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Tytuł:
IT Reliability and Innovation in SMEs: Empirical Research
Autorzy:
Tworek, Katarzyna
Walecka-Jankowska, Katarzyna
Zgrzywa-Ziemak, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1810521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-07-09
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
IT reliability
innovation
empirical research
Opis:
Purpose: Analysis of theoretical views and empirical research concerning the relation between IT reliability and the innovation level of organizations. Implications: Findings enable us to indicate the direction of further promising research that should concern the relationship between IT reliability and innovation in the context of stages of the innova tion process and different types of innovation, which should be analyzed separately. Methodology: The pilot (sample: 100) and main (sample: 400) survey was conducted in 2017 among SMEs located in Poland. Findings: The empirical analysis shows that there is a relation between IT reliability and innova tion level. Moreover, information reliability appears as a factor that may influence the organization’s ability to create innovations. Furthermore, service reliability proves to correlate with innovation level as well, which provides additional conclusions that support the realization that service is an important feature, which may also influence employees’ ability to employ IT appropriately and efficiently, thereby supporting the generation of innovation. Value: The article presents a new factor that may influence the possibility of creating various types of innovations. Usually, papers focus on IT systems, while the relationship between IT reliability and innovation allows us to look deeper into this relationship.
Źródło:
Central European Management Journal; 2019, 27(2); 83-96
2658-0845
2658-2430
Pojawia się w:
Central European Management Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Types of maps used as a stimuli in cartographical empirical research
Autorzy:
Słomska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2134589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Cartography
map
empirical research
map perception
Opis:
Revisions of achievements of empirical studies in cartography focused on describing main research themes and diagnosing challenges to be approached. Intriguingly, there is no analysis of maps used as a stimuli in these experiments. In order to fill existing scarcity, this paper presents the analysis of the content of four journals affiliated by the International Cartographic Association. Four features (map medium, reactiveness, method of cartographic presentation, users familiarity with the depicted data) are described based on 103 papers presenting empirical studies. Types of maps were identified in scope of every feature. Most frequently used ones are displayed on the screen, non-interactive, depicting qualitative data and area unfamiliar for the participant of the study.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2018, 22, 3; 157-171
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The use of controlling in organizations operating in Poland; Switzerland and the USA – a comparative study
Stosowanie controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w Polsce; Szwajcarii i USA – analiza porównawcza
Autorzy:
Bieńkowska, Agnieszka
Tworek, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/583933.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
management
controlling
empirical research
zarządzanie
badania empiryczne
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to provide knowledge on the similarities and differences in the use of controlling in organizations operating in Poland, Switzerland and the USA along with the main conditions of this use. This comparison in the indicated countries – so far not undertaken in the presented scope in the literature – is justified because controlling has not only a different history there, but also various solutions. The hypotheses formulated for the purpose of achieving the indicated goal were empirically verified on a sample of 2829 organizations: 1683 operating in Poland, 899 in Switzerland and 247 in the USA. Statistical analysis methods were used, including correlation analysis as well as a one-way analysis of variance and t-student analysis and χ2 test analysis. The presented results of the empirical research allow to show similarities and differences in the use of controlling in organizations functioning in the three examined contexts.
Celem artykułu jest dostarczenie wiedzy na temat podobieństw i różnic w stosowaniu controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w Polsce, Szwajcarii i USA wraz z głównymi uwarunkowaniami tego stosowania. Porównanie to we wskazanych krajach – jak dotąd niepodjęte w prezentowanym zakresie w literaturze przedmiotu – jest zasadne, gdyż controlling ma tam nie tylko odmienną historię, ale także wykształcone różne rozwiązania. Sformułowane na potrzeby osiągnięcia wskazanego celu hipotezy zostały empirycznie zweryfikowane na próbie 2829 organizacji: 1683 funkcjonujących w Polsce, 899 w Szwajcarii i 247 w USA. Zastosowano metody analizy statystycznej, w tym m.in. analizę korelacji, a także jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji oraz analizy t-studenta i analizę testem χ2. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań empirycznych pozwalają na pokazanie podobieństw i różnic w stosowaniu controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w trzech badanych kontekstach.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2020, 64, 6; 38-48
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determinanty lokalizacji bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych
The Location Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment
Autorzy:
Wawrzyniak, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/575447.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-04-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
foreign direct investment
FDI determinants
location
empirical research
Opis:
The paper reviews empirical studies on how various location factors influence foreign direct investment (FDI). The author focuses on some recent research and takes into account determinants such as market size, market growth, labor costs, labor quality, openness to trade, geographic distance, taxes, country risk, and corruption. These factors do not represent a closed set of factors that affect FDI location decisions, but are most frequently considered, Wawrzyniak says. Research theories list many factors that can influence the location of FDI. These include economic determinants (that depend on the type of FDI) as well as the policy framework for FDI and business facilitation. Moreover, these FDI determinants tend to change over time, Wawrzyniak says, and some of them, such as privatization of transition economies, are particularly important to some countries and regions. Empirical studies on the impact of various determinants on the location of FDI are inconclusive because different authors have reported different results. Some researchers say that a specific factor has a positive influence on FDI, while others argue the opposite. Still others believe that this particular factor is statistically insignificant. However, not all the potential determinants of FDI are equally controversial, Wawrzyniak says. The results of empirical research on different location factors show a varying level of consistency. They are generally more consistent in the case of factors such as market size and less consistent in the case of labor costs, for example.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2010, 239, 4; 89-111
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Competences of an RE Teacher/Catechist in the Opinion of Schoolchildren
Autorzy:
Słotwińska, Helena
Buk-Cegiełka, Marta
Mariański, Janusz
Osewska, Elżbieta
Rybarski, Radosław
Stala, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29551949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
competencies
teacher
educator
religion teacher
catechist
empirical research
Opis:
An important issue addressed in the presented article is the competencies of the RE teacher/ catechist. Two main problems are posed, summarized in the following questions: What competencies should a teacher of religion/catechist have? What qualities, according to secondary school pupils, should have an RE teacher? An attempt to answer such questions was made on the basis of an analysis of the literature on the subject and the results of a nationwide quantitative and qualitative study of secondary school pupils in Poland. The basic concepts of competence are discussed, groups of competencies relevant to the profession of religion teacher are characterized. Also presented are the results of research on the opinions of secondary school pupils regarding the person of a religion teacher/catechist.
Źródło:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II; 2024, 14, 1; 89-107
2391-6559
2083-8018
Pojawia się w:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Empirical Research on Social Stratification in the Visegrád Countries: An Overview
Autorzy:
Nešpor, Zdeněk
Večerník, Jiří
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22859452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-03-20
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
empirical research
social stratification
Visegrád countries
comparative surveys
Opis:
This article outlines developments in empirical research on social stratification in the four countries constituting currently the Visegrád Group (V4). Sociology has been developing, if unevenly, as a discipline in these countries since the 19th or early 20th century. Empirical research on social stratification, based on data collected in large surveys, started here by the mid-1960s, first in Poland, then in Hungary, and later in the former Czechoslovakia. In spite of the ideological pressure of the communist regimes in all of these countries, the conditions for sociological studies were much better in Poland and Hungary than in Czechoslovakia, where such research was frozen for a long time after the communist putsch of 1948 and again after the Soviet occupation in 1968. After 1990, this kind of research enjoyed an energetic new start in all the post-communist countries, as they opened fully to the West and integrated into international networks. In addition, comparative research within the V4 region started with the challenging project “Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989.” Many national surveys were conducted and East-West cooperation intensified. Currently, most empirical research on social stratification occurs on a national or bilateral basis, or is developed within larger European projects.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2023, 221, 1; 4-26
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ciało jako przedmiot badań socjologicznych – dylematy, pominięcia, możliwości
Body in sociological research – questions, omissions, prospects
Autorzy:
Jakubowska, Honorata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373685.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
body/embodiment
empirical research
subject of research
theory
methodology
discoursivisation
Opis:
The aim of this article is to look at the analyses of the body/corporeality carried out by Polish sociologists and at the currently pursued studies in the area. The article presents the dilemmas that the researcher of the body/corporeality faces, mainly due to the nature of the research object, but also resulting from associated methodological difficulties. Secondly, the paper also points at some important empirical omissions – that is, areas or methods of research that have not, so far, gained enough attention of the researchers. Thirdly, a list of recommendations for possible, potentially attractive new fields of exploration for the sociology of the body is presented.
Źródło:
Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej; 2012, 8, 2; 12-31
1733-8069
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
XBRL jako narzędzie raportowania finansowego – główne nurty badań empirycznych
XBRL for financial reporting – fields of empirical research
Autorzy:
Klimczak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/587058.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Badania empiryczne
Raportowanie finansowe
XBRL
Empirical research
Financial reporting
Opis:
Standard XBRL, a w szczególności możliwości, jakie niesie ze sobą elektroniczna wymiana danych finansowych, oraz potencjalne korzyści i koszty związane z zastosowaniem standardu na potrzeby przekazywania informacji pomiędzy zainteresowanymi stronami były – od momentu pojawienia się koncepcji XBRL oraz pierwszych jego zastosowań – przedmiotem teoretycznych rozważań oraz empirycznych weryfikacji. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja najważniejszych obszarów badań empirycznych związanych z zastosowaniem XBRL na potrzeby raportowania oraz wniosków z nich płynących. Dokonano systematycznego przeglądu literatury, przeprowadzono selekcję publikacji oraz przeanalizowano treść podporządkowaną celowi badania.
The XBRL standard, and in particular the opportunities offered by electronic exchange of financial data, and the potential benefits and costs associated with applying the standard for the transmission of information between stakeholders, have been the subject of theoretical considerations and empirical studies since the appearance of the XBRL concept and its first applications. The purpose of this article is to identify the most important areas of empirical research related to the use of XBRL for reporting and the results and conclusions flowing from the research.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2017, 333; 125-138
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Competitiveness in the economic concepts, theories and empirical research
Koncepcje i teorie ekonomiczne oraz badania empiryczne pojęcia konkurencyjności
Autorzy:
Siudek, T.
Zawojska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37482.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
competitiveness
economic concept
economic theory
empirical research
determinant
agribusiness
Opis:
The objective of this study is to analyze the competitiveness through the prism of its theoretical background, methods of empirical estimation and influence factors. This paper contributes to the theoretical research on competitiveness not only by the synthesis of old and new writings as well as the findings of the exploratory studies, but also by concept synthesis of competitiveness. Since the concept of competitiveness can be reported to individual product/service, enterprise/farm, industry, economic sector, region, nation or international economic blocks, the attempts towards creating one common definition of competitiveness seem to be doomed to fail. Thus, our study does not answer the question which of the definitions proposed in the literature best capture commonly used notions of competitiveness, but our concern is about the ambiguity of those definitions which hampers the measurement and comparison of competitiveness. In order to mirror complexity of the aspects referring to the competitiveness we suggest using composite indicators to measure competitiveness. An important limitation of the empirical research on competitiveness is imperfect comparability of results across studies using different variables (features) describing competitiveness.
Praca ma charakter teoretyczny. Głównym jej celem jest przegląd definicji, koncepcji i teorii ekonomicznych, mierników i czynników konkurencyjności zidentyfikowanych w badaniach empirycznych. Trudności w zdefiniowaniu pojęcia konkurencyjności wynikają z tego, że badana jest ona na poziomie makro, mezo i mikro. Ze względu na to, że pojęcie konkurencyjności jest stosowane wobec poszczególnych produktów/usług, przedsiębiorstw/gospodarstw rolnych, branży czy sektora gospodarki, regionu, kraju lub międzynarodowych bloków gospodarczych, próby stworzenia jednej wspólnej definicji konkurencyjności wydają się być skazane na niepowodzenie. W badaniach konkurencyjności powinno wykorzystywać się wielowymiarowe syntetyczne wskaźniki, ponieważ pojęcie konkurencyjności dotyczy wielu aspektów i obszarów działania. Istotnym problemem w badaniach konkurencyjności jest ograniczona porównywalność wyników ze względu na różne zmienne (cechy) wykorzystywane przez badaczy.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia; 2014, 13, 1
1644-0757
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teoretyczne i praktyczne aspekty mediatyzacji polityki w Niemczech
Autorzy:
Oniszczuk, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/643255.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
mediatization, medialisation, future of democracy, empirical research, public opinion
Opis:
The article is an attempt of synthetic look on what the German studies on communication in the field of the mediatization of politics have accomplished. It consists of four parts. The first one touches upon terminological issues, since appearance of the two terms “mediatization” (Mediatisierung) and “medialization” (Medialisierung) is connected to different ways of understanding the relations between the sphere of politics and mass media. The second part analyzes positive and negative effects of the mediatization of politics in Germany. The third one justifies the meaning of the empirical research on this issue and presents the results of public opinion poll research concerning the relationship between the political and media elites. The last part examines the presence and the future of democracy in the context of the mediatization of politics.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prasoznawcze; 2014, 57, 2
0555-0025
2084-3836
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prasoznawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Education as a determinant of the implementation of innovation in agriculture in the light of empirical research
Wykształcenie jako determinanta wdrażania innowacji w rolnictwie w świetle badań empirycznych
Autorzy:
Kielbasa, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/866849.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
education
determinant
implementation
innovation
agriculture
empirical research
new technology
Opis:
The paper presents the results of empirical research conducted among farmers from different Polish provinces. The study involved 140 farmers, where half of them were young people (so-called young farmers, in the age under 40), and the remaining – older farmers. The attitudes of farmers towards innovation were examined, taking into account some factors of human capital. The study was conducted using the survey method. Based on the obtained results the significant relationship between the level of education and the quality of human capital was indicated. The younger, well-educated farmers are looking for new solutions and willing to implement innovations. Despite the pro-innovative attitudes, implementation of new solutions is very difficult. In the opinion of respondents, the most important barrier to the implementation of innovation is not the lack of knowledge and information about new solutions, but the lack of funds and the high cost of new technologies.
Przedstawiono wyniki badań empirycznych prowadzonych wśród rolników z całej Polski. W badaniu wzięło udział 140 rolników, z czego połowę stanowili młodzi rolnicy (w wieku do 40. roku życia), a pozostała część to starsi rolnicy. Zbadano postawy rolników wzgledem innowacji, z uwzględnieniem wybranych czynników kapitału ludzkiego. Badania przeprowadzono przy użyciu ankiety uczestniczącej z kwestionariuszem pytań. Na podstawie pozyskanych wyników można wskazać na istotny związek między poziomem wykształcenia i edukacją a jakością kapitału ludzkiego. Młodzi, lepiej wykształceni rolnicy poszukują nowych rozwiązań i chętnie wdrażają innowacje. Mimo proinnowacyjnych postaw wdrażanie nowych rozwiązań jest bardzo trudne. W opinii badanych najpoważniejszą barierą wdrażania innowacji nie był brak wiedzy i informacji o nowych rozwiązaniach, a brak środków finansowych oraz koszt nowych technologii.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2016, 18, 1
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Empirical Study on the Core Competencies of College Counselors in China
Autorzy:
Shibang, Long
Shaogang, Yang
Huiyi, Chen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
college counselors
core competencies
empirical research
college education in China
Opis:
From the perspective of empirical research, this paper conducts a specificstudy on the core competencies of college counselors. 450 participants from 4universities participated the research. A questionnaire of college counselors’ corecompetencies from the aspects of the design of open questionnaire was designedand implemented, a predictive questionnaire was tested and analyzed, and aformal questionnaire was implemented. The results of the formal questionnaireshow that component one mainly concerns ideological awareness and values,component two mainly concerns professional ethics, moral accomplishment,quality, character and attitude, while component three refers to various abilities atwork, and component four involves professional and cultural knowledge. Throughanalysis and discussion, it is concluded that the key elements of college counselors’core competencies include values, moral quality, vocational ability and culturalknowledge, and a structural model of their core competencies is constructed.
Źródło:
Ethics in Progress; 2020, 11, 1; 157-174
2084-9257
Pojawia się w:
Ethics in Progress
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podstawowe założenia badań empirycznych w prawoznawstwie - próba konfrontacji
Autorzy:
Kotowski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-07-22
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
badania empiryczne
filozofia analityczna
prawoznawstwo
empirical research
analytic philosophy
jurisprudence
Opis:
The paper is a critical analysis of fundamental assumptions for the empirical research methodology in the jurisprudence field. It is aimed to compare the profile of empirical methodology with jurisprudence-dominant analytic philosophy. This is archived through a) examining the basic profile of the positivist attitude of a researcher along with assumptions integrating empiricism, which derives from the positivist methodology, into different philosophies of the law which specifically appeal to the naturalism of the legal phenomenon; next b) detailing characteristic features of empirical methods which take jurisprudence specifics into account; and finally c) coming to a set of conclusions concerning the success of research conducted this way in the jurisprudence field.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2017, 2 (210); 87-114
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Budowanie typów jako droga generowania teorii – wybrane rozwiązania
Building Types as a Way of Generating a Theory – Selected Solutions
Autorzy:
Urbaniak-Zając, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141572.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
Tematy:
badania empiryczne
typ idealny
typ empiryczny
typologia
empirical research
ideal type
empirical type
typology
Opis:
Cechą współczesnych empirycznych badań jakościowych w naukach społecznych, w tym w pedagogice, są ich aspiracje teoretyczne. Za jeden ze sposobów tworzenia teorii uznaje się budowanie typologii. W literaturze przedmiotu „obowiązuje” rozróżnienie na typy idealne i typy realne (empiryczne). Autorka omawiając specyfikę obu typów, zwraca uwagę, iż podział ten jest umowny. Wynika z większej wagi nadawanej jednemu z komponentów typu: komponentowi teoretycznemu lub empirycznemu. W rzeczywistości oba komponenty współwystępują. Związek teorii z empirią jest znakiem nowoczesnych dyscyplin naukowych. Chodzi o to, by ich teorie można było oceniać w świetle danych empirycznych, i o to, by danym empirycznym nadać sens. Utrzymywanie opozycji typ idealny – typ empiryczny nie wydaje się korzystne, przysłania bowiem wspólny „komponent” obu typów, a zaakceptowany porządek osłabia potrzebę pracy myślowej. Autorka sygnalizuje koncepcję typu idealnego M. Webera, koncepcję A. Schütza przyjmującego, że typiki naukowe są wtórne wobec typik codzienności, omawia tworzenie typologii poprzez grupowanie cech przedmiotów, a także funkcje typologii w metodzie dokumentarnej, opierającej się na socjologii wiedzy K. Mannheima.
The characteristic feature of empirical qualitative research in social sciences, including pedagogy, are their theoretical aspirations. Building a typology is said to be one way of creating a theory. In the subject literature there is a differentiation between ideal and real (empirical) types. The author, discussing both types, emphasises that this division is contractual. It results from paying more attention to one of the type components: either a theoretical or an empirical one. As a matter of fact, these both components coexist. The relation of theory with empiricism is a sign of modern scientific disciplines. The aim is to evaluate those theories in the light of empirical data, to which a meaning is given. Maintaining the opposition of an ideal type versus an empirical type does not seem to be advantageous, as it blocks out the “common” component of those two types and the accepted order weakens the need of intellectual work. The author signals M. Weber’s concept of ideal type, as well as A. Schütz’ concept, which assumes that scientific typologies are secondary to the typologies of everyday life. She also discusses the creation of typology by the means of grouping the objects’ features and the typology functions in the documentary method, based on sociology of K. Mannheim’s knowledge.
Źródło:
Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja; 2017, 20, 2(78); 115-127
1505-8808
2450-3428
Pojawia się w:
Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 87

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