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Tytuł:
Equality vs. differentiation: on solidarity and justice in social law
Autorzy:
Lach, Eryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684963.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
social law
axiology of the healthcare system
principle of equality
principle of social solidarity
principle of social justice
principle of the common good
Opis:
The paper describes the question of the principle of equality in social law against the background of permissible differentiation and its justification. The author refers to the axiology of social law as an instrument of social policy by presenting the function of social law. He discusses the question of social justice as distributive justice, and defines the principle of social solidarity and the principle of the common good as the most important for the healthcare system.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2016, 6; 117-133
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poszukiwanie prawdy w procesie cywilnym
Looking for the truth in a legal civil proceeding
Autorzy:
Pilarczyk, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477051.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
principle of the procedural truth
principle of the objective truth
justice
Opis:
Fundamentally, it is expected that dispensation of justice guarantees a fair judgement. However, both terms -‘justice’ and ‘truth’, which are closely related to each other, are ambiguous. What is more, their common meaning strays from the legal one. At the same time, the adoption of the proper concept of truth (procedural or objective) by a legislator leads to the significant consequences in practice which have an impact on drawing conclusions and on settling a civil law dispute. This paper attempts to determine the concept of the principle of the adopted truth in the Polish civil procedure. The author analyses the development of the Code of Civil Procedure and assesses the amendments. The matter of the principle of truth in force is still a moot point among lawyers since the amendment of the Code of Civil Procedure was introduced on March 1, 1996. It was a turning point in reference to the previous accepted concept of the objective truth. Next changes, especially the latest ones, confirm the thesis about applying de lege lata the principle of the objective truth. That conclusion is the central thought of this short essay. The goal of the paper is to discuss the practical and theoretical aspects of the principle of the truth which can be recognized as the most justifiable. The author of the article tries to present advantages and disadvantages of both concepts of truth and also formulate the postulates de lege ferenda. They should provide the grounds for a detailed discussion among legal experts, and particularly among the theorists of law.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2014, 2(15); 169-180
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selection of Defendants before the ICC: Between the Principle of Opportunism and Legalism
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska, Hanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
ICC
International Criminal Court
principle of legalism
principle of opportunism
Prosecutor
Opis:
International criminal tribunals had to make a choice between the principles of opportunism and legalism or decide to use a mixture of these both. They had to decide whether a prosecutor should become “the minister of justice” (as in the principle of legalism) or “the first judge” (evaluating in the frames of principle of opportunism the reasonable basis for prosecuting). This article addresses prosecutorial discretion before the ICC with respect to selecting defendants. Firstly, it analyzes the main differences between opportunism and legalism of prosecution. It also presents models of accusation functioning before the historical and existing international criminal tribunals – which usually opted for opportunism of prosecution. Before the ICC the conditions on which the Prosecutor may initiate an investigation are set in Art. 53(1) of the Statute: “The Prosecutor shall, having evaluated the information made available to him or her, initiate an investigation unless he or she determines that there is no reasonable basis to proceed under this Statute.” It is interesting to observe that this phrase may be interpreted in many various ways, depending on the model of accusation the author belongs to: those coming from the Anglo-Saxon tradition have tendency to search for elements of opportunism; those from civil law states assume that the model of accusation operates according to the principle of legalism. There is also a number of mixed options presented, according to which the ICC operates according to a mixture of these two principles. Finally, the article presents different rules adopted by the ICC Prosecutor (or proposed), which govern the choice of the defendants.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2014, 34; 187-224
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
General Principles of Law in Public International Law
Autorzy:
Saganek, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706921.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
general principle of law
general principle of international law
ICJ Statute
Opis:
This article discusses the classical question whether general principles of law form a separate source of international law. To this end it adopts the method of a posteriori analysis, examining the normative nature of various principles of law one by one. This analysis leads to the conclusion that only some principles have a normative nature, while others lack it.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2017, 37; 243-253
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Principle of Opportunism in Criminal Law (Analysis of the Problem and De Lege Ferenda Postulates)
Autorzy:
Patora, Krystyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-07-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
principle of opportunism
principle of legality
abandonment of prosecution
limitation
costs of proceedings
Opis:
The article discusses to what extent the principle of opportunism should be used in Polish criminal law in cases where the extent of the criminal case would justify the limitation of its scope in the proceedings. However, to depart rom the principle of legality, which is binding now, it is necessary to satisfy many conditions as well as to account for the costs of the proceedings, and in many cases, to take into account limitation periods in prosecuting and judging them. It is justified to compare the prosecution and judicial authorities to other entities, despite their specific functions, in terms of effi ciency of actions and the level of a product developed. The article also presents certain solutions adopted in German criminal law to formulate de lege ferenda postulates.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 141(1); 69-93
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opinia w sprawie projektu rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie badań klinicznych produktów leczniczych stosowanych u ludzi oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/20/WE
Opinion on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC [COM (2012) 369 final]
Autorzy:
Bosek, Leszek
Olejniczak, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16728918.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
Constitution
clinical trials
European Union
principle of subsidiarity
principle of proportionality
conferred competences
Opis:
The purpose of the opinion is to examine thoroughly the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Presently, the issue of clinical trials is regulated differently in particular EU member states, due to their different legal traditions and constitutional standards. By allowing for experimentation on human beings without their knowledge or consent, the proposed regulation substantially infringes the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and conferred competences, as well as human dignity and the right to integrity of the person guaranteed by Articles 1 and 3 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. These circumstances sufficiently justify initiation by the Polish Sejm of the procedure specified in Article 6 of Protocol 2 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality annexed to the Lisbon Treaty.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2012, 4(36); 118-148
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gry a wzajemność
Games and reciprocity
Autorzy:
Łukaszyński, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/422577.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
games
reciprocity
principle of reciprocity
Opis:
This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of games. Reciprocity is one of the central problems of numerous concepts explaining social relations. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and end with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of the meeting. What is common in various concepts of games is a condition of reciprocity. The principle of reciprocity holds a prominent position in various concepts of games. There are various concepts of reciprocity and various concepts of principle of reciprocity. Regarding concepts of games, the principle of reciprocity may be expressed as the norms of the social life inducing the people to symmetrical behavior.
Źródło:
Nauki Społeczne; 2013, 2 (8); 210-226
2080-6019
Pojawia się w:
Nauki Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Principles of work of different types of underwater breathing apparatus
Autorzy:
Kłos, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258586.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
diving apparatus
principle of work
Opis:
This paper is continuation the diving apparatuses classification method (Polish Maritime Research, No 1/2008), depend on three criteria: the kind of the breathing gas, the operational depth range of the diving apparatus, and the principle of operation. There are presented principle of work particular class of apparatuses.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2008, 4; 72-84
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Public Procurement Rules and the Prevention of Corruption
Zasady zamówień publicznych a zapobieganie korupcji
Autorzy:
Papierz, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29551964.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
public procurement
corruption
principle of fair competition
principle of transparency
principle of openness
principle of writtenness
zamówienia publiczne
korupcja
zasada uczciwej konkurencji
zasada przejrzystości
zasada jawności
zasada pisemności
Opis:
The article points out the difficulties of defining the phenomenon of corruption, the main risks of public procurement related to the occurrence of corrupt behaviour, and the role of the proper application of public procurement rules as tools for the prevention of corruption. This is because these principles are a guide for the contracting authority on how to take certain actions during the procedure, and which ones to avoid in order to ensure that the public procurement procedure is carried out in a lawful manner and that public funds are spent in an efficient and reasonable manner. Where discretionary slack exists, this is an indicator of the proper use of the discretion left to the contracting authority. The risk of corruption in public procurement is mainly due to the fact that significant public funds are spent in the course of public procurement, and the risk of bribery or collusion in tendering exists, regardless of the stage of the procedure.
W artykule wskazuje się na trudności związane ze zdefiniowaniem zjawiska korupcji, główne zagrożenia zamówień publicznych związane z występowaniem zachowań korupcyjnych oraz na rolę właściwego stosowania zasad zamówień publicznych jako narzędzi zapobiegania korupcji. Zasady te bowiem są wskazówką dla zamawiającego, jak podejmować pewne działania w trakcie postępowania, a jakich unikać, aby postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego przebiegło w sposób zgodny z prawem, a środki publiczne zostały wydane w sposób efektywny i rozsądny. W przypadku występowania luzów decyzyjnych są wskaźnikiem właściwego wykorzystania pozostawionej zamawiającemu swobody podjęcia decyzji. Zagrożenie korupcją w zamówieniach publicznych wynika głównie z faktu wydatkowania w ich trakcie znacznych środków publicznych, a ryzyko wystąpienia przekupstwa czy zmowy przetargowej istnieje niezależnie od etapu prowadzonego postępowania.
Źródło:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku; 2024, 1; 10-19
2353-8929
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Znaczenie uzasadnień filozoficzno-etycznych dla koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju
The importance of philosophical and ethical justification for the concept of a sustainable development
Autorzy:
Klimska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/452477.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Naukowe Towarzystwo Tomistyczne
Tematy:
zrównoważony rozwój
filozofia rozwoju
zasada sprawiedliwości
zasada odpowiedzialności
zasada umiarkowania
zasada dobra wspólnego
zasada złotego środka
sustainable development
philosophy of development
principle of justice
principle of responsibility
principle of moderation
principle of common good
principle of golden mean
Opis:
Article is an attempt of showing legitimacy of philosophical and ethical consideration on the concept of a sustainable development. Starting from the assumptions of philosophy of development, it presents philosophical and ethical aspects of this idea. The main part of the article focuses on philosophical issue of principles of sustainable development.
Źródło:
Rocznik Tomistyczny; 2014, 3; 173-185
2300-1976
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Tomistyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasada pomocniczości w prawie publicznym Włoch
The principle of subsidiarity in the Italian public law
Autorzy:
Kruczkowski, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11542704.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
principle of subsidiarity
public law
administrative law
principle of decenrtalisation
Italy
Italian Republic
Opis:
The article is an attempt to capture the principle of subsidiarity in the Italian public law. In contrast to polish solutions the principle of subsidiarity does not comprise general principle of law. In the article this principle is being reconstructed primarily by the principle of decentralization and also it is presented in limited range, in which it is convened by constitution and normal legislation. Nevertheless the author, regarding to the specifications of Italian institutional solutions, is arguing its existence and functioning in public low of Italian Republic. Owing to the fact the article include also comparative legal values.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2014, 1(41); 48-62
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wzajemność i wdzięczność
Reciprocity and gratitude
Autorzy:
Łukaszyński, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/533372.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
reciprocity
principle of reciprocity
gratitude
Opis:
This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of gratitude. The rule of reciprocity basing on the psychological and social compulsion of giving and receiving gifts and services is one of the most important and permanent regulators of social, economic and political life. There are various concepts of reciprocity. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and ends with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of meeting. Regarding the concepts of gratitude, the rule of reciprocity may be expressed as the norms of social life inducing people to symmetrical behavior. The author points some of its factors.
Źródło:
Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia; 2015, 1(3); 134-151
2353-8937
Pojawia się w:
Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The criminal liability of the medical team considering the recent orientation of the Italian Court of Cassation
Autorzy:
Furramani, Emanuela
Bushati, Rrezart
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991084.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-01
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
medical team
medical liability
the principle of reasonable confidence
the principle of individual criminal responsibility
Opis:
This article aims to analyze the thematic of medical team liability considering the recent Italian Supreme Court case-law, highlighting the various problems linked to the identification of the responsibility of each member of the team. The participation of several subjects in the execution of medical treatment makes the question of criminal liability very complex, especially when it comes to inauspicious events, such as injuries or death, occurring during medical treatment. The question concerns the exact identification of the duty of care and vigilance of the medical team and whether this duty is in line with the principle of individual criminal responsibility guaranteed by Article 27 of the Italian Constitution. In this regard, the case-law has elaborated the so-called “principle of reasonable confidence”, according to which the division of labour that belongs to each member should involve a delimitation of his responsibility, limited only to what is within his competence, except in case of the person who organizes, directs, and controls the team. Precisely, based on this principle, the Italian Supreme Court in 2018 reasserted that in the medical team is necessary to identify the role played by each member, thus avoiding resorting to objective responsibility.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2022, 13, 25; 214-225
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przepisy dotyczące problematyki opodatkowania w konstytucjach państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej
Autorzy:
Brzeziński, Bogumił
Wilmanowicz-Słupczewska, Martyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899263.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-04-24
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Constitution
European Union
constitutional rules
principle of exclusivity of the act
principle of non-retroactivity of the law
Opis:
Nowadays, the constitution is the fundamental legislative act determining social relations, which lays down, inter alia, the principles of the state’s system, the scope and scale of the state interference in social relations and the rights and obligations of its citizens. The latter also include rights and obligations regarding taxation: the principles of imposing tax obligations and taxation limits, on the one hand, and measures for protecting taxpayers’ rights, on the other. A tax matter is generally considered to be a matter that is explicitly or implicitly governed by constitutional rules. The subject of the in-depth analysis are the diverse tax issues provided for in the constitutional provisions of the European Union Member States. The way in which taxation matters are ‘described’ in those states’ constitutions is an interesting and hitherto insufficiently analysed topic.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2022, 94; 9-26
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The juridical nature of the European Court of Justice and the principles of its activity
Autorzy:
Hasneziri, Vilma
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
european integration
juridical nature of the european court of justice
the principle of legality
the principle of proportionality and subsidiarity and the principle of respecting the human rights
Opis:
The European Union is a reality closer and closer for Albania as well. The status Albania obtained as a candidate country, not only means a step forward towards the European Union, but it also sets forth a number of challenges to be solved such as, freedom, property, democracy, human rights, the fight against organized crime and corruption etc. Under these circumstances, the analysis of the issues that have to do with the European Union is of a great importance, as in the near future, Albania is designated to join the great European family. The scope of this work is to analyze tow important aspects that have to do with one of the most important institutions of the European Union, such as the European Court of Justice. The first aspect of this work, which is also its first subject, refers to the juridical nature of the European Court of Justice. Analyzing this topic, we shall see that this Court, as per its nature, contains elements of different courts, thus, presenting similarities with the Constitutional Courts of Member States, civil courts, criminal courts, administrative and labour courts and with other international courts as well. However, despite the similarities it presents with other courts, the European Court of Justice is a court of a special kind, “sui generis”, exactly as the European Union is, thus, an organization of a special kind. The second aspect of this paper, which is also its second issue, analyses the fundamental principles where the European Court of Justice bases its activity. The most important principles are that of equality and non discrimination, the principle of protecting and guaranteeing the human rights, the principle of access before the court or the right to address the court, the principle of legality as well as the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. In this work, especially in the second part, there shall be presented several decisions of the European Court of Justice as well, that have to do with its interpretation on the dispositions of the establishing Treaties as well as the analysis of the above mentioned principles. At the end of this work, there will be given its conclusions as well as the bibliography where it is based on.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2015, 12; 207-225
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pomocniczość jako zasada przyznawania świadczeń z systemu pomocy społecznej. Perspektywa pedagogiczna
The Subsidiarity as the Principle of Granting Benefits from the System of the Welfare. A Pedagogic Prospect
Autorzy:
Regulska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1418469.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum
Tematy:
principle of subsidiarity
welfare
family
support
Opis:
In our times by design a subsidiarity to which many fields of study are appealing, is fundamentals of the social order especially from the field of the social science and legal. On land of pedagogy categories of the subsidiarity and the help were also developed, their theoretical assumptions along with the practical implications. This notion was settled not only in the context of pedagogy, but also the social policy adjusting tasks and functioning of the system of the welfare. Exactly a subsidiarity understood as the prevention is nature of the contemporary welfare, and in the time withdrawal of situations justifying using from the welfare, supporting persons and families in efforts aiming at satisfying the essential needs and enables them to live in conditions suiting the human dignity. Therefore the kind, the form and the size of benefits should be suitable for the difficult situation of the practical person or the family which is justify-ing providing assistance.
Źródło:
Studia Ełckie; 2020, 22, 4; 469-479
1896-6896
2353-1274
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ełckie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aristoteles über die Psyche als Prinzip und Ursache des Lebens
Psyche as the Principle and Cause of Life in Aristotle
Autorzy:
Meyer, Martin F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
biology
psychē
principle of life
life functions
Opis:
Biology is the most extensive field in the Corpus Aristotelicum. In his fundamental work De anima, Aristotle tries to fix the borders of this life science. The term ψυχή has a twofold explanatory status. On the one hand, ψυχή is understood as a principle of all living beings. On the other hand, it is understood as a cause of the fact that all living beings are alive. The paper is divided into three sections. (1) The first part shows why Aristotle discusses these issues in a work entitled Περὶ ψυχῆς. Since Pythagoras and Heraclitus, ψυχή was understood as a life principle: Pythagoras believed that men, animals and plants share the same nature: they are all ἔμψυχα and they are homogenous qua ψυχή. (2) The second part of this article deals with Aristotle’s definition of the soul in DA II: ψυχή is the principle of all living things. This establishes (i) the external criteria to divide living and non-living beings and (ii) the internal criteria to divide living beings. (3) The third part of this paper is concerned with the methodological consequences of this definition: the life functions (δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς) are the central explanandum in Aristotle’s biology. De anima II defines such various life-functions as nourishment, sense-perception and locomotion. These capacities contour the main fields of the philosopher’s biological investigation. For Aristotle, the faculty of reproduction is a subtype of nourishment. Reproduction is the most important and most natural function of all living beings. Genetics is, therefore, the most important field in Aristotle’s biology.
Źródło:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua; 2012, 3, 1; 115-142
2082-7539
Pojawia się w:
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Discrete homing problems
Autorzy:
Lefebvre, M.
Kounta, M
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964041.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
optimal control
principle of optimality
absorption problems
Opis:
We consider the so-called homing problem for discrete-time Markov chains. The aim is to optimally control the Markov chain until it hits a given boundary. Depending on a parameter in the cost function, the optimizer either wants to maximize or minimize the time spent by the controlled process in the continuation region. Particular problems are considered and solved explicitly. Both the optimal control and the value function are obtained.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2013, 23, 1; 5-18
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Systematicity of General Principles of (International) Law – An Outline
Autorzy:
Kozłowski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706770.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
general principle of international law
general principle of law
limits of international law
systematicity of international legal order
Opis:
International law reflects systemic conditions compatible with its essence, which means that a space must exist inside the borders of that order for the presence of the phenomenon of general principles. The assumption that international law is a legal system ipso facto means that general principles must exist within its borders. A general principle of law is a necessary element of every legal order. It is a form and a tool in which the efforts of the individual seeking to comprehend a given phenomenon are materialized through imposing order on it rather than by breaking it down into unconnected and independent elements. Since law is an expression of order, law therefore applies general principles. The systematicity of law, and therefore of international law as well, creates the primary source of the binding force of any norm. Considerations of natural law or positive law justifications for the presence of general principles in international law are of little consequence, as the source of general principles is the systemic nature of the law. Order and hierarchy are part of the rationalized system in which norms of law present themselves. This dependency applies also to norms of international law. The role of the judge is to fill in the appropriate normative content (general principles) in fields constituting at one and the same time both a necessary element and a consequence of the systemic character of the international legal order. Within this context the principle of good faith constitutes one of the bases for considerations concerning the extent of the international legal order. The extent of international law reaches as far as the extent to which evidence of good faith are present among the subjects of international law. The impossibility of describing relations between two states by the use of the determinants of good faith, translated in turn into a normative general principle, determinates the limits of international law.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2017, 37; 225-234
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WARTOŚĆ GODZIWA A ZASADA WIARYGODNOŚCI SPRAWOZDAŃ FINANSOWYCH
Fair value vs. the principle of credibility of financial sta-tements
Autorzy:
Król, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950649.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
the principle of credibility of financial statements
fair value
Opis:
One of the new and fundamental paradigms of International Accounting Standards is to use the valuation balance sheet at fair value, wherever this valuation may give the nature of forecast to financial reports. Fair value, in contrast to the historical purchase price, reflects the future economic benefits that the owner of the asset reaches under its ownership. The main objective of this article is to attempt to assess the fair value from the viewpoint of the overriding accounting principles and its impact on the entities’ information system. This article attempts to answer the question of the extent to which fair value measurement enables the users of financial statements to assess the situation due to financial-asset entity because of the fact that fair values are on the grounds of estimates based on certain assumptions. Accounting as a key element of the financial system should ensure that its data presented are reliable, accurate and trustworthy.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2015, 1(22); 78-90
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zadania samorządu terytorialnego w zakresie prawnej ochrony powierzchni ziemi
Local government tasks in the range of legal soil protection
Autorzy:
Król, Monika A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2123304.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
Tematy:
local government tasks
soil protection
agricultural and forest land protection
principle of subsidiarity
principle of public interest
Opis:
The soil, and in particular agricultural and forest land, is the basic natural resource, conditioning all other existing resources. Protection of that resource and its functions has been delegated to both government and local government authorities. The aim of this research is to analyze tasks and competences entrusted to local government units in solving issues related to soil protection and identifing and evaluating the adopted criteria for protective tasks division between three levels of the local government.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2018, 16; 91-115
1642-0438
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Agraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Principle of pithiness in US prison slang
Autorzy:
Dziedzic-Rawska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/605970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
prison slang
principle of pithiness
metaphor
metonymy
Opis:
Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
The present paper introduces ‘the principle of pithiness’ in US prison slang, which assumes that, in order to communicate successfully, prisoners need to use language that is terse and vigorously expressive. Such function is served by figurative language as it is rich in meaning, emotional content, and, simultaneously, is economical in form. Using prison-specific metaphors and metonymies, prisoners provide new quality: without the thorough study of the prison context prison slang is esoteric to the outsider. Therefore, the paper is also a voice for integrating linguistic analysis with that of the context (cf. Kövecses 2015).
Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.
Том не содержит аннотаций на английском языке.
Źródło:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature; 2017, 41, 2
0137-4699
Pojawia się w:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inkontrologiczna koncepcja wzajemności
Autorzy:
Łukaszyński, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/422615.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Andrzej Nowicki
incontrology
reciprocity
principle of reciprocity
Opis:
This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of Andrzej Nowicki’s incontrology. Reciprocity is one of the central problems of numerous concepts explaining social relations. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and end with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of the meeting. In the theory of social exchange reciprocity pertains to exchange. In the philosophy of the meeting this is not the case for reciprocity. Reciprocity does not signify exchange. What is common in various versions of the philosophy of the meeting is a restrictive condition of current reciprocity consisting in mutual and permanent transformation of personalities in people meeting each other. By creating his own concept of the philosophy of the meeting, namely incontrology, Andrzej Nowicki became one of many eminent thinkers focused on reciprocity. Andrzej Nowicki discovered the value of reciprocity, as a historian of philosophy in philosophies developed by Giordano Bruno, Julio Cesare Vanini or Girolamo Fracastoro and others. The author of incontrology discerned the importance of the notion of reciprocity for Władysław Witwicki’s theory of kratyzm. He used this theory to create his own division of meetings with a portrait. Though Andrzej Nowicki was not involved in studies on the principle of reciprocity, it holds a prominent position in incontrology. Its positive version (Bronisław Malinowski’s do ut des) may be expressed in the following manner: I create so that you might create, too. “Whenever I take the risk of ridiculousness,” admits the originator of incontrology, “I write about myself and my achievements. I do so in order to spur ambition in my disciples and readers [...]. Try it and you might be able to do something like this as well if you want”.67 For Andrzej Nowicki the most important value is culture, the creator of which is a human being, a co-originator existing in objects created by him (works) and in other people’s minds. A human being exists in mutual relations between the authors, artists and audience of high culture.
Źródło:
Nauki Społeczne; 2013, 1(7); 112-131
2080-6019
Pojawia się w:
Nauki Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Principle of a Single Estate and Its Role in Delimiting the Applicable Laws
Autorzy:
Pacuła, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1030003.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-29
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
EU Succession Regulation
principle of unity of succession
characterisation (classification)
Opis:
This paper argues that the principle of unity of succession is one of the key concepts of the Succession Regulation. By operation of this principle on the jurisdictional level, the Regulation tends to favor a perspective of a single Member State when it comes to all issues related to succession. The principle of unity of succession does not of course eliminate the need to proceed to the characterization and to delimitate the scopes of conflict of laws rules at stake. However, this principle — aiming to promote a unitary vision of a single estate in all the Member States bound by the Regulation — sets a tone for some interpretative techniques that tend to favor succession-related characterization of the issues having some importance in the context of succession with cross-border implications. According to the Author, effet utile-driven characterization, on the one hand, and succession-friendly characterization of the issues falling within ‘gray areas’ created by the operation of Article 1(2) of the Succession Regulation, on the other hand, are among them.
Źródło:
Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego; 2020, 26; 107-123
1896-7604
2353-9852
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasada demokracji w Konstytucji weimarskiej
The principle of democracy in Weimarian constitution
Autorzy:
Bożek, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782548.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Weimarian constitution
German constitutionalism
principle of democracy
constitution
monarchical principle
Opis:
Up to the end of the World War I, the foundation of German constitutionalism was the monarchical principle. For many 19th‑ century state and law theoreticians in Germany this principle was indeed synonymous to constitutionalism. Constitutionalism itself, in turn, was commonly identified with the contemporary monarchical system of German countries. On the other hand, the foundation of the constitution enacted in August 1919 in Weimar was the principle of democracy, which was set out in the Art. 1 of the constitution as the principle of the sovereignty of the nation. The principle of democracy took a specific form in the Weimarian constitution, combining direct democracy with representative democracy. The elements of the direct democracy were people’s initiative and referendum. The representative democracy, on the other hand, was realized by means of citizen rights with regard to the election of deputies to the Reichstag and the president of the German Reich. Due to the lack of appropriate democratic traditions and a complex social and political situation of the Weimar Republic, the democracy did not gain a foothold in Germany. Neither the mechanisms of direct democracy nor the ones of representative democracy passed muster with the voters. The referendum was held twice, however due to the low electoral turnout it was not valid. Also, the presidential election was conducted twice, and it was won by the opponent of parliamentary democracy, the marshal Paul von Hindenburg. In contrast, the results of parliamentary elections usually resulted in the political split of Reichstag. Yet, up to the beginning of 1930s new governments managed to be set up, which were supported by the parliamentary majority. In the final years of the Weimar Republic, however, such a possibility did not exist. A habit was formed of convening the so‑ called presidential cabinets. These were the governments convened by the President which took advantage of his support, and their activity was enabled by the President’s emergency powers specified by the Art.48, par. 2 of the constitution. It turned out that the actual demise of Weimarian democracy was the takeover of the government by Adolf Hitler in January 1933 as a consequence of the electoral success of his Nazi Party.
Źródło:
Z Dziejów Prawa; 2017, 10; 61-82
1898-6986
2353-9879
Pojawia się w:
Z Dziejów Prawa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-25 z 772

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