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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    Współczesne metody badawcze w określaniu struktur dioksygenaz intradiolowych
    Modern research methods for determining structures of intradiol dioxygenases
    Autorzy:
    Wojcieszyńska, D.
    Hupert-Kocurek, K.
    Sitnik, M.
    Guzik, U.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1207358.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Przemysłu Chemicznego. Zakład Wydawniczy CHEMPRESS-SITPChem
    Tematy:
    dioksygenazy
    bioremediacja
    krystalografia
    spektroskopia
    dioxygenases
    bioremediation
    crystallography
    spectroscopy
    Opis:
    Dioksygenazy intradiolowe są kluczowymi enzymami szlaku orto rozkładu związków aromatycznych. Ze względu na rodzaj intermediatu, którego pierścień rozszczepiają, enzymy te zaliczane są do trzech klas. Obecnie, dzięki zastosowaniu nowoczesnych metod badawczych takich jak: krystalografia rentgenowska, spektrometria mas, spektroskopia elektronowego rezonansu paramagnetycznego oraz spektroskopia rentgenowska, możliwe jest dokładne poznanie nie tylko ich budowy przestrzennej, ale również wyjaśnienie sposobu wiązania się substratu z ligandami centrum aktywnego oraz poznanie mechanizmu katalizy.
    Intradiol dioxygenases are essential enzymes of ortho pathway involved in the decomposition of aromatic compounds. Enzymes are grouped into three classes on account of a type of the intermediate whose ring they cleave. Nowadays, the application of such modern research methods as X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy creates possibilities for the thorough understanding of their spatial structure as well as for explaining the way of substrate binding with ligands in the active site and learning the catalysis mechanism.
    Źródło:
    Chemik; 2012, 66, 12; 1346-1351
    0009-2886
    Pojawia się w:
    Chemik
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    BMD ecofuel for diesel engines
    Autorzy:
    Struś, M.
    Sitnik, L.
    Piętak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243008.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    ecofuels
    biomixdiesel
    BMD
    engines
    diesel engines
    Opis:
    The World is strongly dependent on crude oil for its transport needs. In order to diminish this dependence, we need to introduce clean, CO2-efficient, secure and affordable transportation fuels. The current production of liquid biofuels in the EU25 is less than 1% of the market. Recent assessments have concluded that the 2010 targets, 18 Mtoe used in the transport sector, are unlikely to be achieved. There can be three basic possibilities of accomplishing this target: i) use of alcohols (first of all ethanol) and their mixing with petrol; ii) use of fatty acids esters (methyl or ethyl) of vegetable oils and their mixing with diesel fuel, iii) use of synthetic hydrocarbons of the synthetic gas coming from biomass resources and eventually their mixing with other "classical" hydrocarbons. This paper presents a novel way of utilizing alcohols as fuels for a diesel engine. It is proposed to use heavy alcohols as a mix with vegetable oils and conventional diesel fuel. It is presented the way to use alcohols. Namely, the use of heavy alcohols as a solvent for vegetable oil (named the biomix or BM) and after the obtainment of the thickness, which would be approximate to diesel fuel, mixing the biomix with diesel fuel to obtained biomixdiesel (BMD). This solution will be shown for example with butanol as heavy alcohol, rape oil as vegetable oil and conventional diesel fuel. The investigations are carried out with a simple diesel engine on the engine test bed. Main parameters of engine (power output, torque, specifically fuel consumption) and the main exhaust gas component (in this case CO, NOx, PM) will be investigated. There were better results achieved than one expected. Opposed to existing experiences, the maximum of power output and the torque of engine are higher in the whole range of the rotational speed of the engine crankshaft when the engine biomixdiesel (BMD) is reinforced. The addition of the component biomix to fuel influences the specific fuel consumption. Generally, with the larger part of the component biomix the specific fuel consumption grows. Because the power of engine also grows up one should expect that in exploitation the specific fuel consumption should not increase. Very important is that this fuel could be used to reinforce old, existing now and the future diesel engines. The production of butanol is known (from biomass and in other way with electrolysis of ethanol). The possibility to get butanol from ethanol gives a very good perspective for the use of ethanol from today's overproduction and moreover without the essential change of infrastructure. All this leads to the conclusion that fulfilling of the expected requirements of European Union regarding the ecofuels is fully possible.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 589-599
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The analysis of the energy balance of the engine powered by diesel oil mixture with butanol
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L. J.
    Andrych-Zalewska, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247462.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    diesel engine
    fuels
    dense alcohols
    energy balance
    Opis:
    The development of motorisation involves using bigger amounts of fuels. These fuels are, until now, mainly petroleum. However, the fuels of bio origin must be used as well. It follows from the necessity of ensuring CO2 balance and from the fact that oil sources sooner or later will become exploited. Not less important is the fact that, principally, it is difficult to change the proportions of petrol and diesel oil extracted from crude oil, and the use of diesel oil increases proportionally faster than petrol. Therefore, it is necessary to use bio additives in diesel oil. One of such additives is dense alcohols. The aim of the present work is to determine the energy balance of diesel engine powered by diesel oil and butanol mixture. The work field includes making of energy balance of the engine in its characteristic points responsive 13 phase ESC test as well as determining on this basis the consolidated values concerning the differences in the engine energy balance. It has been proved, that powering the engine by mineral diesel oil with doped butanol (20% v/v) does not lead to essential differences in the energy balance of the engine- which does not mean, that the essential differences are absent in the particular characteristic points of the engine. It requires more detailed explanation (in the further research works) because losses in the combustion process do not show differences, but in the other balance components the differences are shown.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 269-273
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Comparative analysis of the vibrations of a different kind of engine mounted in the same new motor vehicles
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L.
    Magdziak-Tokłowicz, M.
    Wróbel, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247090.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    laser Doppler vibrometry
    engine vibration
    vibration velocity
    Opis:
    The paper presents the results of tests carried out on two spark-ignition engines: 1.4BZ 90CV CD and 1.4BZ 120CV CD installed in new Fiat Bravo (model 198, version 54A) motor cars. The latter engine model (120CV) was equipped with a supercharging system. The research consisted in comparing engine vibrations measured in specific and representative points. In order to determine the vertical component vibrations, the measurements were performed via a mirror. A PSV-400 laser Doppler vibrometer made by Polytec was used to measure vibration velocities. The vibrometric system directly measures two quantities: displacement and velocity. In the investigated case, vibration velocity is the variable which supplies better diagnostic information. Vibrations were measured for the car standing on its wheels and for the car jacked up to reduce the influence of the car vibration damping systems on the measurement results. The latter are presented in the form of comparative diagrams. Moreover, the fast Fourier transform was used to determine the frequency distribution. Prior to that signal was subjected to conditioning operations using parametric windowing and filtering. Interesting conclusions emerge from the obtained results and on their basis the effect of the drive unit on the behaviour of the car body can be assessed for different engine types and rotational speeds. It is shown that the way in which the engine is mounted affects the vibrations of the car.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 4; 443-448
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Numeric modelling of fumes flow in exhaust manifold of the combustion engine
    Autorzy:
    Andrych, M.
    Sitnik, L.J.
    Tkaczyk, M.
    Walkowiak, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949509.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    combustion engine
    exhaust manifold
    fumes flow
    numeric modelling
    Opis:
    In the paper there is presented the methodology of researches as well as the numeric researches results, which aim is the analysis of fumes flow parameters in the exhaust manifold in the diesel engine, particularly the velocity, the temperatures and the turbulence of gas. It has been presented that the research methodology depending on three dimensional model of air flow in the outlet systems with the application of standard numeric methods based on the principles of conservation of: mass, energy and momentum can be the way of researches. The model may be to be the basis for performing changes in geometry of outlet system concerning minimizing the flow losses and shaping the field of velocity. The model enables of calculations of outlet system of internal combustion engines on the stage of its construction. Results show that the numerical simulations methods are one of the possible to use for achievements of investigations low costs, especially that the hardware engine parts must be not prepared. Inter alia, complete model of exhaust manifold, model of fluid volume fitting in the manifold with the numbers of ducting, the grid with applied edge conditions, linear outline of static pressure on the walls of exhaust manifold, total pressure, tension, distribution of total temperature, distribution of fluid velocity on the walls, turbulence intensity are presented in the paper.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 9-14
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Evaluation methods of the impact of motorization on the quality of the atmospheric air
    Autorzy:
    Skrętowicz, M.
    Sitnik, L.
    Każmierczak, A.
    Magdziarz-Tokłowicz, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242005.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    vehicle
    exhaust emission
    ecology
    road transport
    combustion engines
    air pollution
    Opis:
    The automotive industry is one of the fastest developing branches in the world. From year to year on the roads appear more and more cars. In the modern vehicles, better and more efficient technologies reducing exhaust emission are applied. However, the cars are still the leading source of air pollution, especially in towns and cities. Car exhaust gases have adverse effect on the human health, because they form so-called “low emission”. It means that they are released into the troposphere at the people living height. As a result, people are exposed to the direct and long-lasting contact with the fumes. Therefore, precise assessment is very important to the vehicles’ impact on the quality of the atmospheric air. The review of the evaluation methods of the impact of vehicles on the air quality was presented in the paper, with special regard to the mathematical dispersion modelling of the exhaust gases. In particular, NOx emission by sector in Poland, changing NOx emissions from road transport in Poland in the years 2000-2009 with regard to the change in the number of cars, vertical cross-section of a typical symmetric urban street canyon are presented in the paper.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 445-452
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Water-carbohydron emulsions obtained by cavitation used for the fuelling of diesel engines
    Skawitowane emulsje węglowodorowowodne do zasilania silników o zapłonie samoczynnym
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L. J.
    Haller, P.
    Dworaczyński, M. K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364581.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz. Przemysłowy Instytut Motoryzacji
    Tematy:
    cavitation
    emulsions
    IC engines
    fuel consumption
    emissions
    kawitacja
    emulsje
    silnik spalinowy
    zużycie paliwa
    emisje
    Opis:
    The recent development of internal combustion engines goes towards the meeting of increasingly stringent requirements imposed to reduce toxic exhaust emissions and fuel consumption and thus to strive for carbon dioxide abatement and against depletion of global natural resources. The research on engines fuelled by water-carbohydron emulsions has already a long tradition. So far, tests were based on emulsions obtained in chemical reactions. In this paper, similar analysis results have been presented, but the water-fuel emulsions used for the tests were obtained with making use of the cavitation effect. At the Wrocław University of technology, Department of Motor Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engines, a unique cavitator was developed, which was then used to produce water-carbohydron emulsions of mineral and synthetic diesel fuel. Both of these fuels as well as their water emulsions with 20% water content by volume were used for tests. Maximum engine power and torque vs. crankshaft speed curves were determined for a selected engine. Based on them, the ESC (European Stationary Cycle) test conditions were determined and the engine was tested on an engine dynamometer in accordance with the predetermined ESC test conditions. During the tests, engine emission and fuel consumption levels were measured under close scrutiny. The use of emulsions was found to result in a reduction in the consumption of diesel fuel.
    Rozwój silników spalinowych idzie w kierunku spełnienia coraz ostrzejszych wymagań dotyczących emisji toksycznych składników spalin, zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa a więc zmniejszenia emisji dwutlenku węgla i ochrony zasobów naturalnych Ziemi. Badania zasilania silników spalinowych emulsjami węglowodorowo wodnymi ma już swoja tradycję. Dotychczasowe próby prowadzone były z zastosowaniem emulsji uzyskiwanych w drodze chemicznej. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono podobne wyniki z tym, że emulsje paliwowo – wodne uzyskiwano z wykorzystaniem zjawiska kawitacji. W Politechnice Wrocławskiej (Zakład Pojazdów Samochodowych i Silników Spalinowych) opracowano specyficzny kawitator, który posłużył do wytworzenia emulsji weglowodorowowodnych mineralnego oraz syntetycznego oleju napędowego. Oba paliwa oraz ich emulsje, o zawartości wody równej dwadzieścia procent (objętościowo), posłużyły do testów. Wykonano charakterystyki zewnętrzne wybranego silnika, na ich podstawie opracowano warunki testu ESC (European Stationary Cycle) oraz przeprowadzono badania silnika na hamowni silnikowej w warunkach tego testu. Przeprowadzono pomiary emisji składników spalin i zużycia paliwa. Stwierdzono, że stosowanie emulsji prowadzi do obniżenia zużycia oleju napędowego.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Motoryzacji; 2013, 2; 53-64
    1234-754X
    2084-476X
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Motoryzacji
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Municipal waste as biomass – renewable energy source
    Odpady komunalne jako biomasa - odnawialne źródło energii
    Autorzy:
    Kardasz, P.
    Sitnik, L.
    Bentkowska, M.
    Dworaczyński, M.
    Dziubecki, M.
    Górniak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357497.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska
    Tematy:
    biomasa
    odnawialne źródła energii
    biogaz
    energetyka
    odpady
    gospodarka odpadami
    biomass
    renewable energy sources
    biogas
    power energy
    waste
    waste management
    Opis:
    This article presents selected information on the use of biomass as an energy source. Biomass is a renewable resource, it can be obtained from, inter alia, selected municipal waste. The most popular methods of generating energy from biomass is its combustion or fermentation. In Poland, the renewable energy sector is still small and should be developed because of the need to improve the condition of the environment and, at the same time, increasing demand for energy related to economic development. Energy from biomass is relatively unpopular. At the same time there is a problem of too big amount of waste that is not processed. Because of European Union regulations on the energetics and waste management it is required in Poland to adapt legislation in order to increase the share of renewable energy sources and to reduce the amount of waste landfilled. The solution may be energy production from biomass, derived from selected municipal waste.
    Odpady komunalne jako biomasa - odnawialne źródło energii Poniższy artykuł przedstawia wybrane informacje na temat wykorzystania biomasy jako źródła energii. Biomasa jest surowcem odnawialnym, może być pozyskiwana między innymi z wyselekcjonowanych odpadów komunalnych. Najpopularniejszymi metodami pozyskiwania energii z biomasy jest jej spalanie lub fermentacja. W Polsce sektor odnawialnych źródeł energii jest wciąż niewielki, powinien być rozwijany ze względu na konieczność poprawy stanu środowiska naturalnego przy jednoczesnym, rosnącym zapotrzebowaniu na energię, związanym z rozwojem gospodarczym. Pozyskiwanie energii z biomasy jest stosunkowo mało popularne. Jednocześnie istnieje problem zbyt dużej ilości odpadów, które nie są poddawane przetworzeniu. Regulacje Unii Europejskiej w obszarze energetyki i gospodarki odpadami nakładają na Polskę obowiązek dostosowania prawodawstwa w celu zwiększenia udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii oraz zmniejszenia ilości odpadów, które trafiają na wysypiska. Rozwiązaniem może być pozyskiwanie energii z biomasy, pochodzącej z wyselekcjonowanych odpadów komunalnych.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska; 2013, 15, 4; 57-62
    1733-4381
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    NVH application research using accelerometers on a chassis dynamometer
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L.
    Wróbel, R.
    Andrych-Zalewska, M.
    Mihaylov, V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242905.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    NVH
    LDV
    chassis dynamometer
    Opis:
    Accelerometric tests, similarly to laser tests (with regard to human health) are something of novelty. All standards related to this issue refer to sound intensity (measured using specialised microphones). The work presents results of accelerometric tests conducted during driving cycles on an inertial load chassis dynamometer Maha LPS3000. The object of the research was Mazda 3 1.6 (petrol), built in 2010, mileage 70 thousand km. The tests were related to vibration measurements on a chassis dynamometer using various, forced tractive effort (300, 500 and 700 N). No additional signal processing was used (except for operations necessary to create a spectrum) so as to present the whole vibration spectrum with special emphasis on the resonance frequency of human organs. The article presents vibration amplitude measured at the level of the headrest for three forced tractive efforts: 300, 500 and 700 N. The measurements were made at the speed of 60 km/h in the fourth gear (which corresponds to about 2000 rpm). The obtained results, indicate that the maximum value of harmonics fall in the range 85-95 Hz. Hence, they are resonance frequencies of eyeballs. In addition to this, one can state that the values of these harmonics are higher for higher values of forced tractive efforts. This would mean that seats should be additionally stabilised (dampened) to limit the influence of dangerous vibration on a human organism.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 443-448
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Vehicle vibration in human health
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L.J.
    Magdziak-Tokłowicz, M.
    Wróbel, R.
    Kardasz, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242806.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    noise and vibration
    laser Doppler vibrometry
    digital signal processing
    Opis:
    Fast development of technology over the last decades has contributed to the adverse effects that may affect human health (both physical and mental). Such negative effects may include noise and vibration. These phenomena are accompanied by most of the technological processes. Need for more efficient and productive processes is causing rising trend in intensifying of these phenomena. It is unavoidable to increase efficiency without increasing the operating speed of machinery and equipment. The main goal of this paper is to carry out NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) analysis of engines; compression-ignition engine (diesel) and spark-ignition engine (gasoline) equipped in the same type of vehicle. But purpose is laying on presented methodology, not results of researches (but of course it will be presented too) which often (mainly) is made for failure detections. This paper will also cover influence of the engine mounting on generated acoustic vibrations followed by comparative NVH analysis of states occurring in diesel and gasoline engine. Scope of the work: a) theoretical introduction, b) presentation of vibration measurement (using LDV: Laser Doppler Vibrometry), c) NVH analysis in two types of engines, d) comparison of results, e) conclusions.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 411-418
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Comparison of mileage fuel consumption with the natural operation of the three different cycles
    Autorzy:
    Sitnik, L. J.
    Magdziarz-Tokłowicz, M.
    Walkowiak, Wł.
    Wróbel, R.
    Włostowski, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243579.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    fuel consumption
    mileage fuel consumption
    resistance to motion
    energy consumption of traffic
    vehicle operation
    SI engine
    Opis:
    In the automotive industry in the world continuously being sought universal driving cycle. The test should closely match the fuel consumption and emissions of toxins in the fumes of the test vehicle in its real operating conditions [4]. However, in the previously developed solid driving tests established velocity profiles differ significantly from actual driving conditions. The difference in fuel consumption, comparing the natural operation of the NEDC test reaches an average of 18%. The new version of the driving cycle should be more realistic to the everyday use of additional equipment and gadgets that are installed in modern vehicles [1]. The impact on fuel consumption by vehicles may be conditioned not only by its size and weight, but also by the geometry of the track motion, forces causing the motion and the forces acting on the car when driving on curved tracks. The vehicle encounters and overcomes all the forces that act on it while driving-resistance movement. In the energy intake through the vehicle runs in the motor changes at the expense of the energy of fuel consumed. The driving force performs work on a given stretch of road balancing (predominant) friction. On the basis of the calculated resistance movement and the energy consumption of the movement in the selected object was a comparison of the actual consumption of fuel in the vehicle with the ignition spark. Analysis was performed and found differences in three cycles: urban, extra-urban and combined.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 439-444
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyznaczenie współrzędnych osnowy szczegółowej GPS III powiatu wieruszowskiego
    Determination of coordinates of control points in the Wieruszów District area
    Autorzy:
    Bakuła, M.
    Oszczak, S.
    Baryła, R.
    Popielarczyk, D.
    Jarmołowski, W.
    Tyszko, A.
    Oszczak, B.
    Sitnik, E.
    Gregorczyk, R.
    Wielgosz, P.
    Rapiński, J.
    Jesiotr, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/385536.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    nieoznaczoności pomiarów fazowych
    ETRF-89
    GPS
    ambiguity resolution
    Opis:
    W pracy przedstawiono metodykę pomiaru i opracowania osnowy szczegółowej GPS III na obszarze powiatu wieruszowskiego. Pomiary 988 punktów wykonano metodą statyczną w ciągu dziesięciu dni z wykorzystaniem 12 odbiorników GPS Ashtech Z-XII, Z-Surveyor, Z-Xtreme. W pracy przedstawiono także analizy wyrównania i transformacji z układu ETRF-89 do państwowych układów współrzędnych: "1965" i "2000". Z uwagi na liczne zasłony drzew nad wyznaczanymi punktami, obserwacje GPS powtórzono na około trzydziestu punktach, aby uzyskać wymaganą dokładność i niezależną kontrolę pomiarów. Dodatkowo przy takiej liczbie odbiorników bardzo skuteczne okazały się analizy zamknięć przyrostów w trójkątach jak również warunki geometryczne nieoznaczoności pomiarów fazowych stosowane przy rozwiązaniach multistacyjnych.
    The paper presents the methodology of GPS measurements and data elaboration for control points in the Wieruszów District area. GPS measurements of 988 points were executed with the use of static method during ten days of measurements and twelve GPS receivers of Ashtech company i.e. Z-XII, Z-Surveyor, Z-Xtreme. The results and analyses of adjustment and transformation from ETRF-89 to the national coordinate systems: ,,1965" and ,,2000" were also presented. Due to bad observational conditions of GPS measurements there were about thirty points on which GPS measurements were repeated in order to achieve reliable and accurate results. Additionally, loop closures of baselines and geometric conditions of ambiguity network solutions were successfully useful before final adjustment.
    Źródło:
    Geomatics and Environmental Engineering; 2007, 1, 1/1; 43-52
    1898-1135
    Pojawia się w:
    Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12

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