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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 32
Tytuł:
Promoting eyewitness testimony quality: Warning vs. reinforced self-affi rmation as methods of reduction of the misinformation effect
Autorzy:
Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951974.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
misinformation effect
warning
reinforced self-affirmation
eyewitness testimony
reducing misinformation effect
Opis:
In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects fi rst watch some event, afterwards read a description of it which in the experimental group includes some incorrect details, and answer questions relating to the original event. Typically, subjects in the misled experimental group report more false details than those from the control group. The main purpose of the presented study was to compare two methods of reducing the misinformation effect, namely – warning against misinformation and reinforced self-affi rmation. The reinforced self-affi rmation consists of two elements: the participants recall their greatest achievements of life, and are being given a positive feedback about their performance in a memory task. The obtained results showed that the reinforced self-affi rmation was more effective than warning, although the latter also caused a significant reduction of the vulnerability to misinformation.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2013, 44, 1; 85-91
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Can placebo administered in the guise of caffeine reduce the misinformation effect?
Autorzy:
Nastaj, Jakub
Szpitalak, Malwina
Bąbel, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129706.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
memory
misinformation effect
placebo
suggestion
Opis:
Research suggests that placebo can reduce the misinformation effect. We aimed to examine for the first time whether placebo administered in the guise of caffeine can reduce the misinformation effect. One hundred and twenty-three healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups in a 2 Placebo (Present, Not Present) × 2 Narrative (Misleading, Correct) study design. Participants from placebo groups drank 100 ml of placebo solution. They were told that it was water mixed with caffeine which could positively influence their memory. After three minutes, they watched a short movie clip as an original event and read a narrative with misleading details or correct details as a postevent information; they then completed a 22 -item, two -alternative forced -choice questionnaire. The results reveal that the misinformation effect occurred. Although participants in the placebo with misinformation group scored better than participants who did not drink placebo and read the narrative containing misleading details, the difference was not statistically significant. Thus, it is concluded that placebo might not be enough to reduce the misinformation effect when it is administered in the guise of caffeine.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2019, 50, 2; 167-173
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tackling Misinformation in an Open Society
Autorzy:
Bôtošová, Ľubica
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1396938.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda. Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie
Tematy:
Disinformation
Misinformation
Open Society
Tackling
Opis:
This article explains how to respond to misinformation and disinformation when the cure risks being worse than the disease. It refers also about potential harms and threats to open societies from over-reaction but also urgent actions to protect democracy and elections. It is also important to talk about the building of public resilience and a future-proof response to changing technology.
Źródło:
Media Literacy and Academic Research; 2019, 2, 1; 107-111
2585-8726
Pojawia się w:
Media Literacy and Academic Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of time delay in memory conformity
Autorzy:
Krogulska, Aleksandra
Niedźwieńska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127822.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-04-05
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
memory conformity
misinformation effect
social influence
Opis:
Memory conformity occurs when one person’s memory report influences another person’s subsequent report concerning the same event. In the study, we tested whether an increase in the time between a discussion of the event and its recall would be accompanied by an increase in the number of errors suggesting memory conformity. It turned out that their number was comparable, both a few minutes and a week after the conversation. In both cases, this effect was due to memory mechanisms.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2016, 19, 1; 149-157
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social Implications of Infodemic Concurrent with COVID-19
Autorzy:
Sikorski, Juliusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31342718.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
infodemic
COVID-19
disinformation
misinformation
malinformation
Opis:
The scale of disinformation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has been called infodemic. It involved disseminating various messages and theories that had a significant negative impact on limiting the spread of the disease but also exacerbated existing social antagonisms and emboldened and radicalised fringe groups. Infodemic, to a large extent manifested in social media, also fostered the formalisation of denialist circles, who transferred their sometimes very aggressive sentiments from the web to the real world. Negation and contestation of the pandemic were partly born spontaneously but were also created as part of postmodern hybrid activities. Consequently, narratives of infodemic led to difficulties in functioning health services, but above all, to an increase in morbidity and mortality related to COVID-19. The consequences of the infodemic would also include various economic effects, such as increased medical expenses for unvaccinated people or turbulence in the labour market.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2023, 4(52); 79-89
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE MISINFORMATION EFFECT IN FINANCIAL MARKETS – AN EMERGING ISSUE IN BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE
Autorzy:
Polak, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599535.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
behavioural finance
stock market psychology
misinformation effect
Opis:
The following paper is a theoretical introduction of the misinformation effect to behavioural finance. The misinformation effect causes a memory report regarding an event or particular knowledge to become contaminated with misleading information from another source. The paper aims to describe possible impact of the aforementioned phenomenon on the interpretation of stock market data, as well as the consequences of misinformation on investment-related decisions and the effective market hypothesis.
Źródło:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse; 2012, 8, 3; 55-61
1734-039X
Pojawia się w:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The “memory” misinformation effect may not be caused by memory failures: Exploring memory states of misinformed subjects
Autorzy:
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128274.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
memory
misinformation effect
social influence
compliance
conformity
Opis:
In experiments concerning the misinformation effect, participants first watch some original material, e.g. a video clip, and read a description that in the experimental group contains information inconsistent with the video clip. Afterwards, all participants answer questions about the video. Typically, the misled group more often reports erroneous misleading information than the non-misled one.Theoretical explanations of this effect are usually formulated in terms of the cognitive theories of memory. This article presents three experiments that demonstrate that the misinformation effect can occur even if the memory of the original and postevent materials is correct. In the experiments, after watching a video clip, reading a narrative about it, and answering questions about the video, the participants were debriefed and required to indicate questions in which they noticed differences between the video and the narrative, as well as provide answers about the original and postevent materials. A substantial number of the participants yielded to the misinformation effect in the memory test even though they had correct memory about the original (and postevent) materials. The discussion emphasizes the need of the social influence framework to explain these results. Key message: the misinformation effect is important for applied forensic eyewitness psychology. To get a better understanding of this effect, there is a need to study it not only in terms of the cognitive psychology of memory, but also from the perspective of social psychology, because in many cases witnesses give wrong answers even when remembering the correct information.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2017, 3; 388-400
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dezinformacja społeczeństwa realizowana przez media internetowe a jej społeczna akceptacja
Misinformation of the Society by Internet Media and the Social Acceptance of this Phenomenon
Autorzy:
Wala, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-02
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
media, misinformation
media mission
lie
media ethic
Opis:
Online media misinforming society and the social acceptance of this phenomenon. This article is an attempt to research the phenomenon of institutionalized lying, which in the author’s opinion is the practice of websites aiming to maximize the readership of their content to the detriment of the fairness and objectivity. First, an introduction to the basic concepts of media ethics and their source in general ethics will be presented. Then, a description of the changes which have taken place in the media over the past several years will be shown in order to identify potential sources of the problem and there is a review of opinions available on the Internet. The next step was to examine sample content published by selected websites, along with descriptions of the techniques and methods used by publishers that may be ethically questionable, and can be described as a lie. At the end there is an attempt to investigate the level of knowledge about this treatment and its acceptance by the Internet community as a process of institutionalized lying. The author also provides some ideas how to solve this problem.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2015, 18, 1
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony
Autorzy:
Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430174.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
misinformation
memory
warning
involvement
eyewitness testimony
tainted truth
Opis:
The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to replicate the tainted truth effect, consisting in poor memory functioning of non-misled warned subjects and to check whether a subject’s involvement in the issue moderates this effect. Highly involved subjects were more resistant to the misinformation effect than those lowly involved. In the case of highly involved participants, warning was effective in reducing the misinformation effect, but it also caused more errors in the case of non-misled subjects. Thus, warning witnesses about nonexising discrepancies between what they saw/heard and what they were told, might lead to less accurate testimony.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2010, 41, 3; 105-112
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Anxious and distrustful – How do state anxiety and memory distrust influence the misinformation effect?
Autorzy:
Kuczek, Marta
Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
misinformation effect
memory
anxiety
memory distrust
witness testimony
Opis:
The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors. This article concerns the role of two of them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience of anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood as a constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory. Both factors are relevant in the situation of being a witness and are believed to have a negative effect on the magnitude of the misinformation effect. In the present research, participants’ state anxiety had an immunizing effect against misinformation. As for memory distrust, no relationship was found between negative evaluation of memory and susceptibility to misinformation. The results confirm the beneficial effect of anxiety on resisting misinformation and demonstrate a greater need for further explorations concerning memory distrust.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2021, 52, 4; 341-348
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE POWER OF SELF-DECEPTION: PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION TO THE COVID-19 THREAT
Autorzy:
Kaczmarek, Bożydar L. J
Gaś, Zbigniew B
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138050.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-07-30
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
optimistic bias
misinformation
data selection
biconceptualism
coping mechanisms
Opis:
Poland’s inhabitants have often expressed disbelief and negative attitudes toward social isolation, combined with restlessness. This is due to a tendency to discount troubling informa tion while facing the unknown and counter-argue against information that causes discomfort and fear. This tendency helps humans to maintain hope and well-being. The study aimed to determine if Polish citizens tend to downplay or even deny danger when faced with a death threat. The study comprised 58 adults – 46 females 12 males, aged 21 to 49. The participants were asked to answer 12 questions defining their beliefs and attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic threat and its consequences. The subjects gave answers on the 5-point Likert scale, from "definitely not" to "definitely yes". The findings of the present study show that a considerable number of the participants tend to exhibit an optimistic bias. This is reflected in their direct statements and in the lack of congruence of their opinions. They do feel the threat of becoming ill but also seem to believe it need not affect them personally. They are also relatively optimistic about the outcomes of the pandemic. At the same time, they realize that COVID-19 may lead to severe psychological, neurological, and mental disorders. The study confirmed a tendency to deny the threat that can pose a severe risk to health and psychological well-being. This is a manifestation of an optimism bias that has its roots in the way the human brain works. The participants did express concerns about the future but at the same time hoped that life after the pandemic would return to normal. It reflects a benevolent facet of self-deception since it makes it possible to cope with highly threatening and impossible to control events.
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2021, 19(3); 319-328
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ zaangażowania, zagrożenia Ja i dezinformacji na zniekształcenia raportów pamięciowych
The impact of self-threat and personal engagement on distortions of memory reports
Autorzy:
Szpitalak, Malwina
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128394.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-29
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
memory
misinformation
eyewitness testimony
engagement
motivation
self-threat
Opis:
Podstawowym celem prezentowanego badania było sprawdzenie, czy zagrożenie pojęcia Ja oraz niskie zaangażowanie świadka wpływają na pamięć świadka naocznego, w tym w szczególności na jego podatność na dezinformację. W badaniu zreplikowano efekt dezinformacji. Zgodnie z oczekiwaniami stwierdzono też, że wysokie zaangażowanie w sprawę oraz zagrożenie pojęcia Ja sprzyjają procesom pamięciowym, podnosząc poprawność osób niedezinformowanych. Nie potwierdzono natomiast hipotezy o wpływie zagrożenia Ja oraz zaangażowania na wielkość efektu dezinformacji. Polepszenie pamięci wskutek zagrożenia Ja i zaangażowania u osób niedezinformowanych zinterpretowano jako zwiększoną motywację do ochrony stabilnego pojęcia Ja oraz staranniejsze kodowanie materiału następczego. Brak wpływu zagrożenia Ja i zaangażowania na podatność na dezinformację mógł wynikać z faktu, że czynniki te działają przeciwstawnie: jednocześnie polepszają pamięć materiału oryginalnego oraz pamięć dezinformacji, a tym samym znoszą się nawzajem.
The main aim of the presented experiment was to verify whether self-threat and low engagement influence memory processes of eyewitnesses, including their susceptibility to misinformation. The results replicated the eyewitness misinformation effect. Also, according to the hypotheses, high engagement and self-threat resulted in better memory, enhancing the performance of non-misled participants. However, the hypotheses stating that self-threat and engagement influence the susceptibility to misinformation were not confirmed. The enhancement of memory of non-misled subjects was interpreted in terms of increased motivation to self-protecting and more careful processing of the material to be remembered. The lack of relationship between self-threat, engagement and the susceptibility to misinformation could be due to the fact that self-threat and engagement act oppositely: on the one hand, they enhance the memory of the original event, but they also increase the memory of misinformation. Thus, no general effect is present.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2012, 15, 1; 97-113
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Limitations of Fact-Checking on Debunking COVID-19 Misinformation on Facebook: the Case of Faktograf.hr
Autorzy:
Brautovic, Mato
John, Romana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729173.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-10-17
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Komunikacji Społecznej
Tematy:
COVID-19
Croatia
debunking
misinformation
fact-checking
infodemic
effectiveness
Opis:
This study examines the effectiveness of fact-checking to curb misinformation about COVID-19 spread through social media which has been considered the main channels for spreading misinformation in general (Newman et al., 2021). Using computational methods combined with content analysis, we analyzed Faktograf ’s fact-checks on COVID-19 (N=211) published between July 2020 and March 2021. Using a selected sample, we compared the debunked and misinformed versions of the same story based on the main elements of the communication process: source, channel, message, and recipient, to measure their estimated effectiveness in combating “infodemics”. The main findings show that the practice of fact-checking websites to publish debunking content on their own websites and to use social media to disseminate debunking content is insufficient.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Communication; 2023, 16, 1(33); 40-58
1899-5101
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Communication
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reinforced self-affirmation and reinforced failure reduce susceptibility to misinformation
Autorzy:
Szpitalak, Malwina
Dukała, Karolina
Polczyk, Romuald
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128367.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-04-04
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
misinformation effect
reinforced self-affirmation
reinforced failure
eyewitness testimony
memory
Opis:
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of reinforced self-affirmation and reinforced failure on the memory misinformation effect. The misinformation effect consists in the witness including some incorrect details into their testimony, stemming from sources other than the original event. In the reinforced self-affirmation procedure, participants first recall their greatest achievements in life and are afterwards given a memory task with positive feedback about their performance on it. In a series of previous experiments, reinforced self-affirmation proved to reduce vulnerability to misinformation. The same result was obtained in the present study. Reinforced failure is a procedure not studied before, consisting in the participants recalling their greatest failures in life, connected with negative feedback about performance on a memory task. It was hypothesized that reinforced failure would increase vulnerability to misinformation. The results pointed to the opposite tendency – participants in the reinforced failure group performed better than those in the misled control group. The reduction in susceptibility to misinformation was greater in the reinforced self-affirmation group than in the reinforced failure one. The results are discussed in terms of the possibility of constructing a method of immunizing people to the misinformation effect available in practice for a wide community of professionals dealing with interrogations.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2013, 16, 2; 249-261
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dezinformacja – definicja, zagrożenia, reakcja
Disinformation – definition, threats, response
Autorzy:
Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka
Kacała, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30098010.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
disinformation
propaganda
information environment
misinformation
dezinformacja
środowisko informacyjne
wprowadzenie w błąd
Opis:
W artykule zaprezentowano definicję i elementy składowe środowiska informacyjnego, jego wymiary oraz zachodzące w nim zjawiska, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyzwań i zagrożeń. Ponadto scharakteryzowane w nim zostały takie pojęcia jak dezinformacja, wprowadzenie w błąd czy propaganda, stanowiące istotne elementy zagrażające funkcjonowaniu demokracji, oraz środki, jakie należy podjąć, aby zniwelować negatywne skutki powyższych zjawisk.
The paper presents the definition and components of the Information Environment, its dimensions and occurring phenomena described as challenges and threats. Moreover, it includes characteristics of such terms: disinformation, misinformation and propaganda as constituting elements threatening democracy as well as mitigation measures that need to be taken in order to eliminate the negative consequences of the above-mentioned phenomena.
Źródło:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2023, 44; 9-20
2083-4373
2545-3181
Pojawia się w:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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