Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "strategies to" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
„Uwspólnione” tworzenie sensu w interakcji dziecka z dorosłym
Sharing of meaning in the interaction of a child with an adult
Autorzy:
Wiśniewska-Kin, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1387876.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
understanding of concepts
strategies to develop children’s ways of understanding and interpreting concepts
culture of education
Opis:
This article demonstrates the results of the educational project “stimulating children’s thinking” carried out in some primary schools in a metropolitan environment (Lodz, Poland). The aim of the study was to identify the ways of understanding the concept of community by 9–10-year old children. In the didactical intervention operations designed, the research data came from participated observation, focus interview, and children’s production analysis (graphical visualization, pairedassociate learning tasks and tests of unfinished tasks). Based on my research, I see the need for triggering the cognitive activity of pupils in conditions that ensure the development of conceptual systems. Moreover, the findings suggest the need of broader understanding of educational environments in Polish educational culture.
Źródło:
Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji; 2018, 42, 3; 49-59
1734-1582
2451-2230
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fehler als Lernquelle – Übersetzung in die Fremdsprache als Mittel zum Erwerb der fremdsprachlich-übersetzerischen Kompetenz im universitären Übersetzungsunterricht
Autorzy:
Teshajev Sunderland, Eva
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/913271.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Translating into a foreign language
translation mistakes
mistake analysis
sources of mistakes
strategies to avoid mistakes
translation competence
Opis:
This article explores the problems which occur when teaching the translation of functional texts into a foreign language (from Polish into German). The article especially focuses on lexicalterminological and pragmatic translation mistakes, their causes, and strategies for avoiding them. One of the biggest challenges when translating into a foreign language is to use correct and adequate equivalents. The authors argue that the competences needed for this task should be taught as early as possible during translation training. The authors have therefore analysed texts translated by BA translation students and have chosen examples which represent the most frequent categories of mistakes, e.g. word-to-word translation, breaching the target language‘s conventions, and (inter)cultural problems. The solutions proposed are based on functional translation theory and translation criticism, and also take into account the classifications of mistakes used in translation didactics.
Źródło:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2018, 45, 1; 159-178
0072-4769
Pojawia się w:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dziecięce zmagania z czasem. Wyzwalanie rozumienia pojęcia czas przez dzieci 9–10-letnie w kulturze szkoły polskiej
Children’s struggling with time. Triggering the understanding of the concept of time by children aged 9–10 in the culture of polish school
Autorzy:
Wiśniewska-Kin, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1387966.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-03-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
natural concepts
matrix concepts
understanding of concepts
strategies to
develop children’s ways of understanding and interpreting concepts
culture of education
Opis:
In this article, I am going to discuss the issues of triggering children’s understanding of natural concepts (on the example of the concept of time) in a cultural context. I was particularly interested in the resources provided by culture to help children understand natural concepts. In the research, I applied the basic types of procedures for collecting qualitative data: observation (observer-as-participant), interview (direct, personal, focused), documents (children’s products) and audiovisual materials (audio and video recordings). The didactic intervention activity was conducted in two second grade and two third grade classes in primary schools in metropolitan environment. The reconstruction of the children’s understanding of the concept of natural time revealed its complexity. For children there is not one time, but many dimensions of time entered in two profiles: physical time (clock) and psychological time (time of memories and perceptions). Based on my research, I see the need for triggering the cognitive activity of pupils in conditions that ensure the development of conceptual systems containing both matrix concepts and natural notions.
Źródło:
Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji; 2017, 37, 2; 28-40
1734-1582
2451-2230
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wartości „mieć”, „być” wśród uczniów szkół ponadgimnazjalnych
Autorzy:
Szostak-Jośko, Ilona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/606787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
values, “to be” attitude, “to have” attitude, strategies for education, moral education
wartości, postawy „być”, „mieć’, strategie wychowania, wychowanie moralne
Opis:
In the world of continual social and economic changes, morality crisis, consumptionism, the contrast between “to be” and “to have” attitudes is manifesting itself. The aim of this study was to reveal what values are preferred by secondary school students. Results of the research, obtained with the Scale of “to be” and “to have” Attitudes by Bronisław Grulkowski, show that ¾ of students participating in this study identifies with the attitude on a border of those groups. It means that gaining pleasure, collecting material goods, life and financial stabilisation, conformity are as important for the respondents as friendship, solidarity with others, giving help to people in need, self-improvement, developing one’s interests or broadening one’s knowledge. Received results provided a foundation for indications for the educational practice in the realm of enrichment and development of attitudes recognising the primacy of human spiritual values.
W świecie nieustannych przemian społecznych, ekonomicznych, kryzysu moralnego, konsumpcyjnego stylu życia, coraz wyraźniej uwidacznia się kontrast między postawami „być” i „mieć”. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie, jakie wartości preferują uczniowie szkół ponadgimnazjalnych. Wyniki badań uzyskane na podstawie Skali Postaw Mieć i Być ks. Bronisława Grulkowskiego wskazały, że ¾ z 600 przebadanych uczniów identyfikuje się z postawą z pogranicza obu tych grup. Oznacza to, że dążenie do przyjemności, posiadania dóbr materialnych, stabilizacji życiowej, finansowej, konformizmu, jest tak samo ważne dla respondentów, jak przyjaźń, solidarność z innymi ludźmi, niesienie pomocy potrzebującym, samodoskonalenie, rozwijanie zainteresowań czy pogłębianie wiedzy. Otrzymane wyniki stały się podstawą do sformułowania wskazań dla praktyki wychowawczej w zakresie ubogacania i rozwijania postaw uznających prymat wartości duchowych człowieka.
Źródło:
Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2018, 37, 3
0137-6136
Pojawia się w:
Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
POLSCY MIGRANCI MIESZKAJĄCY W IRLANDII ICH STRATEGIE AKULTURACYJNE I STOSUNEK WOBEC INTEGRACJI
INTEGRATION ATTITUDES AND ACCULTURATION STRATEGIES: POLISH IMMIGRANTS IN IRELAND
Autorzy:
Klimek, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/579711.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
INTEGRATION
ACCULTURATION STRATEGIES
POLISH MIGRATION TO IRELAND
Opis:
This study answers the question of what integration attitudes Polish migrants hold towards their adaptation process into the Irish society. To investigate this problem the acculturation perspective was applied. Behavioral and attitudinal aspects of migrants' acculturation strategies were investigated. The results indicate that separation and integration were the predominant acculturation strategies for the examined sample. In relation to the participants' acculturation behavior, the separation option was most often applied, followed by the integration alternative as the second choice. Regarding the respondents' preferences for particular strategies the results are the inverse, indicating preference for the integration strategy over separation. These findings may be explained by several factors such as the participants' proficiency in the English language or their intention to stay or return to the home country.
Źródło:
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny; 2012, 38, 3(145); 27-52
2081-4488
2544-4972
Pojawia się w:
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zarządzanie strategiczne w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego: strategie play-to-win i play-not-to-lose
Autorzy:
Fazlagić, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2011117.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
district authority
administration strategies
play-to-win strategy
playnot-to-lose strategy
Opis:
This paper aims to briefly describe the two types of strategies (strategic orientations), namely: play-to-win (PTW) and play-not-to-lose (PNTL) as well as to propose some tools for their operationalization within the framework of public management by local governments at county level. The PTW strategies are related to offensive approaches and benefiting from emerging opportunities – they can be defined as “results oriented”. The PNTL, are defensive, based on the current (or even historical) standing of an organization – they can be defined as “survival oriented”. Some examples of possible applications and management tools of the PTW vs. PNTL thinking to the situation of local governments will are described. These tools may be helpful in identifying the specific approach in strategic thinking of local governments. The analysis of the two approaches is of particular importance for the measurement of intellectual capital at county level. The PTW vs. PNTL implies the type of investment decisions and budgetary spending policies as well as attitudes and behaviours promoted locally.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2015, 20; 136-146
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stress Coping Strategies for 8- and 9-year-old Children
Strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem dzieci 8- i 9-letnich
Autorzy:
Cywińska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1071073.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
stress
resistance to stress
children’s physiological and behavioral reactions to stress
problem-focused coping strategies
emotion-focused coping strategies
coping strategies for children in early school age
Opis:
Stress is an integral part of our lives. It also applies to our childhood. That is why it is so important to know how children cope with stress (how they learn coping strategies) and to equip them with the skill set to cope constructively with stressful situations throughout life. This article describes strategies for coping with stress that are characteristic for children at the end of early school education. They have been identified in the course of my own research aimed at characterizing child stress and relate to a fragment of research activities aimed at 8- and 9-year-old children. The research established that in some children the developmental process of coping with stress has started: children look for, investigate, and think how to cope with difficulties. In this struggle, however, they focus on people ho could be a source of support for them in coping with stressful situations. Among children’s stress coping strategies, an important role is also played by emotionally focused strategies, which are aimed at reducing negative emotions and arousing positive emotions.
Źródło:
Studia Edukacyjne; 2020, 57; 7-15
1233-6688
Pojawia się w:
Studia Edukacyjne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Past and future research agendas on writing strategies: Conceptualizations, inquiry methods, and research findings
Autorzy:
Manchón, Rosa M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780597.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
feedback processing
learning-to-write
L2 writing
problem solving
writing-to-learn-language
strategies
Opis:
This paper offers a retrospective narrative review of research on L2 writing strategies and a prospective discussion of potential theoretical and pedagogical relevant lines of inquiry to be explored in future research agendas. The retrospective analysis will synthesize the main trends observed in the conceptualization of writing strategies as well as central directions followed in empirical research in the domain. The prospective discussion tries to advance research agendas on the basis of several observations about L2 writing that are presented as key points to be considered when analyzing existing or thinking about future research in the domain. Special mention will be made of future research avenues centrally concerned with theoretical and empirical questions on the manner in which strategic behavior during writing and during written corrective feedback processing may foster language learning. It will be suggested that following this route can result in interesting and profitable synergies between research on language learning strategies and recent SLA-oriented L2 writing research initiatives on the language learning potential associated with L2 writing.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2018, 8, 2; 247-267
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Decyzje edukacyjne maturzystów. Kontekst społeczny i indywidualne postawy młodzieży Białegostoku wobec wykształcenia wyższego
Educational decisions of high school graduates. The social context and individual attitudes of the youths of Bialystok to the higher education.
Autorzy:
Poleszczuk, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952149.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
school graduate
attitude to education
Carpe Diem Syndrome
decision strategies
Opis:
The aim of the article is to identify attitudes towards higher education of graduates of high schools in Białystok and to identify the individual and social factors influencing these attitudes. The decision-making model presented in the article included the personal preferences, peer groups, teachers and parents as a factors determining the value of higher education, the criteria of study selection and the expectations associated with them. The decision-making process associated with the choice of an educational path has a nature of investment decisions that are highly unpredictable because of delaying desired outcomes. That’s why the decision-making process of graduates of high schools have to be highly social in nature.
Źródło:
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne; 2017, 31
1230-2392
Pojawia się w:
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fundamental Rights and the Obligation to Publicly Disclose Information on Tax Strategy
Autorzy:
Szymacha, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
tax transparency
fundamental rights
proportionality
right to remain silent
right to privacy
tax strategies publication
Opis:
The aim of the article: The presented study concerns the problem of violations of fundamental rights caused by the law regulation contained in art. 27c of the Corporate Income Tax Act in Poland. This regulation provides obligation to publish information about introduced tax strategies. Yet, it may endanger many human rights and this article focuses on two of them – the right to remain silent, and the right of privacy. The aim of this article is to make an analysis of the standards presented by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. Additionally, the standard presented by the Polish Constitutional Court is presented. Methodology: To decode these standards the comparative law method is used. Especially the case laws of these courts are presented and additionally, they are completed by the comparison of the acts that concern similar law institutions but come from different lawmakers. Results of the research: The results of the study do not provide a clear answer. However, they do allow for an approximation of the issue of possible violations of fundamental rights by the analyzed regulation. It is very likely that the analyzed regulation violates the right to remain silent and it is even close to certainty that the analyzed laws violate the right to privacy. The problem is not only the interference in these rights, but in its character as well. Under certain circumstances, interference with fundamental rights is acceptable but must be proportionate. Examined laws are only explained in terms of budgetary balance and the academic world points out that the purpose of this type of regulation is mainly of administrative convenience. This is far too little to consider this interference with fundamental rights imperative.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2021, 4, 32; 7-20
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is the Structure of the Strategic Approach to Coping Scale Cross-Culturally Stable? Evidence Based on a Scoping Literature Review
Autorzy:
Bartczuk, Rafał P.
Chwaszcz, Joanna
Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Niewiadomska, Iwona
Gałkowska-Bachanek, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1731346.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-10
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
coping strategies
Multiaxial Model of Coping
Strategic Approach to Coping Scale
Opis:
The Strategic Approach to Coping Scale (SACS) is a measure based on the Multiaxial Model of Coping. The original version of the scale consists of nine subscales, which form three second-order factors. An up-to-date review of SACS cultural adaptations was provided in order to examine the evidence for the cultural stability of SACS first- and second-level structures. The review demonstrated that among the SACS first-level factors some are more culturally stable and some are more sensitive to cultural context. The second-order structure of the SACS is more interculturally stable, especially the active–passive and social factors have a robust empirical justification.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2020, 23, 1; 7-21
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Fifth Slovene Hamlet: Return to Tradition?
Autorzy:
Zlatnar Moe, Marija
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647991.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
literary translation
drama translation
central to peripheral translation
Hamlet
translation strategies
style
Opis:
Over the nearly two centuries that Hamlet has been a fixture of the Slovene cultural firmament, the complete text has been translated five times, mostly by highly esteemed figures of Slovene literature and literary translation. This article focuses on the most recent translation, which was done by the prominent Slovene drama translator Srečko Fišer for a performance at the National Theatre in Ljubljana in 2013. It examines the new translation’s relations to its source text as well as to the previous translations. After the late twentieth century, when Hamlet was regarded as a text to be challenged, this new translation indicates the return to the tradition of reverence both for the source text and its author, and for the older translations. This is demonstrated on all levels, from the choice of source text edition, which seems to bear more similarities with the older translations than with the most recent predecessors, to the style, which echoes the solutions used by the earlier translators. Fišer continues the Slovenian tradition to a far greater extent than the two translators twenty years ago, by using the same strategies as the early translators, not fixing what was not broken, and only adding his own interpretation to the existing ones, instead of challenging or ignoring them. At the same time, however, traces of subversion of the source text can be detected, not in the form of rebellion, but rather as a mild disregard. This latest translation is the first one to frequently reshuffle the text. It is also the first to subordinate meaning to style. This all indicates that despite the apparent return to tradition, the source text is no longer treated with the reverence of the past.
Źródło:
Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance; 2017, 16, 31; 127-143
2083-8530
2300-7605
Pojawia się w:
Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Polish Adaptation of the Strategic Approach to Coping Scale
Autorzy:
Chwaszcz, Joanna
Bartczuk, Rafał P.
Niewiadomska, Iwona
Hobfoll, Stevan E.
Palacz-Chrisidis, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1731347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-10
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
coping strategies
Multiaxial Model of Coping
Strategic Approach to Coping Scale
marginalization
Opis:
The Strategic Approach to Coping Scale (SACS) is a tool designed to measure coping strategies in terms of the Multiaxial Model of Coping. The aim of this article is to present our work towards adapting the SACS to the Polish cultural context. The Polish translation of this measure and the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank were applied to 1,074 Poles from 11 sample groups at risk of social exclusion. Principal component analysis performed on the data showed six components rather than the original nine. Second-order factor analysis carried out on the subscale scores revealed three factors partially consistent with the original theoretical assumptions. Convergences and discrepancies of the resulting structure versus the original one are discussed, along with reliability and the preliminary theoretical validity of the method.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2020, 23, 1; 23-43
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of teaching communication strategies on EFL learners Willingness to Communicate
Autorzy:
Mesgarshahr, Abulfazl
Abdollahzadeh, Esmaeel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780433.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Willingness to Communicate
communication strategies
strategic competence
Communication Apprehension
Self-perceived Communicative Competence
Opis:
One of the pedagogical implications of the research on the Willingness to Communicate (WTC) might be to propose practical ways of making language learners more willing to communicate in the classroom. This study investigated the impact of teaching communication strategies (CSs) on Iranian EFL learners’ WTC. To this end, 8 intact classes were included as the experimental and control groups. The control group underwent regular language instruction, while the experimental group received the treatment (i.e., communication strategy training). The self-report measurement of WTC (MacIntyre, Baker, Clément, & Conrad, 2001) was done before (pre-test) and after the treatment (post-test). The results of the independent-samples t test showed that the degree of WTC of the treatment group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. It was concluded that teaching CSs helps learners become more willing to communicate in the classroom.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2014, 4, 1; 51-76
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przypadkowość czy racjonalność – wybory edukacyjne studentów Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
Randomness or rationality – the educational choices of the students at the University of Zielona Góra
Autorzy:
Kołodziej, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950486.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
motywy podjęcia studiów
strategie edukacyjne
wybory edukacyjne
motives to study
educational strategies
educational choices
Opis:
Prezentowany tekst jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące racjonalności decyzji edukacyjnych podejmowanych przez studentów Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. Opierając się na danych uzyskanych w badaniu Młodzież akademicka w czasach nieufności i zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych. Międzykrajowe badania porównawcze, autor wskazuje na występującą u studentów różnych kierunków spójność pomiędzy motywami podjęcia studiów oraz wyboru kierunku kształcenia, dostrzeganymi korzyściami wynikającymi z wykonywania pracy zgodnej z wykształceniem oraz oceną szans na zdobycie takiej pracy, a także gotowością do powtórzenia dokonanych wyborów edukacyjnych. Spójność pomiędzy tymi elementami może wskazywać na stosowanie przez studentów przemyślanych strategii edukacyjnych opartych na racjonalnej ocenie korzyści wynikających z dokonanych wyborów edukacyjnych.
The present text is an attempt to answer the question concerning the rationality of educational decisions taken by the students of the University of Zielona Gora. Based on the data obtained in the research Academic youth in times of distrust and civilizational threats. Cross-National comparative research, the author points to the consistency that appears between motives to study and choice of the field of study, the perceived benefits of work in line with education and assessment of the chances of getting such work, and readiness to repeat the educational choices. Consistency between these elements can indicate that students use well-thought-out educational strategies based on rational evaluation of the benefits of educational choices.
Źródło:
Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów; 2017, 18; 47-58
2084-2740
Pojawia się w:
Dyskursy Młodych Andragogów
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies