Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "signal analysis" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Method for stabilogram characterization using angular-segment function
Autorzy:
Fiołka, J.
Kidoń, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/201643.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
posturography
biomedical signal analysis
signal processing
Opis:
This paper presents a new approach to descriptions of stabilograms. In the proposed method, a one-dimensional angular-segment function is generated from the stabilographic trajectory data. This allows to reduce the data dimensionality and makes the analysis easier. Moreover, three methods of angular-segment function parameterization are also presented in this study. The obtained results confirm the usefulness of the proposed parameters for medical diagnoses.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2013, 61, 2; 391-397
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On Board Condition Monitoring of Feed Axes by Signal Decomposition for Machines with Ball Screw Drives
Autorzy:
Maier, D.
Sun, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/971168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
signal analysis
feed drive
wear
Opis:
In order to establish a condition monitoring system to detect wear of the mechanical components of feed drives with ball screws a measuring and data evaluation method has been established. In order to keep the costs down, boundary condition is to use the machines own functionalities only (On Board Diagnosis). At present, most of wear detecting methods use vibration analysis. Here, a signal analysis method is presented that may well complement established methods of vibration analysis. The publication presents a method to exploit positioning data to detect wear of a ball screw drive exemplarily that is run under real conditions. The presented method is partially derived from wear detection methods of roller bearings and may also be adapted for other parts such as linear guides.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2009, 9, 3; 42-63
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prony’s method with reduced sampling - numerical aspects
Autorzy:
Zygarlicki, J.
Mroczka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220676.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
signal analysis
harmonic analysis
signal processing
power quality
Opis:
This paper presents a new modification of the least-squares Prony’s method with reduced sampling, which allows for a significant reduction in the number of the analysed signal samples collected per unit time. The specific combination of non-uniform sampling with Prony’s method enables sampling of the analysed signals at virtually any average frequency, regardless of the Nyquist frequency, maintaining high accuracy in parameter estimation of sinusoidal signal components. This property allows using the method in measuring devices, such as for electric power quality testing equipped with low power signal processors, which in turn contributes to reducing complexity of these devices. This paper presents research on a method for selecting a sampling frequency and an analysis window length for the presented method, which provide maximum estimation accuracy for Prony’s model component parameters. This paper presents simulation tests performed in terms of the proposed method application for analysis of harmonics and interharmonics in electric power signals. Furthermore, the paper provides sensitivity analysis of the method, in terms of common interferences occurring in the actual measurement systems.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2014, 21, 3; 521-534
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluating transmitters for quantifying respiratory airflow in the breathing mechanism
Autorzy:
Barański, Robert
Nitkiewicz, Szymon
Zając, Andrzej
Kukwa, Andrzej
Stano, Łukasz
Szawarc, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313802.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
signal analysis
flow sensors
breathing
measurements
Opis:
Techniques for measuring fluid flow have been known since the 19th century. The first solutions based on the use of pressure only allowed relatively slow changes to be observed. It was not until measurement techniques based on the use of electronic components and the phenomenon of thermo-transfer, combined with a method enabling fast signal recording (A/C converters), that it became possible to analyse the flow of a medium (e.g. air) in detail. Although flow sensors based on measuring changes in resistance have been known for many years, new solutions are still being developed. This paper presents the results of a study using three sensors. Their response to laminar airflow was investigated for different velocities (1.2 - 2.6 m/s). The flow forcing was implemented using an axial fan and the signals were measured simultaneously for all the sensors tested. The results showed which sensors had the smallest dispersion of results (PAN and WA sensors) and confirmed that for the investigated velocity variations (0.14 m/s pitch) the results are unambiguously interpretable.. It should be noted that sensor research is related to the need to develop a device to measure flow as accurately as possible, while at the same time ensuring the comfort of the test person during the measurements. Therefore, the search was for a sensor that is small in size and at the same time resistant to damage and operation in a harsh humid environment.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2024, 25, 1; art. no. 2024105
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A spectral-based method for tissue characterization
Autorzy:
Wójcik, J.
Byra, M.
Nowicki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/331796.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Tematy:
quantitative ultrasound
signal analysis
wave scattering
Opis:
Quantitative ultrasound methods are widely investigated as a promising tool for tissue characterization. In this paper, a novel quantitative method is developed which can be used to assess scattering properties of tissues. The proposed method is based on analysis of oscillations of the backscattered echo power spectrum. It is shown that these oscillations of the power spectrum are connected with the distances between scatterers within the medium. Two techniques are proposed to assess the scatterer’s distribution. First, we show that the inverse Fourier transform of the backscattered echo power spectrum corresponds to a histogram of the distances between scatterers. Second, the Hilbert-Huang transform is used to directly extract the power spectrum oscillations. Both methods are examined by means of a numerical experiment. A cellular gas model of a biological medium is considered. Results are presented and discussed. Both methods can be used to evaluate the scatterer’s distribution by means of the power spectrum oscillations.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2016, 19; 369-375
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computer-based speech analysis in stutter
Autorzy:
Szabelska, E.
Kruczyńska, A
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117719.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Promocji Wiedzy
Tematy:
speech therapy
stutter
logopaedics
signal analysis
Opis:
The paper presents computer aided approach to speech disorder analysis. The three levels definition of stutter is presented for describing this particular problem. The effective speech analysis algorithm used for segmentation of signal and detecting stutter is discussed and samples are presented.
Źródło:
Applied Computer Science; 2013, 9, 2; 34-42
1895-3735
Pojawia się w:
Applied Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Employing Optical Measurements for Monitoring and Diagnostics of Combustion Process in Industrial Conditions
Autorzy:
Wójcik, W.
Suleimenov, B.
Junisbekov, M.
Kalizhanova, A.
Smailova, S.
Mussabekov, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
combustion process
fiber optic probe
signal analysis
Opis:
The paper discusses some practical problems conected with introdction of modern coal combustion technologies as well as biomass co-combustion. In order to ensure that the combustion process runs in a proper way, the multichannel fiber optic monitoring system was applied. The system converts the optical signals coming from several flame zones to electrical that were further transmitted to the control room. The article prsents signal analyses made in time-frequency domain using short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform and the way of their visualization to power boiler operators.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2017, 18, 1; 273-283
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adaptive procedure for automatic modulation recognition
Autorzy:
Liedtke, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/308334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
modulation recognition
modulation classification
signal analysis
radio monitoring
Opis:
An adaptive procedure for automatic modulation recognition is described. With it the automatic modulation classification and recognition of radio communication signals with a priori unknown parameters is possible effectively. The results of modulation recognition are important in the context of radio monitoring or electronic support measurements. The special features of the procedure are the possibility to adapt it dynamically to nearly all modulation types, and the capability to recognize continuous phase modulation (CPM) signals like Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) too. A time synchronization to the symbol rate is not necessary.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2004, 4; 91-97
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Silent Calls – Causes and Measurements
Autorzy:
Baran, K.
Cegłowski, P.
Kula, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/308612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
key performance indicators
silent calls
speech signal analysis
Opis:
The quality of telephone services is very important from either operator or subscriber point of view. One of the negative phenomenon which affects quality of telephone services is lack of speech signal during a call. This situation occurs relatively frequently in mobile telephony, and is called silent call (SC). Lack of speech signal can occur only once or many times during the call, and degrade connection quality. In this paper, an analysis of this phenomenon is presented. The research base are the results of measurements mobile network one of operators in Trójmiasto a large urban area consisting of three cities: Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Sopot. To estimate impact of silent calls on speech quality, mean opinion score index was calculated using POLQA algorithm.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2015, 1; 20-22
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Event detection in ECG, carotid pulse, phonocardiogram, and detection of consecutive systolic time intervals
Autorzy:
Strasz, A.
Niewiadomski, W.
Skupińska, M.
Gąsiorowska, A.
Laskowska, D.
Leonarcik, R.
Cybulski, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/384357.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
systolic time intervals
ECG
polyphysiography
automatic signal analysis
Opis:
We developed a program which allows measurement of consecutive time intervals between chosen events in ECG, carotid pulse, and phonocardiogram. Currently it is possible to determine following systolic time intervals (STI): PEP - pre-ejection period, Q-S2 – time between trough of Q wave and aortic valve closure, Q-D - time between trough of Q wave and dicrotic notch, S2-D - time between aortic valve closure and dicrotic notch, as well as QQ interval. Measurements were performed on 30 young, healthy subjects. Subjects were supine, they performed two-minute isometric handgrip (HG) twice. First HG was followed by four-minute rest, second HG by two-minute occlusion of the working arm. Preliminary analyses revealed: 1/ the QQ interval changes were reflected weakly or not at all in changes of STI, 2/ shortening of QQ during handgrip was paralleled by slight decrease of Q-D and Q-S2, 3/ during occlusion, when QQ intervals returned to baseline also Q-D and Q-S2 returned to baseline, despite sustained elevation of arterial pressure, 4/ there were distinct oscillation in the time course of Q-S2 intervals, time course of Q-D intervals was relatively smooth, thus S2 and D may reflect different events contrary to common notation.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2012, 6, 3; 13-16
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A method for identification of non-coaxiality in engine shaft lines of a selected type of naval ships
Autorzy:
Grządziela, A.
Musiał, J.
Muślewski, Ł.
Pająk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
shaft lines
vibrations
non-coaxiality identification
signal analysis
Opis:
A correctly designed machine is characteristic of low vibration values. However wear processes occur during its operation. They are accompanied by a lack of balance of its rotating parts and elements, which results in non-coaxiality of shafts. For this reason energy and dynamic load resulting from machine vibrations grows. In this case cause and effect are mutually connected by feedback, that inevitably leads to occurrence of a failure. This paper presents results of investigations carried out on the basis of vibration analysis of propulsion systems installed on 207P minesweepers. In view of specific features of their operation it is very important to ensure high level of reliability for them. For this reason was done an attempt to develop a method intended for identifying non-coaxiality of shaft line systems of engines propelling the ships. 16 characteristic features of recorded vibration signals were selected. As any of them has not satisfied criteria assigned to features which unambiguously determine state of reliability of shaft line systems, the investigations have been continued and as a result a novel method for non-coaxiality identification was proposed. The method consists in determining unserviceability clusters and assumes that characteristic features are of a concentrated character. This way a non-coaxiality of main engine shaft lines of 207P minesweepers could be detected. This paper presents the proposed method and results of its application to the case in question.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2015, 1; 65-71
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
High-efficiency carrier frequency estimation algorithm for real-time multi-domain communication signal analysis
Autorzy:
Wang, Q.
Yang, X.
Yan, X
Qin, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/221239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
carrier frequency estimation
multi-domain communication
signal analysis
Opis:
Based on real-time multi-domain communication signal analysis architecture, a high-efficiency blind carrier frequency estimation algorithm using the power spectrum symmetry of the measured modulated signal is presented. The proposed algorithm, which utilizes the moving averaged power spectrum achieved by the realtime spectrum analysis, iteratively identifies the carrier frequency in according to the power difference between the upper sideband and lower sideband, which is defined and revised by the estimated carrier frequency in each iteration. When the power difference of the two sidebands converges to the preset threshold, the carrier frequency can be obtained. For the modulation analysis, the measured signal can be coarsely compensated by the estimated result, and the residual carrier frequency error is eliminated by a following carrier synchronization loop. Compared with previous works, owing to the moving averaged power spectrum normalization and the smart iterative step variation mechanism for the two sidebands definition, the carrier frequency estimation accuracy and speed can be significantly improved without increasing the computational effort. Experimental results are included to demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed algorithm.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2014, 21, 2; 281-292
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of signal of X4 unmanned aerial vehicle
Autorzy:
Mięsikowska, M.
Nowakowski, M.
Lorenc, W.
Chodnicki, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244241.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
unmanned aerial vehicles
drones
time-dependent frequency analysis
signal analysis
Opis:
Unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly used in military service and in everyday life. Drones can be used for many purposes i.e. recreation, military applications or to increase the safety of citizens. Unmanned aerial vehicle can become a source of information, based on which object/operator can make a certain decisions. Unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly used in ecological research. UAV can be capable of making sophisticated maps and may scan terrain for forest fires. They can contribute to safe infrastructure maintenance and management. Often, however, these objects being in the possession of civilians can become a source of danger and impact on privacy. It is therefore necessary to detect and recognize such objects in a real time. The aim of this study was to analyse the acoustic signal of unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with four rotating propellers – X4 structure (12000 rpm/min). The maximum speed of the object is 60 km/h and the ceiling to which it can operate flights reaches 1500 m AGL. The acoustic signal was acquired by Olympus LS11 digital recorder. Recordings were performed when the object is away from the recording equipment at the distance of 1 km. Analysis of the recorded signal can provide a significant information about the unmanned aerial vehicle. Results showed that some specific characteristic signal features are clearly visible in the signal even if the object is far away from the recording equipment.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 321-326
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zaawansowane metody analiz w pomiarach jakości energii elektrycznej
Advanced signal analysis methods in power quality measurements
Autorzy:
Górecki, K.
Szmajda, M.
Zygarlicki, J.
Zygarlicka, M.
Mroczka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/157311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
jakość energii elektrycznej
częstotliwościowe analizy sygnałów
czasowo-częstotliwościowe analizy sygnałów
power quality
frequency domain signal analysis
time-frequency domain signal analysis
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę pomiarów jakości energii elektrycznej oraz zaprezentowano najważniejsze metody analizy zakłóceń występujących w sieciach elektroenergetycznych, jakie rozwijane są w zespole zajmującym się jakością energii elektrycznej w Instytucie Automatyki i Informatyki Politechniki Opolskiej. Przedstawiono systematykę metod analiz sygnałów oraz określono metody wykorzystywane obecnie w pomiarach sygnałów elektrycznych. Ponadto zaprezentowano metody alternatywne do transformacji Fouriera umożliwiające precyzyjną analizę częstotliwościową (analiza Prony'ego) oraz lokalizację zakłóceń za pomocą metod czasowo-częstotliwościowych (transformacja Falkowa, dyskretna transformacja Falkowa, dystrybucja Wignera-Ville'a i jej odmiany, transformacja Gabora-Wignera).
The issue of measuring power quality parameters and the most important analyses of disturbances occurring in the power network are presented in the paper. These subjects are developed by a power quality and signal analysis group, working at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics. The basic classification of signal analysis methods is given in the paper (Fig. 1). Moreover, the methods currently used in power quality measurement systems are described. In most cases the analyses are based on Fourier Transformation [2-4]. The methods, due to 10-cycles measurement period, cause significant computational errors in case of existence of short duration harmonics in a signal. Moreover, very precise synchronization of the sampling frequency and real power wave-form frequency is needed. Therefore other kinds of analyses in power quality measurement systems are currently investigated. The alternative to Fourier Transformation methods allowing precise estimation of the signal spectrum is Prony analysis [5]. The analysis enables extracting frequency components on the basis of a much shorter measurement window than FFT [6-10]. For localizing the power disturbances, linear (Short-Time Fourier analysis STFT, Gabor Transform GT [12, 13], Wavelet Transform [14, 15, 16]) and bilinear (Wigner-Ville WVD, Pseudo-WVD [17,18]) time-frequency analyses are performed. The combination of both groups of methods (Gabor-Wigner Transform GWT [19,20]) is also presented in the paper. Application of image processing algorithms [21, 22] is also considered in the paper.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2011, R. 57, nr 3, 3; 284-286
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie pomiarów elektroencefalograficznych EEG w procesie uwierzytelniania biometrycznego użytkowników
Application of electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements in biometrics-based users authenticating system process
Autorzy:
Paszkiel, S.
Kawala, A.
Zmarzły, D.
Szmechta, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/158388.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
uwierzytelniania
EEG
elektroencefalografia
analiza sygnałów
authenticating
electroencephalography
signal analysis
Opis:
W niniejszym artykule opisano podstawy projektowanego systemu uwierzytelniania w oparciu o biometrię, który w przyszłości ma na celu rozbudowanie opisanej koncepcji w zastosowaniach praktycznych. EEG jako zapis neurofizjologicznej aktywności elektrycznej mózgu może znaleźć zastosowanie w szeroko pojętej biometryce. Pomimo, iż sygnał EEG jest zmienny w czasie i zależny od psychicznego i fizycznego stanu osoby badanej, możliwa jest identyfikacja osób na podstawie pomiarów sygnału EEG. Biometryczne badania na podstawie sygnałów EEG są utrudnione zarówno przez brak bezpośredniego kontaktu z mózgiem człowieka, w wyniku czego sygnał posiada bardzo niski potencjał, jak i poprzez pojawiające się w badanym sygnale artefakty, których ekstrema pokrywają się ze spektrum samej czynności mózgu, utrudniajśc ich usunięcie. EEG znajdowało do tej pory zastosowanie głównie w diagnostyce chorób, co polegało na identyfikacji pewnych wspólnych cech u osób badanych o tych samych przypadłościach. Możliwe jest, więc zastosowanie z powodzeniem sygnału EEG w celu identyfikacji osób, niezależnie od ich stanu. Prowadzone badania naukowe przy użyciu EEG mają na celu udowodnić, że elektroencefalogram może służyć do identyfikacji użytkowników w sieci. Sygnał EEG po aktywizacji podlega technikom wstępnej obróbki, z której wyliczone zostaną cechy modelu auto regresyjnego (ang. auto regressive). Uzyskane w wyniku obliczeń cechy, zostaną przekazane do klasyfikatora, który rozróżni na tej podstawie daną osobę od pozostałych.
The article describes the processing foundations of the designed biometrics-based users authenticating system, the said system to be extended and employed in practice in the future. EEG as a recording of neurophysiologic electric activity of the brain may be used in broadly understood biometrics. Despite the fact that the EEG signal varies in time and is dependent on the physical and mental condition of the testee, individuals may be identified based on measurements of the EEG signals. Biometric investigations based on the EEG signals are hindered by lack of direct contact with the human brain, resulting in the signal having a very low potential, as well as by artifacts that appear in the investigated signal itself, with their peaks overlapping the spectrum of cerebral activity, rendering their eradication difficult. To date, EEG has been employed chiefly for diagnostic purposes as a tool for identifying common features in individuals suffering from the same diseases. Thus, it is possible to employ EEG in identification of individuals irrespectively of their condition. Research carried out employing EEG aim at proving that an electroencephalogram may serve to identify users of a network. Following activation, the EEG signal undergoes preliminary processing, which allows for calculating the properties of an auto regressive model. The thus calculated properties are relayed to a classifying device, which will differentiate a given individual from any other persons.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2007, R. 53, nr 9 bis, 9 bis; 433-436
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies