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Wyszukujesz frazę "frequency parameter" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Tytuł:
Effects of material non-homogeneity and two parameter elastic foundation on fundamental frequency parameters of Timoshenko beams
Autorzy:
Avcar, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1070359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-07
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.43.Bn
62.20.-x
62.25.Jk
89.20.Kk
Opis:
In the present study, effects of material non-homogeneity and two-parameter elastic foundation on the fundamental frequency parameters of the simply supported beams are examined. Material non-homogeneity is characterized taking into account the parabolic variations of Young's modulus and density along the thickness direction of the beam while the value of Poisson's ratio is assumed to remain constant. The foundation medium is assumed to be linear, homogeneous and isotropic, and it is modeled by the Pasternak model with two parameters for describing the reaction of the elastic foundation on the beam. At first, the equation of the motion including the effects of the material non-homogeneity and two-parameter elastic foundation is provided. Then, the solutions including fundamental frequency parameters versus various non-homogeneity, density and foundation parameters, and length to depth ratio adopting the Timoshenko beam theory as well as the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory are presented. To show the accuracy of the present results, a comparison is carried out and a good agreement is found.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2016, 130, 1; 375-378
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Practical use of RLC-models of transformers’ windings for determination of local displacements
Autorzy:
Banaszak, S.
Gawrylczyk, K. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/97720.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej
Tematy:
transformer’s diagnostic
frequency response analysis (FRA)
lumped parameter models
Opis:
The diagnostics of power transformers is a very fast developing branch, due to increasing average age of assets and changes in asset management strategies, nowadays companies introduce asset management based on a real technical condition. One of important methods used for diagnostics of a transformer’s active part is Frequency Response Analysis (FRA). It allows determination of mechanical condition of windings, their displacements, deformations and electric faults, as well as some problems with internal leads and connections, core and bushings. For the aim of windings impedance modeling the RLC models are applied. The idea of lumped parameters models was presented in [6]. The new universal model basing on circuit solution is developed in this paper. Lumped parameters used in calculations are obtained with finite element method and Maxwell package. The examples of models created for simple windings were compared to real measurements.
Źródło:
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering; 2013, 11; 100-109
1508-4248
Pojawia się w:
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of continuous change of α parameter in the interpolated DFT algorithm for cosα(X) windows
Autorzy:
Barczentewicz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114624.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
DFT analysis
interpolated DFT
estimation of frequency channel number
cosα(X) windows
Opis:
Currently known IpDFT algorithms use the cosα(X) windows with the step change of the window’s order. This work presents IpDFT method designed for the signal analyzed with cosα(X) window, which allows continuous change of the window’s parameter α, so that a full regulation of the sidelobes position becomes possible. Proposed algorithm is a generalization of known IpDFT solutions for cosα(X) windows.
Źródło:
Measurement Automation Monitoring; 2015, 61, 4; 90-91
2450-2855
Pojawia się w:
Measurement Automation Monitoring
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The parameter correlation of acoustic emission and high-frequency vibrations in the assessment process of the operating state of the technical system
Autorzy:
Baron, P.
Dobránsky, J
Pollák, M.
Kočiško, M.
Cmorej, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970574.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
technical diagnostics
vibrodiagnostics
analysis of dynamic signal
diagnostyka techniczna
diagnostyka wibracyjna
analiza sygnału
częstotliwość drgań
emisja akustyczna
Opis:
The article describes application of selected methods of technical diagnostics for assessing the operating status of precision gearboxes. Within the confines of experimental measurements in the field of physical metallurgy materials of diagnosed system were being examined while taking into account the process of degradation of material properties during operation of monitored gearboxes. Measurements and collecting of dynamic data were realized on 4 selected gearboxes where a high-frequency vibrations and acoustic emission (noise) measurements were carried out. Retrieved values were subsequently used for mutual correlation and verification of applied methods. Results of both selected methods underlined unsatisfactory operation status with 3 inspected gearboxes. Measured values were identified as being above suggested caution limit of Alarm 2, representing a level of danger.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2016, 10, 2; 112-116
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dopasowanie wartości parametrów pomiaru cyfrowego nierówności profilu do charakteru powierzchni przedmiotu
Matching the parameter values of digital measurement to workpiece surface profile irregularities
Autorzy:
Boryczko, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/157754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
pomiary powierzchni
warunki pomiaru
struktura geometryczna powierzchni
analiza częstotliwościowa
surface measurement
measurement conditions
surface geometrical structure
frequency analysis
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono dopasowanie parametrów pomiaru do rodzaju powierzchni i analizy częstotliwościowej nierówności powierzchni toczonych dla celów rozpoznawania ich głównych składowych. Podano zależności parametrów cyfrowych pomiaru nierówności warunkujące ich częstotliwościowe zakresy rozpatrywania. W podsumowaniu podano zakres analizy częstotliwościowej nierówności powierzchni z dolno- i górnopasmowymi rodzajami ograniczeń oraz wskazówki doboru parametrów pomiaru dla otrzymania właściwego zakresu analizy nierówności powierzchni.
Conditions of measurement, the analogue-to-digital conversion and the frequency analysis of turned surface irregularities for the purpose of its main components identification are presented in the paper. A range of digital parameters have been defined along with their relation to each other, specifying the ranges in which they should be used in order to measure surface irregularity (Tab.1). The parameter values obtained by digital measurement vary within specific ranges, and hence determine the surface irregularities [1, 2, 3]. For this measurement, it is essential to select proper sampling interval hp and the number of measured data N for the value and character of the irregularities measured [4, 5] (Fig.2). The method of frequency analysis for periodical surface irregularities, with the application of power spectral density and the use of fast Fourier transformation (FFT), has been presented in papers [6, 7]. The required conditions for the method presented in this paper, and the possible matching of frequency to wide-band surface irregularities are presented. The maximum frequency of the given irregularity is determined by the value of the sampling interval. Due to this fact, the sampling interval values should be selected in a way to include the low-frequency range of dominant components of the surface irregularity [8] (Fig.3). To summarise, the resulting frequency range of surface irregularities, with high and low-frequency limitations, has been given. Furthermore, the indication of the suitable selection range to capture significant surface irregularities has been included.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 9, 9; 1063-1066
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new method to reduce electromagnetic interference using signal modeling
Autorzy:
Daneshvar, Milad
Parhizgar, Nasser
Oraizi, Homayoon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949874.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electromagnetic radiation
frequency response
interference
multi-component
signals
parameter modeling
transmission lines
Opis:
Controlling and reducing the radiation emitted by various systems helps the board designer improve systems’ performance. One proposed way to achieve these goals is to use an algorithm to control the radiation applied to systems. According to the executive structure of the algorithm and considering the nature of the existing signals in several components, the separation of the signal components is on the agenda of the algorithm. In fact, the goal is to create an intuitive view of the multi-component signals around the systems that enter the systems from different angles and have a detrimental effect on their performance. Using signal processing methods, we will be able to break down the signal into different components and simulate each component separately. To prevent high computational repetitions and increase simulation time in signal component analysis, by reducing the components, we reduce the number of mesh cells in the software and, using linear approximation, determine the exact position of the radiation signal applied to systems and thus the best linear relationship. The signal entry path is used to apply the rules required for prediction design.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2020, 69, 4; 829-840
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A novel method for separability of signal components to estimate radiation from a high-frequency subsystem
Autorzy:
Daneshvar, Milad
Parhizgar, Naser
Oraizi, Homayoon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140523.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electromagnetic interference
electromagnetic radiation
parameter estimation
multi-component signals
frequency response
radio frequency
Opis:
Specific requirements are designed and implemented in electronic and telecommunication systems for received signals, especially high-frequency ones, to examine and control the signal radiation. However, as a serious drawback, no special requirements are considered for the transmitted signals from a subsystem. Different industries have always been struggling with electromagnetic interferences affecting their electronic and telecommunication systems and imposing significant costs. It is thus necessary to specifically investigate this problem as every device is continuously exposed to interferences. Signal processing allows for the decomposition of a signal to its different components to simulate each component. Radiation control has its specific complexities in systems, requiring necessary measures from the very beginning of the design. This study attempted to determine the highest radiation from a subsystem by estimating the radiation fields. The study goal was to investigate the level of radiations received and transmitted from the adjacent systems, respectively, and present methods for control and eliminate the existing radiations. The proposed approach employs an algorithm which is based on multi-component signals, defect, and the radiation shield used in the subsystem. The algorithm flowchart focuses on the separation and of signal components and electromagnetic interference reduction. In this algorithm, the detection process is carried out at the bounds of each component, after which the separation process is performed in the vicinity of the different bounds. The proposed method works based on the Fourier transform of impulse functions for signal components decomposition that was employed to develop an algorithm for separation of the components of the signals input to the subsystem.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2019, 68, 3; 497-510
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on the characteristics of Klein–Cook parameter and diffraction efficiency of acousto-optic interaction for low-frequency ultrasonic in the liquid
Autorzy:
Gao, Jing
Han, Guang
Zhu, Jianzhuo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033941.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
acousto-optic interaction
Klein-Cook parameter
Raman-Nath diffraction
diffraction efficiency
Opis:
We have investigated the characteristics of acousto-optic interaction for low-frequency ultrasonic wave in a liquid. Based on the coupling wave equation of acousto-optic interaction, the diffraction light characteristics for normal incidence at small parameter Q have been discussed. The parameter Q with respect to acousto-optic interaction length, ultrasonic frequency, water temperature, and the concentration of sucrose solution have been analyzed, which is an important physical quantity and reflects the degree of mismatch in the acousto-optic interaction. The diffraction efficiencies for different parameters Q, incident angles and phase shifts have been calculated. The results of our work provide theoretical basis for further study of the acousto-optic effect in the liquid.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2021, 51, 3; 445-456
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamic characteristics of the technological complex based on parallel mechanisms of kinematics
Charakterystyki dynamiczne mechanizmów technologicznych opartych na kinematyce równoległej
Autorzy:
Gurzhіj, A. A.
Strutins'kij, S. V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258380.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
technological complex spatial system
drive
frequency response
pulse characteristic
natural frequencies
damping parameter
mathematical model
transfer function
złożony system przestrzenny
napęd
pasmo przenoszenia
charakterystyki impulsowe
częstotliwości naturalne
parametr tłumienia
model matematyczny
Opis:
The technique and results of experimental studies of dynamic characteristics of spatial Drive Systems, which includes six coordinate parallel kinematic machine and system manipulation as six coordinate table. The amplitude-frequency and impulse response relative movement of the table and platform machine based on the analysis of characteristics from the mathematical model of the spatial system drive as the transfer function and defines the numerical parameters of the model. Technological complex spatial systems, drives, frequency response, pulse characteristics, natural frequencies, damping parameters, mathematical models, transfer functions.
W artykule przedstawiono metodykę oraz wyniki badań eksperymentalnych charakterystyki dynamicznej przestrzennych systemów napędowych maszyny, na które składa się sześć współrzędnych równoległej kinematyki i manipulacji systemu. Częstotliwości i amplitudy odpowiedzi impulsowej względnego ruchu maszyny, obejmującej stolik oraz platformę ustalono na podstawie analizy cech modelu matematycznego systemowego dysku przestrzennego, który traktowano jako funkcję przenoszenia umożliwiającą zdefiniowanie parametrów numerycznych modelu.
Źródło:
Problemy Eksploatacji; 2014, 1; 57-69
1232-9312
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Eksploatacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of temperature variation on vibration of rectangular plate of visco-elastic material
Autorzy:
Khanna, Anupam
Singhal, Ashish
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1030670.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
clamped
frequency parameter
taper parameters
visco-elastic
Opis:
This paper deals with free vibration modes and natural frequencies of a thin visco-elastic, non-homogeneous rectangular plate with clamped ends. First two modes of frequency parameter of vibration are derived on the basis of Rayleigh-Ritz technique. Since the effect of temperature decreases the efficiency and durability of the structure, influence of bi-parabolic temperature variations on vibration of rectangular plate is analyzed. Tapering in rectangular plate is assumed bi-exponentially in x-and y-direction. Effect of non-homogeneity is discussed with exponential variation in density of the plate’s material i.e. visco-elastic material “Duralium” which is an alloy of aluminum. Vibration modes of clamped plate are calculated for various values of thermal gradient, taper parameters and non-homogeneity constant. Results are explained with the help of the graphs.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2020, 139, 2; 61-75
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Applicability of Park transformation for the analysis of transient performance during subsynchronous resonances
Autorzy:
Kreischer, Ch.
Kulig, S.
Göbel, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
subsynchronous resonances
parameter identification
equivalent circuit
standstill frequency response test
three phase short circuit test
evolutionary strategy
Opis:
Long transmission lines have to be compensated to enhance the transport of active power. But a wrong design of the compensation may lead to subsynchronous resonances (SSR). For studies often park equivalent circuits are used. The parameters of the models are often determined analytically or by a three-phase short-circuit test. Models with this parameters give good results for frequencies of 50 Hz and 100 Hz resp. 60 Hz and 120 Hz. But SSR occurs at lower frequencies what arises the question of the reliability of the used models. Therefore in this publication a novel method for the determination of Park equivalent circuit parameters is presented. Herein the parameters are determined form time functions of the currents and the electromagnetic moment of the machine calculated by transient finite-element simulations. This parameters are used for network simulations and compared with the finite-element calculations. Compared to the parameters derived by a three-phase short-circuit a significant better accuracy of simulation results can be achieved by the presented method.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 3; 401-415
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПАРАМЕТР В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ РУССКИХ АВТОРСКИХ СЛОВАРЯХ
Stylistic parameter in modern Russian author dictionaries
Autorzy:
Larisa, Shestakova
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/615366.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
author lexicography
stylistic label
structural stylistics
explanatory author dictionary
concordance
frequency dictionary
Opis:
The aim of this article is to analyze the practice of using of stylistic labels in modern Russian author (writer) dictionaries. It is shown that labels of this type as the main kind of markers of stylistic information characterize, first of all, the explanatory author dictionaries, which have a full corpus. In these dictionaries the set of the stylistic labels represents the selection from the available nomenclature of labels, which is supplemented by new labels. From the functional point of view, such labels are dual – on the one hand, they stylistically structure the author’s lexicon, on the other hand – they are the markers of certain features of his individual style. Among differential authorexplanatory dictionaries, such ones are separated, in which the stylistically painted specific massifs of lexicon are presented. The stylistic unity of such words defines redundancy of labels and therefore the application of special receptions in relation to them (for example, their transfer in a reference part of the dictionary entry) is used. Special attention is given to author registrative dictionaries (to concordances, frequency dictionaries), in which the structure complication is connected with using of stylistic labels. The research is based on the material of Russian author dictionaries published mainly at the beginning of the year 2000.
Źródło:
Stylistyka; 2017, 26; 7-25
1230-2287
2545-1669
Pojawia się w:
Stylistyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Parametry częstotliwościowe przetworników prądowych wykonanych w technologii PCB1 i HDI2
Frequency parameters of current-mode converters made in PCB1 i HDI2 technologies
Autorzy:
Lisowiec, A.
Nowakowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/186475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Technik Innowacyjnych EMAG
Tematy:
przetworniki prądowe
parametry częstotliwościowe
pomiary
current-mode converters
frequency parameter
measurements
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów oraz analizę charakterystyk częstotliwościowych przetworników prądowych wykonanych w technologii PCB HDI. Najpierw omówiono konstrukcję bez-rdzeniowych przetworników wykonanych w technologii PCB HDI. Następnie określono wartości elementów układu zastępczego przetwornika bezrdzeniowego. Na koniec przytoczono charakterystyki częstotliwościowe przetworników bezrdzeniowych wykonanych w tradycyjnej technologii PCB oraz w technologii HDI.
The article presents the measurement results and analysis of frequency characteristics of current-mode converters made with the use of the PCB HDI technology. First the structure of rodless PCB HDI converters was discussed. Then the values of the elements of an equivalent circuit in a rodless converter were determined. Finally, the authors discussed the frequency characteristics of rodless converters made with the use of either the traditional PCB technology or the HDI technology.
Źródło:
Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Górnictwa; 2014, R. 52, nr 5, 5; 12-17
0208-7448
Pojawia się w:
Mechanizacja i Automatyzacja Górnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Accurate Frequency Estimation Based On Three-Parameter Sine-Fitting With Three FFT Samples
Autorzy:
Liu, X.
Ren, Y.
Chu, C.
Fang, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220451.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
frequency estimation
CRLB
three-parameter sine-fitting
RMSE
golden section
Opis:
This paper presents a simple DFT-based golden section searching algorithm (DGSSA) for the single tone frequency estimation. Because of truncation and discreteness in signal samples, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) are inevitable to cause the spectrum leakage and fence effect which lead to a low estimation accuracy. This method can improve the estimation accuracy under conditions of a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a low resolution. This method firstly uses three FFT samples to determine the frequency searching scope, then – besides the frequency – the estimated values of amplitude, phase and dc component are obtained by minimizing the least square (LS) fitting error of three-parameter sine fitting. By setting reasonable stop conditions or the number of iterations, the accurate frequency estimation can be realized. The accuracy of this method, when applied to observed single-tone sinusoid samples corrupted by white Gaussian noise, is investigated by different methods with respect to the unbiased Cramer-Rao Low Bound (CRLB). The simulation results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the frequency estimation curve is consistent with the tendency of CRLB as SNR increases, even in the case of a small number of samples. The average RMSE of the frequency estimation is less than 1.5 times the CRLB with SNR = 20 dB and N = 512.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2015, 22, 3; 403-416
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wyznaczenie parametrów modelu matematycznego transformatora średniej częstotliwości
Parameter determination of medium frequency transformer mathematical model
Autorzy:
Michna, M.
Wilk, A.
Kolincio, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/267962.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Elektrotechniki i Automatyki
Tematy:
transformator średniej częstotliwości
rdzeń ferrytowy
pętla histerezy magnetycznej
uzwojenie Litza
medium frequency transformer
ferrite cores
magnetic hysteresis loop
Litz wire
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych transformatora średniej częstotliwości. Obiektem badań był prototyp transformator jednofazowego z rdzeniem wykonanym z prostopadłościennych elementów ferrytowych i uzwojeniami wykonanymi z przewodów Litz’a. Badania przeprowadzono w celu wyznaczenia parametrów modelu matematycznego transformatora. Zakres badań obejmował wyznaczenie pętli histerezy magnetycznej oraz pomiar impedancji uzwojenia. Pętlę histerezy odwzorowano za pomocą statycznego modelu Preisacha ze sprzężeniem zwrotnym.
The paper presents results of experimental research of a single phase medium frequency transformer. The research object was a prototype of a single-phase transformer with a core made of cuboids' ferrite elements and windings made of Litz round wire. The study was conducted to determine the parameters of the transformer mathematical model. The scope of the study included determination of magnetic hysteresis loop and measurement of winding impedance. The hysteresis loop was implemented in MDF model using a static Preisach model with feedback.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej; 2017, 55; 41-44
1425-5766
2353-1290
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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