Temat: deviations - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: КОМУНІКАТИВНІ ДЕВІАЦІЇ В ПРОЦЕСІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ПОЛЬСЬКОГО ПРАВОВОГО ТЕКСТУ
Autorzy:: Kowalewska, Olena
ДУФЕНЮК, ОКСАНА
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041371.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-06-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Polish legal text
communicative deviations
translating of legal terms into Ukrainian
bilingual terminological dictionaries
polski tekst prawny
błędy komunikacyjne
tłumaczenie terminów prawnych na język ukraiński
dwujęzyczne słowniki terminologiczne
Opis:: Artykuł został poświęcony kwestii błędów komunikacyjnych w procesie tłumaczenia polskiego tekstu prawnego na język ukraiński. Aktualność tematu badawczego wynika z konieczności zapewnienia ukraińskim prawnikom szerszego dostępu do polskojęzycznych aktów prawnych. Wzmożone zainteresowanie jest rezultatem sprawności wprowadzania przez Polskę europejskich praktyk w interpretacji prawa. W artykule został przedstawiony schemat komparatystycznej analizy polskich tekstów prawnych i prawniczych, scharakteryzowano grupy terminów prawnych pod względem trudności ich tłumaczenia na język ukraiński oraz określono najczęstsze przyczyny powstawania błędów komunikacyjnych. Tłumaczenie polskiego tekstu prawnego wymaga od tłumacza nie tylko doskonałej znajomości języka polskiego i ukraińskiego, ale także obowiązującego ustawodawstwa obu państw. Wspólna praca językoznawców, tłumaczy i prawników nad tworzeniem dwujęzycznych słowników terminologicznych pozwoli uniknąć błędów, które można zaobserwować w tłumaczeniach polskich tekstów prawnych na język ukraiński.
The article elucidates problems of translating Polish legal texts into Ukrainian. The topicality of the study consists in the necessity to provide Ukrainian lawyers with an open access to Polish legal acts. The importance of such an enterprise is enhanced by the fact of introducing European criteria of interpreting laws into the Polish legal practice. The author elaborates a scheme of comparative analysis of Polish legal texts, subdivides Polish legal terms into groups depending on difficulties of their translating into Ukrainian, describes common translation deviations. Adequate translation of Polish legal texts requires not only fluency in Polish and Ukrainian, but also some specialized knowledge of laws of both countries. The joint work of linguists, lawyers and translators will help to avoid typical mistakes found in translations of legal acts from Polish into Ukrainian.
Źródło:: Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia; 2020, 8, 1; 95-102
2300-4754
Pojawia się w:: Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Деформації категорії події в абсурдистському художньому наративі (на матеріалі малої прози Даниїла Хармса)
Distortion of the Category of Event in Absurd Belles Lettres Narrative (the Case of Daniil Kharms’ Short Stories)
Autorzy:: Бацевич, Флорій
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030959.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: absurd narrative
category of event
weird text
deviations
communicative sense
Źródło:: Slavia Orientalis; 2021, LXX, 1; 139-153
0037-6744
Pojawia się w:: Slavia Orientalis
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Wyznaczanie liczebności pomiarów odchyłek geometrycznych w statystycznej ocenie procesu
Determination of the number of geometric deviation measurements in statistical evaluation of a process
Autorzy:: Kujan, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/301841.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:: proces
odchyłka geometryczna
rozkład odchyłek
liczebność próbki
process
geometric deviation
distribution deviations
sample size
Opis:: W artykule przedstawiono analizę metod wyznaczania liczebności próbki jednostek wyrobów wymaganych do statystycznej oceny procesu obróbki. Omówiono metody ustalania liczebności próbki oparte na pojęciu zmiennej standaryzowanej, na wartości krytycznej statystyki t- Studenta i na analizie graficznej wartości krytycznych statystyki t. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono praktyczną weryfikację analizowanych metod uwzględniając w badaniach ocenę wartości średniej i oszacowanie odchylenia standardowego odchyłek geometrycznych. Wyniki analiz i badań przedstawiono w postaci graficznej i tabelarycznej.
The article presents an analysis of the methods of determining the size of a sample of product units required for the statistical evaluation of the process of machining. Discussed are sample size determination methods based on the concept of standardized variable, the critical value of Student's t-statistic, and the graphic analysis of critical values of the t statistic. Additionally, a practical verifi cation of the analyzed methods was conducted, taking into account the estimate of the mean value and the estimation of the standard value of geometric deviations. The results of the analyses are presented graphically and in tabular form.
Źródło:: Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2008, 4; 35-41
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:: Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Wykorzystanie WTP w analizie wpływu obróbki cieplnej i cieplno-chemicznej na dokładność geometryczną w procesie kształtowania wyrobu
Analysis of the heat treatment and thermo-chemical treatment influence on the geometrical accuracy of manufactured detail
Autorzy:: Grzelka, M.
Augustyniak, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/155426.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:: współrzędnościowa technika pomiarowa
obróbka cieplna i cieplno-chemiczna
odchyłki kształtu
deformacje geometryczne
coordinate technique
heat and thermo-chemical treatment
deviations in shape
geometric deformation
Opis:: W publikacji przedstawiono analizę wpływu obróbki cieplnej i cieplno-chemicznej na dokładność geometryczną w procesie kształtowania wyrobu. Przedstawiono współrzędnościową technikę pomiarową jako alternatywę dla badań dylatometrycznych. Została również porównana klasyczna technika współrzędnościowa z optyczną techniką współrzędnościową na przykładzie skanera 3D.
The paper presents an analysis of the impact of heat treatment and thermo-chemical treatment of geometric accuracy in a product shaping. Coordinate measuring technique is presented as an alternative to dylatometrical research. It has also been compared to classical coordinate technique based on an optical coordinate technique based on the 3D scanner. The paper is based on the author's thesis. Effect of heat treatment on the accuracy of the product geometry in its development is presented on the example of tempered samples with subsequent tempering (low, medium and high). By contrast, the impact of thermo-chemical treatment was studied on the example of carburizing with subsequent quenching and low tempering.
Źródło:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 1, 1
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Ukrainian English Accent: Roots, Reasons and Basic Features
Autorzy:: Kochubei, Viktoriia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/458751.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
Tematy:: non-native accent
phonetic interference
deviations from standard pronunciation
articulatory basis
foreign language acquisition
Opis:: The paper explores the origin of a foreign accent in non-native speech. Deviations from the pronun¬ciation norm in the articulation of English vowels and consonants by Ukrainian learners of English form a dynamic system of specific features correlating with the degree of foreign language competence. Phonetic interference of native language production and perception habits into the foreign language performance has its psychological and linguistic reasons. Divergence of phonological and phonetic features of native and foreign languages, automated articulations transferred into the foreign speech shape the specific character of the foreign accent. The contrastive analysis of the articulatory bases of English and Ukrainian as well as the analysis of actual phonetic deviations enabled to single out salient features of Ukrainian English accent.
Źródło:: Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław; 2019, 16; 271-279
2084-3062
2657-5647
Pojawia się w:: Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Time deviations in the operation of public transport providing access to selected services in the city of Szczecin
Odchylenia czasowe w funkcjonowaniu transportu publicznego do wybranych usług w Szczecinie
Autorzy:: Goliszek, Sławomir
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2089765.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Gdański. Komisja Geografii Komunikacji Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:: GTFS base
time deviations
public transport
baza GTFS
odchylenia czasowe
transport publiczny
Opis:: The article presents issues related to public transport time accessibility to some selected services, including indoor swimming pools, cinemas, hospitals and shopping centres. In order to measure the above-mentioned accessibility the short distance method was used in the following time periods: 7:00-9:00 am for the hospitals; 5:00-7:00 pm for the shopping centres; 6:00-8:00 pm for the cinemas and 6:00-8:00 pm for the swimming pools. For each time period the measures were taken every 15 minutes. The main purpose of the article is to determine temporal accessibility for various purposes, the number of people living at a certain time distance and the diversity of accessibility by public transport. The public transport accessibility to the selected services indicates areas where the accessibility is limited. Time deviations in the operation of the public transport were calculated for all the selected time periods. The results of both measurements and calculations are presented in graphic form. Moreover, the graph includes the number of Szczecin citizens living in different time accessibility areas and in places with the highest time deviations.
Źródło:: Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG; 2019, 22(1); 22-30
1426-5915
2543-859X
Pojawia się w:: Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: The specific dynamic capacity of a planetary roller screw with random deviations of the thread pitch
Autorzy:: Lisowski, F.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/279397.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:: planetary roller screw
specific dynamic capacity
random deviations
Opis:: The paper presents an analysis of the specific dynamic capacity of a planetary roller screw including random deviations of the thread pitch. Results are based on a statistical analysis of loads between the screw and the roller obtained for the accepted bar model to determine the load distribution. Furthermore, the finite element analysis has been applied to determine stiffness coefficients of the screw-roller and the roller-nut cooperation. The purpose of the following considerations is to assess a decrease in the specific dynamic capacity of the planetary roller screw depending on random deviations of the thread pitch.
Źródło:: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2017, 55, 3; 991-1001
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: The accuracy of an accelerated method for the evaluation of life of cylindrical gears with profile correction
Autorzy:: Czerniec, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117995.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Promocji Wiedzy
Tematy:: enhanced numerical methods
gear life evaluation
cylindrical toothed gear
accuracy deviations
Opis:: This paper presents an accelerated method for the evaluation of life of cylindrical gears with profile correction. Compared to a more accurate solution based on the generalized method for evaluating the wear and life of cylindrical involute gears, the new method enables accelerating this process by over 16000 times. The method was used to estimate the life of a cylindrical spur gear depending on different ranges of blocks describing gear teeth meshing conditions (i.e. the number of gear revolu-tions). The accuracy of the results obtained thereby was examined, too. It has been found that when the range of a block is increased by 3000 times, the deviations of the numerical solution are below 0.5%.
Źródło:: Applied Computer Science; 2015, 11, 1; 66-74
1895-3735
Pojawia się w:: Applied Computer Science
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: System off-line do wyznaczania niepewności pomiarów współrzędnościowych
Off-line system for estimation of co-ordinate measurement uncertainty
Autorzy:: Jakubiec, W.
Płowucha, W.
Starczak, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/155381.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:: współrzędnościowa technika pomiarowa
niepewność pomiaru
odchyłki geometryczne
coordinate measuring technique
measurement uncertainty
geometrical deviations
Opis:: W artykule zaprezentowano komputerowy system, umożliwiający obliczenie niepewności pomiaru dla kilkudziesięciu zadań pomiarowych. Przez zadanie pomiarowe rozumie się wyznaczenie konkretnej charakterystyki geometrycznej. Różnymi zadaniami pomiarowymi są więc na przykład: pomiar średnicy otworu, pomiar odchyłki płaskości czy pomiar odchyłki równoległości osi do płaszczyzny. Dane wejściowe stanowi informacja o dokładności maszyny pomiarowej i głowicy, o postaci geometrycznej mierzonego przedmiotu i jego usytuowaniu w przestrzeni pomiarowej maszyny oraz o użytych trzpieniach pomiarowych.
The paper presents results of investigations conducted within the research & development project. The elaborated computer system enables estimation of the measurement uncertainty for dozens of measurement tasks. The measurement task is understood as determination of the dimension and/or geometrical deviation by means of co-ordinate technique. Examples of different measurement tasks are, for instance, measurement of: hole diameter, flatness deviation, parallelism deviation of axis related to plane, coaxiality deviation. Different measurement tasks are also measurements of different kinds of the same geometrical deviation such as measurement of the parallelism deviation of axis related to axis, axis related to plane, plane related to axis and even measurement of the parallelism deviation of axis related to axis in common plane or in normal to common plane or the parallelism deviation of axis related to axis in case of cylindrical tolerance zone. The input data is information about: the measuring machine (maximum permissible error of the length measurement) and probing system (maximum permissible error of the probing system) accuracy, the workpiece geometrical shape (overall dimensions, mutual arrangement of geometrical features), orientation and location of the measured workpiece in the measuring part of the co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) and the used styli configuration. The information about the geometrical errors of CMM and probing system is obtained in an experimental way by the procedure similar to CMM calibration. The remaining information is obtained from the elaborated part program of the workpiece.
Źródło:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 1, 1; 6-7
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Spezifika des medial stilisierten Kanakischen am Beispiel Michael Freidanks Märchen auf Kanakisch und so. Wem ist dem geilste Tuss in Land? und deren Rezeption bei deutschstämmigen Studierenden
Media personalities of the stylized version of Kanakisch exemplified by fairyles by Michael Freidank Märchen auf Kanakisch und so. Wem ist dem geilste Tuss in Land? and their reception by native inhabitants and German students
Autorzy:: Daszkiewicz, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364846.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-09-20
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:: Kanakisch
ethnolect and its variants
media -shaped language
deviations from the standard
language
racism
marginalisation
etnolekt i jego odmiany
język medialnie stylizowany
odstępstwa od języka
standardowego
rasizm
marginalizacja
Opis:: This paper is devoted to the media-stylized version of Kanakisch (secondary ethnolect), the primary variant of which is practised by ethically mixed youth born and bred in Germany. An important part of the paper, apart from the linguistic analysis of fairytales in Kanakisch, is constituted by statements of native Germans and students from the university of Siegen on how convergent and divergent the secondary and primary Kanakisch, an example of which such a measure can be.
Osobliwości medialnie stylizowanej wersji Kanakisch na przykładzie bajek Michaela Freidanka Märchen auf Kanakisch und so. Wem ist dem geilste Tuss in Land? i ich recepcji przez rodowitych mieszkańców i studentów z Niemiec Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest medialnie stylizowanej wersji Kanakisch (wtórnemu etnolektowi), którego wariant pierwotny praktykowany jest przez etnicznie mieszaną młodzież urodzoną i wychowaną w Niemczech. Ważną część pracy, prócz językowej analizy bajek w Kanakisch, stanowią wypowiedzi rodowitych Niemców i studentów uniwersytetu w Siegen na temat tego, jak dalece zbieżny bądź rozbieżny jest wtórny Kanakisch od pierwotnego i czego przykładowym wyrazem może być taki zabieg.
Źródło:: Studia Germanica Gedanensia; 2016, 35; 100-115
1230-6045
Pojawia się w:: Studia Germanica Gedanensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Spatial characteristics of geometric deviations of free-form surfaces determined in coordinate measurements
Charakterystyka przestrzenna odchyłek geometrycznych powierzchni swobodnych wyznaczanych w pomiarach współrzędnościowych
Autorzy:: Poniatowska, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/152490.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:: odchyłki geometryczne
powierzchnia swobodna
pomiary współrzędnościowe
autokorelacja przestrzenna
geometric deviations
free-form surface
coordinate measurements
spatial autocorrelation
Opis:: Geometric deviations of free-form surfaces are determined as normal deviations of measurement points from the nominal surface. Different sources of errors in the manufacturing process result in deviations of different character, deterministic and random. Geometric deviations of 3D free-form surfaces may be treated as a spatial process, and spatial data analysis methods can be applied in order to conduct research on the relationships among them. The paper presents theoretic bases for testing spatial dependence of measurement data, as well as the results of tests on geometric deviations involving testing their spatial autocorrelation with the use of the Moran's I statistics.
Pomiary współrzędnościowe są źródłem cyfrowych danych w postaci współrzędnych punktów pomiarowych o dyskretnym rozkładzie na mierzonej powierzchni. Odchyłki geometryczne powierzchni swobodnych wyznacza się w każdym punkcie jako odchyłki normalne tych punktów od powierzchni nominalnej (modelu CAD). Różne źródła błędów w procesie wytwarzania powodują powstawanie odchyłek o odmiennym charakterze, deterministycznych i losowych (rozdz. 2). Udział zjawisk losowych na powierzchni zależy od rodzaju obróbki. W artykule zaproponowano stosowanie metod analizy danych przestrzennych do badań losowości lokalnych odchyłek geometrycznych powierzchni swobodnych, polegających na testowaniu ich przestrzennych powiązań. W badaniach przestrzennej autokorelacji odchyłek powierzchni frezowanej wykorzystano statystykę I Morana (rozdz. 3). Wykrycie dodatniej korelacji przestrzennej dowodzi istnienia systematycznych błędów obróbki (rozdz. 4), charakter błędów pozwala na określenie ich przestrzennego modelu, a następnie eliminację przez usunięcie źródeł błędów czy korekcję programu obróbkowego.
Źródło:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 8, 8; 957-960
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:: Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Selection of Optimal Machining Strategy in the Manufacture of Elements Bounded by Curvilinear Surfaces
Autorzy:: Czerech, Ł.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/386869.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:: maszyny
CAD
CAM
toolpath tolerance
machining strategy
geometric deviations
Opis:: Increasing machining accuracy realized on CNC machine tools causes that the more frequently surfaces machined with this technique are not subject to further finishing processing and directly affects on the final quality of the product. Achieving geometric accuracy established by the constructor is the problem that modern technologists and CAD/CAM programmers have to faced with. The paper presents the influence of toolpath tolerance and machining strategy available in CAD/CAM software on the constituting process of technological surface layer for elements limited with curvilinear surfaces. The impact of the above mentioned parameters on the location and direction of geometrical deviations were also analyzed. Following article is part of research of the impact of selected technological parameters on the freeform surfaces geometric structure manufactured on CNC machines
Źródło:: Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2013, 7, 1; 5-10
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:: Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Rozszerzona metoda oceny niepewności pośrednich pomiarów wieloparametrowych i układów do tych pomiarów. Część 1. Wpływ korelacji i niepewności funkcji przetwarzania - zależności podstawowe
Extended Method for Evaluation Uncertainties of Indirect Multi-Parameter Measurements and of Circuits for these Measurements. Part 1. Influence of Correlation and Uncertainties of Processing Function - Basic Formulas
Autorzy:: Warsza, Zygmunt Lech
Puchalski, Jacek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/275607.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:: pomiary wielowymiarowe
multimenzurand
propagacja wariancji
macierz kowariancji
niepewność
współczynnik korelacji
skorelowania odchyleń o niepewnościach typów A oraz B
niepewności funkcji przetwarzania
multivariate measurements
multimeasurand
propagation of variances
covariance matrix
vector propagation of uncertainties
correlation coefficient
correlations of deviations of type A or type B
uncertainties of processing function
Opis:: Dwuczęściowa praca przedstawia dotychczasowe wyniki prac autorów dotyczące wyznaczania niepewności pośrednich pomiarów wieloparametrowych. W niniejszej części 1. omówiono zależność współczynnika korelacji dwu wielkości od względnego stosunku ich odchyleń od estymatorów menzurandu o niepewnościach typów A i B oraz zależność macierzy kowariancji pośrednio wyznaczanego menzurandu wyjściowego przy skorelowaniu wielkości menzurandu wejściowego. Zaproponowano szerszy model matematyczny niż rekomendowany w Suplemencie 2 Przewodnika GUM. Uwzględnia on niepewności i korelację zarówno mierzonych wielkości wejściowych jak i ponadto parametrów funkcji ich przetwarzania. Może służyć do oceny dokładności nie tylko samych pomiarów wieloparametrowych ale i układów realizujących takie pomiary. W części 2. zostanie omówiony przykład zastosowania modelu rozszerzonego do opisu pośrednich pomiarów parametrów dwójnika poprzez czwórnik pasywny z uwzględnieniem niepewności i skorelowania jego elementów.
In the part 1 of article, the current results of the work are briefly presented regarding the impact of correlations in sets of deviations from estimators of directly measured quantities with uncertainty of types A and B on the accuracy of indirectly determined parameters of output multi-memeasurands. An extended mathematical model of the method contained in Supplement 2 of the GUM Guide was presented. This new extended model takes also into account the uncertainties of the processing function in multiparameter measurements and can also be used to describe the accuracy of instruments and systems that perform such measurements. Part 2 presents examples of using the extended method to describe intermediately measured parameters of a two-terminal net through a four-terminal network, considering the uncertainties of its elements.
Źródło:: Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka; 2019, 23, 3; 55-63
1427-9126
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Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rozmiary i uwarunkowania zachowań dewiacyjnych młodzieży wiejskiej
Extent and Causes of Deviant Behaviour in the Rural Youth
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699232.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1986
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: zachowanie
młodzież
przestępczość
aresztowanie
klasa społeczna
geneza przestępczości
zbiorowość
niesubordynacja
nieuczciwość
statystyka
socjologia
behaviour
youth deviations
delinquency
arrests
social class
genesis of crime
community
insubordination
dishonesty
statistics
sociology
ommunity
Opis:: In the years 1978-1979, a study of the extent and causes of deviant behaviour in older schoolchildren was carried out in Warsaw which included three thousand persons. boys and girls. Since there was a lack of comprehensive studies of the extent and causes of social maladjustment of the rural, youth in Poland' it was decided that this study should be repeated in typically agricultural regions. The study, carried out in late l981, was aimed at the following: to construct a Polish version of the self-report delinquency scale, to estimate the extent of deviant behaviour in the analyzed populations, and to determine the variables particularly closely related to deviant behaviour. The stratified random sample consisted of 2,144 persons (1,7O2 boys and 429 girls). They were students of 86 different grades of various secondary schools, and were aged 14- 19. The study was carried out by an anonymous questionnaire which contained 124 questions; among them. there were 42 questions - about the various types of deviant behaviour, while the remaining ones concerned the separate groups of independent variables. The data on the following groups of independent variables were collected:1. the attitudes towards the family, the past and present and future family situation, and the character of interactions within the family; 2. deviance in the environment; 3. the attitudes towards friends, the character of interactions with friends and the intensity of bonds with the reference groups; 4. the attitudes towards school and the learning progress; 5. attitudes towards the legal norms; 6. the appraisal of life prospects and of the chances for fulfilment of aims and aspirations by means of legitimate methods; 7. the system of values, outlook on life and attitude towards moral norms; 8. engagement in social, cultural and sports activities and the like. A distinct group were the so-called alcohol variables, analyzed separately and the socio-demographic variables. Moreover, the questionnaire contained a ninc-question lye scale. The dependent variable was an index of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour. The possible answers to all the questions were indentical: "never", "once or twice", "several times", "a dozen or more times" and "more often". The sum of the respondents' affirmative answers to the questions about deviant behaviour formed the so-called variety scale. The frequency scale resulted from summing up all types of answers to each of the questions. Since the correlation between the scales of variety and frequency exceeded r :0.90, the variety scale was used in the analysis. This was due to its simplicity and a greater easiness of statistical interpretation. Three groups of deviant behaviour were distinguished for the purposes of the analysis. The first of them were manifestations of behaviour given a working term of insubordination. Though not forbidden by the law, such behaviour is improper in consideration of age or represents a challenge to the authority of the parents" guardians. teachers etc. For instance. the following types of behaviour were included here: staying away from home all night without the parents' consent. running away from home, or smoking before the age of 14. The second group were acts of "dishonesty" also not penalized as a rule– e.g. failure to give a lost thing back to its owner, or steadling rides. The third and most important group were acts that bore the character of transgressions or offences. Among others, this category included brawls. beatings and other offences against person. robbery thefts. breaking and entering, receiving stolen property, and other offences against property. The examined young persons committed the following acts, most frequently: smoking before the age of 14. stealing rides. failure to give the change left from shopping back-to the parents (over 80f of affirmative answers), failure to give the change back to a shopkeeper, failure to give back a found object (over 70% of affirmatie answers). misdemeanour at school. beating. participation in a brawl (over 50% of affirmative answers). Most seldom they admited taking drugs, picking public telephones and slipping out of a pub without paying the bill (less than 10%, of the examined persons). Generally, about 35% of the examined boys (i.e. 583 persons) admitted having committed at least once a half of the, 42 acts included in the questionnaire. over 20% of boys had a high, and 7.7% a Very high level of deviance. In the Warsaw study. a very high level of deviance was found in 6.1%, of boys. Therefore, the percentage of boys with a high level of deviance is similar in both studies and nearing other Polish estimates of the extent of social maladjustment of the school youth. In the present study, hypotheses were verified which were derived from some of the most popular theories of deviance: i.a., Sutherland's theory of differential associations, Hirschi's control theory, Merton's aims – means theory, (and the related conceptions of Cloward and Ohlin), Sykes and Matza's theory of neutralization. Also certain hypotheses were verified indirectly that were derived from the Gluecks' multifactor conception and the labeling theory: The major findings were as follows: Family situation Four items of the questionnaire made together the scale of ties with the family. These were the following questions: "Do your parents try to understand your problems?'', "Do your parents trust you?, ,,Do you generally like to discuss your plans with your parents?", "Do you trust your parents?". The scale of family ties revealed a rather high negative correlation with the deviance scale (r = -0.34 for boys and. R = -0.28 for girls). It appeared that the lesser the sense of ties with the parents. the higher the tendency to deviant behaviour. Two questions concerned the general apprasal of the atmosphere at home and the degree of the respondents' identification with their families. A strong interdependence was found between the way of defining the atmosphere- at home and the level of deviance. .The respondents who scored highest on the deviance scale, defined their atmosphere at home as bad several times more frequently, and much more seldom as good or very good, as compared with the others. As regards the question whether the respondents would like their own future families to be similar to their parental homes, the distribution of answers was alike. Among the respondents who would not like it at all or rather would not like it, there were nearly three times more of those who scored highest on the deviance scale. The global index of the attitude towards the family (constructed with the answers to all questions concerning the ties and identification with the family) revealed a negative and rather high correlation with the deviance scale, both in the case of boys (r = -0.30) and of girls (r = -0.26). Thus it appeared that deviant behaviour is inversely related to family ties and identification. Those of the examined persons who revealed a nelative attitude towards their families scored significantly higher on the scale of deviance as compared with those whose appraisal of their homes was favourable. Deviance of the environment and attitudes towards friends There were four questions that concerned deviance in the environment, one of which ("Has any member of your closest family ever been convicted by the court?'') concerned the perceived intensity of deviance in the family. Both the boys and the girls whose family member had a criminal record had the highest level of deviance. This finding is of a great theoretical as well as practical value since it demonstrates the groundlessness of the frequently accepted assumption that the family is always the source of pro-social patterns of behaviour. Three questions concerned deviance of the environment, their construction aimed at reflecting various aspects of the problem both as regards the subjective and the objective point of view: the different intensity of deviance and range of environment. The questions were: "Did you ever happened to have problems at school, boarding-school or at home because of your friends?'', "Did any of your acquaintances have a case in a juveni1e court or court of general criminal jurisdiction?", "Are there many young persons in your environment who have troubles with the police?". The distribution of answers to these questions markedly differentiated the examined populations in respect to deviance. In the groups distinguished according to their level of deviance significant differences could be found as far as the deviance of the environment is concerned. The respondents whose level of deviance was the highest appeared to move significantly more often with decidedly negative circles. A scale of deviance in the environment was constructed of the above questions. Of all the scales included in the study, this one showed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour, both in the case of boys (r = 0.56) and of girls (r = 0.36). Instead, the distribution of answers to the questions about emotional ties with the reference groups, the degree of identification with these groups and the emotional stability failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of the degree of deviance; this finding was a surprise. Attitudes towards the law There were three items in the questionnaire that concerned the attitude towards the law: "The law should be observed"; "Most of the acts people term offences actually cause no harm at all to anybody''' and "In order to get a position in life, lawless behaviour is indispensable"; the latter two were at the same time an operationalization of the Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization. Opinions denying or aggreeing with the statement concerning the harmlessness of offences were the 1east important in the differentiation of the examined populations in respect to the level of deviance. This variable was also least correlated with the general scale of altitudes towards the law. On the other hand, the remaining two variables of this groups did differentiate the respondents well in respect of the level of deviant behaviour. The most discriminating was the question in what situations the law should be observed. The respondents who were\of opinion that "law should always be observed irrespective of the situation'' appeared to reveal the lowest level of deviance. Instead, among the resolute legal nonconformists (,,you can break the law whenever you are certain that you will escape punishment"), those prevailed who scored highest on the deviance scale. The scale of attitudes towards the law was moderately but significantly correlated with the deviance scale, though the relationship of the presently discussed scale with that of deviance was less marked than it was the case with the scales of deviance of environmental and of the attitudes towards the family. The perceived life-chances and material situation Two of the questions concerned the perceived life prospects that can be fulfilled by legitimate means: "what is your estimation of your life prospects as compared with those of the others?", and "Will you be able to get a good job after school?". The differences in the distributions of answers to the above questions in respect of the level of deviance were not great; however. they were significant. The "worst" respondents somewhatimore often had pessimistic, and the "best" ones - optimistic views. However, the constructed index of legitimate opportunities (which consisted of the above two questions failed to reveal a significant relation to deviant behaviour. This means that the sense of blocked opportunities for promotion and success (operationalized as above) is not related to deviant behaviour. The more so as the question about the respondents' estimation of their family material standing - though it differentiated the answers in respect of the level of deviance - also revealed a very small correlation with the scale of deviance (about 0.10). Perception of life prospects and opportunities was also analyzed from a somewhat different point of view. Namely, the respondents were asked whether in their opinion connections were necessary to get a god job. and whether it was possible to succeed in life through good honest work. These questions composed the variable "illegitimate opportunities". Constructed so as to make it complementary in relation to the variable "legitimate opportunities". An attempt was also made to ascertain to what degree this variable was correlated with the attitude towards the law. The questions about the chances of fulfilment of success goals through illegitimate means differentiated the examined populations in respect of the level of deviance. The "worst" respondents stated significantly more frequently that honest work did not lead to success in life. and that connections were necessary to get a good job. It was interesting to find that the variable "illegitimate opportunities'' was moderately correlated both with the attitude towards the law and with the "legitimate opportunities''. It was a moderately good predictor of deviant behaviour since it was correlated with the deviance scale at about 0.20 for boys as well as for girls. Values, moral principles and outlook on life Values treasured most frequently (love, friendship. happy home - over 75% (of all choices) failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of their deviance. Of the remaining ten values, deep religious faith was chosen most frequently by the "best'' respondents, and acquiring individuality as well as learning to "be oneself' - by the ,,worst'' ones. The question about the stability of moral principles (three "types" of morality were distinguished: strict, situational and nihilistic) completely failed to differentiate the group of respondents Separated according to their Scores on the scale of deviance. There were among the moral nihilist as many of the "worst" as of the "best" respondents. The possible answers concerning the attitude towards religion ranged from: "I 'm a decided adherent of secular views" to: "I'm deeply religious". Generally speaking. This question provided but a poor differentiation in respect of the level of deviance. Since nearly 90% of the examined persons were at least "not-Church-going believers". Those of the examined persons who were deeply religious were an exception. In this group, the level of deviance of this group was decidedly the lowest. Involvement in conventional activities Of the three questions about activities consistent with the norms (active participation in youth organizations, hobbies, participation in organized leisure activities), none appeared to differentiate the examined group in respect of the level of deviance. Instead, the questions about school achievements ("Are you a good, bad or average student?") and about learning motivation ("What is for you the importance of being a good student?") were strongly related to deviance. The "worst" respondents much more often declared themselves to be bad students and admitted not caring about learning. At the same time, the variable of motivation was a much better predictor of deviance (r= -0.27) than the actual learning achievements (r= -0.11). Of the considered models of deviance, the most strongly confirmed was the theory of differential associations. This may be concluded from the following premises. Firstly, the variable of "devince of the environment'' and its separate elements revealed the highest correlation with the deviance scale. The test of significance of the differences of the value of correlation coefficients justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis as to their random character. Both the question about deviance among the closest friends, and those about deviance in a broader surroundings. revealed a much stronger correlation with deviant behaviour than the remaining variables. Also the question about deviance in the family appeared relate to deviant behaviour. In the light of the results obtained, not only a deviant peer group, but also a deviance in the family seem to be conducive to deviance. The adherents of the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations would find it difficult to argue that it was the deviance in the examined persons that led to deviance in their families. Also the way in which the variable ,, deviance of the environment" is correlated with other variables speaks against the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations since this variable a also revealed rather high correlation with deviant attitudes, the attitude towards learning at school and towards the family. Moreover, the relationship between the variable "deviance of environment" and ,,deviant behavior” was found to increase with age which is consistent with the known of importance of peer groups in the life of youths and their growing effect. On the other hand the result in question is difficult to interpret in the terms of alternative hypotheses: the "criminal tendencies" or ,.deviant impulses’’ should after all be constant and do not change with time. Still another finding should be mentioned here. In spite of the fact that girls generally have stronger ties with their parents as compared with boys, the correlation of the attitudes towards the family with deviant behaviour was found to be smaller in the group of girls than in the group of boys. Instead, against expectations, the deviance of the environment also revealed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour in the group of girls. Hirschi's control theory was much less confirmed by the findings of the present study. Of the four elements of bonds only the attachment to the, parents were rather strongly supported. On the other hand, hypotheses derived from the remaining elements of Hirschi.s conception were not confirmed at all (e.g. no confirmation at all was found of Hirsci’s argument that high degree of involvement in conventional types of activity is negatively related to deviance) or confirmed but to a small extent (e.g. the relationship between the school achievements and deviance). Besides the attitudes towards the family, only the attitude towards learning at school proved to be consistent with Hirschi's theory. On the other hand, in spite o| the principal hypothesis of the control theory the most isolated respondents failed to reveal a significantly higher level of deviance. Thus the conception of a solitary deviant promoted by Hirschi appears not tanable in the light of the obtained results. To sump up, if one had to decide basing on the findings of the present study which of the discussed theories was confirmed to a greater degree, it could be concluded that the theory of differential associations was confirmed to greater extent than Hirschi's control theory. On the other had, the results of the study do not seem to speak for Merton’s aims-means theory or the conception of differential opportunities of Cloward and Ohlin. Also some of the statements of the labelling approach failed to find confirmation.
In the years 1978-1979, a study of the extent and causes of deviant behaviour in older schoolchildren was carried out in Warsaw which included three thousand persons. boys and girls. Since there was a lack of comprehensive studies of the extent and causes of social maladjustment of the rural, youth in Poland' it was decided that this study should be repeated in typically agricultural regions. The study, carried out in late l981, was aimed at the following: to construct a Polish version of the self-report delinquency scale, to estimate the extent of deviant behaviour in the analyzed populations, and to determine the variables particularly closely related to deviant behaviour. The stratified random sample consisted of 2,144 persons (1,7O2 boys and 429 girls). They were students of 86 different grades of various secondary schools, and were aged 14- 19. The study was carried out by an anonymous questionnaire which contained 124 questions; among them. there were 42 questions - about the various types of deviant behaviour, while the remaining ones concerned the separate groups of independent variables. The data on the following groups of independent variables were collected:1. the attitudes towards the family, the past and present and future family situation, and the character of interactions within the family; 2. deviance in the environment; 3. the attitudes towards friends, the character of interactions with friends and the intensity of bonds with the reference groups; 4. the attitudes towards school and the learning progress; 5. attitudes towards the legal norms; 6. the appraisal of life prospects and of the chances for fulfilment of aims and aspirations by means of legitimate methods; 7. the system of values, outlook on life and attitude towards moral norms; 8. engagement in social, cultural and sports activities and the like. A distinct group were the so-called alcohol variables, analyzed separately and the socio-demographic variables. Moreover, the questionnaire contained a ninc-question lye scale. The dependent variable was an index of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour. The possible answers to all the questions were indentical: "never", "once or twice", "several times", "a dozen or more times" and "more often". The sum of the respondents' affirmative answers to the questions about deviant behaviour formed the so-called variety scale. The frequency scale resulted from summing up all types of answers to each of the questions. Since the correlation between the scales of variety and frequency exceeded r :0.90, the variety scale was used in the analysis. This was due to its simplicity and a greater easiness of statistical interpretation. Three groups of deviant behaviour were distinguished for the purposes of the analysis. The first of them were manifestations of behaviour given a working term of insubordination. Though not forbidden by the law, such behaviour is improper in consideration of age or represents a challenge to the authority of the parents" guardians. teachers etc. For instance. the following types of behaviour were included here: staying away from home all night without the parents' consent. running away from home, or smoking before the age of 14. The second group were acts of "dishonesty" also not penalized as a rule– e.g. failure to give a lost thing back to its owner, or steadling rides. The third and most important group were acts that bore the character of transgressions or offences. Among others, this category included brawls. beatings and other offences against person. robbery thefts. breaking and entering, receiving stolen property, and other offences against property. The examined young persons committed the following acts, most frequently: smoking before the age of 14. stealing rides. failure to give the change left from shopping back-to the parents (over 80f of affirmative answers), failure to give the change back to a shopkeeper, failure to give back a found object (over 70% of affirmatie answers). misdemeanour at school. beating. participation in a brawl (over 50% of affirmative answers). Most seldom they admited taking drugs, picking public telephones and slipping out of a pub without paying the bill (less than 10%, of the examined persons). Generally, about 35% of the examined boys (i.e. 583 persons) admitted having committed at least once a half of the, 42 acts included in the questionnaire. over 20% of boys had a high, and 7.7% a Very high level of deviance. In the Warsaw study. a very high level of deviance was found in 6.1%, of boys. Therefore, the percentage of boys with a high level of deviance is similar in both studies and nearing other Polish estimates of the extent of social maladjustment of the school youth. In the present study, hypotheses were verified which were derived from some of the most popular theories of deviance: i.a., Sutherland's theory of differential associations, Hirschi's control theory, Merton's aims – means theory, (and the related conceptions of Cloward and Ohlin), Sykes and Matza's theory of neutralization. Also certain hypotheses were verified indirectly that were derived from the Gluecks' multifactor conception and the labeling theory: The major findings were as follows: Family situation Four items of the questionnaire made together the scale of ties with the family. These were the following questions: "Do your parents try to understand your problems?'', "Do your parents trust you?, ,,Do you generally like to discuss your plans with your parents?", "Do you trust your parents?". The scale of family ties revealed a rather high negative correlation with the deviance scale (r = -0.34 for boys and. R = -0.28 for girls). It appeared that the lesser the sense of ties with the parents. the higher the tendency to deviant behaviour. Two questions concerned the general apprasal of the atmosphere at home and the degree of the respondents' identification with their families. A strong interdependence was found between the way of defining the atmosphere- at home and the level of deviance. .The respondents who scored highest on the deviance scale, defined their atmosphere at home as bad several times more frequently, and much more seldom as good or very good, as compared with the others. As regards the question whether the respondents would like their own future families to be similar to their parental homes, the distribution of answers was alike. Among the respondents who would not like it at all or rather would not like it, there were nearly three times more of those who scored highest on the deviance scale. The global index of the attitude towards the family (constructed with the answers to all questions concerning the ties and identification with the family) revealed a negative and rather high correlation with the deviance scale, both in the case of boys (r = -0.30) and of girls (r = -0.26). Thus it appeared that deviant behaviour is inversely related to family ties and identification. Those of the examined persons who revealed a nelative attitude towards their families scored significantly higher on the scale of deviance as compared with those whose appraisal of their homes was favourable. Deviance of the environment and attitudes towards friends There were four questions that concerned deviance in the environment, one of which ("Has any member of your closest family ever been convicted by the court?'') concerned the perceived intensity of deviance in the family. Both the boys and the girls whose family member had a criminal record had the highest level of deviance. This finding is of a great theoretical as well as practical value since it demonstrates the groundlessness of the frequently accepted assumption that the family is always the source of pro-social patterns of behaviour. Three questions concerned deviance of the environment, their construction aimed at reflecting various aspects of the problem both as regards the subjective and the objective point of view: the different intensity of deviance and range of environment. The questions were: "Did you ever happened to have problems at school, boarding-school or at home because of your friends?'', "Did any of your acquaintances have a case in a juveni1e court or court of general criminal jurisdiction?", "Are there many young persons in your environment who have troubles with the police?". The distribution of answers to these questions markedly differentiated the examined populations in respect to deviance. In the groups distinguished according to their level of deviance significant differences could be found as far as the deviance of the environment is concerned. The respondents whose level of deviance was the highest appeared to move significantly more often with decidedly negative circles. A scale of deviance in the environment was constructed of the above questions. Of all the scales included in the study, this one showed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour, both in the case of boys (r = 0.56) and of girls (r = 0.36). Instead, the distribution of answers to the questions about emotional ties with the reference groups, the degree of identification with these groups and the emotional stability failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of the degree of deviance; this finding was a surprise. Attitudes towards the law There were three items in the questionnaire that concerned the attitude towards the law: "The law should be observed"; "Most of the acts people term offences actually cause no harm at all to anybody''' and "In order to get a position in life, lawless behaviour is indispensable"; the latter two were at the same time an operationalization of the Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization. Opinions denying or aggreeing with the statement concerning the harmlessness of offences were the 1east important in the differentiation of the examined populations in respect to the level of deviance. This variable was also least correlated with the general scale of altitudes towards the law. On the other hand, the remaining two variables of this groups did differentiate the respondents well in respect of the level of deviant behaviour. The most discriminating was the question in what situations the law should be observed. The respondents who were\of opinion that "law should always be observed irrespective of the situation'' appeared to reveal the lowest level of deviance. Instead, among the resolute legal nonconformists (,,you can break the law whenever you are certain that you will escape punishment"), those prevailed who scored highest on the deviance scale. The scale of attitudes towards the law was moderately but significantly correlated with the deviance scale, though the relationship of the presently discussed scale with that of deviance was less marked than it was the case with the scales of deviance of environmental and of the attitudes towards the family. The perceived life-chances and material situation Two of the questions concerned the perceived life prospects that can be fulfilled by legitimate means: "what is your estimation of your life prospects as compared with those of the others?", and "Will you be able to get a good job after school?". The differences in the distributions of answers to the above questions in respect of the level of deviance were not great; however. they were significant. The "worst" respondents somewhatimore often had pessimistic, and the "best" ones - optimistic views. However, the constructed index of legitimate opportunities (which consisted of the above two questions failed to reveal a significant relation to deviant behaviour. This means that the sense of blocked opportunities for promotion and success (operationalized as above) is not related to deviant behaviour. The more so as the question about the respondents' estimation of their family material standing - though it differentiated the answers in respect of the level of deviance - also revealed a very small correlation with the scale of deviance (about 0.10). Perception of life prospects and opportunities was also analyzed from a somewhat different point of view. Namely, the respondents were asked whether in their opinion connections were necessary to get a god job. and whether it was possible to succeed in life through good honest work. These questions composed the variable "illegitimate opportunities". Constructed so as to make it complementary in relation to the variable "legitimate opportunities". An attempt was also made to ascertain to what degree this variable was correlated with the attitude towards the law. The questions about the chances of fulfilment of success goals through illegitimate means differentiated the examined populations in respect of the level of deviance. The "worst" respondents stated significantly more frequently that honest work did not lead to success in life. and that connections were necessary to get a good job. It was interesting to find that the variable "illegitimate opportunities'' was moderately correlated both with the attitude towards the law and with the "legitimate opportunities''. It was a moderately good predictor of deviant behaviour since it was correlated with the deviance scale at about 0.20 for boys as well as for girls. Values, moral principles and outlook on life. Values treasured most frequently (love, friendship. happy home - over 75% (of all choices) failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of their deviance. Of the remaining ten values, deep religious faith was chosen most frequently by the "best'' respondents, and acquiring individuality as well as learning to "be oneself' - by the ,,worst'' ones. The question about the stability of moral principles (three "types" of morality were distinguished: strict, situational and nihilistic) completely failed to differentiate the group of respondents Separated according to their Scores on the scale of deviance. There were among the moral nihilist as many of the "worst" as of the "best" respondents. The possible answers concerning the attitude towards religion ranged from: "I 'm a decided adherent of secular views" to: "I'm deeply religious". Generally speaking. This question provided but a poor differentiation in respect of the level of deviance. Since nearly 90% of the examined persons were at least "not-Church-going believers". Those of the examined persons who were deeply religious were an exception. In this group, the level of deviance of this group was decidedly the lowest. Involvement in conventional activities Of the three questions about activities consistent with the norms (active participation in youth organizations, hobbies, participation in organized leisure activities), none appeared to differentiate the examined group in respect of the level of deviance. Instead, the questions about school achievements ("Are you a good, bad or average student?") and about learning motivation ("What is for you the importance of being a good student?") were strongly related to deviance. The "worst" respondents much more often declared themselves to be bad students and admitted not caring about learning. At the same time, the variable of motivation was a much better predictor of deviance (r= -0.27) than the actual learning achievements (r= -0.11). Of the considered models of deviance, the most strongly confirmed was the theory of differential associations. This may be concluded from the following premises. Firstly, the variable of "devince of the environment'' and its separate elements revealed the highest correlation with the deviance scale. The test of significance of the differences of the value of correlation coefficients justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis as to their random character. Both the question about deviance among the closest friends, and those about deviance in a broader surroundings. revealed a much stronger correlation with deviant behaviour than the remaining variables. Also the question about deviance in the family appeared relate to deviant behaviour. In the light of the results obtained, not only a deviant peer group, but also a deviance in the family seem to be conducive to deviance. The adherents of the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations would find it difficult to argue that it was the deviance in the examined persons that led to deviance in their families. Also the way in which the variable ,, deviance of the environment" is correlated with other variables speaks against the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations since this variable a also revealed rather high correlation with deviant attitudes, the attitude towards learning at school and towards the family. Moreover, the relationship between the variable "deviance of environment" and ,,deviant behavior” was found to increase with age which is consistent with the known of importance of peer groups in the life of youths and their growing effect. On the other hand the result in question is difficult to interpret in the terms of alternative hypotheses: the "criminal tendencies" or ,.deviant impulses’’ should after all be constant and do not change with time. Still another finding should be mentioned here. In spite of the fact that girls generally have stronger ties with their parents as compared with boys, the correlation of the attitudes towards the family with deviant behaviour was found to be smaller in the group of girls than in the group of boys. Instead, against expectations, the deviance of the environment also revealed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour in the group of girls. Hirschi's control theory was much less confirmed by the findings of the present study. Of the four elements of bonds only the attachment to the, parents were rather strongly supported. On the other hand, hypotheses derived from the remaining elements of Hirschi.s conception were not confirmed at all (e.g. no confirmation at all was found of Hirsci’s argument that high degree of involvement in conventional types of activity is negatively related to deviance) or confirmed but to a small extent (e.g. the relationship between the school achievements and deviance). Besides the attitudes towards the family, only the attitude towards learning at school proved to be consistent with Hirschi's theory. On the other hand, in spite o| the principal hypothesis of the control theory the most isolated respondents failed to reveal a significantly higher level of deviance. Thus the conception of a solitary deviant promoted by Hirschi appears not tanable in the light of the obtained results. To sump up, if one had to decide basing on the findings of the present study which of the discussed theories was confirmed to a greater degree, it could be concluded that the theory of differential associations was confirmed to greater extent than Hirschi's control theory. On the other had, the results of the study do not seem to speak for Merton’s aims-means theory or the conception of differential opportunities of Cloward and Ohlin. Also some of the statements of the labelling approach failed to find confirmation.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1986, XIII; 7-108
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Reconstruction of geomagnetic event as observed in Northern Adriatic region and Its correlation with GPS single-frequency positioning deviations
Autorzy:: Brčić, D.
Ćelić, J.
Valčić, S.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116009.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
geomagnetic event
Northern Adriatic
Global Positioning System (GPS)
positioning deviations
positioning
Navigation and Timing (PNT)
Total Electron Content (TEC)
Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
Opis:: Space weather effects are generally recognized as causes of degradation of satellite positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services. We analyze GPS position estimation error during a geomagnetic storm, focusing on manifestations of geomagnetic processes. The position estimation error was analyzed in terms of GPS coordinates’ deviations (latitude, longitude and height) from their reference values. The storm’s impact was studied in the Northern Adriatic region where GPS observables from two Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reference stations were analysed. Geomagnetic indices were elaborated, comprising readings from interplanetary, magnetospheric and geomagnetic observatories. Total Electron Content (TEC) on both stations was computed using dual frequency GPS pseudorange observables. The experiment was to reconstruct the movement of geomagnetic disturbances entering the geospace, reaching the earth’s surface. The aim was to correlate possible space weather manifestation on satellite positioning performance in terms of positioning error. Regularities in changes in positioning deviations were identified with relation to influential indices. The research offered a possibility of experimental positioning deviations assessment as well as forecasting. Evaluation of generated rudimentary Classification and Regression Trees (CART) models showed that the risk of satellite positioning errors could be assessed and predicted considering absolutes, as well as changes in values of geomagnetic indices. During the research process, several activities emerged as preferable continuation of the work, with the aim of further development of predictive models and the complement of space weather scenarios and their consequences on navigational systems. Along with summarized results, they are outlined in the conclusion section.
Źródło:: TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 2; 349-357
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:: TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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