Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "the Baltic states" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-25 z 99
Tytuł:
‘Illusory Corporatism “Mark 2”’ in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Woolfson, Charles
Kallaste, Epp
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
the Baltic States
neo-liberal policies
illusory corporatism
tripartite social dialogue
Opis:
In their paper the authors employ the notion of 'illusory corporatism' coined over a decade ago. In the Baltic states, despite introduction of neo-corporatist institutional arrangements, neo-liberal policies have prevailed, thus the term appears appropriate to describe the actual status of tripartite social dialogue in the area for many years. Following the onset of the global economic crisis, which deeply affected the Baltic region, neo-corporatist type arrangements seem to have been re-embraced by trade unions and received support of the state. However, this renewed interest in neo-corporatism is mostly a tactical move on the part of the state, aiming to facilitate social peace in the times of recession and the implementation of stern austerity measures, with trade unions largely failing to influence the shape of anti-crisis policies of governments. Th us this new chapter in the history of social dialogue in the Baltic states is labelled 'illusory corporatism Mark 2'.
Źródło:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology; 2011, 2, 3; 51-72
2081-9633
Pojawia się w:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russia’s role in the Baltic States’ Investment
Autorzy:
Pestich, Aleksandr Sergeevich
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
Tematy:
Russia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
investment
business
Opis:
The aim of this article is to determine the modern role of Russia in the investment space of the Baltic states and to assess the current stage of integration of Russian and the Baltic states’ economies. The basis of the work is the analysis of the dynamics and structure of Russian investment in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This article shows the decreasing role of Russia in the Baltic states’ investment, but Russia is still an important economic partner for these states. Absolute amounts of investment are growing, while the share of Russia in different countries varies in different ways and, depending on the implementation of any project. Structure of Russian investments is different in all countries.
Źródło:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2016, 6, 2; 68-75
2084-0497
2451-2249
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes in the security environment of the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Mariusz Antoni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1550034.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Wiedzy Obronnej
Tematy:
Baltic states
security
Baltic Sea region
national defense
security environment
kraje bałtyckie
bezpieczeństwo
region Morza Bałtyckiego
obrona narodowa
środowisko bezpieczeństwa
Opis:
The main aim of the article is to analyze the security environment of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The author presents the security dilemmas of the Baltic States before their accession to NATO in 2004 (based on the example of the Republic of Estonia). Subsequently, the author shows the changes that have occurred in the security systems of the Baltic states since the beginning of the hybrid war in Ukraine in 2014. The author also draws attention to key security problems and points to Polish experiences that could be successfully adopted by Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
Źródło:
Wiedza Obronna; 2020, 4; 25-37
0209-0031
2658-0829
Pojawia się w:
Wiedza Obronna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial planning in the Baltic States, affected by depopulation
Autorzy:
Gaudesius, Rimvydas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836653.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
użytkowanie gruntów
planowanie przestrzenne
gospodarka gruntami
kraje nadbałtyckie
sustainable development
land use
spatial planning
land management
Baltic states
Opis:
Three Northern European countries over the last century have had similar political experiences, in 1990–1991 they have re-established independence and developed an individual political and administrative system. From 2004, when all Baltic countries became members of the European Union, the land use and spatial planning systems were developed with many similarities, as well as differences. The topic of this study is a survey of the national land policies and spatial planning systems in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the context of sustainable development, needs of society and depopulation. The aim of the article is to examine the problems, needs of society and tendencies in land usage, as well as systemic features of spatial planning in the Baltic countries. It is very important to analyse how countries realize the implementation of sustainable development strategies In land use planning and in the context of depopulation. It was found that the Baltic countries are facing similar problems in land use and spatial planning documents but there are also differences regarding planning procedures of documents, their hierarchy and types of planned measures. The study has shown that people in these countries want more natura environment and eco-industrial development. Also, it was approved as necessary to createan index (engineering method) of sustainability in spatial planning.
Źródło:
Geodesy and Cartography; 2021, 70, 1; 1-16
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:
Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NATO’S defence policy dilemma in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Milevski, Lukas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-03-21
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
NATO
Russia
Baltic
Defence policy
deterrence
Warsaw Summit
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the dilemma NATO has faced since February 2014 in its defence policy regarding the Baltic States. If NATO pursues a policy of deterrence, it might trigger war because Russia, the would-be deteree, may perceive actions taken by NATO as not intended to strengthen deterrence but rather to intimidate or coerce it. If it pursues an alternate policy of leaving the Baltic States visibly undefended, it might trigger war because Russia may see this as a sign of weakness and a gap to be exploited. This article investigates the logic of the dilemma, before considering whether NATO’s choice, made at the Warsaw Summit of July 2016, is working as intended. Ultimately, we cannot predict the answer and, therefore, we should consider all possible outcomes, including those which lead to a defensive war in the Baltic States.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2017, 14, 1; 51-68
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Security policy of the Baltic States and its determining factors
Autorzy:
Piotrowski, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-20
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
security policy
European security
Baltic States
Opis:
The history of the nations living in today’s Baltic States is marked by fighting against stronger neighbours: Russia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark and the German settlers in their territories. Unlike Lithuanians, Estonians and Latvians failed to create their own statehood before the 20 th century. The Lithuanians created their own state, a powerful one, which then became a part of an even wider state organism – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result, the security policy of Lithuania was identical to that of the First Republic of Poland. Although there were tribes living within the area of current Estonia and Latvia for many centuries up to the outbreak of World War I, the lands of Latvia and Estonia had been changing owners and had been under the rule of almost all neighbouring countries. As a result of the positive outcome of the First World War, but also thanks to their efforts, the Baltic States regained independence in order to lose it after only 20 years, as a consequence of another war. After restoring independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Baltic States realised that even acting together they were unable to defend themselves against a potential aggressor. As a result, they decided to follow in the footsteps of other countries of the former Eastern Bloc (e.g. Poland and Slovakia) and to integrate with Western European structures such as NATO and the EU. Following NATO inclusion, the security strategies of the Baltic States have been revised in line with the changes in their surrounding geopolitical environment.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2018, 22, 5; 46-70
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Air Defense of the Baltic States: Looking toward the Future
Autorzy:
Cieślak, Eugeniusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
air defense
air defense system
Baltic states
NATO
obrona powietrzna
system obrony powietrznej
kraje bałtyckie
Opis:
The article offers a discussion of the origins, current state, and the future of air defence for the Baltic states. It relates developments in the field of air defense to changes in the security environment and the defence policies of the Baltic states. The article starts with a retrospective on the origins and development of air defence in the Baltic states before they joined NATO. Then, it focuses on the early years of integration with NATO Integrated Air Defense System and implications for air defence related to changes in the security of the Euro-Atlantic region stemming from aggressive Russian actions. An assessment of the current posture of air defence in the Baltic states serves as a starting point for a discussion on requirements for future developments and predicting possible outcomes. The research uses unclassified, publicly available documents and analytical reports to provide background information for a discussion on the future of air defense for the Baltic states. The Baltic states are aware of the limitations of their air defense and try to develop this capability within available resources. Changes to security environment after 2014 gave a new impetus to develop the air defense of the Baltic states, both through efforts undertaken by NATO and for national capability development.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2021, 2; 12-21
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Kremlins strategic narratives on the Baltic States during the COVID-19 crisis
Autorzy:
Mölder, Holger (1962- ).
Powiązania:
Kwartalnik Bellona 2020, nr 4, s. 35-54
Współwytwórcy:
Sazonov, Vladimir (1979- ). Autor
Data publikacji:
2020
Tematy:
Polityka międzynarodowa
Bezpieczeństwo narodowe
Polityka bezpieczeństwa
Strategia
Rusofobia
Środki masowego przekazu
Narracja
COVID-19
Artykuł z czasopisma wojskowego
Artykuł z czasopisma naukowego
Opis:
W tekście dokonano analizy artykułów opublikowanych w rosyjskich mediach internetowych wiosną 2020 roku, w czasie rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19. Rosyjska narracja propagandowa skierowana była do państw bałtyckich – Estonii, Łotwy i Litwy. Treści te, często publikowane były w kontekście rusofobicznym i odnosiły się do polityki, gospodarki oraz tożsamości narodowej społeczeństw krajów bałtyckich. Wskazano cele strategiczne rosyjskiej wojny informacyjnej m.in. dezintegracja społeczeństwa poprzez antagonizowanie grup utożsamiających się z narodem rosyjskim oraz narodami państw bałtyckich, podważanie struktur zachodnich instytucji politycznych, dążenie do naruszenia systemu międzynarodowego. Działania te miały zdestabilizować jedność państw Zachodu i podważyć wiarygodność członków Unii Europejskiej w oczach społeczeństwa litewskiego, łotewskiego i estońskiego.
Bibliografia, netografia na stronach 50-53.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Citizenship Policies of the Baltic States within the EU Framework on Minority Rights
Autorzy:
Carpinelli, Cristina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594440.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Baltic States
ethnic minorities
generation
minority rights
citizenship law
integration
Opis:
The ethnic landscape in the Baltic States is dominated by one large ethnic minority: Russians. Lithuania is an exception as here the first biggest ethnic minority are Poles, followed by Russians. The Baltic States have also significant Slavic minorities, such as Belarusians and Ukrainians. There are many barriers for people from different ethnic groups to overcome because the Baltic societies are segregated according to ethnicity across a number of dimensions: language, work and geography. During the Soviet period there were separate language schools, a system that reinforced ethnic separation. Labor market was also split along ethnic lines and a large proportion of ethnic minorities lived spatially segregated from the majority group and was concentrated mostly in urban centers. The impact of communist heritage and the construction of the post-communist state order had a negative impact on the integration process of the Russian minorities in those countries. The ethnic Russians had been heavily marginalized as many of them had no citizenship at all. As a result, they had limited access to labor-market and less social protection. However, the accession of the Baltic States to the European Union (EU) has succeeded in significantly changing policies with respect for and protection of minorities in the three Baltic countries. In the last years the ethnic Russians have in fact been partially accommodated through the consistency of the citizenship laws with the European Union norms, which precisely require the protection of minorities and respect for them. The aim of the study described herein is to investigate the historic roots of ethnic segregation between the native Baltic population and the Russian minority and show how the entry of the Baltic States into the EU has facilitated the process of promoting minority rights, especially from the perspective of granting citizenship right to Russian (and Polish) ethnic persons living in those countries.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 2 (48); 193-221
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Toward Comprehensive Defense: The Case of the Baltic States since 2014
Autorzy:
Śliwa, Zdzisław
Kalinowski, Romuald
Petraitis, Daivis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2166582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
Baltic states
comprehensive defense
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
kraje bałtyckie
kompleksowa obrona
Łotwa
Litwa
Opis:
This article provides an assessment of the defense efforts undertaken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania since 2014. This analysis is focused on national efforts in the field of military defense and societal resilience. The assessment of defense efforts undertaken by the Baltic states has been based on their pragmatic perception of threats, development of military capabilities, and preparations in the field of civil resilience. The research references publicly available governmental documents of the Baltic states, such as security and defense strategies and concepts, defense plans, and budgets. It discusses recent research and analytical works in the field of and defense of the Baltic states. The research suggests that despite national modalities, all of the Baltic states are implementing core elements of the comprehensive defense. Although there is solid progress in implementing comprehensive defense in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, there are still many challenges ahead.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2021, 3; 71--81
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NATO un Baltijas Valtis. NATO and the Baltic States : Quo vadis?.
Współwytwórcy:
(gr.m). Recenzja
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Riga
Tematy:
Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe bałtyckie, kraje materiały konferencyjne recenzja
Opis:
Materiały z Międzynarodowej Konferencji nt. bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich, zorganizowanej przez Łotewski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych i Fundację K. Adenauera.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Książka
Tytuł:
NATO un Baltijas Valtis. NATO and the Baltic States : Quo vadis?.
Współwytwórcy:
(gr.m). Recenzja
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Riga
Tematy:
NATO rozszerzenie polityka 1998 r. materiały konferencyjne
NATO a Bałtycki, region polityka od 1989 r.
Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe Bałtyckie, kraje 1997 r. materiały konferencyjne
Opis:
Materiały z Międzynarodowej Konferencji nt. bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich, zorganizowanej przez Łotewski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych i Fundację K. Adenauera.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Książka
Tytuł:
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOPOIETIC ECONOMIC STRUCTURES IN THE BALTIC STATES: ANALYSIS OF FACTORS
Autorzy:
Morkunas, Mangirdas
Skvarciany, Viktorija
Titko, Jelena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
autopoiesis
formation of a firm
Baltic states
Opis:
Research background: Since the introduction of the concept in 1972 Autopoiesis has enjoyed great popularity among academicians representing various fields of science. However, the number of studies devoted to the investigation of factors that have an impact on the formation of autopoietic economic structures is quite limited. This paper addresses the gap in scientific research on autopoiesis of economic structures in small open markets, specifically in the Baltic States. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to identify and evaluate factors that turn on self-organization mechanisms of autopoietic economic structures in the Baltic States, in particular in Latvia. Methods: Expert survey was used to identify the most important factors affecting the for-mation of meso-economic entities in the Baltic States. The factors’ assessments provided by seven experts were analyzed. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with fuzzy numbers was employed to process the data. Two different scales of evaluation (inverse linear and balanced) were used. Findings & Value added: The factors influencing the process of formation of business groups were evaluated by experts. Research results allow for making conclusions regarding the causes of the business integration, and impact of diversified integrated business structures on the country's business system in Central Europe.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 2; 319-338
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wojska obrony terytorialnej w państwach bałtyckich
The Baltic states Territorial Defence Forces
Autorzy:
Małysa, Tobiasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557393.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
obrona terytorialna
państwa bałtyckie
Litwa
Łotwa
Estonia
KASP
Zemessardze
Kaitseliit
konflikt hybrydow
territorial defence forces
Baltic states
Lithuania
Latvia
hybrid conflicty
Opis:
W artykule autor porusza problematykę znaczenia i roli tzw. formacji obrony terytorialnej w polityce i potencjale obronnym państw bałtyckich (Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia). Charakterystyka wojsk obrony terytorialnej w tych państwach zasadniczo jest podobna, ale można odnotować pomiędzy nimi pewne różnice. Ogółem, uznać je można za jednostki przeznaczone przede wszystkim do wsparcia operacyjnych wojsk lądowych tych państw. Ich rola wykracza jednak tylko poza element odstraszania potencjalnego agresora, stanowią one bowiem, choć w różnym stopniu, aktywny system szkolenia rezerw i podnoszenia gotowości obronnej społeczeństwa oraz kształtowania w nim postaw proobronnych, a także wsparcia państwa i jego organów w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Chociaż ostatnimi laty zarówno stany osobowe, jak i posiadany przez formacje obrony terytorialnej sprzęt w państwach bałtyckich, są wzmacniane, a polityka taka wedle zamierzeń rządowych ma być w kolejnych latach kontynuowana. Niezmiennie jednak perspektywy rozwoju wojsk operacyjnych i innych ochotniczych formacji paramilitarnych pozostają w tych państwach ograniczone przez szereg czynników, głównie natury budżetowej czy demograficznej.
In the article, the author discusses the significance and role of the so-called Territorial Defence Forces in the politics and military capability of Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia). The characteristics of the territorial defence forces in these countries are generally similar, but some differences may be noted between them. Generally, they can be described as units mostly intended for the operational support of the main armed forces of these countries. However, their role is not limited only to discouraging any potential aggressor from attack, but they are (although in miscellaneous degrees) an active system of training the military reserve forces and strengthening the defensive preparedness of society and its patriotic posture, and they also can support the state authorities in crisis situations. Although the last years brought the growth in their personnel and equipment and also is predicted that these government intentions are going to be continued in next years, further progress in growth of potential territorial defence units in the Baltic states could remain limited by a number of factors, mostly budgetary or demographic.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2017, 3; 225-236
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE BALTIC STATES: A COMPARATIVE VIEW
Autorzy:
KIURIENÉ, VIOLETA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/628487.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
Tematy:
Administrative Supervision, the Baltic States, Local Self-Government
Opis:
The article analyses models of administrative supervision of local self-government in the Baltic States (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of these models. The research done in this article defines the theoretical concept of administrative supervision of local self-government; gives an overview of the legislative framework underpining the key administrative supervision bodies of local self-government in the Baltic States; discusses the issue of legal regulation and the present state of administrative supervision over local self-government units in the Baltic States; gives some theoretical and practical suggestions to develop this field in the Baltic States. The research methods employed in preparation of this article are theoretical methods of analysis of scientific literature and sources, legal acts and documents as well as comparative and logical analysis, induction and generalisation. Three Baltic States similar in their area, number of inhabitants, and governmental peculiarities have been chosen for the analysis.
Źródło:
Journal of Education Culture and Society; 2015, 6, 2; 394-410
2081-1640
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Education Culture and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
National minorities integration in the Baltic States
Integracja mniejszości narodowych w krajach bałtyckich
Autorzy:
Ligenzowska, Joanna
Piecuch, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/593702.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Baltic states
Integration
National minorities
Integracja
Kraje bałtyckie
Mniejszości narodowe
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to review immigrant integration policy in the Baltic States, in particular emphasis on the issue of access to social services and the general model of social policy towards minority groups. In the introduction to the topic are primarily issues related to the overall look at the issue of immigration in the Baltic States and the structure of in the context of immigrant origin. In the next part of the paper outlines the overall picture of integration policy in the Baltic States, taking into account national legislation. The whole issue was supplemented analyzed by reviewing the most important government programs in Baltic States in order to quickly and efficiently integrate the newly arrived residents of local communities.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd polityki integracji imigrantów w krajach bałtyckich ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii dostępu do usług społecznych i ogólnego modelu polityki społecznej wobec grup mniejszościowych. Poruszono tu przede wszystkim kwestie związane z ogólnym spojrzeniem na tematykę imigracji w krajach bałtyckich i jej struktury w kontekście pochodzenia imigrantów. Następnie przedstawiono ogólny obraz polityki integracyjnej w państwach bałtyckich z uwzględnieniem przepisów krajowych. Cała analiza została uzupełniona o przegląd najważniejszych programów rządowych w krajach bałtyckich mających na celu szybkie i skuteczne zintegrowanie nowo przybyłych mieszkańców do społeczności lokalnych.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2015, 228; 167-175
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
From independence to the Euro introduction: varieties of capitalism in the Baltic States
Autorzy:
Wrobel, Ralph M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
VoC, Baltics
Estonia, Latvia
Lithuania
Euro introduction
Opis:
The Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, are very successful in transformation. From 1991 to 2015 they regained independence and transformed their economies from socialist central planning into functioning market economies, joined the EU in 2004 and became member of the Euro zone. Estonia introduced the Euro al-ready in 2011 while Latvia followed in 2014 and Lithuania in 2015. Thereof follow two questions. First, why all three Baltic countries are so successful? And secondly, do we really find everywhere the pattern of the “Shining star” Estonia, followed by Latvia and at least Lithuania? According to modern Varieties of Capitalism theory all three economies can be classified as Central and Eastern European Countries in the style of Liberal Market Economies (CEEC-LME). As can be shown, there are also differences in the institutional setups of all three Baltic States. During the period of transformation a pattern of Estonia followed by Latvia and at least Lithuania evolved which is also reflected by the sequence of joining Euro area. But institutional patterns are not determined in the long run. Since the crisis of 2008/09 the pattern within the Baltics changed. While Estonia remains on the first rank Lithuania overtook Latvia in terms of growth and wealth. Deregulation in Lithuania – which may be observed by the development of the Economic Freedom Index of the Heritage Foundation within the last ten years – may be the main reason. But also, the low sophistication of the Lithuanian banking system as well as Latvia’s massive suffering from the crisis may explain the last change of the pattern in the Baltics. There are several possibilities to illustrate the different paths of development of the Baltic States. While Geography Hypothesis is not able to explain the differences, the extractive political institutions in Estonia and Latvia can illustrate the lead of both countries in contrast to Lithuania till the crisis in 2008/09. Additionally, different basic values in all three Baltic States are responsible for the different
Źródło:
Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME); 2015, 1; 9-38
2353-9119
Pojawia się w:
Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-25 z 99

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies