zgłoszenia koncentracji w prawie krajowym. Przedmiotem analizy są jedynie regulacje materialnoprawne, zaś regulacje procesowe pozostają poza przedmiotem analizy. Celem artykułu jest porównanie wytycznych ICN z przepisami polskimi. Zidentyfikowane zostaną pola spójności i rozbieżności pomiędzy regulacjami polskimi i wytycznymi ICN. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań mogą stanowić dobrą podstawę do dalszego rozwoju i doskonalenia polskiego systemu kontroli koncentracji. Przeprowadzona analiza wzbogaci również dotychczasowe badania dotyczące wpływu ponadnarodowych sieci organów administracji na krajowy porządek prawny i praktykę organów administracji publicznej.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 3 (215); 103-129
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Polish Leniency Programme and the Implementation of the ECN+ Directive Leniency-related Standards in Poland
Autorzy:
Szot, Patrycja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159112.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
ECN+
leniency
Polish leniency
leniency plus
private enforcement
ring-leader
NCA
summary application
marker
individual sanctions
UOKiK
immunity
reduction of fines
enforcement of competition law
Opis:
This publication discusses the current state of the Polish leniency programme and the amendments required in order to implement the ECN+ Directive (in particular in the area of specific conditions for leniency, individual sanctions, protection of leniency statements or leniency plus) as well as harmonisation flaws (primarily lack of one-stop-shop, universal language, failure to lay down rules regulating the reduction of fines or fully coordinating rules on immunity from individual sanctions, lack of harmonisation regarding applications in non-cartel cases). The author’s view is that the Polish system in broad terms corresponds to the majority of the harmonised standards owing to soft harmonisation based on the Model Leniency Programme and the EU leniency programme. Further, the implementation will not bring about revolutionary changes, unless combined with de lege ferenda improvements and enhancements in the general level of anti-cartel enforcement.
et des modifications nécessaires pour mettre en oeuvre la directive ENC+ (en particulier dans le domaine des conditions spécifiques de clémence, des sanctions individuelles, la protection des déclarations effectuées en vue d’obtenir la clémence ou «Leniency plus»), ainsi que des lacunes en matière d’harmonisation (principalement absence d’organe centralisé, de langage universel, absence de règles régissant la réduction des amendes ou de règles pleinement coordonnées en matière d’immunité des sanctions individuelles). Selon l’auteur, le système polonais correspond globalement à la plupart des normes harmonisées grâce à une harmonisation «douce» fondée sur le programme modèle du REC en matière de clémence et sur le programme de clémence de l’UE. Sa mise en oeuvre n’entraînera pas de changements drastiques, à moins d’être combinée à des améliorations de lege ferenda et à une amélioration générale dans le niveau de lutte contre les ententes.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2019, 12, 20; 9-54
1689-9024
2545-0115
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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