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    Tytuł:
    Police Training for Counterterrorism: A Comparative Analysis on Police Academy in Szczytno and Turkish Police Academy
    Autorzy:
    Beşgül, Birce
    Gören, K. Betül Biçen
    Zengin, Ülkü Nur
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45452751.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-08-23
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    Police Academy
    Terrorism
    Counter-terrorism
    Police Training
    Opis:
    This article conducts a comparative analysis of the counterterrorism approaches and strategies employed by Poland and Turkey, with a specific focus on the contributions of Police Academy in Szczytno and the Turkish Police Academy. By examining the training, research, and collaborative efforts of these institutions, this study seeks to identify similarities, differences, and lessons that can enhance the effectiveness of counterterrorism measures in both countries. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving nature of terrorism and highlight innovative approaches for future cooperation and knowledge exchange.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2023, 150(2); 325-344
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kształcenie policjantów w Stanach Zjednoczonych (wybrane podejścia i tendencje)
    Police Training in the United States of America (selected approaches and tendencies)
    Autorzy:
    Andraszczyk, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/913263.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    police training
    military model
    academic model
    community-oriented police
    Opis:
    The article reconstructs selected contexts of police training in the United States of America. The narration concentrates on the historical origins of police training as well as on the dominant relevant trends in presentday American society. Furthermore, the paper seeks to compare the two ways of thinking about police training which influencethe training programs in police academies. The author presents methods of shaping the identity of policemen, the firstof which is a military model and the second one is an academic model. The text focuses moreover on the evolution of the operating system of the American police: from intervention-oriented to a community-oriented model, which is constantly gaining importance in some police training programs.
    Źródło:
    Studia Edukacyjne; 2017, 45; 227-235
    1233-6688
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Edukacyjne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Information and Analysis System Supporting Risk Management During the Planning and Implementation Stage of Police Activities — the Essence and Possibilities of Use for Teaching Purposes
    Autorzy:
    Bogdalski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374883.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    information and analysis system
    police operations
    emergency situations
    police training
    Opis:
    The article presents the essence and operational potential of the information and analysis system supporting the decision making process within the framework of security-related policing operations. This system is being developed by a scientific consortium led by the Police Academy, Szczytno. The project finance is provided by the National Centre for Research and Development. The main element to ensure the effectiveness of the system in question will be an application with a planning and decision mechanism and prediction algorithms. The above mentioned algorithms are designed to provide information on the probability of success of police operations and on the necessary costs which must be incurred in a given crisis situation in order to implement their individual, expected variants. Using historical data and algorithms developed on its basis, the system is supposed to indicate the relevant forces and resources required, the methods and tactics for operations and characteristics of the security infrastructure. Moreover, the publication presents the fundamental mechanisms of the police command and control process during emergency situations and general remarks regarding the professional development of those who manage these types of policing operations. In the author’s opinion, of particular importance in this respect is the course addressed to commissioned police officers trained to be commanders or deputy commanders of security-related policing operations, where classes are conducted using a simulator for police operations in emergency situations. It is a form of advanced command staff training with the use of a virtual computer simulation system. The simulator makes it possible to develop algorithms for dealing with crisis incidents and to improve the command process during emergencies. One of the practical goals of developing the information and analysis system is its integration with the simulator for police operations in emergency situations. In this respect, it is supposed to be a tool used in multimedia decision-making training. The author comes to the conclusion that the expected functionalities of the information and analysis system will have a positive effect both on the educational process of improving professional qualifications of commanders of security-related policing operations and on the real planning, implementation and assessment of the operations themselves.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(1); 35-44
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effectiveness of Resource Management During Police Actions and Operations Based on the Skills Acquired During Simulation Training in a Virtual Environment
    Autorzy:
    Choromańska, Agnieszka
    Jurczak, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798569.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-09-13
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    the Police
    Police vocational training
    simulation training
    evaluation of scientifi c work
    research
    Opis:
    The main aim of the article is to present the results of the surveys conducted among the graduates of the specialist course for police operations commanders at the Police Academy in Szczytno, who participated in the course in 2014–2020. The course uses a tool of modern technology in the form of a simulator of Police operations in crisis situations. The essence of the research was, therefore, to verify the impact of simulation training as part of a specialist course for commanders of police actions and operations on the real scope and manner of tasks performed by its graduates, i.e. on commanding actual police activities to ensure and maintain public safety and order during mass events, in including sports events, public gatherings and celebrations, and other collective disturbances of public order. It should be emphasised that due to the often signifi cant lapse of time after the end of the course, the respondents formulated their opinions based on subsequent experiences and analysis of actual facts, in the context of knowledge and skills acquired during the training.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 142(2); 170-185
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wiedza a samodoskonalenie kompetencji motorycznych przez policjantów
    Knowledge and improvement motorial competences by policemen
    Autorzy:
    Bartoszewicz, Ryszard
    Zalewski, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/464980.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-08-31
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
    Tematy:
    funkcjonariusze policji
    kompetencje motoryczne
    szkolenie policji
    wiedza
    zachowania zdrowotne
    police officers
    motor competence
    police training
    knowledge
    health behaviors
    Opis:
    Introduction. The aim of the research was to clarify the relationship between policemen’s knowledge and their real motor competence and physical fitness that enable them to execute operational tasks. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 52 out of 224 officers of the Intelligence Department and the Municipal Police Intervention in Wroclaw in 2011. It analyzed the responses to the questionnaire developed by the authors and the internal police reports on the results of the physical competence test. Results and conclusions. Analysis of the test results obtained by officers in periodic performance testing indicates a low level of motor skill competence. The mean overall score of all trials is 3.41 for the whole sample. This represents only 56% of the lower limit of the maximum level of efficiency, but in practice, considering the nature of any potential operational activities taken, in many individual cases it seems to be insufficient. The profile of the tested police officers’ efficiency is rather strength-oriented with a clear trunk muscle strength dominance (4.25). Definitely, a weaker motor competence of all subjects is was the one identified on the basis of running tests. Strength test results can be considered quite as bad (2.85). The state of knowledge regarding the nature and manner of motor competence development is low and insufficient to affect self-improvement in the tested officers’ fitness. The respondents generally do not take advantage of the opportunity to improve their motor competence in specialized activities carried out by trained staff. A low level of health awareness of the policemen can also result in a low motor competence condition. The age of officers and their level of education slightly differentiates the results and do not give the grounds to a clear indication of dependence.
    Źródło:
    Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu; 2016, 53; 91-98
    0239-4375
    Pojawia się w:
    Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Diagnosing Police Activities Using Qualitative Research Methods
    Autorzy:
    Dobrowolska-Opała, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056039.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-21
    Wydawca:
    Collegium Civitas
    Tematy:
    shooting training
    firearms
    training system in the Police
    Police
    Opis:
    The article presents the possibilities of implementing qualitative research for analysis activities taken by the Polish Police, especially in the aspect of the formation activities in the field of internal security of the state. In addition to the proposals of a threeway perception of the Police in terms of the subject of the research and description of the specifics of the qualitative research, the reader was invited to include a qualitative methodology for analysis of police problems. The article ends with a brief description of the qualitative study implemented for the purposes of the doctoral dissertation on the role of the police in the field of ensuring security for football matches.
    Źródło:
    Securitologia; 2018, 1 (27); 3-14
    1898-4509
    Pojawia się w:
    Securitologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Organizacja systemu szkoleń strzeleckich w polskiej Policji
    Organization of the Shooting Training System in the Polish Police
    Autorzy:
    Kaczmarski, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052203.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Collegium Civitas
    Tematy:
    szkolenie strzeleckie
    broń palna
    system szkoleń w Policji
    Policja
    shooting training
    firearms
    training system in the Police
    Police
    Opis:
    Policja jest jednym z organów administracji publicznej, która posiada ustawowy obowiązek zapewnienia obywatelom bezpieczeństwa, również w sposób zbrojny. W artykule zaprezentowano organizację i formę obowiązującego systemu szkoleń strzeleckich w polskiej policji. W oparciu o wyniki dotychczasowych badań, wskazano, że większe znaczenie niż indywidualne cechy osobowościowe, mają odbyte przez policjantów szkolenia i treningi. Wprowadzenie szkoleń, które odzwierciedlałyby realne sytuacje, pomogłoby podnieść poziom przygotowania policjantów do służby.
    The police is one of the public administration bodies that has a statutory task to provide citizens with security, also in an armed way. The article presents the organization and format of the current Polish police shooting training system. Based on the results of previous studies, it was pointed out that training courses and practice sessions carried out by the police officers are more important than their individual personality traits. Implementation trainings reflecting real situations would help to improve the level of police officers’ preparation for work.
    Źródło:
    Securitologia; 2017, 2 (26); 18-31
    1898-4509
    Pojawia się w:
    Securitologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cooperation Between Local Police Units and the Police Academy in Szczytno
    Autorzy:
    Justyński, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375000.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    police in Silesia
    Police Academy
    security
    training
    in-service training
    cooperation
    Opis:
    At the moment in Poland, specialised dispositional groups such as the armed forces, the police, and various guards and other services are constituted. The fundamental tool that the state has at its disposal to counteract potential threats to internal security and public order, and to react appropriately to existing threats is a separate body — the police. The main objective of this paper is to define the practical benefits which can be gained as a result of organising cooperation between the police units mentioned above in an appropriate way. This paper is an attempt to present practical cooperation between a local police unit and the Police Academy in Szczytno. It also points out the distinct nature of functioning of the Regional Police Headquarters in Katowice and its dependent units; it describes the impact that cooperation with an educational institution has on the quality of preserving public security and order as well as the practical aspect of such cooperation on the example of the organisational units of the Polish National Police specified above.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2020, Special Issue; 49-59
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Activities of Police Schools in the Field of Public Security
    Autorzy:
    Kochańczyk, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375010.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    public safety
    police education
    training
    Opis:
    In the modern world, the term ‘security’ is so widely used that adjectives must be used to describe the type of scientific considerations, e.g. ‘public security’. Safety is an indispensable element affecting the functioning of every human being. The number of threats in the modern world is so large that it is necessary to introduce new educational solutions for a wide range of entities in order to effectively oppose any behaviour that causes discomfort to citizens. The activity of police education for most readers is associated with the preparation of an officer for service on our streets. Nevertheless, the scope of activity of this type of facilities is much wider. The following article attempts to present several levels of activity that indirectly translate into public security. The training offer of police schools is addressed not only to police officers, but also to external entities that carry out tasks related to ensuring security and public order.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2020, Special Issue; 61-68
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Training System of Polish Police Officers – in the Past and Today
    Autorzy:
    Hryszkiewicz, Dominik
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375163.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    system
    training
    police
    security
    organisation
    Opis:
    One of the most important areas of activity of the Police, which plays a fundamental role in shaping the internal security of the state, is the educational activity of training centres for these formations. Although they do not deal directly with performance of statutory tasks, their importance in the area of, among other things, the quality of services, the development of formation’s culture and its identity, and elitism is undisputed. The overriding role of police education is to prepare highly specialised staff in strategic areas of combatting crime. This staff will effectively perform the statutory tasks of the formation, connected, among others, with the protection of state security and the public order, protection of human life, health and property, as well as widely understood criminological prophylaxis. For a very long time, education has been a fundamental and universal determinant of human development. Educational activity is the basic condition determining, first of all, the moral development of a person. Pedagogical activity is a function of cultural development of societies and an opportunity to overcome prejudices and stereotypes. The position of education in the structure of the state’s objectives determines its development in the long term in practically all areas. This study is an attempt to systematically look at one of the elements of the internal security subsystem of the state, which is modern police education. The system of training and in-service development of the Police in Poland has been a subject of great interest for many years. Currently, the Polish Police are on the verge of major organisational changes which will also result in structural changes in the educational system. The system of training of the largest uniformed formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration is the basis for effective and professional training of the police personnel in all kinds of executive and managerial positions. The current solutions in this area are an effect of a specific evolution both in the organisational and structural dimensions. The author’s intention is to present the issues of Polish police officer training from the moment of the establishment of the State Police to the present day, with particular attention paid to the way of organising the system of training and in-service development of police officers.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2020, 12(2); 145-155
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Influence of special coordination exercises on the level of policemens self-defence skills
    Autorzy:
    Maczuga, Tomasz
    Cynarski, Wojciech J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933143.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-08
    Wydawca:
    PPHU Projack Jacek Wąsik
    Tematy:
    self-defence
    coordination skills
    police
    training
    Opis:
    Introduction: The main aim of the study was to find out the impact of special coordination training on the level of technical skills in the field of self-defence on a policeman during basic vocational training. Method: The studies used the classical experiment method and the parallel group technique. The study was carried out using the classic experiment with a pre-test (1st measurement) and post-test (2nd measurement), and included the following groups: research (experimental teaching shaping coordination skills) and control (traditional teaching). Results: In both the experimental and traditional training groups, there was an improvement in the rating of defence against each of the three attacks. Simple effects analyses were performed, which showed that the increase in self-defence skills was higher in the experimental training group than in the traditional training group. Conclusions: Experimental training, which takes into account the development of coordination skills in its training, contributes to a better improvement of the ability to repel an attack than traditional training. A higher level of skills in the field of repelling an attack on a policeman allows for the conclusion that without the need to increase the number of hours of program training, it is possible to more effectively prepare policemen to act effectively, adequately and safely during an intervention.
    Źródło:
    Physical Activity Review; 2021, 2, 9; 130-141
    2300-5076
    Pojawia się w:
    Physical Activity Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Preparation of Police Officers Responsible for Shooting Training
    Autorzy:
    TOMASZEK, ARKADIUSZ
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798573.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-09-13
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    Police
    instructor
    shooting training
    specialised course
    firearms
    Opis:
    Armed forces are characterised, among other things, by an extensive process of preparing offi cers to carry out the tasks imposed. Training, and then in-service training in the police, is based primarily on the experience and expertise of those responsible for it. A signifi cant role among police teachers is played by instructors, including police shooting instructors. The article describes the process of acquiring the authority to teach the indicated classes with police offi cers. Additionally, on the basis of evaluation research conducted at the Police Academy in Szczytno, taking into consideration such elements as course program evaluation, acquired knowledge and practical skills, the level of adaptation of the content of specialist course for police shooting instructors to the needs of course participants has been established.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 142(2); 303-316
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Police operations simulator in the context of evaluation research carried out at the Police Academy in Szczytno in 2014–2019
    Autorzy:
    CHOROMAŃSKA, AGNIESZKA
    Jurczak, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798794.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-08-27
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    police
    in-service training
    simulation training
    scientific research
    evaluation of scientific activity
    Opis:
    The main objective of the article is to present the results of the evaluation carried out among participants of a specialist training course for police operations commanders which was offered by the Police Academy in Szczytno in 2014–2019. The course in question uses a police operations simulator as a modern technology tool for responding to emergencies. Both the functionality of the simulator and a modern form of simulation training, which has replaced the previous theoretical work based on paper maps, have completely changed the methods employed for in-service training, thanks to which teaching outcomes can be achieved more effectively, and police offi cers’ skills can be developed and refi ned with practice. The use of the police operations simulator for training purposes improves police command and control systems and increases the level of in-service training received by commanding offi cers, which in turn results in an effective management of human and material resources while carrying out police operations targeted at the maintenance of public order and safety at major events, including sports events, public gatherings and ceremonies, and any different forms of disturbance to public order. Evaluated have been the following issues: assessment of the training course curriculum, the knowledge and practical skills acquired during the course, and the level of satisfaction of the respondents with their participation in the course. Of key importance has been to identify the extent to which the Police Academy’s training efforts and research projects in the area of internal security affect the development of the system of in-service training offered to police officers.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2020, 138(2); 83-96
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Police Competences’ in Preventing, Investigating and Combating Hate Crimes in Poland — Part I
    Autorzy:
    Jurczak, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374857.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    hate speech
    hate crimes
    Police
    hate crime training
    Opis:
    The article is divided into two main parts. It refers to selected data on hate crimes recorded in Poland and Police effectiveness regarding preventing, investigating and combating such kinds of crimes. Based on available sources there is no problem with extremist activity in a large-scale in Poland nowadays, but for sure there is an urgent one with the increasing number of hatemotivated incidents, both with its social impact. Awareness-raising and educational campaigns that aim at promoting respect for human rights and tolerance for diversity are much needed in this matter. Also, law enforcement agencies, including Police, play a key role while tackling racism and bias. An uncontrolled and unpunished manifestation of hate, both with the lack of an appropriate and unequivocal state response to such incidents, also quiet, social approval to hate-motivated behaviours, seem to be the main components of extreme movements growing. Thus, the main aim of the article was to describe the phenomenon of hate-motivated incidents that were reported in Poland within the past years and to diagnose Polish police officers’ skills, knowledge and qualification in this field, both qualitative analyses of accessible training programmes. Selected terms (racism, discrimination, intolerance, xenophobia and hate speech) and symbols (the Celtic Cross, the SS-Totenkopf and the Triskele) that promote hate were defined (part 1) both with Police officers’ identification accuracy. Research results presented in this article were gathered by using a variety of methods and techniques, both theoretical and empirical (part 2). The data that refers to Police competence in the context of preventing, investigating and combating hate crimes was mainly collected as a part of a doctoral research conducted by the author in 2012–2014.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(1); 271-291
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Workload and Performance Relationship in the Real World: A Study of Police Officers in a Field Shooting Exercise
    Autorzy:
    Oron-Gilad, T.
    Szalma, J. L.
    Stafford, S. C.
    Hancock, P. A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90596.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    field study
    police officers
    shooting
    training
    workload
    performance
    Opis:
    We examined the relationship between perceived workload and performance by evaluating the responses of police officers to 4 different draw-and-shoot tasks in a night field training exercise which was part of their regular training regimen. Sixty-two police officers volunteered to participate. Results demonstrated an associative trend among 3 tasks where shooting performance decreased and workload increased as the tasks became more complex. However, performance on 1 specific shooting task did not correlate with any of the other 3 tasks, and in this 1 exceptional case, insensitivities were observed in which workload increased but performance remained constant.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2008, 14, 2; 119-131
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowatorski zestaw opatrunkowy „PLEMODS” w systemie szkolenia formacji bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego
    Innovative Dressing Kit “PLEMODS” in the Training System of Security Formation and Public Order
    Autorzy:
    Bukowiecka, D.
    Nepelski, M.
    Kuczyńska, E.
    Jastrzębski, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/403713.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
    Tematy:
    bezpieczeństwo osobiste
    szkolenie
    funkcjonariusz
    policja
    prawo
    Personal security
    training
    police officer
    police
    law
    Opis:
    Konsorcjum naukowo-przemysłowe, którego liderem jest Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie, realizuje projekt pn. „Zestaw opatrunkowy zabezpieczający urazy powstałe w trakcie pełnienia obowiązków służbowych przez służby mundurowe (PLEMODS)” Nr DOB-BIO6/19/98/2014, współfinansowany ze środków finansowych Narodowego Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. W ramach projektu zostanie wykonany zestaw opatrunkowy zabezpieczający urazy powstałe w trakcie pełnienia obowiązków służbowych przez funkcjonariuszy formacji mundurowych, w tym propozycja systemu szkolenia zapewniająca nabycie umiejętności zastosowania zestawu opatrunkowego, a także jego płynnego wdrożenia do codziennej służby. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników badań, które uwzględniają analizę istniejących systemów kształcenia w formacjach bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, wraz z propozycją zmian, które będą warunkowały skuteczne zastosowanie omawianego zestawu opatrunkowego w służbie.
    The scientific-industrial consortium, the leader of which is Police Academy in Szczytno (Poland), has been implementing the project ”Protective dressing kit for injuries sustained by the uniformed services during duty” No. DOB-BIO6/19/98/2014. The project is co-financed by The National Centre for Research and Development. The grant for project’s realization was obtained within call for proposals No. 6/2014 for execution of projects in the scope of research and development for national defence and security. Within the project, the dressing kit protecting injuries sustained during the performance of official duties by uniformed services will be developed. It will also include prototype of the training system providing the skills acquisition of the dressing kit application and its smooth implementation into the daily service. The purpose of the article is to present the research results which take into account analysis of training systems in security formations and public order with proposition about the changes which will determine effective application of this dressing kit into duty.
    Źródło:
    Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa; 2018, 9, 2 (32); 121-137
    2081-5891
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Genesis and development of training and improvement of managerial staff in the Polish Police
    Autorzy:
    Misiuk, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933980.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-09-21
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    Police
    training
    professional development
    human resources policy
    managerial staff
    Opis:
    The article presents the establishment of the training as well as the professional development of the Polish police managerial staff in the early 1990s. It was closely related to the transformation of police services, which consisted, among other things, in a thorough personnel exchange, especially of the managerial staff. The subsequent stages of shaping the model of training police executives in the second half of the 1990s, which was associated with the creation of a personnel reserve, were then characterised. The 1998 reform of the territorial administration system also had a signifi cant impact on human resources and the training policy.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 2(SPECJALNY); 49-59
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Police Competences’ in Preventing, Investigating and Combatting Hate Crimes in Poland — Part 2
    Autorzy:
    Jurczak, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374922.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    hate speech
    hate crimes
    the police
    hate crime training
    Opis:
    The article is divided into two main parts. It refers to selected data on hate crimes recorded in Poland and Police effectiveness while preventing, investigating and combatting it. Based on available sources, there is no problem with extremist activity on a large-scale in Poland nowadays, but for sure there is an urgent one with the increasing number of hate-motivated incidents, both with their social impact. Awareness-raising and educational campaigns that aim at prompting respect for human rights and tolerance for diversity are very needed in this matter. Also, law enforcement agencies, including the police, play a key role while tackling racism and bias. Uncontrolled and unpunished manifestation of hate, both with the lack of appropriate and unequivocal state response to such incidents, also quiet, social approval to hate-motivated behaviours, seem to be the main components of extreme movements growing. Thus, the main aim of the article has been to describe the phenomenon of hatemotivated incidents that were reported in Poland within past years and to diagnose Polish police officers’ skills, knowledge and qualification in this field, together with qualitative analyses of accessible training programmes. Selected terms (racism, discrimination, intolerance, xenophobia and hate speech) and symbols (the Celtic Cross, the SS-Totenkopf and the Triskele) that promote hate were defined (part 1) both with police officers’ identification accuracy. Research results presented in this article were gathered by using variety of methods and techniques, both theoretical and empirical (part 2). The data that refers to police competence in the context of preventing, investigating and combatting hate crimes was mainly collected as a part of a doctoral research conducted by the author in 2012–2014.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(2); 129-141
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polish Police in the Era of the Contemporary Means of Direct Coercion
    Autorzy:
    Nowak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375038.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    Police
    means of direct coercion
    security
    training
    electric taser
    Opis:
    The aim of this article is to show the importance of means of direct coercion in the era of modern threats. Undoubtedly, an important role in this regard is played by the Police, as a body established to ensure security and public order. It is the responsibility of police officers, both in Poland and in other countries, to take care of the safety of citizens. Therefore, police officers should be prepared in an appropriate way, through the training process, to take up actions, including dangerous ones. It is also essential that these people are adequately equipped with “tools” to enable them to be safe both personally and in relation to the people they take action against. The means of physical coercion that are available to police officers undoubtedly fulfil this role. The following article presents the results of research conducted among police officers in Poland within the framework of a research task financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the framework of statutory activity. The aim of the research was to determine, among other things, which of the individual means of direct coercion available to police officers in the course of their official duties is in their opinion the most useful, and at the same time allows them to maintain safety during official interventions. The respondents clearly assessed that this was the electric taser, i.e. the latest means of direct coercion introduced for the use of the Polish Police in 2007. However, it is only from 2013 that the electric taser, in the form of three models — the Taser X26, Taser X2, and Taser X26P — has been widely introduced into this uniformed formation.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2020, 12(1); 239-254
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Preparation of Polish police officers for peace missions
    Autorzy:
    Kuć, Kamil
    Trzcińska, Walentyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576437.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-01-25
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
    Tematy:
    GAP
    H2020
    Gaming for peace
    Gap Project
    police
    Foreign missions
    training
    Polish Police Contingent
    Opis:
    Conflicts in the 21st century have forced qualitative changes in the way of training missionary personnel. Police forces are currently used in various joint operations, which include, among others, elements of the fight against terrorism, ensuring the security of civilians and training of security forces. New types of operations require corrected preparation systems. This article analyses the previous way of preparing such units as Individual Police Officers, Specialized Police Teams, Formed Police Units, as well as the issue related to the training modification proposal, and one of them is the implementation of the virtual game “Gaming for Peace” as a supplement to the training gap through modern and more effective training.
    Źródło:
    Security and Defence Quarterly; 2019, 23, 1; 126-143
    2300-8741
    2544-994X
    Pojawia się w:
    Security and Defence Quarterly
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Reaction time and stress tolerance of police officers in specific and non-specific tests in professional self-defence training
    Autorzy:
    Vit, Michal
    Houdek, Miloslav
    Sebera, Martin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1922154.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-10-09
    Wydawca:
    PPHU Projack Jacek Wąsik
    Tematy:
    response time
    stress
    self-defence
    police
    law enforcement training
    shooting
    Opis:
    The police forces performance is demanding on well-timed and quick reaction. Single reaction time and choice reaction time are crucial when the jeopardy appears. Performing under stress in life-threatening situations needs a good level of stress tolerance. In our study, we used two nonspecific, and two specific (shooting) tests to analyse the reactivity of police officer under different conditions. Material and methods: The research sample consisted of n=18 male Czech police training instructors. The group is unique as these police officers are specialised in the professional self-defence with focus on the coercive means use and shooting skills. Two standardized non-specific tests administrated with the Vienna Test System (VTS) by Schuhfried GmbH were used for data gathering. Single reaction time (SRT) was measured by the Reaction test, stress tolerance and choice reaction time (CRT) was measured by the Determination test. Two practical non-standardized shooting tests were used for the reactivity analysis in the goal oriented environment (shooting range). Results: The single reaction time among police training instructors was M=261.56±33.60 ms, which corresponds to the 66.28 percentile of age norm. Performance in the stress tolerance test also matches the average performance in population (M=45.56 percentile of correct reactions, M=61.67 percentile of incorrect reactions, M=51.44 percentile of skipped signals). According to the Pearson correlation coefficient, there is no correlation between single reaction time in the Reaction test and choice reaction time in the Determination test (r=-0.03). There is no correlation between single reaction time in the nonspecific Reaction test and performance in the specific Shooting test 1 (r=0.06) and Shooting test 2 (r=-0.01). Conclusions: There is no relation between the results in the specific and non-specific reaction tests. Nonspecific tests of single reaction time and choice reaction time are suitable for a general assessment of motor abilities. Specific tasks need specific training and specific evaluation methods.
    Źródło:
    Physical Activity Review; 2019, 7; 193-200
    2300-5076
    Pojawia się w:
    Physical Activity Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Functional assumptions for the “Helicopter Simulator for Police Aviation” acknowledgements
    Założenia funkcjonalne „Symulatora Śmigłowca dla Lotnictwa Policyjnego”
    Autorzy:
    Struniawski, Jarosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202626.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Tematy:
    simulator
    helicopter
    police
    security
    training
    symulator
    helikopter
    policja
    bezpieczeństwo
    szkolenie
    Opis:
    The article was written under the framework of the project entitled “Helicopter Simulator for Police Aviation” DOB-BIO10/07/01/2019 of a value of PLN 50 068 639, funded by the National Centre for Research and Development under the contest 10/2019. The system is being implemented by the consortium involving: the Police Academy in Szczytno (the leader of the project), the War Studies Academy and ETC-PZL Aerospace Industries Sp. z o.o. Abstract An analysis of training needs for the crews of police multi-purpose Black Hawk S70i helicopters serving in Polish Police Forces has been an impulse to attempt the construction of the simulation system within the research and development project financed by the National Centre for Research and Development entitled “Helicopter Simulator for Police Aviation” consisting of three components, i.e. a training stand for a pilot (cockpit), a stand for a cargo handler, a training stand for the police officers practicing the air drop operations. The simulator is supposed to provide an opportunity to execute drills of various emergency situations, which consequently will allow preparing the crews and technical personnel in the full range to perform the tasks as far as theoretical knowledge and practical skills are concerned. Replacing real exercises by training held in a virtual environment is expected to contribute to a decrease in costs to be incurred by Police and enhanced safety for any persons participating in the actions remaining the subject of the said trainings. The article presents the design assumptions that arise, among other things, from multidisciplinary research performed over the determination of the detailed training needs and equipment requirements with regards to the Full Flight Simulator. The said research was conducted in collaboration with the officers of the Police Aviation Board in the High Command of the Police Headquarters as well as the operators of the counter terrorism sub-units of Polish Police Forces.
    Analiza potrzeb szkoleniowych załóg policyjnych śmigłowców wielozadaniowych Black Hawk S70i służących w polskiej Policji stała się impulsem do podjęcia próby budowy systemu symulacyjnego w ramach projektu badawczo-rozwojowego finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju pt. „Symulator Śmigłowcowy Lotnictwa Policyjnego”, składającego się z trzech komponentów, tj. stanowiska szkoleniowego dla pilota (kokpit), stanowiska dla ładowacza, stanowiska szkoleniowego dla policjantów ćwiczących operacje zrzutu. Symulator powinien umożliwić przećwiczenie różnych sytuacji awaryjnych, co w rezultacie pozwoli na przygotowanie załóg i personelu technicznego w pełnym zakresie do wykonywania zadań w zakresie wiedzy teoretycznej i umiejętności praktycznych Zastąpienie ćwiczeń rzeczywistych szkoleniami w środowisku wirtualnym przyczyni się do zmniejszenia kosztów ponoszonych przez Policję oraz zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa osób uczestniczących w działaniach pozostających w zakresie przedmiotowym tych szkoleń. W artykule przedstawiono założenia projektowe wynikające m.in. z interdyscyplinarnych badań nad określeniem szczegółowych potrzeb szkoleniowych i wymagań sprzętowych w odniesieniu do pełnego symulatora lotu. Badania te zostały przeprowadzone we współpracy z funkcjonariuszami Zarządu Lotnictwa Policji w Komendzie Głównej Policji oraz operatorami pododdziałów antyterrorystycznych polskiej Policji.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej; 2022, 82; 141--152
    0239-5223
    2720-0779
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Simulator of Crisis Police Operations as a Tool for Shaping Command Competence
    Autorzy:
    Kacprowicz, Łukasz
    Świerczewski, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45260395.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-01-10
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    in-service training
    police operation
    command
    action
    mass event
    public gatherings
    simulator
    Opis:
    Abstract: This article aims to identify the basic activities of the police to prepare command staff and officers in executive positions for the effective implementation of official tasks related to the conduct of police actions and operations, with particular emphasis on mass events, including sporting ones, such as football matches, and gatherings. Furthermore, in addition to indicating the catalogue and describing the training and in-service training system, this paper also presents a modern AI-based teaching tool used during the above courses – a simulator of crisis police operations.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2022, 147(3); 250-262
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Założenia organizacyjno-metodyczne przygotowania funkcjonariuszy formacji policyjnych przeznaczonych do bezpośredniej ochrony osób
    Organization and Methods Necessary to Prepare the Police Formations Officers for the Direct Security of Individuals
    Autorzy:
    Dróżdż, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/136396.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Tematy:
    bezpieczeństwo
    zagrożenie
    funkcjonariusz
    szkolenie
    metodyka
    działania wojenne
    security
    danger
    police officer
    training
    methodology
    warfare
    Opis:
    Różnorodność i specyfika zadań realizowanych przez funkcjonariuszy formacji policyjnych przeznaczonych do bezpośredniej ochrony osób zawartych w zakresie obowiązków, wymaga najwyższego poziomu wiedzy i umiejętności zawodowych oraz wysokiego poziomu cech psychomotorycznych. Osiągnięcie tych umiejętności wymaga co najmniej dwóch lat intensywnego szkolenia o różnym zróżnicowaniu, a także odpowiedniego nakładu środków finansowych. W pełni wyszkoleni funkcjonariusze stanowią zaplecze kadrowe dla istniejących grup ochronnych najważniejszych osób w państwie oraz wizytujących nasz kraj przedstawicieli innych krajów. Stanowią wizytówkę formacji zarówno w kraju, jak i na arenie międzynarodowej. Są wzorem dla młodej kadry formacji i dlatego powinni charakteryzować się odpowiednim wyszkoleniem i sprawnością, wiedzą, kulturą osobistą, a także umiejętnością odpowiedniego zachowania się w różnych sytuacjach w czasie realizacji zadań ochronnych.
    The preparation of the police formations officers for the direct protection of individuals requires specialist trainings. These trainings cover diverse areas such as tactical, pyrotechnical , physical, defense and specialist training. The trainings are conducted in various forms and include the following: theoretical and practical classes, camps, tests, competitions. The scope and the character of the trainings are adjusted to the present-day battle field and as well as to the changes occurring in the environment-specific tasks performed by the officers of particular police formations.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej; 2013, 4, 48; 197-214
    0239-5223
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Police Academy in Szczytno in difficult times
    Autorzy:
    MĄDRZEJOWSKI, WIESŁAW
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798747.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-17
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    Police Academy
    Ministry of the Interior and Administration
    National Police Headquarters
    higher education institution
    scientifi c and research centre
    university status
    specialist training
    executives
    Opis:
    In 2003–2005, the Police Academy was in the process of losing its academic status as a centre designed to prepare police executives. According to the adopted assumptions, the Academy was to become an institution preparing police personnel at the basic and specialist levels. In May 2004, the new Commandant-Rector, on the basis of opinions of the police community, research conducted in the Academy, and his own experience in service in various police units, prepared a plan to maintain the status of a university, and develop the university as a training and scientifi c centre. Thanks to the enormous work done by the school personnel and police offi cers from all over the country supporting the Academy, and thanks to the support obtained from many scientifi c centres, the programme was implemented very quickly. Comprehensive assistance was also obtained from the regional authorities and Members of Parliament from all political backgrounds. The Police Academy in Szczytno as a public service university was included in the new Higher Education Act. After a few months, the effects of these undertakings prompted the management of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, and the National Police Headquarters to make a decision on granting the school a new statute appropriate for a higher education institution, restoring university structures and enrolling new students for previously suspended undergraduate studies for police offi cers. All of the undertakings encountered unprecedented interest.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2021, 1(SPECJALNY); 122-141
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Police simulation systems in the education process of traffic police officers
    Policyjne systemy symulacyjne w procesie kształcenia policjantów ruchu drogowego
    Autorzy:
    Nepelski, Mariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30097986.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
    Tematy:
    security
    Police
    new technologies
    simulation system
    training
    design
    bezpieczeństwo
    Policja
    nowe technologie
    system symulacyjny
    szkolenie
    projekt
    Opis:
    Technologies supporting the process of educating police personnel have become an indispensable element of the infrastructure of police schools. The primary source of financing for the technologies built is the National Center for Research and Development. In consultation with the Minister of National Defense and the minister competent for internal affairs, the institution carries out activities related to research for the benefit of state security and defense. In competitions for specifically defined research topics, projects that promise the most considerable real increase in national security are financed. The programs and projects being implemented aim not only to increase the Polish scientific and industrial entities’ potential but also to strive for technological independence by creating Polish “know-how” in critical technologies in the area of national security and defense. The article presents technologies supporting the training process of traffic officers developed by Polish scientific and industrial consortia. The first presented trainer is Simulator Supporting the Training of Police Officers in the Implementation of Activities at the Scene of a Road Accident (project no. DOB-BIO9/06/01/2018). On the other hand, the second training solution presented in the article is the Emergency Vehicle Driving Simulator During Typical and Extreme Operations (project no. OROB 001101/ID/11/1). The mentioned projects were co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development as part of a competition for the implementation and financing projects in the field of scientific research or development work for the national defense and security.
    Technologie wspomagające proces kształcenia kadr Policji obecnie stały się niezbędnym elementem infrastruktury policyjnych szkół. Głównym źródłem finansowania budowanych technologii jest Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. Instytucja ta w porozumieniu z Ministrem Obrony Narodowej i Ministrem właściwym do spraw wewnętrznych prowadzi działania związane z badaniami na rzecz bezpieczeństwa i obronności państwa. W konkursach na konkretnie sprecyzowane tematy badawcze finansowane są przedsięwzięcia, które w największym stopniu rokują rzeczywiste zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa narodowego. Celem realizowanych programów i projektów jest nie tylko zwiększenie potencjału polskich podmiotów naukowych i przemysłowych, ale także dążenie do niezależności technologicznej poprzez tworzenie polskiego „know-how” w zakresie krytycznych technologii z obszaru bezpieczeństwa i obronności państwa. W artykule zostaną przedstawione technologie wspomagające proces szkolenia funkcjonariuszy ruchu drogowego, które zostały wytworzone przez polskie konsorcja naukowo-przemysłowe. Pierwszym prezentowanym trenażerem jest Symulator wspomagający szkolenie policjantów w realizacji czynności na miejscu zdarzenia drogowego (projekt nr DOB-BIO9/06/01/2018). Natomiast drugim rozwiązaniem szkoleniowym przedstawionym w artykule jest Symulator kierowania pojazdami uprzywilejowanymi podczas działań typowych i ekstremalnych (projekt nr OROB 001101/ID/11/1). Wskazane projekty były współfinansowane przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju w ramach konkursu na wykonanie i finansowanie projektów w zakresie badań naukowych lub prac rozwojowych na rzecz obronności i bezpieczeństwa państwa.
    Źródło:
    Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces; 2020, 52, 4(198); 845-853
    2544-7122
    2545-0719
    Pojawia się w:
    Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Obraz Polaków w szkoleniu światopoglądowym niemieckiej Policji Porządkowej w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (1939–1945)
    The Image of Polish People in the Ideological Trainings of the German Order Police in the General Government (1939–1945)
    Autorzy:
    Przegiętka, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950974.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Order Police
    German occupation
    General Government
    ideological training
    national socialism
    Polska
    Third Reich
    Policja Porządkowa
    okupacja niemiecka
    Generalne Gubernatorstwo
    szkolenie światopoglądowe
    narodowy socjalizm
    Polska
    III Rzesza
    Opis:
    Artykuł dotyczy negatywnego i zgodnego z linią propagandy III Rzeszy obrazu Polaków, który był kreowany w szkoleniu światopoglądowym niemieckiej Policji Porządkowej w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie w latach 1939–1945. Odwoływano się w nim do zakorzenionych w Niemczech pejoratywnych stereotypów, dehumanizując ludność okupowanego kraju, co nie pozostawało bez wpływu na postawy i zachowania funkcjonariuszy niemieckiej Policji Porządkowej. 
    The article deals with a negative image of Polish people created in line with the propaganda of the Third Reich by the ideological trainings for the German Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) in the General Government in 1939–45. The image was based on negative stereotypes popular in Germany that dehumanized the population of the occupied country; this was not without influence on the attitudes and behaviour of functionaries of the German Order Police.
    Źródło:
    Dzieje Najnowsze; 2018, 50, 4; 57-78
    0419-8824
    Pojawia się w:
    Dzieje Najnowsze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-29 z 29

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