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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Przemysłowe zastosowania lipaz w syntezie związków o wysokiej wartości dodanej – 85 lat katalizy enzymatycznej lipazami. Część 1
    Industrial applications of lipases in the synthesis of high added-value chemicals – 85 years of lipase-based enzymatic catalysis. Part 1
    Autorzy:
    Borowiecki, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171564.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    lipazy
    lipaza B Candida antarctica
    CAL-B
    lipaza Burkholderia cepacia
    BCL
    zastosowania przemysłowe
    biokataliza
    związki enancjomerycznie czyste
    Candida antarctica lipase B
    Burkholderia cepacia lipase
    industrial applications
    biocatalysis
    enantiomerically pure compounds
    Opis:
    Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3; triacylglycerol acylhydrolases) are the most commonly used enzymes in biotransformations of organic compounds. In living organisms lipases catalyze hydrolysis of higher fatty acid esters of glycerol, thus fulfill an essential function in metabolism of lipids (e.g. fats and oils) and lipoproteins. This year marks 125 years since J.R. Green has identified and described the first lipase isolated from germinated castor-oil beans (Ricinus communis L.) in the form of an extract showing hydrolytic properties. Plants, as well as bacteria are able to produce lipases what was reported in 1901 by Dutch scientist ‒ Christiaan Eijkman. Lipases are also produced by fungi, yeasts, and various organs of higher organisms. A strong foundation, which had a huge impact on the development of global lipase-mediated biotransformations was the discovery made in 1935 and described in Biochemistry Journal and Biochemische Zeitschrift by Polish biochemist- -enzymologist Ernest Alexander Sym (1893-1950) that these enzymes retain almost full catalytic activity even in nearly anhydrous organic solvents. This was exactly fifty years before Russian chemist Alexander Klibanov in 1985 described a lipase- -catalyzed reaction carried out in organic solvents. Since that moment, lipases have became extremely popular in both academic and industrial usage, nowadays being the most important among all biocatalysts used in biochemical processes carried out on an industrial scale. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief characterization of the two most widely used in industrial biotransformations lipases ‒ lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) and lipase from Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) ‒ and familiarize the readers with the issues of biotechnological processes catalyzed by them. The specifics of a range of industrial applications based on lipase catalysis, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries are also discussed. Keywords:
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2015, 69, 5-6; 391-430
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przemysłowe zastosowania lipaz w syntezie związków o wysokiej wartości dodanej – 85 lat katalizy enzymatycznej lipazami. Część 2
    Industrial applications of lipases in the synthesis of high added-value chemicals – 85 years of lipase-based enzymatic catalysis. Part 2
    Autorzy:
    Borowiecki, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172213.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    lipazy
    zastosowania przemysłowe
    biokataliza
    związki enancjomerycznie czyste
    lipases
    industrial applications
    biocatalysis
    enantiomerically pure compounds
    Opis:
    Biotransformations are processes, in which chemical reactions are catalyzed by isolated enzymes or whole cells containing them. Among the biocatalysts, lipases are the most commonly used chiral selectors that exhibit high chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity toward wide spectrum of organic compounds of xenobiothic nature. Moreover, lipases are very stable and active in organic solvents, as well as in neat solvents or in supercritical fluids in the absence of added water. Biotransformations by using lipases can be carried out at high substrate concentrations, at ambient temperature and neutral pH, without need for addition of cofactors, application of high pressures, extremely harsh reaction conditions or complex chemical apparatus. In addition, processes based on efficient biocatalytic technologies has proven to be beneficial for the chemical industry, as the lipases are able to catalyze reactions, which are not easily conducted by classical methods or in other cases allow reactions, which can replace several chemical steps. The above mentioned features of lipase-based biotransformations often cause significant improvement in energy efficiency (savings), and lead to a reduction in waste generation thereby making manufacturing processes even more economically attractive and environmentally acceptable. Since the mid-1980s the use of biotransformations with lipases in industry for the production of high added-value compounds, including pharmaceuticals, vitamins, cosmetics, fragrances and flavors, diagnostic preparations and therapeutics, high-tonnage preparation of agrochemicals, modified foods, nutraceuticals, detergents, polymers, advanced materials and biofuels has steadily increased. In this part of the review article on industrial applications of lipases, next group of popularly utilized enzymes relevant for the production of high added-value chemicals are described. It was also shown on several examples that enzymatic catalysis can significantly simplify manufacturing processes of complex structures being green and economical alternative for conventional chemical-based processes. Keywords:
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2015, 69, 5-6; 431-463
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ciecze jonowe oraz potencjalne obszary ich zastosowań w przemyśle chemicznym
    Ionic liquids and potential areas of their applications in chemical industry
    Autorzy:
    Borowiecki, P.
    Bretner, M.
    Plenkiewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172141.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    ciecze jonowe
    ILs
    właściwości ILs
    zastosowania ILs
    perspektywy ILs
    ionic liquids
    properties of ILs
    applications of ILs
    prospects of ILs
    Opis:
    Ionic liquids (ILs) compose a group of chemical compounds of ionic nature consisting of organic cation and inorganic or organic anion, whose melting point does not exceed 100°C (373,15 K). These compounds play a very important role in scientific investigations as well as in industrial organic synthesis, both in high‑ -tonnage productions as well as low-tonnage technologies of high added-value chemicals and materials. Ionic liquids are mostly used as alternative media and/or catalysts for desired chemical reactions. Multifunctionality and popularity of ionic liquids applications mainly stems from their beneficial physicochemical properties, such as: (i) very low vapor pressure, (ii) negligible viscosity, (iii) high overall- and thermal-stability, (iv) incombustibility and non-explosiveness, (v) high heat capacity, (vi) good solubility of most organic compounds (including polymers) as well as organometallic and inorganic compounds (including gases), (vii) low compressibility, and (viii) high electrochemical conductivity. Moreover, ionic liquids (x) exist in liquid state in a very wide range of temperature, (xi) exhibit a wide range of electrochemical stability as well as (xii) improve properties of enzymes and other biocatalysts, positively impacting on their activity, stability, enantioselectivity and/or stereoselectivity. It is worth noting that ionic liquids increasingly constitute a target products of defined commercial characteristics, such in the case of: electrochemicals, chemo-therapeutics, environmental anti-degradation agents, effective and safe agrochemicals etc. In this review, with 238 refs., development trends and potential applications of ionic liquids is presented.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2015, 69, 3-4; 271-296
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Colourings of (k - r, k)-trees
    Autorzy:
    Borowiecki, M.
    Patil, H. P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/255361.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    chromatic polynomial
    partition number
    colouring
    tree
    Opis:
    Trees are generalized to a special kind of higher dimensional complexes known as (j, k)-trees ([L.W. Beineke, R.E. Pippert, On the structure of (m,n)-trees, Proc. 8th S-E Conf. Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing, 1977, 75-80]), and which are a natural extension of k-trees for j = k—1. The aim of this paper is to study (k — r, k)-trees ([H.P. Patil, Studies on k-trees and some related topics, PhD Thesis, University of Warsaw, Poland, 1984]), which are a generalization of k-trees (or usual trees when k = 1). We obtain the chromatic polynomial of (k — r, k)-trees and show that any two (k — r, k)-trees of the same order are chromatically equivalent. However, if r ≠ 1 in any (k — r, k)-tree G, then it is shown that there exists another chromatically equivalent graph H, which is not a (k — r, k)-tree. Further, the vertex-partition number and generalized total colourings of (k — r, k)-trees are obtained. We formulate a conjecture about the chromatic index of (k — r, k)-trees, and verify this conjecture in a number of cases. Finally, we obtain a result of [M. Borowiecki, W. Chojnacki, Chromatic index of k-trees, Discuss. Math. 9 (1988), 55-58] as a corollary in which k-trees of Class 2 are characterized.
    Źródło:
    Opuscula Mathematica; 2017, 37, 4; 491-500
    1232-9274
    2300-6919
    Pojawia się w:
    Opuscula Mathematica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Initial Assessment of Graphite Precipitates in Vermicular Cast Iron in the As-Cast State and after Thermal Treatments
    Autorzy:
    Soiński, M. S.
    Jakubus, Aneta
    Borowiecki, B.
    Mierzwa, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2126913.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    vermicular cast iron
    graphite precipitates
    thermal treatments
    austempering
    żeliwo wermikularne
    morfologia grafitu
    obróbka termiczna
    hartowanie
    Opis:
    The purpose of the work was to determine the morphology of graphite that occurs in vermicular cast iron, both in the as-cast state and after heat treatment including austenitization (held at a temperature of 890°C or 960°C for 90 or 150 min) and isothermal quenching (i.e. austempering, at a temperature of 290°C or 390°C for 90 or 150 min). In this case, the aim here was to investigate whether the heat treatment performed, in addition to the undisputed influence of the cast iron matrix on the formation of austenite and ferrite, also affects the morphology of the vermicular graphite precipitates and to what extent. The investigations were carried out for the specimens cut from test coupons cast in the shape of an inverted U letter (type IIb according to the applicable standard); they were taken from the 25mm thick walls of their test parts. The morphology of graphite precipitates in cast iron was investigated using a Metaplan 2 metallographic microscope and a Quantimet 570 Color image analyzer. The shape factor F was calculated as the quotient of the area of given graphite precipitation and the square of its perimeter. The degree of vermicularization of graphite was determined as the ratio of the sum of the graphite surface and precipitates with F <0.05 to the total area occupied by all the precipitations of the graphite surface. The examinations performed revealed that all the heat-treated samples made of vermicular graphite exhibited the lower degree of vermicularization of the graphite compared to the corresponding samples in the as-cast state (the structure contains a greater fraction of the nodular or nearly nodular precipitates). Heat treatment also caused a reduction in the average size of graphite precipitates, which was about 225μm2 for the as-cast state, and dropped to approximately 170-200 μm2 after the austenitization and austempering processes.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2021, 21, 4; 131--136
    1897-3310
    2299-2944
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Influence of Steam Reforming Catalyst Geometry on the Performance of Tubular Reformer – Simulation Calculations
    Autorzy:
    Franczyk, E.
    Gołębiowski, A.
    Borowiecki, T.
    Kowalik, P.
    Wróbel, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184862.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    tubular steam reforming
    nickel catalyst geometry
    process simulation
    catalyst coking
    process intensification
    symulacja procesu
    katalizator koksujący
    intensyfikacja
    Opis:
    A proper selection of steam reforming catalyst geometry has a direct effect on the efficiency and economy of hydrogen production from natural gas and is a very important technological and engineering issue in terms of process optimisation. This paper determines the influence of widely used seven-hole grain diameter (ranging from 11 to 21 mm), h/d (height/diameter) ratio of catalyst grain and Sh/St (hole surface/total cylinder surface in cross-section) ratio (ranging from 0.13 to 0.37) on the gas load of catalyst bed, gas flow resistance, maximum wall temperature and the risk of catalyst coking. Calculations were based on the one-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model of a steam reforming tubular reactor, with catalyst parameters derived from our investigations. The process analysis shows that it is advantageous, along the whole reformer tube length, to apply catalyst forms of h/d = 1 ratio, relatively large dimensions, possibly high bed porosity and Sh/St ≈ 0.30-0.37 ratio. It enables a considerable process intensification and the processing of more natural gas at the same flow resistance, despite lower bed activity, without catalyst coking risk. Alternatively, plant pressure drop can be reduced maintaining the same gas load, which translates directly into diminishing the operating costs as a result of lowering power consumption for gas compression.
    Źródło:
    Chemical and Process Engineering; 2015, 36, 2; 239-250
    0208-6425
    2300-1925
    Pojawia się w:
    Chemical and Process Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Status of a mega-joule scale Plasma-Focus experiments
    Autorzy:
    Scholz, M.
    Bieńkowska, B.
    Borowiecki, M.
    Ivanova-Stanik, I.
    Karpiński, L.
    Stępniewski, W.
    Paduch, M.
    Tomaszewski, K.
    Sadowski, M.
    Szydłowski, A.
    Kubeš, P.
    Kravárik, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147496.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    plasma focus
    dense magnetized plasma
    neutron yield
    Opis:
    This paper presents results of the recent plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out with PF facilities, which was operated at energies ranging from 0.5 MJ to about 1 MJ. Particular attention has been paid to pinch evolution, the emission of pulsed X-ray, fast electron beams, and fusion produced neutrons. Some theoretical models of the initial breakdown, which occurs at the insulator surface, are compared. It is pointed out that modeling of the breakdown is sensitive to kinetics of ionization processes and transport coefficients. Progress in experimental studies of the axial acceleration phase is unsatisfactory. Important experimental data have been collected, but new measurements are still needed. For the radial collapse phase, it was shown that the MHD modeling is efficient until the maximum compression, but plasma instabilities require more sophisticated approaches. The pinch phase was investigated by means of different diagnostics. Fusion neutron yields were measured in different experiments, but some discrepancies in scaling must still be explained. The conclusions concern directions for further studies and optimization of large-scale high-current PF facilities.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2006, 51, 1; 79-84
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Influence of powerful pulses of hydrogen plasma upon materials in PF-1000 device
    Autorzy:
    Pimenov, V.
    Gribkov, V.
    Dubrovsky, A.
    Mezzetti, F.
    Scholz, M.
    Ugaste, U.
    Dyomina, E.
    Ivanov, L.
    Maslyaev, S.
    Miklaszewski, R.
    Borowiecki, M.
    De Chiara, P.
    Pizzo, L.
    Szydlowski, A.
    Volobuev, I. V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147096.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2002
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    dense plasma focus (DPF)
    ion beam
    irradiation
    plasma jet
    surface damage
    test specimen
    Opis:
    The results of experimental investigations of powerful hydrogen plasma jets and fast ion beams interaction with various materials (austenitic chromium-manganese steels, pure vanadium, tungsten, graphite, copper, and their alloys: Cu-4 mass% Ni and Cu-10 mass% Ga) are presented. The materials were placed on the discharge axis of the PF-1000 device and irradiated with fluxes of fast ions (of energy in the range from tens keV up to several MeV) and with plasma streams (of power flux density q~(108 109) W/cm2). It was found that the fast ions and plasma streams caused different damages to the aforementioned materials. A diverse character of the damages to the individual investigated material was revealed. Some peculiarities of the process as well as the correlation between the surface density of the "macroscopic" structural defects (blisters and craters) and the fluence of the fast ions implanted in the specimen are discussed.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2002, 47, 4; 155-162
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Experimental study of a powerful energy flow effect on materials in PF-1000 installation
    Autorzy:
    Borowiecki, M.
    De Chiara, P.
    Dubrovsky, A. V.
    Dyomina, E. V.
    Gribkov, V. A.
    Ivanov, L. I.
    Maslyaev, S. A.
    Mezzetti, F.
    Miklaszewski, R.
    Pimenov, V. N.
    Pizzo, L.
    Scholz, M.
    Szydlowski, A.
    Ugaste, Y. E.
    Volobuev, I. V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148824.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2001
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    dense plasma focus (DPF)
    irradiation
    plasma jet
    shock wave
    test specimen
    Opis:
    The report describes some of the results obtained in an experimental study of the impact of a powerful plasma stream and a fast ion beam generated in a PF-1000 device on different materials perspective for the use in radiation loaded parts of pulsed plasma installations. Investigations were done during and after the interaction processes. It is shown that in case of irradiation of samples only by high power flux density plasma streams the effect of detachment still preserved. At the same time a low power flux density high-energy ion beam plays an important role in the process of saturation of the irradiated material by hydrogen.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2001, 46, suppl. 1; 117-122
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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