Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "ship movement" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 20
Tytuł:
Estimation of the Safety of Navigation Under Bridges
Ocena bezpieczeństwa żeglugi w rejonie mostów
Autorzy:
Zaikov, V.
Hajduk, J.
Kuznetsova, T. Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906451.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
safety of navigation
fairways
ship's movement simulation
Opis:
The paper presents assumptions concerning estimation of the safety of navigation under a bridge over the river. Taking into account these assumptions, the simulation of the river push train movement has been carried out using MMSIM computer software. The described method can be used for determining ship's swept path in various hydro-meteorological conditions and for designing the type of a bridge to be built and the position of piers providing for an accepted level of navigational.
Przedstawiono założenia dotyczące oceny bezpieczeństwa żeglugi na rzekach w rejonie mostów. Opierając się na tych założeniach dokonano symulacji ruchu rzecznych zestawów pchanych z wykorzystaniem programu MMSIM. Prezentowana metoda może być stosowana zwłaszcza do określania pasów ruchu statku przy różnych warunkach hydrometeorologicznych oraz do projektowania długości przęseł mostów zapewniających określony poziom bezpieczeństwa żeglugi.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2005, 6 (78); 361-366
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of natural conditions on the imaging of the bottom of the Gdańsk Bay by means of the side scan sonar
Autorzy:
Witos-Okrasińska, D.
Grelowska, G.
Kozaczka, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
side scan sonar imaging
Gdańsk Bay seabed
refraction of sound ray in sea
influence of ship’s movement on the wave on underwater imaging
Opis:
The interest in underwater resources is the reason for the development of modern hydroacoustic systems, including side sonars, which find numerous applications such as: research of seabed morphology and sediment characteristics, preparation of sea sediment maps, and even in special cases of biocenoses such as sea grass meadows, detection of specific targets at the bottom such as shipwrecks, mines, identification of suitable sites for maritime infrastructure. Such applications require precise information about the position of the objects to be observed. Errors affecting the depiction of the bottom using hydroacoustic systems can be divided into errors associated with improper operation of measuring and support devices, systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors result from the changing conditions prevailing in the analyzed environment affecting the measurement system. The errors affecting the correct operation of hydroacoustic systems can include: changing angle of inclination of the beam caused by the vessel’s movement on the wave or refraction connected to changes in the sound speed as the depth function.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2018, S 1; 104-110
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ruch cieczy w zbiorniku poziomym
Motion of liquid at tank at horizontal motion
Autorzy:
Trębacki, K.
Królicka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/317332.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
zbiornik prostopadłościenny
ładunek płynny
ruch ładunku
ruch poziomy
ruchy cieczy w zbiorniku
ciśnienia na ścianach zbiornika
obliczenia matematyczne działania zbiornika
teoria liniowa
teoria nieliniowa
funkcja potencjału
rectangular tank
liquid cargo
movement of liquid cargo
horizontal motion
ship's motion
ship rolling
movement of liquid in vessel
pressure on walls of tank
linear theory
nonlinear theory
potential function
Opis:
W artykule omówiony został ruch poziomy zbiornika wypełnionego cieczą. Wymieniono przyczyny ruchu cieczy w zbiorniku. Dokonano analizy wg teorii liniowej i nieliniowej. Wyznaczono częstości drgań własnych. Na podstawie teorii liniowej i nieliniowej wyznaczono funkcję potencjału prędkości Φ i powierzchni swobodnej η. Podano rozkłady ciśnień hydrodynamicznych na ściankach zbiornika.
The article discussed a horizontal motion of tank filled with liquid. Discussed a causes of motion of liquid in the tank. Were made analysis by the theory of linear and nonlinear. In article the given of frequency of vibration. On the basis of theory of linear and nonlinear function are determined velocity potential and free surface. Given of distributions of hydrodynamic pressure on the walls of tank.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 10; 97-102
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ruch cieczy w zbiorniku w ruchu obrotowym
Motion of liquid at tank in the rotation motion
Autorzy:
Trębacki, K.
Królicka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/315693.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
zbiornik prostopadłościenny
ładunek płynny
ruch ładunku płynnego
ruch statku
kołysanie
ruchy cieczy w zbiorniku
ciśnienia na ścianach zbiornika
obliczenia matematyczne działania zbiornika
ściana zbiornika
teoria liniowa
teoria nieliniowa
rectangular tank
liquid cargo
movement of liquid cargo
ship's motion
ship rolling
movement of liquid in vessel
pressure on walls of tank
tank wall
linear theory
nonlinear theory
Opis:
W artykule omówiony został ruch ładunku płynnego w zbiorniku podczas obrotu. Przeprowadzono analizę teoretyczną wg teorii liniowej i nieliniowej. Wyznaczono potencjał prędkości cieczy i na tej podstawie funkcję ciśnienia w dowolnym punkcie objętości cieczy w zbiorniku. Podano wykresy obciążeń ścianek zbiornika od cieczy wg obydwu teorii.
The article discussed a motion of liquid cargo in tank during rotation. The conducted are of theoretical analysis according linear and non-linear theory. Was designated the potential of velocity of the liquid and on the basis of pressure function at any point liquid of volume in tank. Are given of load charts walls of tank of liquid according to both theories.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 10; 92-96
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
CFD Based Hull Hydrodynamic Forces for Simulation of Ship Manoeuvres
Autorzy:
Tabaczek, T.
Gornicz, T.
Kulczyk, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117623.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Manoeuvring
Simulation of Ship Manoeuvres
Equations of Ship's Movement
Hydrodynamic Forces
CFD Computations
Hydrodynamic Characteristics
Ship's Motion
mathematical model
Opis:
There have been developed numerous mathematical models describing the motion of a ship. In opinion of present authors the CFD is mature enough to determine with confidence the hydrodynamic characteristics necessary to simulate ship manoeuvres. In this paper the authors present the attempt to determine the hull hydrodynamic forces using the results of CFD computations of ship flow. Results show qualitative agreement with reference data and reveal shortcomings due to simplifying assumptions applied in CFD computations.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 1; 31-35
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Algorithms and calculation scheme for planning the way of movement of trajectory point during maneuvering for anchoring
Autorzy:
Surinov, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
algorithms for planning ships trajectories
planning the way of movement
algorithms
maneuvering for anchoring
route planning
ship’s trajectory planning
algorithms for ships trajectories
trajectory planning
Opis:
The analysis of the historical aspect of the development of the maneuvering during anchoring shows that during the movement there is no time to control the position by technical means, due to the speed of the process of changing the parameters of movement. The main purpose of this research is to modify the methodological basis for the preparation of flight planning during anchoring with increased accuracy to determine the coordinates along which the ship will move. The methodology of this work is based on the calculation of trajectory points of the path in combination with the method of segments on the map using the characteristics of the maneuverability of the vessel. The method is based on determining the coordinate matrices of rectilinear and curvilinear sections through which the vessel passes during maneuvering for anchoring. The calculation program is developed in Excel, and allows without the help of a micro calculator that takes into account the maneuverability of the vessel in the automatic system. Thus, the control of the center of gravity of the vessel relative to a given path line is performed. A high-precision system for automatic determination of planned coordinates by trajectory points on track and traffic control during anchoring has been developed, which is based on recently developed algorithms, calculation schemes and methods at the Maritime University, which are based on the latest meaningful models of high-precision planning movement on them. This approach automates the process of controlling safe traffic, including the use of decision support systems, including stranding prevention and collisions with other vessels. The results of the research can be used on a ship for automated planning of coordinates on waypoints and control of traffic on them for safe maneuvering, as well as for training navigators on specialized simulators to perform trajectory planning, including limited conditions.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 629--638
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Assessment of Drafting Ship Movement Parameters Using Radar and the Automatic Identification System
Autorzy:
Stupak, T.
Wąż, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116516.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
radar
ship movement parameters
movement vector research
IMO standards
ARPA
vessel movement vector
GMU radar laboratory
Opis:
This article presents the movement vector research conducted in the radar laboratory of Gdynia Maritime University and during vessel cruises. The precision of designating the vessels' location, course, speed and CPA were researched using on-baord radars and AIS data. It is concluded that the precision of designating the researched parameters is greater than the International Maritime Organization requires.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 301-304
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of the ship movement trajectory in the navigational decision support system
Optymalizacja trajektorii ruchu statków w nawigacyjnych systemach wspomagania decyzji
Autorzy:
Pietrzykowski, Z.
Magaj, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/360153.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
wspomaganie decyzji
optymalizacja trajektorii ruchu statków
bezpieczeństwo nawigacji
decision support
optimization of ship movement trajectory
safety of navigation
Opis:
Ship collisions belong to major hazards to the safety of navigation. This article presents a prototype navigational decision support system aimed at assisting the navigator in the process of ship conduct. The problem of choosing the right track in ship encounter situations and optimization criteria are considered. The authors present algorithms for the optimization of ship.s route in collision situations, implemented in the navigational decision support system being developed. The description of the system operation intended to determine optimized ship movement trajectories is based on simulated ship encounters.
Kolizje statków należą do największych zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa nawigacji. W artykule przedstawiono prototyp systemu wspomagania decyzji nawigacyjnych, mającego na celu wspieranie nawigatora w procesie kierowania statkiem. Rozważono również problem wyboru właściwej trasy statku w sytuacjach spotkaniowych, jak i kryteria optymalizacji trasy. Autorzy zaprezentowali algorytm optymalizacji trasy statku w sytuacjach kolizyjnych, realizowany w nawigacyjnym systemie wspomagania decyzji. Opis funkcjonowania systemu, mającego na celu ustalenia zoptymalizowanej trajektorii ruchu statku, oparty został na symulowanych spotkaniach statków.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2009, 18 (90); 116-122
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Autonomous ships concept and mathematical models application in their steering process control
Autorzy:
Melnyk, O.
Onishchenko, O.
Onyshchenko, S.
Voloshyn, A.
Kalinichenko, Y.
Rossomakha, O.
Naleva, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2211982.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
autonomous ship
steering process control
mathematical model
autonomous ship concept
accident-free navigation
automatic steering system
ship automatic movement
ship automatic movement control system
Opis:
Advances in computer systems and innovative technologies along with their implementation into the shipping industry not only enabled efficient data exchange between the ship and the shore, but also created a single integrated information network linking all participants of the process and all elements of the maritime sector. Development of the concept of autonomous ships and automated control facilities for their functionality became the next stage in the evolution of innovations. The process of software adaptation, additional electronic steering systems, optical and digital means of monitoring as well as satellite communication facilities for autonomous ships are among the tasks which require search and development of the solutions. Provision of reliable and safe functioning of such ships in the autonomous mode requires development of models and methods for ensuring their accident-free navigation both in relation to the process of ships divergence and improvement of automatic steering systems of movement and course steadiness. In the given work, the analysis of realization of the crewless navigation and possibility of ship automatic movement control systems advancement on the basis of application of mathematical model for the purpose of enhancement of process of the autonomous ship steadiness on the set course is proposed.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 3; 553--559
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ship Course Following and Course Keeping in Restricted Waters Based on Model Predictive Control
Autorzy:
Liu, H.
Ma, N.
Gu, X. C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116264.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Ship Movement, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)
Model Predictive Control (MPC)
Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)
course
restricted waters
safety at sea
Opis:
Ship navigation safety in restricted water areas is of great concern to crew members, because ships sailing in close proximity to banks are significantly affected by the so-called ship-bank interaction. The purpose of this paper is to apply the optimal control theory to help helmsmen adjust ships’ course and maintain the target course in restricted waters. To achieve this objective, the motion of a very large crude carrier (VLCC) close to a bank is modeled with the linear equations of manoeuvring and the influence of bank effect on the ship hydrodynamic force is considered in the model. State-space framework is cast in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system, where the offset-free model predictive control (MPC) is designed for course following and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is used for course keeping. Simulation results show that the control methods effectively work in ship course following and course keeping with varying ship-bank distances and water depths. The advantage of adopting speed variation as the second control input is obvious.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 305-312
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An adaptive island model of population for neuroevolutionary ship handling
Autorzy:
Łącki, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
artificial neural networks
evolutionary algorithms
neuroevolution
ship movement control
ship manoeuvring
Opis:
This study presents a method for the dynamic value assignment of evolutionary parameters to accelerate, automate and generalise the neuroevolutionary method of ship handling for different navigational tasks and in different environmental conditions. The island model of population is used in the modified neuroevolutionary method to achieve this goal. Three different navigational situations are considered in the simulation, namely, passing through restricted waters, crossing with another vessel and overtaking in the open sea. The results of the simulation examples show that the island model performs better than a single non-divided population and may accelerate some complex and dynamic navigational tasks. This adaptive island-based neuroevolutionary system used for the COLREG manoeuvres and for the finding safe ship’s route to a given destination in restricted waters increases the accuracy and flexibility of the simulation process. The time statistics show that the time of simulation of island NEAT was shortened by 6.8% to 27.1% in comparison to modified NEAT method.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2021, 4; 142-150
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Model of Interaction of Water and Tank’s Structure in Sloshing Phenomenon
Autorzy:
Krata, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117117.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Safety and Security in Sea Transportation
Sloshing Phenomenon
Water Tank
Model of Interaction
Experimental Research
Numerical Simulation
Equations of Ship's Movement
Heeling Moment Calculations
Opis:
The paper presents the model of interaction between ship’s tank structure and water contained in the tank. The experimental investigation of sloshing loads in ships’ tank is characterized and the need for description of mutual influence is underlined. The model of interaction is made up for rectangular ship’s tanks and it is assumed to be in time-domain and nonlinear. The solution is based on the data obtained by the experimental research and numerical simulation. The study may be the contribution to more sophisticated estimation of ship’s stability than it takes place nowadays.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 4; 389-395
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Two-dimensional coordinate estimation for missing automatic identification system (AIS) signals based on the discrete Kalman filter algorithm and universal transverse mercator (UTM) projection
Autorzy:
Jaskólski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
AIS
Kalman filter
AIS data estimation
data fusion
ship movement prediction
ship motion tracking
Opis:
Due to safety reasons, the movement of a ship in coastal areas should be monitored, tracked, recorded, and stored. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a suitable tool to use in performing these functions. The probability limit for the AIS dynamic data availability can be limited by the lack of a Global Position System (GPS) signal, heading (HDG), and rate of turn (ROT) data in the position report. The unavailability of a data link is an additional limitation. To fill this gap, it is possible to attach the discrete Kalman filter (KF) for the position and course estimation. Coordinate estimation in the absence of a transmission link can improve the quality of the AIS service at Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) stations. This paper has presented the Kalman filtering algorithm to improve the possibilities for ship motion tracking and monitoring in the TSS (Traffic Separation Scheme) and fairways area. More than 570 iterations were calculated and the results have been presented in figures to familiarize the reader with the operating principle of the Kalman filter algorithm.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2017, 52 (124); 82-89
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A simulation method for the determining the minimum pull of tugs assisting in port manoeuvres
Autorzy:
Gucma, Stanisław
Gucma, Maciej
Gralak, Rafał
Bilewski, Mateusz
Muczyński, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135005.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
port manoeuvring
simulation of ship movement
manoeuvring safety
tug assistance
determination
minimum safe pull
Opis:
The article presents a simulation method for determining the minimum safe pull of tugs assisting in port manoeuvres. The method can be used to determine the relationship between the minimum safe pull, understood as the tension on the line, of the assisting tugs and the overall length, cargo capacity or net capacity of ships manoeuvring in a given port under allowable hydrometeorological conditions. The method was verified through simulated tests of gas tankers’ entry, turning and berthing at the LNG terminal of Świnoujście.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2019, 57 (129); 49-55
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Areas of emergency maneuvers and the navigational risk of accidents in fairways due to ship technical failures determined by the ship movement simulation method
Autorzy:
Gucma, Stanisław
Gralak, Rafał
Muczyński, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135625.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
navigational risk in fairways
consequences of navigational accidents
areas and speed of emergency maneuvers
ship movement
simulation method
technical failures
Opis:
The identification of navigational risks of accidents in fairways is a basic principle for the construction or modernization of waterways in restricted waters and when the conditions of safe operation change. The estimation of navigational risk requires the evaluation of the consequences of accidents occurring in fairways: grounding, impact against a vertical shore, port/offshore structure or moored ship. When determining the consequences of these accidents, it is necessary to know the emergency maneuvering area and the speed of the ship at the time of the accident. The method of ship movement simulation in real time was used to determine the parameters of emergency maneuvering areas and the speed of vessels during the maneuvers. The results of the simulation experiment include full form vessels (bulk carriers, tankers) with a capacity ranging from 5,000 DWT to 100,000 DWT. The presented results of simulation tests enabled the evaluation of probability and consequences of ships’ accidents in fairways resulting from technical failures of ships’ steering equipment, allowing to assess the navigational risk for ships sailing through different types of fairways (approach channels, port entrances and inner port fairways).
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 61 (133); 39-47
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 20

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies