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Tytuł:
Cartographic generalization yesterday and today
Autorzy:
Cebrykow, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92552.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
cartographic generalization
automation of generalization
models of generalization
Opis:
The author presents evolution of views on cartographic generalization since it was defined by Emil von Sydow (1866) until today. It is divided into three chapters which present the evolution of views on cartographic generalization, models of generalization and digital generalization, respectively. Views on the topic of generalization evolved in the direction of broadening the term itself and towards a different perception of its nature. Originally generalization was understood as a process which can be performed on maps only. Now the prevailing understanding is that it begins earlier, at the conceptual stage of map making. Determination of the method of contents’ presentation is an indication of such generalization. The character of generalization is another important aspect of the discussion on its nature. The notion of a subjective nature of generalization, expressed, among others, by Max Eckert (1921), was originally predominant. Later there also appeared different opinions, allowing its objectivization (K.A. Saliszczew 1998). This direction helped to result in automation of the process of generalization of map contents. Currently a dualism in perceiving generalization can be observed, with a strong bias towards its objective aspect. In a separate chapter the author discusses conceptual models of generalization proposed by: L. Ratajski (1967, 1973), J. Morrison (1974), B.G. Nickerson (1988), K.E. Brassel and R. Weibel (1988), as well as R.B. McMaster and K.S. Shea (1992). They are divided into the universal models of theoretical character and those constructed for the purpose of computer automation of the process. Attempts at digital generalization which currently develop in the context of generalization of general, and especially topographic maps, are discussed separately. Most important algorithms concerning generalization of linear objects are presented chronologically, concluding with a description of comprehensive generalization systems. The summary presents two main conclusions. Firstly - work on generalization will continue to consider the geographical context during the process. Secondly - generalization of thematic, and especially statistical maps is the prospective direction.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2017, 49, 1; 5-15
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Digital Cartographic Generalization – Study of Its Thresholds and Stages in Example of Cartographic Line
Autorzy:
Budkowski, Szczepan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
digital cartographic generalization
generalization thresholds
cartography
simplification algorithm
Opis:
Digital generalization of spatial data has been the goal of the research in many research centers around the world. This article presents the evolution of cartographic generalization, drawing the reader’s attention to the change of its nature from analog to digital. Despite the passage of time and developing technologies, scientists have unfortunately yet to develop a uniform automatic generalization algorithm. One of the factors that hinder this process is the high complexity and complication of the whole process. The article is an attempt to answer this problem and addresses the issue of digital cartographic generalization by creating a proposal of thresholds and stages of cartographic generalization depending on the ratios of the numbers of points of generalized objects. The publication attempts to examine the possibility of applying an objective criterion of drawing recognition by examining digital generalization algorithms and setting its thresholds. The practical aim of the publication is to present generalization thresholds on the example of Chrobak’s algorithm. The proposal to make the selection of generalization thresholds dependent on the percentage share of points is a solution that is as simple to use as it is to implement. The method of defining intervals based on the three-sigma rule is a solution that guarantees that the obtained results will be characteristic of the probability density function of the normal distribution, which will define individual intervals most objectively.
Źródło:
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering; 2023, 17, 6; 77--93
1898-1135
Pojawia się w:
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rodzaje generalizacji treści map topograficznych na przykladzie mapy 1:50 000
Types of topographic maps generalization based on an example of map in 1:50 000
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
generalizacja
generalizacja kartograficzna
cartography
map
generalization
cartography generalization
Opis:
Autor wyróżnia i bliżej charakteryzuje pięć rodzajów generalizacji kartograficznej, jakie zastosowano przy opracowaniu mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 na podstawie mapy 1:10 000.
The article presents an analysis of a process of generalization in the preparation of topographic maps. The analysis was conducted on an exaple of a Polish topographic map in 1: 50 000 published by Survey- or General of Poland in the years 1995-2002. Most sheets were obtained through the generalization of a topographic map in 1:10 000. Generalization of a 1:10 000 map into 1:50 000 is very evident ( the area is reduced 25 times). A comparison of the contents of these two maps makes it possible to determine how topographic maps are generalized in practice. The analysis points out that there are five basic generalization types used for generalization of a medium-scale topographic map (1:50 000). They are as follows: * selection of categories for presented objects and their classification * selection of objects within each category * approximation or elimination of quantitative characteristics * replacement of area symbols with point or line symbols * simplifacation of objects' shapes After generalization the number of contents' categories on a 1:50 000 map is 15% lower than on a 1:10 000 map. It results from various generalization processes: complete elimination of several categories, generalization of qualitative features of contents, combining meaning of several symbols, substitution of separate symbols with a joint symbol, introduction of new symbols representing general issues absent from maps in larger scales. Object selection is conducted with quantitative criteria (area, length, width, depth or height, density), qualitative criteria (spatial interrelations, functional criterion, name criterion) or mixed criteria (joint criteria). Quantitative criteria on a topographic map are generalized through reduction of the number of contour lines and lower accuracy of numeric description of object and points (e.g. height points, numbers of residents). On a 1:50 000 map signatures of relief altitude are removed. Area symbols representing dimensions of particular objects are replaced with point or line symbols. These dimensions can include the area, length or width of the object. Simplification of objects' shapes relies on the elimination of minute contour details and "holes" within a marked area, joining of neighboring area and occasionally enlarging small areas and widening of thin ones. The listed types of generalization basucally represent the consecutive stages of the process. First we select object classes, then objects within a class. Next we choose a presentation method appropriate for the size of the object in scale or with symbols; objects shown with area symbols are often simplified. Description of methods and criteria of generalization of topographic maps is vital for the attempts to automate the process.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 251-258
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluating map specifications for automated generalization of settlements and road networks in small-scale maps
Autorzy:
Sielicka, Karolina Maja
Karsznia, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134599.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Automated map generalization
small-scale map specifications
evaluation of generalization principles
Opis:
The presented research concerns the methodology for selecting settlements and road networks from 1:250 000 to 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 scales. The developed methodology is based on the provisions of the Regulation of the Ministry of Interior from 17 November 2011. The correctness of the generalization principles contained in the Regulation has not yet been verified. Thus this paper aims to fulfil this gap by evaluating map specifications concerning settlement and road network generalizations. The goal was to automate the selection process by using formalized cartographic knowledge. The selection operators and their parameters were developed and implemented in the form of a generalization model. The input data was the General Geographic Object Database (GGOD), whose detail level corresponds to 1:250 000 scale. The presented research is in line with works on the automation of GGOD generalization performed by the National Mapping Agency (NMA) in Poland (GUGiK). The paper makes the following contributions. First, the selection methodology contained in the Regulation was formalised and presented in the form of a knowledge base. Second, the models for the generalization process were developed. The developed methodology was evaluated by generalizing the settlements and roads in the test area. The results of the settlement and road network generalization for both 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 detail levels were compared with the maps designed manually by experienced cartographers.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2019, 23, 4; 242-255
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja architektury systemu generalizacji obiektów przestrzennych na przykładzie zabudowy
A concept of system architecture for generalization of spatial objects on the example of buldings
Autorzy:
Chrobak, T.
Kozioł, K.
Krawczyk, A
Lupa, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/346413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Informacji Przestrzennej
Tematy:
generalizacja zabudowy
geoportal
system automatycznej generalizacji
generalization of buildings
automated generalization system
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono architekturę systemu komputerowego do uogólnienia budynków celem prezentacji ich na mapach w dowolnych (zmniejszonych) skalach. Problem pozyskiwania i aktualizacji danych georeferencyjnych jest najwyższą pozycją kosztów budowy i konserwacji każdego systemu GIS. W systemach tych, dane dotyczące budynków, posiadają najwyższy poziom dynamiki zmian, które wymagają ciągłej ich aktualizacji, co przekłada się na znaczne koszty utrzymania systemu. Oprogramowanie do automatyzacji procesu pozyskiwania i aktualizowanie bazy danych WBDT budynków i generalizacji budowlanych, jest głównym celem proponowanego systemu. W wyniku analizy zdecydowano się zbudować architekturę systemu opartą na oprogramowaniu typu geoportal. Zaletą jest możliwość korzystania z systemu na stronie internetowej przez wielu użytkowników. Techniczne rozwiązanie oparte jest na Windows Server 2008 R2 natomiast web serwer obsługiwany jest przez oprogramowanie Microsoft IIS 7.0. Usługi geoportalu obsługiwane będą przez oprogramowanie ArcGIS Server z bazą danych z PostGIS 2.0.1. Oprogramowanie geoportalu zostanie zrealizowane w języku programowania Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 w C # z wykorzystaniem ArcGIS Developer Framework dla Microsoft. NET Framework.
The paper presents a computer based system architecture for generalization of buildings. Obtaining and updating georeferenced data is the highest cost item in building and maintenance of any GIS system. In these systems, data on buildings are featured with the highest dynamics of changes, which requires constant updating and translates into significant costs of the system maintenance. A software to automate the process of acquiring and updating the data base of buildings and their generalization, is the main objective of the proposed system. As a result of an analysis, it was decided to use a system architecture based on a geo-portal software. The technical solutions are based on Windows 2008 R2 server and the Web server runs on Microsoft IIS 7.0. ArcGIS Server database with PostGIS 2.0.1. will be used to build the software of the geoportal. The software for the generalization of the system will be made in Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 in C # using ArcGIS Application Framework Developer for Microsoft .NET Framework.
Źródło:
Roczniki Geomatyki; 2012, 10, 7; 7-14
1731-5522
2449-8963
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Geomatyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Types of topographic map generalization: the example of the 1: 50 000 map
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, Wiesław
Kwiatkowska, Joanna M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2029435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
topographic map
map generalization
Opis:
The author first discusses the various ways of classifying cartographic generalization techniques, and then analyzes the course of the generalization process during the creation of a 1:50 000 topographic map on the basis of a 1:10 000 map. Using this analysis as a foundation, the author identifies, discusses and illustrates with examples the five types of cartographic generalization.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2004, 11; 281-290
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Supposed maximum mutual information for improving generalization and interpretation of multi-layered neural networks
Autorzy:
Kamimura, Ryotaro
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/91604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi. Polskie Towarzystwo Sieci Neuronowych
Tematy:
mutual information
disentanglement
generalization
interpretation
Opis:
The present paper1 aims to propose a new type of information-theoretic method to maximize mutual information between inputs and outputs. The importance of mutual information in neural networks is well known, but the actual implementation of mutual information maximization has been quite difficult to undertake. In addition, mutual information has not extensively been used in neural networks, meaning that its applicability is very limited. To overcome the shortcoming of mutual information maximization, we present it here in a very simplified manner by supposing that mutual information is already maximized before learning, or at least at the beginning of learning. The method was applied to three data sets (crab data set, wholesale data set, and human resources data set) and examined in terms of generalization performance and connection weights. The results showed that by disentangling connection weights, maximizing mutual information made it possible to explicitly interpret the relations between inputs and outputs.
Źródło:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research; 2019, 9, 2; 123-147
2083-2567
2449-6499
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A task about a cube; or, on generalization in 3D
Autorzy:
Jureczko, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
spatial abilities
spatial visualization
generalization
Opis:
The necessity of teaching such an activity as generalization was considered by Z. Krygowska in the ‘70s (Krygowska, 1977). The formation of this ability requires an adequate selection of non-stereotypical tasks, for which the algorithm is unknown to the person solving the task, ones in which a student is forced to search for their own method of solving the task on the basis of their knowledge. In literature, there are known studies concerning the process of generalization of students of different ages which use, at most, 2D visual patterns. However, the author still did not find any research based on tasks which examine the process of generalization in 3D. In this paper, results will be shown of using a task concerning a cube carried out in a diverse group of students from middle school, high school, and university.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2016, 38
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
BRINGING THE KNOWLEDGE COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EDUCATION (INCLUDING SPORT) TO THE PRACTICING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EDUCATOR
Autorzy:
Zeigler, Earle F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/449208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Opolska. Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Fizjoterapii
Tematy:
field
discipline
profession
principle
taxonomy
generalization
Opis:
The field of physical (activity) and health education, or whatever it is called in any one of the world’s countries, has undergone a “determined” but often “confused” development in the 20th century. After Sputnik went up in 1957, the field sought help from a variety of disciplines (e.g., kinesiology) and professions (e.g., management) in an attempt to truly define itself. Building on what Arthur Steinhaus (George Williams College) stated were its four “principal principles” in the early 1950s, the author asserts that some 14 “principal principles” of the field can now be affirmed. Searching for consensus, a proposed taxonomy for “developmental physical activity in exercise, sport, and physical recreation” is offered here for consideration as the field moves along in the 21st century. The author argues that the field also needs to make available to the professional practitioner a computerized inventory of generalizations that represents a distillation of the field’s scientific and scholarly literature.
Źródło:
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective; 2013, 2, 4; 5-18
2084-7971
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the concept of generalization of I-density points
Autorzy:
Hejduk, Jacek
Wiertelak, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29519407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
density topology
generalization of density topology
Opis:
This paper deals with essential generalization of I-density points and I-density topology. In particular, there is an example showing that this generalization of I-density point yields the stronger concept of density point than the notion of I(J)-density. Some properties of topologies generated by operators related to this essential generalization of density points are provided.
Źródło:
Opuscula Mathematica; 2023, 43, 6; 803-811
1232-9274
2300-6919
Pojawia się w:
Opuscula Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Technology of spatial data geometrical simplification in maritime mobile information system for coastal waters
Autorzy:
Kazimierski, W.
Włodarczyk-Sielicka, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258508.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
simplification
maritime information systems
mobile systems
generalization
Opis:
The paper undertakes the subject of spatial data pre-processing for marine mobile information systems. Short review of maritime information systems is given and the focus is laid on mobile systems. The need of spatial data generalization is underlined and the concept of technology for such generalization in mobile system is presented. The research part of the paper presents the results of analyzes on selected parameters of simplification in the process of creating mobile navigation system for inland waters. In the study authors focused on selected layers of system. Models of simplification for layers with line features and with polygons were tested. The parameters of tested models were modified for the purposes of study. The article contains tabular results with statistics and spatial visualization of selected layers for individual scales.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2016, 3; 3-12
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Raster images generalization in the context of research on the structure of landscape and geodiversity
Autorzy:
Bartuś, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184827.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
generalization
raster
landscape
geodiversity
Boundary Clean
Majority Filter
Opis:
Generalization is one of the most important stages of work on cartographic data. It has a particular importance in the study of landscape structure, especially geodiversity. In raster images, it is based on modifying the structure of the image while maintaining its general characteristics. In ArcGIS software, the most important tools for generalization of raster images include: Boundary Clean and Majority Filter. Fragstat software was used for the analysis of structural modifications of the output images and assessment of the effects of generalization. Depending on the options used, both tools (Boundary Clean and Majority Filter) cause different types of modifications in rasters. Elimination of the so-called noise using one of the variants of Majority Filter is the most suitable if we wish to introduce only subtle modifications to the final image. If, however, we expect a greater level of interference in the structure of the source images, using Boundary Clean becomes necessary.
Źródło:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment; 2014, 40, 3; 271-284
2299-8004
2353-0790
Pojawia się w:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Concept of a landscape map according to Professor Franciszek Uhorczak
Autorzy:
Meksuła, M. W.
Grzechnik, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
landscape
landscape map
colour on map
cartographic generalization
Opis:
In the article, the concept of landscape maps by Franciszek Uhorczak (1902-1981), Professor of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, was discussed. The maps constitute a cartographic illustration of volume III, IV and V of “Universal Geography” edited by Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (the National Scientific Publishing House) (Warsaw 1965-1967) - the first Polish small-scale landscape maps of the world. From the perspective of the 50s, an attempt was undertaken to assess the editorial assumptions, landscape typology and selection of cartographic means used by the author, paying special attention to the selection of colours representing landscapes. Also, issues raising controversies related to the degree of generalization of particular elements of the content, typology of landscapes as well as map details were indicated. The performed analysis leads to the conclusion that landscape maps by Professor F. Uhorczak constituted one of the most significant achievements of Polish thematic cartography of the 20th century, and they are an unequaled model also for the contemporary cartographers.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2016, 48, 3; 129-140
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new method of line feature generalization based on shape characteristic analysis
Autorzy:
Huang, Z.
Nie, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
line generalization
key point detection
shape characteristic analysis
Opis:
This paper presents a piecewise line generalization algorithm (PG) based on shape characteristic analysis. An adaptive threshold algorithm is used to detect all corners, from which key points are selected. The line is divided into some segments by the key points and generalized piecewise with the Li-Openshaw algorithm. To analyze the performance, line features with different complexity are used. The experimental results compared with the DP algorithm and the Li-Openshaw algorithm show that the PG has better performance in keeping the shape characteristic with higher position accuracy.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2011, 18, 4; 597-605
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Learning reduplication with a neural network that lacks explicit variables
Autorzy:
Prickett, Brandon
Traylor, Aaron
Pater, Joe
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201229.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
neural networks
reduplication
symbolic computation
connectionism
generalization
phonology
Opis:
Reduplicative linguistic patterns have been used as evidence for explicit algebraic variables in models of cognition.1 Here, we show that a variable-free neural network can model these patterns in a way that predicts observed human behavior. Specifically, we successfully simulate the three experiments presented by Marcus et al. (1999), as well as Endress et al.’s (2007) partial replication of one of those experiments. We then explore the model’s ability to generalize reduplicative mappings to different kinds of novel inputs. Using Berent’s (2013) scopes of generalization as a metric, we claim that the model matches the scope of generalization that has been observed in humans. We argue that these results challenge past claims about the necessity of symbolic variables in models of cognition.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2022, 10, 1; 1--38
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Utopian Mathematics or Wishful Teaching
Autorzy:
Szurek, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749424.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
wishful teaching, creative attitude, journey across mathematics, generalization, solution, equation.
wishful teaching, creative attitude, journey across mathematics, generalization, solution, equation
Opis:
The discussion during the didactic session of the Jubilee Congress of the Polish Mathematical Society, Kraków, September 2019.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2019, 41
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Isomorphism as generalization tool (in combinatorics)
Autorzy:
Krpec, Radek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748914.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
generic model theory
isolated models
combinatorics
isomorphism
generalization
Opis:
The article deals with constructing the discovery of the number of combinations. It stems from the approach of genetic constructivism, which works with the generic model theory, and its research goal was to develop the stages of isolated models, particularly using the phenomenon of isomorphism. Children aged 11–13 participated in the experiment during their mathematics club, in which they worked in groups at first and together at the blackboard afterwards. The results come from analyzing the experiment protocol and a video recording of part of the experiment. In this study, the authors focus primarily on a detailed analysis of individual sub-phases of isolated models under the generic model theory. The experiment highlights the importance of isomorphism as a generalization tool. The authors have identified the obstacles on the way to advanced sub-phases of isolated models. Another contribution is the division of the fourth sub-phase into two separate sub-phases, which has been achieved using the method of atomic analysis.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2016, 38
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Verifying and improving map specifications of river network selection for automatic generalization of small-scale maps
Autorzy:
Ajdacka, Iga
Karsznia, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154755.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-19
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
cartographic generalization
river network
automation
small-scale maps
Opis:
Automated generalization is highly desired for effective map production. This research focuses on the initial stage of generalization, namely object selection. The study aims to conduct river network automatic selection based on map specifications contained in the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration regulation. The research covers river network selection from the General Geographic Objects Database from 1:250,000 to 1:500,000 detail level. Within the research scope, three selection variants were designed. The first was a basic variant that only included the implementation of the specifications contained in the regulation. The other two were experimental variants: an extended variant and an extended-modified variant with the parameters and data enrichment proposed by the authors. The extended variant has been supplemented with the Id_MPHP index usage, derived from the Map of Hydrographic Division of Poland (MPHP), which defines the hierarchy of watercourses in the river network. The extended-modified variant was implemented according to the guidelines of the regulation, with the use of the Id_MPHP index and additionally with the help of the parameter denoting “priority” watercourses, which was assigned by the authors. The results of the work constitute the generalization models designed in ArcMap 10.8. with the use of Model Builder functionality as well as the maps presenting the selection variants output visualizations. The results were compared visually as well as verified with the reference atlas map generalized by an experienced cartographer. As a result, the map specifications concerning the selection process presented in the regulation proved to be insufficient to generalize river networks properly. The variants proposed in this research made it possible to improve the selection results and enabled the automation of the river selection process. Additional specifications and parameters proposed in this work may constitute an essential supplement to the guidelines contained in the regulation.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2022, 54, 1; 75-91
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Automatyzacja procesu generalizacji kartograficznej i jej wyników prezentowanych na mapie
The automation of cartographic generalization and its map results methods
Autorzy:
Chrobak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/262324.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
geoinformacja
bazy danych
generalizacja kartograficzna
geoinformation
database
generalization cartography
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie modelu formalnej struktury danych Molenaara w bazie danych typu MRDB do automatycznego eliminowania i upraszczania obiektów, gdy zmieniają się skala oraz metody wizualizacji tych obiektów. W rozwiązaniu przyjęto obiektywne kryteria do procesu generalizacji i wizualizacji wyników. W procesie eliminacji wykorzystano hierarchie klas i obiektów w klasie oparte na teorii grafów. Proces upraszczania oparto na hierarchii punktów opisujących obiekt wyznaczonych na podstawie ekstremów lokalnych. Weryfikację obu procesów (eliminacji, upraszczania) przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu kryterium rozpoznawalności rysunku. W metodzie wizualizacji wyników procesu upraszczania obiektów wykorzystano własności rozkładu normalnego oraz kryterium rozpoznawalności rysunku, do ustalania się progów generalizacji (upraszczanych obiektów). Progi służą do ustalenia przedziałów skal dla metod wizualizacji wyników po generalizacji.
This paper shows the application of the Molenaar formal data structure model in a MRDB--type database meant to objects automated elimination and simplification while scale changing and those objects visualization methods. Generalization process and visualization results objective criterions are established in the solution. In the elimination process there are classes and objects hierarchies used, which are based on the graph theory. The simplification process is based on the hierarchy of points describing the object, established using relative extrema. Both these processes verification is based on the drawing recognizability criterion. In the object simplification results visualization methods there are normal distribution's properties and drawing recognizability criterion used to establish so called generalization thresholds (of the simplified objects). The thresholds are used to establish the scales ranges for the generalization results visualization methods.
Źródło:
Geodezja / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie; 2006, 12, 2/1; 125-138
1234-6608
Pojawia się w:
Geodezja / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelowanie procesu generalizacji
Modelling generalization process
Autorzy:
Karsznia, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/341311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
automatyzacja generalizacji danych przestrzennych
baza danych obiektów ogólnogeograficznych
modelowanie procesu generalizacji
automatic generalization of spatial data
General Geographic Databas
modeling generalization process
Opis:
Automatyczna generalizacja danych przestrzennych była i jest celem badań wielu ośrodków naukowych na świecie. Niestety, ani obecny stan wiedzy, ani też istniejąca technologia nie pozwalają tego celu w pełni zrealizować. Jednym z czynników utrudniających automatyczną generalizację danych przestrzennych jest złożoność, kompleksowość samego procesu. W odpowiedzi na ten problem podejmowane są próby usystematyzowania czynności, składających się na proces generalizacji, w postaci modelu. Autorka charakteryzuje istniejące typy modelowania procesu generalizacji, podejmuje próbę generalizacji wybranych elementów Bazy Danych Ogólnogeograficznych, w trybie półautomatycznym w środowisku DynaGEN oraz opisuje koncepcję modelowania warunkowego w środowisku Clarity.
Automatic generalization of the spatial data has been a goal of many international researches carried out in scientific centers worldwide. Unfortunately, neither current state of art nor the existing technology makes it possible to achieve it. One of the main factors making the automated generalization of spatial data difficult is a complexity of the process. The answer to this problem is trying to test systematizing of activities being a part of the generalization tasks considered as a model. The author characterizes existing model types of the generalization process as well as she describes some experiments concerning generalization of selected elements of the General Geographic Database (GGD) in an interactive mode (performed in the DynaGEN environment). Furthermore, she proposes an idea of a constraint-based modeling in the Clarity software.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum; 2009, 8, 2; 13-26
1644-0668
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Convergence Analysis of Multilayer Feedforward Networks Trained with Penalty Terms: A review
Autorzy:
Wang, J.
Yang, G.
Liu, S.
Zurada, J. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108639.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi
Tematy:
Gradient
feedforward neural networks
generalization
penalty
convergence
pruning algorithms
Opis:
Gradient descent method is one of the popular methods to train feedforward neural networks. Batch and incremental modes are the two most common methods to practically implement the gradient-based training for such networks. Furthermore, since generalization is an important property and quality criterion of a trained network, pruning algorithms with the addition of regularization terms have been widely used as an efficient way to achieve good generalization. In this paper, we review the convergence property and other performance aspects of recently researched training approaches based on different penalization terms. In addition, we show the smoothing approximation tricks when the penalty term is non-differentiable at origin.
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods; 2015, 7 No. 2; 89-103
1689-9636
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cartographic visualization of density: exploring the opportunities and constraints of Heat Maps
Autorzy:
Pokojski, Wojciech
Panecki, Tomasz
Słomska-Przech, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1506005.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
Heat Map
GIS
visualization
thematic mapping
generalization
ArcGIS
QGIS
Opis:
The authors of the review aim to understand and assess cartographic Heat Maps' (HM) designs, tools, and applications. The paper consists of two parts. First describes HM in the context of neocartography and map design by tackling such issues as denfiition, input data, methods of density determination and generalization, colour schemes, legend construction, and base maps. The second part assesses the range of 17 tools used for creating HM. Tools are divided into non-GIS tools (visualization tools and programming libraries) and GIS applications (desktop and webGIS). GIS desktop software has been selected due to its popularity and wide application. Paper presents an expert assessment of this software with the use of a research questionnaire. The analysis made it possible to develop a division of tools based on their embedding in computer programs and applications and taking into account the types of visualization. It also made it possible to indicate tools that can be used by both professional GIS users (e.g. analysts, cartographers) and the general public, including teachers using HM to visualize geo data for geography lessons. The limitation of the review was the analysis from the expert's point of view. It would be desirable to include novices perspectives in future studies due to the wide demand for visualization.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2021, 53; 21-36
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Extrapolative Inference and Analogical Reasoning in the Empirical Sciences
Autorzy:
Jakubiec, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/429230.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
scientific method
extrapolation
per analogiam reasoning
philosophy of science
generalization
Opis:
The primary purpose of this paper is to present the issue of extrapolation, which is interesting from the perspective of contemporary philosophy of science. For its proper explanation, it is crucial to distinguish it from terms of similar meaning, such as analogy, induction or statistical inference. The second goal is to indicate key differences that exist between extrapolative inference and analogical reasoning. Because of this the ascertaining of the identification of these concepts would be a mistake though, of course, there is no way not to notice certain similarities.
Źródło:
Semina Scientiarum; 2014, 13
1644-3365
Pojawia się w:
Semina Scientiarum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using the graphic display calculator to motivate derivative formulas
Autorzy:
Jureczko, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/749146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
grafic calculators
properties of function
derivatives, methods of teaching, generalization
Opis:
Nowadays using graphic display calculators (GDCs) is becoming more and more popular in learning and teaching mathematics. One of the main usages of this device is to obtain a graph of almost all functions with one variable. If we have a graph of a function we can observe some special properties of the function. Graphic display calculators (even without computer algebra system (CAS)) can do even more - calculate derivative at any point and draw graphs of derivatives of the first and the second degree, find other properties of functions like: minimum, maximum, x- and y-intercepts and so on. Traditionally students are taught differentiation while using limits of functions. Hence the natural question is whether there exists another method of teaching about differentiation? The aim of this paper is to analyze attempts of teaching some aspects of differentiation with using GDC.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2014, 36
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mechanizmy deformacji znaczeniowej niektórych biblizmów
The Mechanisms of Semantic Deformation of Some Biblical Terms
Autorzy:
Bajerowa, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127756.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
deformacja
biblizm
metonimia
generalizacja
precyzacja
deformation
bibilism
metonymy
generalization
preciseness
Opis:
The study analyzes the questionnaire material concerning the understanding of four Biblical terms: The Tower of Babel, Sodom and Gomorrah, to wash hands, the Apocalypse. The material consists of about 100 responses given by secondary-school students. In many responses some semantic changes have been observed; they cause differences in comparison with a dictionary meaning. The analysis shows that they are mainly metonymic changes of various type, with the strongest tendency to make a Biblical term more concrete. The author comes to a conclusion that the reason for such deformations is a limited code of respondents. She advises training a proper understanding in possibly broad and various contexts.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2002, 49-50, 6; 45-54
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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