Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "the Baltic states" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-50 z 98
Tytuł:
‘Illusory Corporatism “Mark 2”’ in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Woolfson, Charles
Kallaste, Epp
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
the Baltic States
neo-liberal policies
illusory corporatism
tripartite social dialogue
Opis:
In their paper the authors employ the notion of 'illusory corporatism' coined over a decade ago. In the Baltic states, despite introduction of neo-corporatist institutional arrangements, neo-liberal policies have prevailed, thus the term appears appropriate to describe the actual status of tripartite social dialogue in the area for many years. Following the onset of the global economic crisis, which deeply affected the Baltic region, neo-corporatist type arrangements seem to have been re-embraced by trade unions and received support of the state. However, this renewed interest in neo-corporatism is mostly a tactical move on the part of the state, aiming to facilitate social peace in the times of recession and the implementation of stern austerity measures, with trade unions largely failing to influence the shape of anti-crisis policies of governments. Th us this new chapter in the history of social dialogue in the Baltic states is labelled 'illusory corporatism Mark 2'.
Źródło:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology; 2011, 2, 3; 51-72
2081-9633
Pojawia się w:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russia’s role in the Baltic States’ Investment
Autorzy:
Pestich, Aleksandr Sergeevich
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
Tematy:
Russia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
investment
business
Opis:
The aim of this article is to determine the modern role of Russia in the investment space of the Baltic states and to assess the current stage of integration of Russian and the Baltic states’ economies. The basis of the work is the analysis of the dynamics and structure of Russian investment in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This article shows the decreasing role of Russia in the Baltic states’ investment, but Russia is still an important economic partner for these states. Absolute amounts of investment are growing, while the share of Russia in different countries varies in different ways and, depending on the implementation of any project. Structure of Russian investments is different in all countries.
Źródło:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2016, 6, 2; 68-75
2084-0497
2451-2249
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes in the security environment of the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Mariusz Antoni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1550034.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Wiedzy Obronnej
Tematy:
Baltic states
security
Baltic Sea region
national defense
security environment
kraje bałtyckie
bezpieczeństwo
region Morza Bałtyckiego
obrona narodowa
środowisko bezpieczeństwa
Opis:
The main aim of the article is to analyze the security environment of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The author presents the security dilemmas of the Baltic States before their accession to NATO in 2004 (based on the example of the Republic of Estonia). Subsequently, the author shows the changes that have occurred in the security systems of the Baltic states since the beginning of the hybrid war in Ukraine in 2014. The author also draws attention to key security problems and points to Polish experiences that could be successfully adopted by Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
Źródło:
Wiedza Obronna; 2020, 4; 25-37
0209-0031
2658-0829
Pojawia się w:
Wiedza Obronna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial planning in the Baltic States, affected by depopulation
Autorzy:
Gaudesius, Rimvydas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836653.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
użytkowanie gruntów
planowanie przestrzenne
gospodarka gruntami
kraje nadbałtyckie
sustainable development
land use
spatial planning
land management
Baltic states
Opis:
Three Northern European countries over the last century have had similar political experiences, in 1990–1991 they have re-established independence and developed an individual political and administrative system. From 2004, when all Baltic countries became members of the European Union, the land use and spatial planning systems were developed with many similarities, as well as differences. The topic of this study is a survey of the national land policies and spatial planning systems in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the context of sustainable development, needs of society and depopulation. The aim of the article is to examine the problems, needs of society and tendencies in land usage, as well as systemic features of spatial planning in the Baltic countries. It is very important to analyse how countries realize the implementation of sustainable development strategies In land use planning and in the context of depopulation. It was found that the Baltic countries are facing similar problems in land use and spatial planning documents but there are also differences regarding planning procedures of documents, their hierarchy and types of planned measures. The study has shown that people in these countries want more natura environment and eco-industrial development. Also, it was approved as necessary to createan index (engineering method) of sustainability in spatial planning.
Źródło:
Geodesy and Cartography; 2021, 70, 1; 1-16
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:
Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NATO’S defence policy dilemma in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Milevski, Lukas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-03-21
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
NATO
Russia
Baltic
Defence policy
deterrence
Warsaw Summit
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the dilemma NATO has faced since February 2014 in its defence policy regarding the Baltic States. If NATO pursues a policy of deterrence, it might trigger war because Russia, the would-be deteree, may perceive actions taken by NATO as not intended to strengthen deterrence but rather to intimidate or coerce it. If it pursues an alternate policy of leaving the Baltic States visibly undefended, it might trigger war because Russia may see this as a sign of weakness and a gap to be exploited. This article investigates the logic of the dilemma, before considering whether NATO’s choice, made at the Warsaw Summit of July 2016, is working as intended. Ultimately, we cannot predict the answer and, therefore, we should consider all possible outcomes, including those which lead to a defensive war in the Baltic States.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2017, 14, 1; 51-68
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Security policy of the Baltic States and its determining factors
Autorzy:
Piotrowski, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-20
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
security policy
European security
Baltic States
Opis:
The history of the nations living in today’s Baltic States is marked by fighting against stronger neighbours: Russia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark and the German settlers in their territories. Unlike Lithuanians, Estonians and Latvians failed to create their own statehood before the 20 th century. The Lithuanians created their own state, a powerful one, which then became a part of an even wider state organism – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result, the security policy of Lithuania was identical to that of the First Republic of Poland. Although there were tribes living within the area of current Estonia and Latvia for many centuries up to the outbreak of World War I, the lands of Latvia and Estonia had been changing owners and had been under the rule of almost all neighbouring countries. As a result of the positive outcome of the First World War, but also thanks to their efforts, the Baltic States regained independence in order to lose it after only 20 years, as a consequence of another war. After restoring independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Baltic States realised that even acting together they were unable to defend themselves against a potential aggressor. As a result, they decided to follow in the footsteps of other countries of the former Eastern Bloc (e.g. Poland and Slovakia) and to integrate with Western European structures such as NATO and the EU. Following NATO inclusion, the security strategies of the Baltic States have been revised in line with the changes in their surrounding geopolitical environment.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2018, 22, 5; 46-70
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Air Defense of the Baltic States: Looking toward the Future
Autorzy:
Cieślak, Eugeniusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
air defense
air defense system
Baltic states
NATO
obrona powietrzna
system obrony powietrznej
kraje bałtyckie
Opis:
The article offers a discussion of the origins, current state, and the future of air defence for the Baltic states. It relates developments in the field of air defense to changes in the security environment and the defence policies of the Baltic states. The article starts with a retrospective on the origins and development of air defence in the Baltic states before they joined NATO. Then, it focuses on the early years of integration with NATO Integrated Air Defense System and implications for air defence related to changes in the security of the Euro-Atlantic region stemming from aggressive Russian actions. An assessment of the current posture of air defence in the Baltic states serves as a starting point for a discussion on requirements for future developments and predicting possible outcomes. The research uses unclassified, publicly available documents and analytical reports to provide background information for a discussion on the future of air defense for the Baltic states. The Baltic states are aware of the limitations of their air defense and try to develop this capability within available resources. Changes to security environment after 2014 gave a new impetus to develop the air defense of the Baltic states, both through efforts undertaken by NATO and for national capability development.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2021, 2; 12-21
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Kremlins strategic narratives on the Baltic States during the COVID-19 crisis
Autorzy:
Mölder, Holger (1962- ).
Powiązania:
Kwartalnik Bellona 2020, nr 4, s. 35-54
Współwytwórcy:
Sazonov, Vladimir (1979- ). Autor
Data publikacji:
2020
Tematy:
Polityka międzynarodowa
Bezpieczeństwo narodowe
Polityka bezpieczeństwa
Strategia
Rusofobia
Środki masowego przekazu
Narracja
COVID-19
Artykuł z czasopisma wojskowego
Artykuł z czasopisma naukowego
Opis:
W tekście dokonano analizy artykułów opublikowanych w rosyjskich mediach internetowych wiosną 2020 roku, w czasie rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19. Rosyjska narracja propagandowa skierowana była do państw bałtyckich – Estonii, Łotwy i Litwy. Treści te, często publikowane były w kontekście rusofobicznym i odnosiły się do polityki, gospodarki oraz tożsamości narodowej społeczeństw krajów bałtyckich. Wskazano cele strategiczne rosyjskiej wojny informacyjnej m.in. dezintegracja społeczeństwa poprzez antagonizowanie grup utożsamiających się z narodem rosyjskim oraz narodami państw bałtyckich, podważanie struktur zachodnich instytucji politycznych, dążenie do naruszenia systemu międzynarodowego. Działania te miały zdestabilizować jedność państw Zachodu i podważyć wiarygodność członków Unii Europejskiej w oczach społeczeństwa litewskiego, łotewskiego i estońskiego.
Bibliografia, netografia na stronach 50-53.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Citizenship Policies of the Baltic States within the EU Framework on Minority Rights
Autorzy:
Carpinelli, Cristina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594440.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Baltic States
ethnic minorities
generation
minority rights
citizenship law
integration
Opis:
The ethnic landscape in the Baltic States is dominated by one large ethnic minority: Russians. Lithuania is an exception as here the first biggest ethnic minority are Poles, followed by Russians. The Baltic States have also significant Slavic minorities, such as Belarusians and Ukrainians. There are many barriers for people from different ethnic groups to overcome because the Baltic societies are segregated according to ethnicity across a number of dimensions: language, work and geography. During the Soviet period there were separate language schools, a system that reinforced ethnic separation. Labor market was also split along ethnic lines and a large proportion of ethnic minorities lived spatially segregated from the majority group and was concentrated mostly in urban centers. The impact of communist heritage and the construction of the post-communist state order had a negative impact on the integration process of the Russian minorities in those countries. The ethnic Russians had been heavily marginalized as many of them had no citizenship at all. As a result, they had limited access to labor-market and less social protection. However, the accession of the Baltic States to the European Union (EU) has succeeded in significantly changing policies with respect for and protection of minorities in the three Baltic countries. In the last years the ethnic Russians have in fact been partially accommodated through the consistency of the citizenship laws with the European Union norms, which precisely require the protection of minorities and respect for them. The aim of the study described herein is to investigate the historic roots of ethnic segregation between the native Baltic population and the Russian minority and show how the entry of the Baltic States into the EU has facilitated the process of promoting minority rights, especially from the perspective of granting citizenship right to Russian (and Polish) ethnic persons living in those countries.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 2 (48); 193-221
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Toward Comprehensive Defense: The Case of the Baltic States since 2014
Autorzy:
Śliwa, Zdzisław
Kalinowski, Romuald
Petraitis, Daivis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2166582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
Baltic states
comprehensive defense
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
kraje bałtyckie
kompleksowa obrona
Łotwa
Litwa
Opis:
This article provides an assessment of the defense efforts undertaken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania since 2014. This analysis is focused on national efforts in the field of military defense and societal resilience. The assessment of defense efforts undertaken by the Baltic states has been based on their pragmatic perception of threats, development of military capabilities, and preparations in the field of civil resilience. The research references publicly available governmental documents of the Baltic states, such as security and defense strategies and concepts, defense plans, and budgets. It discusses recent research and analytical works in the field of and defense of the Baltic states. The research suggests that despite national modalities, all of the Baltic states are implementing core elements of the comprehensive defense. Although there is solid progress in implementing comprehensive defense in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, there are still many challenges ahead.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2021, 3; 71--81
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NATO un Baltijas Valtis. NATO and the Baltic States : Quo vadis?.
Współwytwórcy:
(gr.m). Recenzja
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Riga
Tematy:
Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe bałtyckie, kraje materiały konferencyjne recenzja
Opis:
Materiały z Międzynarodowej Konferencji nt. bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich, zorganizowanej przez Łotewski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych i Fundację K. Adenauera.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Książka
Tytuł:
NATO un Baltijas Valtis. NATO and the Baltic States : Quo vadis?.
Współwytwórcy:
(gr.m). Recenzja
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Riga
Tematy:
NATO rozszerzenie polityka 1998 r. materiały konferencyjne
NATO a Bałtycki, region polityka od 1989 r.
Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe Bałtyckie, kraje 1997 r. materiały konferencyjne
Opis:
Materiały z Międzynarodowej Konferencji nt. bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich, zorganizowanej przez Łotewski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych i Fundację K. Adenauera.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Książka
Tytuł:
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOPOIETIC ECONOMIC STRUCTURES IN THE BALTIC STATES: ANALYSIS OF FACTORS
Autorzy:
Morkunas, Mangirdas
Skvarciany, Viktorija
Titko, Jelena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
autopoiesis
formation of a firm
Baltic states
Opis:
Research background: Since the introduction of the concept in 1972 Autopoiesis has enjoyed great popularity among academicians representing various fields of science. However, the number of studies devoted to the investigation of factors that have an impact on the formation of autopoietic economic structures is quite limited. This paper addresses the gap in scientific research on autopoiesis of economic structures in small open markets, specifically in the Baltic States. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to identify and evaluate factors that turn on self-organization mechanisms of autopoietic economic structures in the Baltic States, in particular in Latvia. Methods: Expert survey was used to identify the most important factors affecting the for-mation of meso-economic entities in the Baltic States. The factors’ assessments provided by seven experts were analyzed. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with fuzzy numbers was employed to process the data. Two different scales of evaluation (inverse linear and balanced) were used. Findings & Value added: The factors influencing the process of formation of business groups were evaluated by experts. Research results allow for making conclusions regarding the causes of the business integration, and impact of diversified integrated business structures on the country's business system in Central Europe.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 2; 319-338
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wojska obrony terytorialnej w państwach bałtyckich
The Baltic states Territorial Defence Forces
Autorzy:
Małysa, Tobiasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557393.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
obrona terytorialna
państwa bałtyckie
Litwa
Łotwa
Estonia
KASP
Zemessardze
Kaitseliit
konflikt hybrydow
territorial defence forces
Baltic states
Lithuania
Latvia
hybrid conflicty
Opis:
W artykule autor porusza problematykę znaczenia i roli tzw. formacji obrony terytorialnej w polityce i potencjale obronnym państw bałtyckich (Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia). Charakterystyka wojsk obrony terytorialnej w tych państwach zasadniczo jest podobna, ale można odnotować pomiędzy nimi pewne różnice. Ogółem, uznać je można za jednostki przeznaczone przede wszystkim do wsparcia operacyjnych wojsk lądowych tych państw. Ich rola wykracza jednak tylko poza element odstraszania potencjalnego agresora, stanowią one bowiem, choć w różnym stopniu, aktywny system szkolenia rezerw i podnoszenia gotowości obronnej społeczeństwa oraz kształtowania w nim postaw proobronnych, a także wsparcia państwa i jego organów w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Chociaż ostatnimi laty zarówno stany osobowe, jak i posiadany przez formacje obrony terytorialnej sprzęt w państwach bałtyckich, są wzmacniane, a polityka taka wedle zamierzeń rządowych ma być w kolejnych latach kontynuowana. Niezmiennie jednak perspektywy rozwoju wojsk operacyjnych i innych ochotniczych formacji paramilitarnych pozostają w tych państwach ograniczone przez szereg czynników, głównie natury budżetowej czy demograficznej.
In the article, the author discusses the significance and role of the so-called Territorial Defence Forces in the politics and military capability of Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia). The characteristics of the territorial defence forces in these countries are generally similar, but some differences may be noted between them. Generally, they can be described as units mostly intended for the operational support of the main armed forces of these countries. However, their role is not limited only to discouraging any potential aggressor from attack, but they are (although in miscellaneous degrees) an active system of training the military reserve forces and strengthening the defensive preparedness of society and its patriotic posture, and they also can support the state authorities in crisis situations. Although the last years brought the growth in their personnel and equipment and also is predicted that these government intentions are going to be continued in next years, further progress in growth of potential territorial defence units in the Baltic states could remain limited by a number of factors, mostly budgetary or demographic.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2017, 3; 225-236
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE BALTIC STATES: A COMPARATIVE VIEW
Autorzy:
KIURIENÉ, VIOLETA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/628487.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
Tematy:
Administrative Supervision, the Baltic States, Local Self-Government
Opis:
The article analyses models of administrative supervision of local self-government in the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these models. The research done in this article defines the theoretical concept of administrative supervision of local self-government; gives an overview of the legislative framework underpining the key administrative supervision bodies of local self-government in the Baltic States; discusses the issue of legal regulation and the present state of administrative supervision over local self-government units in the Baltic States; gives some theoretical and practical suggestions to develop this field in the Baltic States. The research methods employed in preparation of this article are theoretical methods of analysis of scientific literature and sources, legal acts and documents as well as comparative and logical analysis, induction and generalisation. Three Baltic States similar in their area, number of inhabitants, and governmental peculiarities have been chosen for the analysis.
Źródło:
Journal of Education Culture and Society; 2015, 6, 2; 394-410
2081-1640
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Education Culture and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
National minorities integration in the Baltic States
Integracja mniejszości narodowych w krajach bałtyckich
Autorzy:
Ligenzowska, Joanna
Piecuch, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/593702.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Baltic states
Integration
National minorities
Integracja
Kraje bałtyckie
Mniejszości narodowe
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to review immigrant integration policy in the Baltic States, in particular emphasis on the issue of access to social services and the general model of social policy towards minority groups. In the introduction to the topic are primarily issues related to the overall look at the issue of immigration in the Baltic States and the structure of in the context of immigrant origin. In the next part of the paper outlines the overall picture of integration policy in the Baltic States, taking into account national legislation. The whole issue was supplemented analyzed by reviewing the most important government programs in Baltic States in order to quickly and efficiently integrate the newly arrived residents of local communities.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd polityki integracji imigrantów w krajach bałtyckich ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii dostępu do usług społecznych i ogólnego modelu polityki społecznej wobec grup mniejszościowych. Poruszono tu przede wszystkim kwestie związane z ogólnym spojrzeniem na tematykę imigracji w krajach bałtyckich i jej struktury w kontekście pochodzenia imigrantów. Następnie przedstawiono ogólny obraz polityki integracyjnej w państwach bałtyckich z uwzględnieniem przepisów krajowych. Cała analiza została uzupełniona o przegląd najważniejszych programów rządowych w krajach bałtyckich mających na celu szybkie i skuteczne zintegrowanie nowo przybyłych mieszkańców do społeczności lokalnych.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2015, 228; 167-175
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
From independence to the Euro introduction: varieties of capitalism in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Wrobel, Ralph M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
VoC, Baltics
Estonia, Latvia
Lithuania
Euro introduction
Opis:
The Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, are very successful in transformation. From 1991 to 2015 they regained independence and transformed their economies from socialist central planning into functioning market economies, joined the EU in 2004 and became member of the Euro zone. Estonia introduced the Euro al-ready in 2011 while Latvia followed in 2014 and Lithuania in 2015. Thereof follow two questions. First, why all three Baltic countries are so successful? And secondly, do we really find everywhere the pattern of the “Shining star” Estonia, followed by Latvia and at least Lithuania? According to modern Varieties of Capitalism theory all three economies can be classified as Central and Eastern European Countries in the style of Liberal Market Economies (CEEC-LME). As can be shown, there are also differences in the institutional setups of all three Baltic States. During the period of transformation a pattern of Estonia followed by Latvia and at least Lithuania evolved which is also reflected by the sequence of joining Euro area. But institutional patterns are not determined in the long run. Since the crisis of 2008/09 the pattern within the Baltics changed. While Estonia remains on the first rank Lithuania overtook Latvia in terms of growth and wealth. Deregulation in Lithuania – which may be observed by the development of the Economic Freedom Index of the Heritage Foundation within the last ten years – may be the main reason. But also, the low sophistication of the Lithuanian banking system as well as Latvia’s massive suffering from the crisis may explain the last change of the pattern in the Baltics. There are several possibilities to illustrate the different paths of development of the Baltic States. While Geography Hypothesis is not able to explain the differences, the extractive political institutions in Estonia and Latvia can illustrate the lead of both countries in contrast to Lithuania till the crisis in 2008/09. Additionally, different basic values in all three Baltic States are responsible for the different
Źródło:
Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME); 2015, 1; 9-38
2353-9119
Pojawia się w:
Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Willingness to defend ones own country and to resist in the Baltic states
Autorzy:
Andžāns, Māris
Sprūds, Andris
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
Lithuania
Estonia
Latvia
defence
resistance
Opis:
This article addresses the question of willingness to defend one’s own country and a similar notion of resistance, should Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia be attacked. The study principally relies on quantitative data from a dedicated nationally representative survey across all three countries. The data acquired thereof reaffirm findings from previous studies concluding that the highest level of willingness to defend one’s own country is in Estonia, while it is lower in Latvia and in Lithuania. Asked if and how respondents would resist in case of an attack, more willingness to resist either non-violently or violently was expressed by respondents in Lithuania, ahead of the number of willing to do so in Estonia and more so in Latvia. Demographic background of the respondents visualized and discussed in the article provides further nuances of both research questions. While situation with the willingness to defend Estonia is relatively comfortable, this should not be treated as a reason for complacency. There is still room for progress within some groups of the society. Meanwhile, valuable lessons could be drawn for policies of Latvia and more so of Lithuania to avert some of the less flattery trends identifed in this study.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2020, 30, 3; 15-30
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Panel Data Analysis of the Creation of Green Economy in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Žukauskienė, Joana
Snieška, Vytautas
Navickas, Valentinas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40621644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
carbon dioxide
fossil fuels
green economy
panel data analysis
Opis:
Greenhouse gases are gases that increase in concentration because of human activity. Carbon dioxide accounts for the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. The ecological environment can be improved and global warming can be mitigated by reducing carbon dioxide levels. Today, the focus around the world is on CO2 emissions into the environment. The Baltic countries that produce more electricity, such as Estonia, emit more carbon dioxide into the environment, while countries that produce less electricity, such as Lithuania and Latvia, emit less. Application of the panel data analysis of GDP per capita and CO2 emissions in millions of tonnes for the years 2000-2021 for the selected countries revealed that the calculated regression constant and coefficient for the independent variable GDP per capita are rather unreliable, which means that there is no common regression function for all these countries, but the differences in the residuals give valuable insight in the specifics of each country.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie; 2023, 1, 52; 193-202
2083-1560
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dylematy bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich po aneksji Krymu
Security dilemma in the Baltic states after the Crimea annexation
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska-Zonik, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620315.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
security
Baltic states
Crimea annexation
Russia
bezpieczeństwo
państwa bałtyckie
aneksja Krymu
Rosja
Opis:
Security threats related to Russia’s revisionism in the Baltic region have been observed since the Russia-Georgia war (2008), but the Baltic states have experienced significant challenges as a result of the aggressive policy of Russia in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea in 2014. Russia is seen as the most influential actor who influences the security in the region. While security challenges in the Baltic states are primarily seen through the prism of the military threat, the Baltic states perceive themselves as being under the pressure Russia is exerting on their political systems, economic, social and cultural cohesion as well as national identities. The objective of the study is to answer the question of how the ‘Ukrainian crisis’ affects security discourse in the Baltic states and how they are adapting to new security challenges on the national and regional levels. Additionally, the relation (hierarchy) between the regional and national security interests of the Baltic states will be analyzed.
Obawy o rewizjonistyczną politykę Rosji w regionie bałtyckim wzrosły w 2008 r. po konflikcie rosyjsko-gruzińskim. Jednak to aneksja Krymu i wojna we wschodniej Ukrainie spowodowała znaczący spadek poczucia bezpieczeństwa w regionie. Rosja postrzegana jest jako największe zagrożenie w regionie. Podczas gdy środki militarne budzą największy niepokój w państwach bałtyckich, Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia obawiają się także rosyjskiej presji na ich system polityczny, gospodarkę, kulturę, życie społeczne oraz tożsamość narodową. Poniższa praca będzie miała na celu wskazanie dynamiki dyskursu bezpieczeństwa w państwach bałtyckich w związku z wydarzeniami we wschodniej Ukrainie. Analiza będzie dotyczyła w szczególności odpowiedzi na pytania, w jaki sposób „kryzys ukraiński” wpłynął na postrzeganie bezpieczeństwa w państwach bałtyckich oraz jakie działania zostały podjęte na poziomie narodowym i regionalnym. Dodatkowo, zbadana zostanie relacja pomiędzy narodowymi a regionalnymi interesami w sferze bezpieczeństwa w państwach bałtyckich.
Źródło:
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne; 2017, 2; 125-142
1731-7517
Pojawia się w:
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Енергетична політика країн Балтії у пострадянський період
Energy Policy of the Baltic States in the Post-Soviet Period
Autorzy:
Мудрієвська, I.I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22676673.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-16
Wydawca:
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of World History
Tematy:
країни Балтії
ЄС
BEMIP
енергетична політика
енергетична безпека
енергоресурси
диверсифікація
синхронізація
Baltic States
EU
energy policy
energy security
energy resources
diversification
synchronization
Opis:
У статті досліджено енергетичну політику країн Балтії у пострадянський період, яка спрямована на зниження енергетичної залежності від Росії з акцентом на просуванні національних інтересів. Простежено, що процес модернізації енергетичної сфери Литви, Латвії та Естонії направлений на посилення енергетичної безпеки і створення умов для енергетичної незалежності, підвищення енергоефективності економік зазначених держав. Окреслено головні напрями реалізації енергетичної політики країн Балтії. Звернуто увагу на те, що програми модернізації енергетичної галузі включають в себе широке впровадження енергозберігаючих технологій, зокрема,й використання відновлювальних джерел енергії. Розглянуто умови функціонування енергосистем країн Балтії в часи незалежності. Мова йде про енергетичну, сировинну, інфраструктурну залежність від єдиного енергопостачальника – Російської Федерації. Зазначено про План об’єднання Балтійського енергетичного ринку (BEMIP). Наголошено на важливості введення в дію терміналу СПГ у Клайпеді (Литва) і будівництві нових проєктів транспортування блакитного палива – GIPL, Balticconnector. Проаналізовано особливості синхронізації електромереж балтійських країн з континентальною європейською мережею (CEN). Здійснено стислу характеристику стану справ в енергетиці Естонії, Латвії, Литви в умовах незалежності. Зазначено про позицію ЄС щодо питання розвитку енергетичного сектору балтійських країн. Підкреслено, що країни Балтії зуміли заручитися підтримкою ЄС у своїх зусиллях щодо посилення енергетичної безпеки.Зроблено висновок проте, що саме завдяки проявленню стійкої позиції країн Балтії і ЄС у напрямі імплементації нових проєктів щодо постачання енергії та енергоносіїв, країни Балтії частково позбуваються енергетичної залежності з боку Росії. Завдяки сприянню ЄС, впровадженню спільної енергетичної політики, залученню нових партнерів, оновленню маршрутів постачання енергії, диверсифікації джерел постачання енергоресурсів країни Балтії поступово відходять від енергетичної ізоляції.
The energy policy of the Baltic States in the post-Soviet period, which aims to reduce energy dependence on Russia with an emphasis on promoting national interests is studied at the article.It is noted that the process of the energy sector’ modernizationof Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia is aimed at strengthening energy security and creating conditions for energy independence, increasing the energy efficiency of economies of these countries. The main directions of the energy policy’ implementation of the Baltic States are outlined.Attention is paid to the fact that modernization programs of the energy sector include the widespread introduction of energy saving technologies, in particular, the use of renewable energy sources. The conditions of functioning of the Baltic States’ energy systems at the time of independence are considered. We are talking about energy, raw materials, infrastructure dependence on a single energy supplier – the Russian Federation. It is noted about the Baltic energy market interconnection plan (BEMIP).The importance of commissioning the LNG terminal in Klaipeda (Lithuania) and the construction of new projects for the transportation of natural gas – GIPL, Balticconnector іs emphasid.Peculiarities of synchronization of electric networks of the Baltic States with the Continental European Network (CEN) are analyzed.A brief description of the energy sector of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the conditions of independence has been made. It is noted about the EU’s position on the development of the Baltic States’energy sector.It is emphasized that the Baltic States have managed to get the support of the EU in their efforts to strengthen energy security.It is concluded that due to the stable position of the Baltic States and the EU in the direction of implementing new projects for energy supply and energy sources, the Baltic States are partially getting rid of energy dependence from Russia.Thanks to EU assistance, the implementation of a common energy policy, the involvement of new partners, the renewal of energy supply routes, and the diversification of energy supply sources, the Baltic States are gradually moving away from energy isolation.
Źródło:
Проблеми всесвітньої історії; 2021, 16; 102-123
2707-6776
Pojawia się w:
Проблеми всесвітньої історії
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prospects of Decarbonizing Industrial Areas in the Baltic States by Means of Alternative Fuels
Autorzy:
Mezulis, Ansis
Kleperis, Janis
Lesnicenoks, Peteris
Zemite, Laila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173276.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
alternative fuel
biofuel
CNG
compressed natural gas
bio-CNG
HCNG
GHG emission
greenhouse gas emission
Opis:
All three Baltic States have reached good figures regarding the change in total greenhouse gas emissions from transport during 1990-2017. Particularly successful is Lithuania, showing a negative value of -2.7%. Latvia considerably lags behind Estonia (+15.1% vs. +1.5%). Amid the achievement of Latvian scientists, engineers and merchants, the authors point out the work of Lithuanian engineers who investigated how gaseous hydrogen affects the parameters of diesel internal combustion engine. Important to note that in the Baltic States, the activities of inland waterway vessels and the shunting locomotives are concentrated in only a few main cities. Regarding that, Baltic scientists and environment specialists nowadays are developing plans also for local air pollution decreasing, which can be carried out in particular cities or industrial areas, thereby allowing for improvements in air cleanliness and the ecological situation in concerned local area. A numerical estimation shows that applying the NYSMART technology, introduced in this paper, will make areas of active action of the high-volume diesels cleaner in the same amount as gained by photosynthesis of the urban green flora. In recent years, the developed technology of hydraulic piston compression allows producing numerous different vehicle fueling appliances for the CNG/bio-CNG fuel. The further development of this technology means the producing of various solutions, applicable at biogas/biomethane production sites, for CNG/bio-CNG compression, transportation and fast natural gas vehicles refueling in a cost effective and convenient way. The hydraulic piston compression and NYSMART have a potential in small and medium-scale technologies and therefore need to be developed further for applications with hydrogen. Production of biomethane and green hydrogen is delayed by the lack of state aid programmes in the Baltic States. Lithuania is on the way to change the situation in the coming years, with one of the first biomethane gas production plants due to be built near Panevėžys, in Šilagalys near the Via Baltica motorway. Summing up all aspects, the preconditions for the use of alternative fuels in the Baltic States are similar, allowing one to learn from other’s experience and to consider joint projects.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 8; 152--161
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The accounting subculture of Russia and the Baltic states in the light of Hofstede and Gray’s concept
Autorzy:
Czerny, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1917458.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-12
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Księgowych w Polsce
Tematy:
cultural dimensions
determinants of accounting
subculture of accounting
accounting systems
Opis:
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to compare the theoretical assumptions of Gray’s model based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the actual evolution of accounting sys-tems in Russia and the Baltic countries, as former Soviet republics (which implies decades of functioning within the same legal and economic system, as well as the financial market). Methodology: A critical analysis and comparative analysis of the literature. Results: The initial characteristics of the Russian accounting subculture were characterized by a strong inclination towards conservatism and discretion, preferring statutory control and uniformity. This is also true of the accounting subculture of the Baltic countries − conserva-tive, but with a tendency towards transparency and professionalism, but at the same time appreciating the role of statutory control, with an ambivalent approach to flexibility. An analy-sis of the development of accounting systems in these countries revealed general compli-ance with the theoretical assumptions of Gray's model, and highest in the case of Russia. Originality/value: The article confirms the correctness of the assumptions of Gray's model regarding the evolution of selected countries’ accounting systems. It fills the existing cognitive gap, because former Soviet republics’ accounting systems are rarely studied in a cultural con-text, especially compared to Russia. Typically, a comparison is made between Russia/the former Soviet republic and Western European countries or another Central/Eastern European country.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości; 2021, 45(3); 51-68
1641-4381
2391-677X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The politics of language and education in Georgia (compared with the Baltic States and Ukraine)
Autorzy:
Dundua, Salome
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
ethnic minorities
education
language politics
integration
mniejszości etniczne
edukacja
polityka językowa
integracja
Opis:
W procesie zapewniania pełnej integracji mniejszości narodowych w państwie, jedną z najczęściej wymienianych przeszkód jest brak znajomości języka państwowego przez owe mniejszości. Pomimo faktu, że Gruzja osiągnęła pewien sukces w budowaniu demokracji, instytucje państwowe są wciąż słabe, co z kolei przekłada się na trudności w procesie integrowania różnych grup religijnych i etnicznych z państwem. Brak zaufania do instytucji politycznych z jednej strony i słabość tych instytucji z drugiej, prowadzi do wzajemnego wyobcowania i izolacji różnych grup społecznych. Rząd gruziński, w przeciwieństwie do krajów bałtyckich i Ukrainy, zbliżając Gruzinów do tamtejszych grup mniejszościowych, postanowił zwiększyć ich udział i aktywność w przestrzeni obywatelskiej.
In the process of ensuring successful and full integration, one of the main obstacles is the lack of knowledge of the state language by ethnic minorities. Despite the fact that Georgia has achieved some success in building a democratic state, democratic institutions are still weak in the country. Having weak democratic institutions makes it very difficult to transform diverse religious and ethnic groups into one civil unit. A lack of trust towards political institutions on the one hand, and the weakness of these institutions on the other, leads to the mutual alienation and isolation of different segments of society. The Georgian government, unlike the Baltic States and Ukraine, by way of teaching Georgian to its minorities, set increasing their civic integration and activity in civic spaces as a goal. How successful the steps taken in this regard were is another question.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2014, 3; 171-183
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cultural Autonomy for Minorities in the Baltic States, Ukraine, and the Russian Federation: A Dead Letter
Autorzy:
Yupsanis, Athanasios
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706717.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
cultural autonomy
Estonia
Latvia
minority rights
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Opis:
One of the direct results of the collapse of the former USSR was the emergence of centrifugal ethnic minority nationalisms, which posed a threat to the stability of the then newly-established (or restored in the case of the Baltic democracies) states. In this context, one of the mechanisms introduced by the leading elites in several countries (e.g. Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, the Russian Federation) in order to address the minority diversity issue, ensure stability, and gain international support (in the case of the Baltic states) was a cultural autonomy scheme, which has its origins in the ideas of the late 19th century Austro-Marxist school of thought. This model was successfully implemented once in the past, in inter-war Estonia. However, its modern application, even in cases when it does not just remain on paper (such as in Latvia and Ukraine), seems to serve other motives (e.g. a restitutional framework in Estonia, control of the non-titular minority elites in Russia) rather than the satisfaction of minority cultural needs, thus making cultural autonomy a dead letter.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2016, 36; 109-135
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Housing loans and domestic credit in the Baltic States and Poland: Structural breaks and macroeconomic determinants
Autorzy:
Hegerty, Scott W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2024083.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Baltics
Domestic credit
Home lending
Polska
time series
Opis:
Aim/purpose – This study examines the time-series properties of home loans and do-mestic credit in Poland and the three Baltic countries, first in the univariate sense by identifying structural breaks in the series, and then using a multivariate model to identify the key drivers of loan growth.Design/methodology/approach – Structural break tests are conducted using the method of Bai & Perron (1998), while orthgonalised VARs are used for the macroeconomic model.Findings – The Estonian and Lithuanian home lending growth series have structural breaks in 2007, preceding the onset of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Estonian home lending has two additional structural breaks in 2009 and 2013. Neither of the two Polish lending series has any break after the sample begins in 2009, indicating more stability in the country’s markets. In the macroeconomic model, consumer price inflation and real effective exchange-rate appreciations have the largest influence on lending and credit growth, and Poland more affected than the Baltic countries.Research implications/limitations – This study opens the door to future research behind the specific causes of structural breaks in these series. While there is some evidence of an ‘early warning’ before the 2008 crisis, longer data series are needed for Poland and especially in the case of Latvia.Originality/value/contribution – This study offers insight into the lending markets in an area of the world that was significantly impacted by the 2008 crisis. Understanding the behaviour and causes of lending growth will help avoid future problems.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2020, 42; 48-69
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Implications of Russia’s 2014 Military Doctrine for the Baltic States’ Military Security to 2020
Autorzy:
Guselnikov, Sergei
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534439.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu w Dąbrowie Górniczej
Tematy:
The Baltics’ Security
Russian Doctrinal Threats
Resurgent Russia
Deterrence of Russia
Opis:
In its 2014 military doctrine, Russia defines the world as an unstable environment that is not able to provide sufficient security to Russia. In these terms, Russia looks to its large military force that would be able to protect the Russian vital sphere of interests, which supposedly also includes Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Thus, Russia strives to re-establish the control in its vital sphere of interests and the 2014 doctrine reveals the intent of it. However, the steady development of military capabilities, strong political will to defend the sovereignty along with the principle of collective defence has made the Baltic States strong enough to withstand security challenges caused by its Eastern neighbour, The Russian Federation. As a result, although the confrontation of interests in the Baltic region remains persistent, the probability of Russian direct military aggression against the Baltic States will stay low up to 2020.
Źródło:
Security Forum; 2017, 1, Volume 1 No. 1/2017; 99-107
2544-1809
Pojawia się w:
Security Forum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Baltophobia”, czyli wojna informacyjna Rosji w państwach bałtyckich
“Baltophobia” – Russia’s information war in the Baltic states
Autorzy:
Orłowska, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1179131.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Russia
baltic states
information warfare
desinformation
hybrid warfare
national minorities
fake-news
geopolitcs
Rosja
kraje bałtyckie
wojna informacyjna
dezinformacja
wojna hybrydowa
mniejszości etniczne
geopolityka
Opis:
Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia są jedynymi państwami wchodzącymi w skład byłego ZSRR, które współcześnie przynależą zarówno do Unii Europejskiej, jak i do Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego, przez co zajmują specjalne miejsce na mapie interesów swoich wschodnich sąsiadów. Praca ma na celu wykazać, że wojna informacyjnawymierzona w państwa bałtyckie jest elementem i przejawem szerszej strategii Federacji Rosyjskiej, wykraczającej daleko poza wspomniany region. Na podstawie analizy kilkuset przekazów medialnych z lat 2016–2020, wyciągnięto wnioski na temat ostatnich trendów i metod prowadzenia kampanii dezinformacyjnych, jak i przedstawiono główne narracje na płaszczyźnie wspólnotowej, politycznej, społecznej, historycznej i gospodarczej.
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are the only countries that were part of the USSR, which today belong to both the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance, therefore they occupy a special place on the map of interests of their eastern neigbours. The intention of this article is to demonstrate that the information warfare activity against the Baltic States is an element and expression of Russia’s broad strategy, which extend far beyond this region. Based on the analysis of several hundred 2016–2020 media covereges, the conclusions were drawn about the latest trends and techniques for conducting disinformation campaigns, as well as the main narratives at the community, political, social, historical and economical level. 
Źródło:
Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM; 2020, 22; 87-108
2081-8270
Pojawia się w:
Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
CO2 storage potential of sedimentary basins of Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland and the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Šliaupa, S.
Lojka, R.
Tasáryová, Z.
Kolejka, V.
Hladík, V.
Kotulová, J.
Kucharič, L.
Fejdi, V.
Wójcicki, V.
Tarkowski, R.
Uliasz-Misiak, B.
Šliaupienė, R.
Nulle, I.
Pomeranceva, R.
Ivanova, O.
Shogenova, A.
Shogenov, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2059731.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
CO2 geological storage
saline aquifer
coal bed
EOR
ECBM
Opis:
It has been increasingly realised that geological storage of CO2 is a prospective option for reduction of CO2 emissions. The CO2 geological storage potential of sedimentary basins with the territory of Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and the Baltic States is here assessed, and different storage options have been considered. The most prospective technology is hydrodynamic trapping in the deep saline aquifers. The utilisation of hydrocarbon (HC) fields is considered as a mature technology; however storage capacities are limited in the region and are mainly related to enhanced oil (gas) recovery. Prospective reservoirs and traps have been identified in the Danube, Vienna and East Slovakian Neogene basins, the Neogene Carpathian Foredeep, the Bohemian and Fore-Sudetic Upper Paleozoic basins, the Mesozoic Mid-Polish Basin and the pericratonic Paleozoic Baltic Basin. The total storage capacity of the sedimentary basins is estimated to be as much as 10170 Mt of CO2 in deep saline aquifer structures, and 938 Mt CO2 in the depleted HC fields. The utilisation of coal seams for CO2 storage is related to the Upper Silesian Basin where CO2 storage could be combined with enhanced recovery of coal-bed methane.
Źródło:
Geological Quarterly; 2013, 57, 2; 219--232
1641-7291
Pojawia się w:
Geological Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New social cooperation model in service oriented economy: the case of employee financial participation in the Baltic states
Autorzy:
Civinskas, R.
Dvorak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125524.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
Baltic states
company management
employee financial participation
employee ownership
profit sharing
kraje bałtyckie
zarządzanie przedsiębiorstwem
udział finansowy pracownika
własność pracowników
podział zysków
Opis:
The article discusses the issues of employee financial participation in Baltic states which differs and depends on political, legal and economic preconditions. The aim of the research is to analyse employee financial participation as an instrument for collaboration in companies and a new social cooperation model in the Baltic states. The qualitative research was conducted by telephone and e-mail in 2016. The interviews were carried out with the experts (academics, civil servants, lawyers and human resource consultants working in a relevant field) as well some trade union and company representatives. In general, the new policy for supporting employee financial participation has been renewed in Latvia and Lithuania. It started recently with the revision of the legislative framework that was initially established during the privatisation period. The revision of the Law of Companies was driven by the business interest (to have a new effective human resource management tool or to transfer employee share plans from parent companies in Western countries to subsidiaries in the Baltic states) to introduce (or revise, in the case of Lithuania) new employee share ownership (ESO) plans. The research has also proven that there are common similarities in the use of employee financial participation plans despite the existing differences which are based on national features, such as tax and legal regimes, historical development patterns, or economic and structural factors.
Źródło:
Engineering Management in Production and Services; 2017, 9, 3; 37-50
2543-6597
2543-912X
Pojawia się w:
Engineering Management in Production and Services
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of demographic processes in Poland and the Baltic States since the end of the XVIII century and forecast up to 2096
Autorzy:
Manakov, Andrei
Suvorkov, Pavel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201896.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
Tematy:
birth rate
mortality
migrations
modeling
demographic forecast
Polska
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Opis:
Negative demographic tendencies are some of the most serious problems of development of post-Socialist countries. Goal of this research is historical analysis and forecast of demographic processes in Poland and the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The demographic forecast is prepared on the basis of revision of forecast model of the Population Division of United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Scenario approach and simulation multi-factor modeling act as the main methods of this research. One of the key objectives is critical analysis of use of the hypothesis of stabilization of migration components of demographic processes in scenarios of UN Secretariat. According to the most probable scenario, Latvia (-49% of modern population) can become the leader in expected depopulation within the next 80 years among the considered countries, smaller indicators of depopulation are expected in Lithuania (-43%), Poland (-38%) and Estonia (-34%).
Źródło:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2017, 7, 4; 5-13
2084-0497
2451-2249
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Migration processes in the Baltic States – the dynamic of change
Procesy migracyjne w państwach bałtyckich – dynamika zmian
Миграционные процессы в балтийских странах – динамика изменений
Autorzy:
Włodarska-Frykowska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691404.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Миграционные процессы
эмиграция из балтийских стран
иммиграция в балтийские страны
общества в балтийских странах
procesy migracyjne
emigracja z krajów bałtyckich
imigracja do krajów bałtyckich
społeczeństwa w państwach bałtyckich
Opis:
Статья представляет собой анализ миграционных процессов, происходящих в настоящее время в балтийских странах. Эстония, Литва и Латвия – страны, которым необходимо справляться с большими демографическими проблемами, а углубляет эти негативные тенденции высокий уровень эмиграции. После вступления в Евросоюз в 2004 году, значительно расширились возможности лучше оплачиваемой работы и продолжения образования в европейских университетах. Пользуются этими возможностями в основном молодые балтийцы, что углубляет процесс старения населения. Процесс иммиграции не интенсивен и касается в основном лиц русского, украинского и белорусского происхождения, которые решаются на постоянное жительство на территории этих стран. Определенно, балтийские страны рассматриваются в основном как транзитные направления в Западную Европу.
Artykuł stanowi analizę procesów migracyjnych zachodzących współcześnie w państwach bałtyckich. Estonia, Litwa i Łotwa to kraje, które muszą zmagać się z dużymi problemami demograficznymi, ponadto wysoki poziom emigracji pogłębia niekorzystne trendy. Po wstąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r. możliwości znalezienia lepiej płatnej pracy oraz kontynuacji wykształcenia na uczelniach europejskich zdecydowanie się rozszerzyły. Szczególnie młodzi Bałtowie korzystają z nowych szans i możliwości, co pogłębia proces starzenia się społeczności. Proces imigracji nie jest zbyt intensywny, dotyczy to głównie ludności pochodzenia rosyjskiego, ukraińskiego czy białoruskiego, która decyduje się tutaj na osiedlenie. Zdecydowanie częściej państwa bałtyckie traktowane są jako kraje tranzytowe do krajów Europy Zachodniej.
Źródło:
Eastern Review; 2017, 6; 143-158
1427-9657
2451-2567
Pojawia się w:
Eastern Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The comparative analysis of the main indicators of the Baltic states economic development in the conditions of the European integration
Autorzy:
Tsaurkubule, Zhanna
Vishnevskaja, Alevtina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/581307.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Baltic countries
economic integration
economic development
indicators
foreign direct investments (FDI)
Opis:
The article examines the ways of three Baltic States development in the context of European integration. It considers some aspects of economy, especially the development and utilization of opportunities of the European market. It also estimates the prospects of foreign direct investment uses and the creation of the most favored environment for business development. It marks the difference in economic management principles, which enabled Estonia to lead the three Baltic countries, and Lithuania to rank second. Insufficient activity of Latvia in the development of those industries that are able to create a product with high added value is noted. The conclusion is drawn that, overall, the prospects for further development of the three Baltic countries are related to ensuring the high quality and productivity, ensuring competitiveness of production and productive transformation of the limited manpower resources.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2017, 466; 223-235
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Security of the Baltic States: Effectiveness of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy and Influence of the Ukrainian Crisis
Autorzy:
Gladysh, Marianna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616386.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
the EU
European security
Baltic states
Ukraine
Russian Federation
Wspólna Polityka Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony (WPBiO)
UE
bezpieczeństwo europejskie
państwa bałtyckie
Ukraina
Rosja
Opis:
W artykule przeanalizowane zostały przyczyny i rozwój unijnej Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony (WPBiO), jej zalety i wady ujawnione w procesie tworzenia i wdrażania. Szczegółowo przedstawiono transformację WPBiO zgodnie z Traktatem Lizbońskim oraz perspektywy jej działania w Europie. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na kwestie poprawy efektywności funkcjonowania WPBiO w kontekście nowych zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa regionalnego i globalnego. Dodatkowo przeanalizowano miejsce i rolę państw bałtyckich w WPBiO. Do podstawowych zagrożeń i wyzwań bezpieczeństwa przed jakimi stoją zaliczane są przede wszystkim ewentualna agresja ze strony Rosji, która opiera się na idei ochrony ludności rosyjskojęzycznej w państwach bałtyckich oraz ustanowieniu „równowagi geopolitycznej poprzez ich powrót do rosyjskiej strefy wpływów”.
The paper explores the reasons behind and the development of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), and its advantages and disadvantages that have emerged in the process of its formation and implementation. The transformation of the CSDP according to the Lisbon Treaty and the prospects of its operation in Europe are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the issues of improving the CSDP in the context of new threats to regional and global security. The place and role of the Baltic states in the CSDP are analysed. The position of the Baltic states in NATO, based on greater confidence in the institutions of NATO and close cooperation with the United States is considered. The basic threats and security challenges for the Baltic states nowadays are defined, including possible aggression from Russia, which is broadcast through the mainstream media as a reaction to the idea of protecting the Russian-speaking population of the Baltic states and the establishment of “geopolitical balance through their return to the Russian sphere of influence.”
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2016, 3; 187-198
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Competitiveness of the Baltic States in International High-Technology Goods Trade
KONKURENCYJNOŚĆ KRAJÓW BAŁTYCKICH W MIĘDZYNARODOWYM HANDLU TOWARAMI HIGH‑TECH
Autorzy:
Falkowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633281.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
konkurencyjność międzynarodowa
ujawnione przewagi komparatywne (RCA)
towary high tech
kraje bałtyckie
Estonia
Litwa
Łotwa
International Competitiveness
Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA)
High Technology Goods
Baltic States
Latvia
Lithuania
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest ocena poziomu międzynarodowej konkurencyjności krajów bałtyckich (Estonii, Łotwy, Litwy) w handlu towarami o wysokim stopniu zaawansowania technologicznego. W tym celu zastosowano metodę analizy ujawnionych przewag komparatywnych B. Balassy. Z dokonanej pogłębionej analizy kształtowania się ujawnionych przewag kom paratywnych (RCA) w eksporcie poszczególnych krajów bałtyckich w latach 1997–2014, wynika, iż charakteryzuje je stosunkowo niski poziom międzynarodowej konkurencyjności w tym zakresie, czego bezpośrednią konsekwencją jest rosnący ujemny bilans handlowy w handlu towarami high-tech. Dowiedziono, iż w analizowanym okresie Litwa nie posiadała żadnych przewag komparatywnych w handlu towarami z grupy towarów high-tech, zaś liczba tych przewag w odniesieniu do Estonii oraz Łotwy była stosunkowo niewielka. Niemniej jednak spośród trzech krajów bałtyckich najwyższą konkurencyjnością w tym zakresie charakteryzuje się Estonia, aczkolwiek w przypadku Łotwy widoczny jest progres w tym zakresie w ostatnich latach. Swoistym outsiderem zaś jest Litwa, która nie dość, iż charakteryzuje się najniższymi wartościami wskaźnika RCA, to dodatkowo w analizowanym okresie nie odnotowała żadnej poprawy w tym zakresie.
The aim of the article is to assess the international competitiveness of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) in high-technology goods trade. To this end, Balassa’s method of analysing revealed comparative advantages (RCA) was applied. An in-depth analysis of the dynamics of RCAs in the Baltic States’ exports between 1997 and 2014 has shown that their international competitiveness in this regard is relatively low, the direct consequence of which is the growing negative trade balance in high-technology goods. Also, during the analysed period Lithuania possessed no RCAs in trading high-technology goods, while the number of advantages for Estonia and Latvia was relatively small. Still, among the three Baltic States, Estonia was found to be most competitive in this regard, although in Latvia some progress was observed. In contrast, Lithuania not only had the lowest values of RCA, but also it did not record any improvement in the analysed period.
Źródło:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe; 2018, 21, 1; 25-43
1508-2008
2082-6737
Pojawia się w:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
BANKING CONCENTRATION IN THE BALTIC AND WESTERN BALKAN STATES — SELECTED ISSUES
Autorzy:
Kubiszewska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488992.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
banking
consolidation
concentration
the Baltic States
the Western Balkan states
Opis:
Research background: In a rapidly changing economic environment companies deepen their cooperation, which occurs in all sectors of the economy. The progressive increase in market concentration, especially in the banking sector, is caused by various reasons. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to compare the tendencies within market structures in few countries which origin from similar political systems and which have got experience in transformation of banking sectors. Methods: The research concerns the Baltic and the Western Balkan States. Concentration of the banking sectors, as measured by both HHI and CR5 indices changed during the quoted period, as a result of the consolidation of the sector. The study revealed a distinct change in the growth rate of market concentration and the number of banks, and is based on data provided by the local central banks and the European Central Bank. Findings & Value added: The situation in banking sectors in the Western Balkans differed significantly, which could be explained by strong economic ties, particularly with Germany and Austria. In this region, the raising concentration of the banking markets is related to the decreasing number of banks, while in the Sea Baltic States the increasing number of institutions is accomplished by the falling concentration ratio. The paper concerns the developments of the banking sectors which are not yet well described and do not belong to the mainstream of research in the Polish literature, meaning the region of the Western Balkans.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2017, 8, 1; 65-82
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przemiany narodowościowe w państwach bałtyckich na przełomie XX i XXI wieku
Ethnic Transformations in the Baltic States at the Break of the 20th Century
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-14
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Litwa
Łotwa
Estonia
demografia
problematyka narodowościowa
Lithuania
Latvia
demography
ethnic issue
Opis:
The article is devoted to ethnic changes occurring on the territories of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in the last decades of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. After an introduction in which historical-political situation is discussed, the next part of the article has a dualistic character. In the first part the ethnic situation of the three Baltic republics in the Soviet period are discussed. These were the years of intensive processes of Sovietization and Russification. A lot of migrants from other Soviet republics came to the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian Soviet republics. The newcomers who spoke Russian influenced their ethnic structure. At the same time they marginalized their mother tongues. The demographic-ethnic questions were documented with the data coming from the Soviet censuses conducted in 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989. The second part of the text is concerned with the ethnic situation after Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia gained independence. On the basis of censuses and estimates new tendencies in ethnic changes are defined. They result from mass departures of the Russian-speaking population and from the increase of importance of the three native nations. The processes are documented with statistical data. The final effect of the work is a demographic-ethnic balance-sheet in a dynamic formula.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2009, 37; 95-113
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The scope and limit for the development of corporate social responsibility in the Baltic States as a strategy of corporate communication
Autorzy:
Tampere, Kaja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/471210.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Komunikacji Społecznej
Tematy:
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
corporate communication
Baltic States
consumers
stakeholders
opinion leaders
Opis:
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a comparatively new term in the Baltic States’ business vocabulary. Th e value of the present study is the customer approach. Th e study examines stakeholders’ attitudes in Baltic States towards CSR activities of companies. Th e systematic examina- tion of the current state of CSR development from the perspective of corporate communication and consumers will benefi t the overall understanding of what the role and value of CSR is in the Baltic States. Th e study aims at defi ning the current point of CSR development with its characteristics, qual- ities, perspectives and tendencies. Th is would further enhance the understanding of future perspec- tives — scopes and limitations — for CSR development in the Baltic States. Th e empirical study uses a survey questionnaire as a research tool. Th e survey took place in the period of February–March 2010. Th e sample of the study is opinion elite (persons in society who comment on diff erent societal aspects in the media: opinion journalists, politicians, business leaders, 3rd sector leaders, expert associations, etc.) in the Baltic States. A study will give an insight into the present and future tendencies of the development of CSR. It will also give a perspective for corporate communication practitioners about CSR and how it works in a post-communist society, as a strategy for organizational communication and reputation building.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Communication; 2013, 6, 2 (11); 293-305
1899-5101
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Communication
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Katolickie media polskojęzyczne na Ukrainie, Białorusi i w krajach bałtyckich
Polish-language catholic media in Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Leśniczak, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/503266.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Łodzi
Tematy:
katolickie media polskojęzyczne
Polacy na Wschodzie
prasa
Karta Polaka
Polish-language media in the Eastern Europe
catholic media
Poles in the East
the political system of the Soviet Union
Opis:
The article attempts to evaluate the condition and extent of impact of Polish-Catholic media among Poles living in the Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The analysis further includes a short description of condition the life of Poles in the East, their perspectives of the possibility of learning Polish at school, the meaning of the Charter of the Pole, some actions of the Polish government concerning the life of Poles in the East.
Źródło:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne; 2014, 23, 1; 67-74
1231-1634
Pojawia się w:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Potencjał rosyjskiej emigracji politycznej w procesie demokratyzacji Rosji na przykładzie państw bałtyckich
The potential of Russian political emigration in the process of democratization of Russia on the example of the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska-Zonik, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/901666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Tematy:
emigracja
państwa bałtyckie
demokratyzacja
Rosja
Emigration
the Baltic states
democratization
Russia
Opis:
Tematem badawczym niniejszego artykułu jest analiza przyczyn i charakteru migracji Rosjan, którzy w ciągu ostatniego dziesięciolecia wyjechali z Rosji z powodów ideologicznych i politycznych, i za kierunek migracji obrali Litwę, Łotwę lub Estonię. Obecnie w państwach bałtyckich, ze względu na bliskość geograficzną i krytyczny stosunek tych państw wobec Rosji, wielu rosyjskich emigrantów kontynuuje swoją działalność opozycyjną. Celem autorki jest zbadanie zasadności stwierdzenia, że działania rosyjskiej emigracji potencjalnie mogą stać się katalizatorem zmian systemowych w Rosji w przyszłości. Krytyczna analiza tematu dowodzi, że mimo dynamicznie rozwijającej się współpracy i inicjatyw podejmowanych przez emigrantów, ich efektywność jest niewielka, dlatego nie ma podstaw, by sądzić, aby za ich przyczyną miało dojść do rychłych zmian społeczno-politycznych w Rosji.
The main purpose of this paper is to indicate the circumstances and the character of emigration from Russia, particularly to pay attention to Russians who have left Russia for ideological and political reasons over the past decade, and have chosen Lithuania, Latvia or Estonia as a place of their residence. Currently, in the Baltic States, due to their geographical proximity and critical attitude towards Russia, many Russian immigrants have been continuing their opposition activities. The aim of the paper is to analyse if Russian emigration activities may potentially become a catalyst for systemic changes in Russia in the future. Critical analysis of the topic proves, however, that despite the dynamic cooperation development and initiatives undertaken by the emigrants, their effectiveness is low, therefore there is no reason to suppose they would lead to the imminent socio-political changes in Russia.
Źródło:
Społeczeństwo i Polityka; 2020, 2(63); 27-42
1733-8050
Pojawia się w:
Społeczeństwo i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-50 z 98

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies