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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    The detection of thermophilous forest hotspots in Poland using geostatistical interpolation of plant richness
    Autorzy:
    Kiedrzynski, M.
    Jakubowska-Gabara, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/58331.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
    Tematy:
    biodiversity
    detection
    thermophilous forest
    forest
    Polska
    geostatistical interpolation
    plant species
    species richness
    focal habitat
    Opis:
    Attempts to study biodiversity hotspots on a regional scale should combine compositional and functionalist criteria. The detection of hotspots in this study uses one ecologically similar group of high conservation value species as hotspot indicators, as well as focal habitat indicators, to detect the distribution of suitable environmental conditions. The method is assessed with reference to thermophilous forests in Poland – key habitats for many rare and relict species. Twenty-six high conservation priority species were used as hotspot indicators, and ten plant taxa characteristic of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae phytosociological order were used as focal habitat indicators. Species distribution data was based on a 10 × 10 km grid. The number of species per grid square was interpolated by the ordinary kriging geostatistical method. Our analysis largely determined the distribution of areas with concentration of thermophilous forest flora, but also regional disjunctions and geographical barriers. Indicator species richness can be interpreted as a reflection of the actual state of habitat conditions. It can also be used to determine the location of potential species refugia and possible past and future migration routes.
    Źródło:
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae; 2014, 83, 3
    0001-6977
    2083-9480
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Techniki GIS – w poszukiwaniu hot spotów przestępczości
    (GIS Techniques) – In Search of Crime Hotspots
    Autorzy:
    Mordwa, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698612.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    przestępczość
    techniki GIS
    hot spoty przestępczości
    crime
    GIS Techniques
    Opis:
    Since the accomplishments of the social ecology school, it is common knowledge thatthere is a thesis about the existence of a strong relationship between crime and space. Since the 1990s, the police has been equipped with various GIS techniques which allowthe discovery of spatial patterns in the distribution of crime. The techniques turned outto be very helpful for effectively combating crime and misdemeanours, since the policewere in a position to identify small individual spaces in towns that were characterisedwith high crime indicators. These places are usually referred to as crime hotspots. Thefactors leading to a concentration of crime in specified places includes: the presencewithin them of attractive crime targets or locations easing the carrying out of criminalacts. From this point of view, one can differentiate three types of hotspot: they aregenerators of criminal opportunities, generators of crime, and places facilitating crime.The basic question of the research is: in what manner, or using what tools, can oneeffectively and objectively identify hotspots in city spaces?The modern city is very socio-spatially diverse. The most important accomplishments in the theoretical problems on the functioning of areas of concentratedsocio-pathological phenomena include the theory of social disorganisation, the conceptof social areas in cities (E. Shewky, W. Bell, S. Williams), and the model of post-moderncity structure (M. Dear). Also repeatedly described in criminological literature are thetheory of “broken windows” (G. Kelling and J. Wilson), the pattern of crime (P. and P.Brantingham), and the perspective of routine activities (M. Felson, L. Cohen). Based on the research findings of Polish researchers, one can formulate severalregularities associated with the occurrence of social pathologies in Polish cities. Firstly,the deprivation areas of cities primarily include town centres and housing blocks, olderblock estates, suburban areas (placed along little-active streets of peripheral placementand along exit roads), and old factory estates. In addition, persistent problem areasin Polish city centres have been in place since the interwar period. So-called povertyenclaves are characterised by amortised living spaces, unemployment, reliance ofinhabitants on social benefits, and are escalated by pathological behaviours: crime, alcoholism, broken/incomplete families, domestic violence. Unusually interesting is thecycle of degradation in downtown areas, presenting the shared arrangement of a variety of unfavourable phenomena leading to spatial and social degradation in the centralspaces of Polish cities. The problems found during the spatial analysis of crime in various cities in Polandare quite broad. Other than the presented disproportion and spatial diversity of socialpathology, the areas most at risk have also been identified. The analysis of criminalhotspots using GIS techniques and tools was undertaken by S. Mordwa and N. Sypion Dutkowska. The region studied in search of hotspots in Łódź was the metropolitan area (Fig.1).The area makes up the city centre, which includes within its reach historical buildingsthat represent the city’s identity. The metropolitan area covers 14 km2 (4.8% of the city), which in 2010 had over 140,000 inhabitants (19.7%) and 2,291 incidents recorded bypolice. The quoted numbers indicate that there were 5.58 times more police incidentsin relation to the size of the area, and 1.36 extra events in relation to the number ofinhabitants.In the article, a review of GIS techniques is made, thanks to which one candifferentiate hotspots. An analysis is made of the garnered results of these spaces,and the advantages and disadvantages are emphasised of the following techniques:cartograms (Fig.3), thematic maps (Fig.3b), point maps (Fig.2), local and global Moran’sI (Fig.4), Getis-Ord Gi* (Fig.5), hierarchical grouping based on the nearest neighbourtechnique (Fig.7), nuclear density estimators (Fig.6), and the K-means method (Fig.8). After reviewing these techniques, a question is raised: which technique is the mosteffective in the study of determining crime hotspots? The PAI indicator is used to solvethis problem, as described by S. Chainey et al. The PAI indicator is constructed in sucha way that the counter finds a proportion of crimes which are localised to the areaof every hotspot. The denominator meanwhile is the proportion of area taken up byhotspots generally. Generally the most effective technique used will be determined bythe highest value of the counter against the lowest possible value of the denominator (remembering that the definition of a hotspot is a small segment of an area in whichmany crimes are registered). It turned out that the most accurate hotspots were obtainedby employing the hierarchical grouping method with the nearest neighbour techniqueand the nuclear density estimators (tab.1). Of all the places of concentrated crime identified in the metropolitan area (determined by the hierarchical nearest neighbour method), the hotspot with the mostincidents identified by police was in a central area called Plac Wolnosci (Liberty Square) (Fig.9). This area is dominated by buildings in the downtown style from the turn of the20th century. Three-storey rented townhouses dominate, which were very high qualitydwellings when they were built. But now they are characterised by a high degree oftechnical wear. The area is intensely built up, and the municipal council is the mainlandlord here. At the same time, it is evident there is a shortage of dwellings with centralheating, with most apartments having a low number of rooms but high population ofinhabitants. It is a substandard area with very low social status. The buildings here(mainly communal townhouses of low standard, known as so-called poor houses) form the worst living conditions in Łódź, while inhabitants mainly belong to the lowestsocial categories (poorly educated, unemployed, low paid). In accordance with otherstudies, the area is characterised by the weakness of the community, which indicatesa reduction or even complete loss of economic strength and social value in the residentsto participate in social life and the city’s economy. The community here is characterized by high rates of unemployment, clearly outlined poverty, and low education.The hotspot of Plac Wolnosci is approximately 14 hectares in size. In 2010,police in this area registered more than 100 incidents. Most often they were cases of pickpocketing (around 25% of all acts) which likely results from the significant volumeof traffic, the many transportation routes which pass through (tram and bus), as wellas the presence of many stops. Victims of theft and robbery (around 20% of the area’spolice incidents) were often regulars of Piotrkowski Street and the nearby Manufakturaarea, who had inadvertently entered the area (to make use of public transportation) from the well-monitored ones. Also common in the hotspot are property damage, burglary of commercial buildings, and car accessory theft. To summarise, the analysis in the article consists of: 1) the presented GIS techniqueswhich turned out to be useful and effective in various social studies of crime. Theirapplication enables the possibility of objectively identifying hotspots. The most effectivetechnique turned out to be hierarchical grouping based on the nearest neighbourtechnique; 2) in accordance with expectations, the most affected by crime turned outto be the very centre of Łódź. Based on the above study, one can conclude that analysis of areas has significancein social studies, since each location is characterised by differing urban environmentqualities, such as its socio-economic status, area history and collective memory,local identity, perception and symbols of the spaces, informal social controls, livingstandards, regulations linked with management, and more. Simply learning the spatialdistribution of hotspots cannot constitute the research aim. Utilising other methodsconcentrated on people and communities requires further investigation of the causesof the appearance of social problems and their relationship with spaces. Further studies could be concentrated on the main problem areas.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 279-302
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bezpieczeństwo hotspotów w autobusach
    Security of hotspots in buses
    Autorzy:
    Kozieł, G.
    Maluga, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/408527.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
    Tematy:
    sieć bezprzewodowa
    bezpieczeństwo
    wireless network
    security
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiony został aspekt bezpieczeństwa mobilnych punktów dostępowych. Takie punkty często są montowane w autobusach na potrzeby pasażerów. Jednak kluczowym problemem jest właściwe zabezpieczenie transmisji pomiędzy klientami a punktem dostępowym. W artykule przeanalizowane zostały możliwości zabezpieczenia i podatności na ataki popularnych standardów zabezpieczeń.
    Paper discusses the security of the mobile hotspots mounted in buses. The analysis of vulnerabilities is done. Chosen aspects of security are examined. Finally the proposal of proper mobile hotspot protection is described.
    Źródło:
    Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska; 2016, 4; 53-57
    2083-0157
    2391-6761
    Pojawia się w:
    Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    CO2 hotspots identification in supply chains of different products
    Identyfikacja krytycznych punktów emisji CO2 w łańcuchach dostaw wybranych produktów
    Autorzy:
    Kalinowski, Tomasz Bartosz
    Rudnicka, Agata
    Wieteska, Grażyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/585818.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
    Tematy:
    CO2 hotspots
    Supply chain management
    Sustainability
    Krytyczny punkt emisji CO2
    Zarządzanie łańcuchem dostaw
    Zrównoważony rozwój
    Opis:
    The article presents an analysis of supply chains of different products based on case study research from the three European countries with the use of Supply Chain Environmental Analysis Tool (SCEnAT). The comparative analysis of gathered data allowed to recognize the CO2 hotspots in researched supply chains. The research implications of the paper lead to identification of processes/supply chains’ parts with the highest environmental aspects. The practical implications of the paper are the possibilities of influencing recognized carbon dioxide hotspots with best practice recommendations. The article is based on the findings from an international project PrESS.
    Artykuł prezentuje analizę łańcuchów dostaw różnych produktów, która przeprowadzona została z wykorzystaniem narzędzia Supply Chain Environmental Analysis Tool (SCEnAT). Analiza porównawcza zebranych danych pozwoliła na określenie krytycznych punktów emisji CO2 w badanych łańcuchach dostaw. Tym samym zidentyfikowano procesy i odcinki łańcuchów dostaw o kluczowym negatywnym wpływie na środowisko. Tego typu rozpoznanie umożliwia wdrożenie adekwatnych praktyk oraz jednocześnie skuteczną redukcję emisji dwutlenku węgla. Artykuł bazuje na wynikach międzynarodowego projektu PrESS.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ekonomiczne; 2017, 321; 69-82
    2083-8611
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ekonomiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Determining hotspots of sonar targets related to chemical munitions dumped in Bornholm Deep and Gotland Deep using GIS
    Autorzy:
    Majcher, J.
    Grabowski, M.
    Bełdowski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/332429.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
    Tematy:
    chemical warfare agents
    side scan sonar
    geographic information system
    Opis:
    According to the Helsinki Commission report from 1994 around 15000 tonnes of chemical warfare agents were dumped to the Baltic Sea after World War II as part of the demilitarization process of the former Nazi Germany. Continuing corrosion of metal encasements makes the dumped munitions a ticking time-bomb, which could potentially harm the whole Baltic Basin. The presented work addresses important aspects for a proper evaluation of the threat; side scan sonar survey data storage and analysis of a spatial distribution of the sonar targets potentially related to chemical weapons. The chosen software environment was GIS oriented. ESRI ArcGIS built-in tools were used to determine the hotspots of the targets on the official post-war munitions dumping sites; Gotland Deep and Bornholm Deep. The automation process of mapping in GIS was also proposed. Therefore, a holistic approach for digital mapping of the sonar targets related to dumped munitions was created.
    Źródło:
    Hydroacoustics; 2017, 20; 121-128
    1642-1817
    Pojawia się w:
    Hydroacoustics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Easily degradable carbon – an indicator of microbial hotspots and soil degradation
    Autorzy:
    Wolińska, Agnieszka
    Banach, Artur
    Szafranek-Nakonieczna, Anna
    Stępniewska, Zofia
    Błaszczyk, Mieczysław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972589.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN
    Tematy:
    agriculture
    carbon
    degradation
    microbial
    activity
    soil
    Opis:
    The effect of arable soil was quantified against non-cultivated soil on easily degradable carbon and other selected microbiological factors, i.e. soil microbial biomass, respiration activity, and dehydrogenase activity. The intent was to ascertain whether easily degradable carbo can be useful as a sensitive indicator of both soil biological degradation and microbial hotspots indication. As a result, it was found that soil respiration activity was significantly higher (p <0.0001) in all controls, ranging between 30-60 vs. 11.5-23.7 μmol CO2 kg d.m.-1 h-1 for the arable soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in the arable soil (down to 35-40% of the control values, p <0.001) varying depending on the soil type. The microbial biomass was also significantly higher at the non-cultivated soil (512-2807 vs. 416-1429 μg g-1 d.m., p <0.001), while easily degradable carbon ranged between 620-1209 mg kg-1 non-cultivated soil and 497-877 mg kg-1 arable soil (p <0.0001). It was demonstrated that agricultural practices affected soil properties by significantly reducing the levels of the studied parameters in relation to the control soils. The significant correlations of easily degradable carbon-respiration activity (ρ = 0.77*), easily degradable carbon-dehydrogenase activity (ρ = 0.42*), and easily degradable carbon-microbial biomass (ρ = 0.53*) reveal that easily degradable carbon is a novel, suitable factor indicative of soil biological degradation. It, therefore, could be used for evaluating the degree of soil degradation and for choosing a proper management procedure.
    Źródło:
    International Agrophysics; 2018, 32, 1
    0236-8722
    Pojawia się w:
    International Agrophysics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ensuring aerodrome development processes and using sensory networks
    Autorzy:
    Korecki, Z.
    Smrž, V.
    Bořil, J.
    Bauer, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/197075.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
    Tematy:
    runway incursion
    sensory system
    unauthorized entries
    hotspots
    wtargnięcie na pas startowy
    system sensoryczny
    Opis:
    Using new technology to track service movement and logistics equipment, passengers or wild animals in the airport area can significantly reduce runway incursion occurrence. Sensor implementation networks will allow for foreign entity identification in a timely manner and take measures to prevent unauthorized access to the track. Modern technologies, which include sensor networks, multifunctional camera systems and radio frequency identification access chips facilitate the creation of complex safety nets at active points and on access roads. Due to their mobility and possible changes in range and direction, sensory networks are an effective method for achieving the desired level of security. Combining elements of modern technology creates space for automated airport security. Security risk portfolios are now defined for 10 different operating domains and give advice to the decision-making process, which the European Plan for Aviation Safety (EPAS) has supported. The aim of the article is to analyse safety in commercial air transport for the period 2006-2015 in comparison with 2016 and propose a method that would reduce the number of incidents through sensor networks and using texture analysis.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska; 2018, 101; 99-117
    0209-3324
    2450-1549
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dengue virus (NS2B/NS3 protease) protein engineering. Part I: An automated design for hotspots stability and site-specific mutations by using HotSpot Wizard 3.0 tool
    Autorzy:
    Lahiri, Madhumita
    Ghosh, Ipsita
    Talukdar, Partha
    Talapatra, Soumendra Nath
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1062840.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    HotSpot Wizard
    NS2B/NS3 protease
    Non-structural protein
    computational tool
    protein engineering
    Opis:
    The non-structural dengue virus (DNV) protein, DNV-2 NS2B/NS3 protease is a combination of two proteins as 2B and 3 and these two proteins in complex replicate faster during dengue fever. The objective of the present study was to detect hot spots and design of smart libraries for engineering protein stability, substrate specificity, tunnels and cavities as well as suitable mutability position of studied protein by using an online tool, HotSpot Wizard (version 3.0). The prediction results were obtained in output interface for functional hot spots, stability hot spots (structural flexibility), correlated hot spots and stability hot spots (sequence consensus) from the sequence string. It is concluded that the prediction of pocket and mutability of this protein can easily be identified the structural alternation especially in disease diagnosis and space for ligand binding site in pocket for the potential of new drug design. Moreover, this computational prediction is suggested to compare with experimental hotspots for studied protein in relation to therapeutic efficacies, which are lacking to prevent viral infection.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2019, 127, 3; 177-190
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nature-Based and Technology-Based Solutions for Sustainable Blue Growth and Climate Change Mitigation in Marine Biodiversity Hotspots
    Autorzy:
    Mustafa, Saleem
    Estim, Abentin
    Tuzan, Audrey Daning
    Ann, Chen Cheng
    Seng, Lim Leong
    Shaleh, Sitti Raehanah M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/363138.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    blue economy
    sustainable solutions
    disruptive technologies
    development goals
    błękitna gospodarka
    rozwój zrównoważony
    ekosystem
    środowisko morskie
    ochrona środowiska
    Opis:
    This paper discusses the urgent need for human interventions in maximizing the promise of blue growth while ensuring sustainability in all its dimensions. It spares no efforts in highlighting the critical nexus between ocean conservation, climate change mitigation and the ecosystem services. The interpretation underscores the threat that unchecked deterioration of marine environment would present for health of the planet and its people. It is evident that the nature-based solutions provide the best options, but the significance of disruptive technologies and innovations cannot be underestimated. However, the decisions pertaining to devising and applying solutions should be informed by scientific reasoning and available evidence. Increasing attention given to blue economy shows the importance of exploring the sustainable solutions by shaping research that helps in identifying the tangible and integrated actions to fast track our progress towards implementing the Sustainable Development Goals.
    Źródło:
    Environmental Biotechnology; 2019, 15, 1; 1-7
    1734-4964
    Pojawia się w:
    Environmental Biotechnology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Review on the Ichthyofauna of Nagaland, North-East India
    Autorzy:
    Ezung, Sophiya
    Kechu, Metevinu
    Longkumer, Sentiyanger
    Jamir, Ajungla
    Pankaj, Pranay Punj
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031847.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Cyprinidae
    Ichthyofaunal hotspots
    Nagaland
    North-East India
    lotic and lentic habitat
    Opis:
    North-East India is a region with many native freshwater fishes and is one of the ichthyofaunal hotspots of the world. According to the current study, a total of 197 valid species of fish has been reported from Nagaland, India, which consists of 10 orders, 26 families and 87 genera, from various lotic and lentic habitats. Family Cyprinidae consists of the highest record of 75 fish species and Osphronemidae, Gobidae, Scianenidae and Chacidae families with the lowest record of one fish species in each.
    Źródło:
    World News of Natural Sciences; 2020, 30, 2; 104-116
    2543-5426
    Pojawia się w:
    World News of Natural Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Schreiben(üben) im e-Tandem/e-Tridem. Zu einem polnisch-deutschen GIP-Projekt (2016-2019)
    Autorzy:
    Lewandowska, Anna
    Pawłowska-Balcerska, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2119544.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski i Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
    Tematy:
    Deutsch als Fremdsprache
    Förderung der fremdsprachlichen Schreibfertigkeit
    Hotspots
    Hotwords
    Tandem
    Tridem
    Opis:
    Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein polnisch-deutsches e-Tandem/e-Tridemprojekt vorgestellt, in dessen Mittelpunkt die Förderung der Fertigkeit Schreiben in Deutsch als Fremdsprache steht. In diesem Projekt werden Teilnehmer, zeitlicher Rahmen, Ziele, Projektverlauf und Evaluation berücksichtigt. Zugleich werden die für das Projektvorhaben relevanten Termini Hotspots und Hotwords einer kritischen Analyse unterzogen.
    Źródło:
    tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs; 2020, 14; 111-129
    1899-0983
    Pojawia się w:
    tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Punkty sprzedaży alkoholu jako miejsca koncentracji przestępczości w przestrzeni miasta
    Alcohol outlets as crime hot spots within city space
    Autorzy:
    Mordwa, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11541865.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    POS of alcohol
    crime hotspots
    the quotient of the localisation of crimes
    land development
    punkty sprzedaży alkoholu
    hot spoty przestępczości
    iloraz lokalizacji przestępstw
    zagospodarowanie terenu
    Opis:
    Literatura z zakresu geografii przestępczości i kryminologii środowiskowej od dziesięcioleci przedstawia dowody na to, że miejsca popełniania przestępstw są ulokowane w przestrzeni miasta zgodnie z pewnymi wzorcami, oraz na to, że różne sposoby użytkowania terenu wpływają na rozmieszczenie przestępczości. Już w najwcześniejszych analizach przestrzennego rozkładu przestępczości zwracano uwagę na jej związki z lokalizacją punktów sprzedaży alkoholu, jak również jego spożyciem i skłonnością osób będących pod jego wpływem do popełniania czynów niezgodnych z prawem i normami społecznymi. Związki takie zauważał już prawie 200 lat temu Adolphe Quetelet, a po nim oczywiście także przedstawiciele chicagowskiej szkoły ekologii społecznej. Celem prezentowanych wyników badań jest zwrócenie uwagi na rolę punktów sprzedaży alkoholu w przestrzennej dystrybucji przestępstw na obszarze osiedla Stare Bałuty w Łodzi. Do badań specjalnie wybrany został specyficzny obszar dzielnicy o „trudnej” przeszłości, stereotypowo postrzeganej jako silnie obciążona m.in. przestępczością. W przyszłości warto by skonfrontować uzyskane tutaj wyniki z obszarami miasta o innej historii i charakterystyce społecznej. W artykule udzielone zostaną odpowiedzi na pytania o strukturę przestrzenną czynów karalnych popełnionych na osiedlu oraz o strefę oddziaływania wspomnianych punktów sprzedaży na nasilenie poszczególnych kategorii przestępstw w ich bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie. Niniejszy artykuł rozszerza literaturę polską na temat dystrybucji przestępstw w przestrzeni osiedla, analizując niedostatecznie dotąd opisany zasięg oddziaływania punktów sprzedaży alkoholu. Do określenia natężenia przestępstw i wyznaczenia strefy oddziaływania polegającego na przyciąganiu niektórych kategorii przestępstw w okolice punktów sprzedaży alkoholu użyto indeksu lokalizacji przestępstw (LQC). Informacje o strukturze zarejestrowanych przestępstw i ich lokalizacji uzyskano z Komendy Wojewódzkiej Policji. Natomiast baza danych o punktach sprzedaży alkoholu powstała na podstawie inwentaryzacji terenu podmiotowego osiedla. Wstępnie wykorzystana w analizie baza danych objęła 739 przestępstw stwierdzonych i 49 punktów sprzedaży alkoholu. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że istnieje silne negatywne oddziaływanie punktów sprzedaży alkoholu, które przyciągają konkretne kategorie przestępstw – okazało się, że są to głównie przestępstwa kryminalne skierowane przeciwko mieniu, przeciwko życiu i zdrowiu oraz czci i nietykalności cielesnej. Strefa negatywnego oddziaływania punktów sprzedaży alkoholu została ograniczona na podstawie tych badań do ok. 100 metrów. Jedynie przestępstwa o charakterze seksualnym dokonywane są poza stumetrowym sąsiedztwem miejsc dystrybucji alkoholowej. W porównaniu z wynikami przywoływanych w tym artykule prac strefa oddziaływania punktów sprzedaży alkoholu ma stosunkowo niewielki rozmiar. Okazało się również, że wbrew ustaleniom wynikającym z literatury światowej w przestrzeni Starych Bałut wyższe wartości LQC obliczono dla bezpośredniego sąsiedztwa supermarketów i sklepów ogólnospożywczych niż dla sklepów monopolowych i barów. Zalecenia i dyskusja wynikające z tych ustaleń powinny mieć wpływ na politykę zapobiegania przestępczości w zakresie lokalizacji obiektów, zarządzania nimi i zasad utrzymania ładu społeczno-przestrzennego w ich sąsiedztwie.
    Literature from within the geography of crime and environmental criminology has for decades presented evidence for the existence of certain patterns of distribution of places where crime is committed in the urban space, as well as for the fact that various ways of land utilisation influence the distribution of crime. Already in previous analyses of the spatial distribution of crime, attention had been directed towards their (the crimes’) relations with the localisation of the points of sale (POS) of alcohol, as well as the relationship between consuming such drinks and the inclination towards committing illegal acts and acts that contradict the social norms by people under the influence of hard liquors. Such relationships were already noticed two hundred years ago by A. Quetelet, and after him, of course, by the representatives of the Chicago School of Social Ecology. The objective of the presented research results is to draw attention to the role of the POS of alcohol in the spatial distribution of crimes in the area of the Old Bałuty estate in Łódź. The specific area of the district which has a ‘difficult’ past and is stereotypically perceived as strongly encumbered with crime among other things has been selected purposefully. In the future, it will be worth to confront these results with areas of the city that have a different history and social characteristics. This article answers the questions about the spatial structure of chargeable acts committed within the space of the said estate, as well as about the sphere of influence of the POS of alcohol on the intensification of particular categories of crime in the immediate neighbourhood. The article broadens the Polish literature on the subject of crime distribution within the space of estates, analysing the so far insufficiently described range of influence of the POS of alcohol. For defining the intensity of crimes and determining the zone of influence consisting in attracting some categories of crimes in the neighbourhood of the POS of alcohol, the LQC index was used. Information about the structure of registered crimes and their localisation was obtained from the Voivodeship Police Headquarters, while the database about the POS of alcohol was created based on the stock-taking of the estate’s terrain. The database initially used in the analysis included 739 identified crimes and 49 POS of alcohol. As a result of conducting these analyses, it was determined that there exists a strong negative influence of the POS of alcohol, which attract particular categories of crimes; it turned out that these are mainly criminal offences against property, against life and health, and against dignity and bodily inviolability. The zone of negative impact of the POS of alcohol in relation to the places where crimes were committed was limited – based on this research – to around 100 metres, while only sexual crimes are moved beyond the 100-metres-wide neighbourhood of the alcohol distribution. In comparison with the results from the works cited in this article, the zone of influence of the POS of alcohol is of a relatively small size. Also on the contrary; in comparison with what has been determined in world literature, it turned out that in the zone of the Old Bałuty, higher LQC values were calculated for the direct neighbourhood of supermarkets and convenient shops rather than for off-licences and bars. Recommendations and discussion resulting from these facts should influence the policy of crime prevention in terms of the localisation of objects, managing them, and the rules of maintaining the social and spatial order in their neighbourhood.
    Źródło:
    Space – Society – Economy; 2022, 33; 127-148
    1733-3180
    2451-3547
    Pojawia się w:
    Space – Society – Economy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12

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