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Wyszukujesz frazę "Eberhardt, Piotr" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Tytuł:
Linia Curzona jako wschodnia granica Polski – geneza i uwarunkowania polityczne
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/654138.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
Linia Curzona
Polska
Związek Radziecki
Opis:
The Curzon line as Poland’s eastern border – origin and political conditionsThe article is devoted to the forming of the contemporary eastern border of Poland, named in the subject literature “the Curzon line”. Its geographical location was put forward by Lord Curzon, British Foreign Minister at the time. It was not put to practice then. The conception was raised again during the last stage of World War II, and, since 1945, the Curzon line has been the eastern border of Poland.The first part of the article discusses the complex political, demographic, and national conditions on the area located between ethnic Poland and ethnic Russia, which until 1772 belonged to Poland, and later, during the three partitions were attached to the Russian Empire. Both countries were convinced about their justified historical rights to the territories being the meeting point of their geopolitical interests; setting a border to both Moscow’s and Warsaw’s satisfaction was unlikely.The next part of the article presents the political situation after the end of World War I, as well as the view of western countries (France, Great Britain, The USA) on the territorial range of the newly formed Polish country. The western Polish borders were settled at the peace conference in Versailles; the eastern borders, on the other hand, depended on the inevitable military conflict between Poland and Bolshevik Russia. The conflict lasted for two years and ended in signing Riga Treaty on March 18, 1921. The treaty established the new borders between the two countries. The possibilities of an intervention of the Ententa countries in the war were relatively small; they did, however, try to lead them to a political agreement through diplomatic negotiations. They were not interested in the defeat of Poland. They were also quite critical about maximalistic territorial demands presented by Poland. During the 1918‑1920 war, Britain proposed a solution that et the border meridionally, from Grodno in the north to the Karpaty in the south, and ran through Jałowka, Niemirow and Kryłow. The project received the name of “the Curzon line”. The article presents the beginnings of the concept, its authors, as well as the military and political circumstances, which made the realization of the idea impossible at the time.The subsequent part of the article discusses the geopolitical situation after Ribbentrop‑Molotow pact (1939‑1941), and after the German invasion on the USSR, the focal point being the verdicts passed at three great conferences of the anti‑Hitlerite coalition countries in Teheran and Jałta, where Polish eastern border was decided upon without being accepted by Poland. The location of the border was based on Lord Curzon’s suggestion of 1919, and was realized after World War II. It required only technical delimitation settlements. As a result of decisions made in Poczdam, the western border was relocated on the line of the Odra and the Nysa Łużycka. The Riga – Versailles Poland was replaced by one shaped by Jałta and Poczdam. The aforementioned border changes are analysed from a historical and geographical perspective.Линия Керзона – восточная граница Польши – генезис и политические условия.Статья посвящена формированию современной восточной границы Польши, которую в литературе общепринято называть линией Керзона. Проект прохождения этой линии был представлен в 1919 г тогдашним министром иностранных дел Великобритании лордом Керзоном, но в те времена так и не был реализован. Очередной раз об этой линии вспомнили в конечной фазе Второй мировой войны, а с 1945 г она становится восточной границей польского государства.В первой части статьи освещается сложная политическая и национально‑демографическая ситуация на территории, расположенной между этнической Польшей и этнической Россией, которая до 1772 г принадлежала I.Речи Посполитой, а потом в течение трех разделов была присоединена к Российской Империи. Оба государства были убеждены, что у них есть все законные исторические права на эту территорию, лежавшую на стыке их геополитических интересов. Посему определение восточной границы, удовлетворявшей интересы как Варшавы, так Москвы являлось малоправдоподобным.В следующей части статьи обсуждается политическая ситуация после окончания Первой мировой войны и позиция западных держав (Франции, Великобритании, США) по вопросу только что созданного польского государства. Западные границы Польши были установлены на конференции в Париже. Восточные же границы зависели от итогов военного конфликта между Польшей и большевистской Россией. Он продолжался два года и закончился подписанием Рижского мирного договора (18 марта 1921 г), который очертил новые границы между двумя государствами. Возможности влияния стран‑участниц Антанты на ход и результаты этой войны были относительно невелики. Тем не менее, западные державы предпринимали попытки дипломатическим путем привести оба государства к политическому компромиссу. Они не были заинтересованы поражением Польши, хотя достаточно критично оценивали ее максималистские желания, касающиеся восточной границы. Британская сторона во время войны 1918‑1920 гг. предложила разграничение границ, которое проходило от Гродно на севере до Карпат на юге через Яловку, Немиров и Крылов. Проект этот, как уже вспоминалось выше, был назван линией Керзона. В статье описывается генезис этой концепции, ее авторы, военные и политические условия, приведшие к тому, что она в тогдашних условиях не была реализована.В очередной части статьи описана геополитическая ситуация после заключения пакта Риббентропа‑ Молотова (1939‑1941), а в последствии после агрессии Германии на СССР . В статье уделяется большое внимание решениям, принятым на конференциях 3‑х великих держав антигитлеровской коалиции в Тегеране и в Крыму. На этих конференциях без согласия польской стороны было принято решение о прохождении восточной польской границы, которая напоминала концепцию лорда Керзона, выдвинутую в 1919 г. После окончания Второй мировой войны была она претворена в жизнь. Требовалось только проведение технических делимитационных работ. Одновременно с изменением восточной границы Польши в результате решений Постдамской конференции были изменены западные границы Польши на линии Одер – Ныса Лужицкая. На месте версальско‑рижской Польши появилось польское государство с границами ялтинско‑постдамскими. В статье изменения границ интерпретируются в географическом и историческом контексте.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej; 2011, 46
2353-6403
1230-5057
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problematyka demograficzna Polski
The Demographic Problem of Poland
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1849501.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-12
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Polska
ludność
prognozy demograficzne
Polska
population
demographic prognoses
Opis:
The introductory part of the paper focuses on the demographic transformations in Poland in the first half of the twentieth century. The evolution of natural movement has been especially stressed here. In that period, the population of Poland had a very high birth rate. It followed from the dwindling but always high number of births, and the lowering death rate. The political and military events of the First and Second World Wars had brought about essential consequences. Especially the Second World War was fraught with consequences. As a result of demographic losses and changes of borders, the population of Poland diminished from 34.8 million (1939) to 23.9 million (1946). Then for a dozen of so years compensatory processes took place, which have recompensed the war losses. During further decades we dealt with a constant fall of the birth rate. It resulted from a diminished number of children. In the beginning of the 1990s, the population of Poland reached 38 million of inhabitants. The political transformation that took place in the last decade of the twentieth century have brought about far-reaching demographic results. A rapid fall of the birth rate, with the death rate at the same level, have made the birth rate dwindle. As a result, the demographic regress took place. The de-population processes embraced the majority of the country. In the final part of the paper the author arrives at a conclusion that these new tendencies in the natural movement are permanent. To prove this point we have one of demographic prognosis. According to its presuppositions, the population of Poland will diminish to the level of 26.3 million in 2050. The author claims that it will cause essential geopolitical, social, and economic consequences.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2007, 35, 1; 25-42
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kresy Wschodnie -- granice, terytorium, ludność polska
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr.
Powiązania:
Europa nieprowincjonalna : przemiany na ziemiach wschodnich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (Białoruś, Łotwa, Ukraina, wschodnie pogranicze III Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) w latach 1772-1999: praca zbiorowa / pod red. Krzysztofa Jasiewicza Warszawa Londyn, 1999. - S. 29-39
Współwytwórcy:
Jasiewicz, Krzysztof. Redakcja
Data publikacji:
1999
Tematy:
Granice Polska 1918-1939 r.
Dostawca treści:
Bibliografia CBW
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sytuacja demograficzno-społeczne Federacji Rosyjskiej
The Socio-demographic Situation of Russian Federation
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1857172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Rosja
demografia
depopulacja
Russia
demography
depopulation
Opis:
The paper shows some consequences of the outbreak of the Soviet Union and how the changes in its system have influenced the living conditions of Russian population and the demographic situation of Russian Federation. Economical failure, a result of mistakes in „perestroika,” has lowered the living standards, caused disproportions in affluence, and extended the phenomena of social pathologies. In effect, we saw essential demographic repercussions. The number of births has considerably diminished, a phenomenon which together with the rise in death rate have caused a successive depopulation. The statistical data show not only the level of demographic reproduction, but also they give some information about the number of abortions, divorces and other factors reveling the moral condition of Russian society. The demographic situation of Russian Federation has become an object of discussion in the Russian mass media and in scientific milieus. Some more interesting views of specialists and Russian activists have been presented here. Information on demography has been supplemented by statistical data showing the living standards of the Russian people. New phenomena have appeared recently (e.g. unemployment). Eventually, it has been pinpointed that the demographic-social process may exert a bad influence on the political situation of Russian Federation.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2003, 31, 1; 235-255
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Political borders in Polish territory according to the Soviet atlas of 1940
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/92560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Oddział Kartograficzny Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Tematy:
Karmannyj Atlas Mira
border
Polska
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
Opis:
The author presents Karmannyj Atlas Mira (Pocket Atlas of the World) which was published in Leningrad in 1940. It shows political borders existing in Polish territory at that time. Those borders resulted from the Soviet-German agreement reached in August and September 1939 in Moscow (the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact). On the maps in the Atlas the territories of central Poland are described as “Oblast Gosudarstvennych Interesov Germanii” (Area of the National Interest of Germany). The maps were reprinted in the article in the original version and underwent a historical, political and geographical analysis.
Źródło:
Polish Cartographical Review; 2019, 51, 4; 207-214
2450-6974
Pojawia się w:
Polish Cartographical Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rosyjski panslawizm jako idea geopolityczna
The Russian Pan-slavim as a geopolitical idea
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540320.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Opis:
Artykuł poświecony jest rosyjskiemu panslawizmowi. Ta idea filozoficznopolityczna miała również swoje oblicze geopolityczne. Powstała w rezultacie ewolucji poglądów formułowanych przez rosyjskich słowianofilów. Podstawowym jej celem było utworzenie pod zwierzchnictwem Rosji wielkiego Imperium Słowiańskiego. Koncepcja ta była popierana przez władze carskie, Cerkiew prawosławną oraz ówczesną elitę rosyjską. Wiele miejsca w artykule zajęło omówienie konfliktowych stosunków polsko-rosyjskich.
It the article was presented a genesis, and then the development of Russian Pan-Slavism. This ideology had own geopolitical repercussions. Its basic aim was the creation federation of Slavic nations under Russian supremacy. Causes of its rising had political character and resulted from loss by Russia Crimean War, Polish Insurrection from 1863. and first of all the Turkish-Russian War (1875/1878). The need of coming with help oppressed by south Slavs' Turks stood an popular idea, which approached to it the Czarist Power, Orthodox church and then the political elites of Russia. The banner of Slavs' liberation became comfortable reason of construction an idea to necessity building a Grat Imperium and territorial throphies. Beyond of capture Balkans, the basic goal was conquesting Constantinople and contaimenting the Bosphorus and Dardanelless. The idea of Pan -Slavism shaped in result of evolution opinions delivered by the Russian Slavophiles. It was then Russian intellectuals who referenced to the Old Russian traditions and had hostile to cultural influences of West- European area. It was presented activity and outlook the main Russian Slavophiles: Iwan Kieriejewski, Alieksiej Chomiakow, Iwan Aksakow and Jurij Samarin and where was describted their philosophical and political opinions. In the article was presented their relation to the Poland matter of independence. They had negative opinions because, according to their, Poland was a state belong to Latin civilization, which will not subordinate despotic Russia. Slavophilism changed, in result of nationalist growth and xenophobic tendencies. Organizing II Slavic Downhill Congress in Moscow was inspiring this transformation event (1867), in which took apart all Slavic nations, except the Poles. The Pan-Slavistic ideas were universally accepted in Russian society. In the final effect, approved as the political and geopolical doctrine. In the example of achievements creatores, Pan-Slavism was a reported idea principles and geopolitical intentions, this conception. In presenting work M. Danilewski, was reported, praparation by him, territorial abattis future Slavic Federation. The Russian loss in the I World War and the Bolshevik revolt made up the end of Pan-Slavistic tenet. In later time linking to idea of Slavs unification had the episodic character and had not the large political meaning. It afterworld of article was including the opinion about Pan-Slavism from geopolitical side. Turn the attention, that this doctrine was the imperial conception and it aim, was not be include with creation of free Slavic states conception, but the Russian centralized empire. This idea was the one of great utopias, which came into being in XIX and under the end of XX this conception lost own timeliness.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2010, 2; 43-64
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Roman Umiastowski - zapomniany polski geograf
Roman Umiastowski - a forgotten Polish geographer
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965403.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Roman Umiastowski
geografia wojenna
geografia polityczna
geography of war
political geography
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono drogę życiową i dokonania twórcze polskiego geografa Romana Umiastowskiego (1893–1982). Był on w okresie międzywojennym oficerem sztabowym wojska polskiego w stopniu pułkownika. Równocześnie był z zamiłowania geografem i autorem wielu książek i artykułów naukowych. W części wprowadzającej omówiono jego szlak bojowy na frontach I wojny światowej i walk o niepodległość Polski (1918–1920). Następnie zaprezentowano jego osiągnięcia, jako uczonego, publicystę i wykładowcę w wyższych szkołach wojskowych. Na początku lat 20. ubiegłego wieku napisał m.in. dwie książki – Terytorium Polski pod względem wojskowym oraz Geografia wojenna Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i ziem ościennych. Były to, nie tylko w polskiej literaturze geograficznej, ale i w światowej, pozycje nowatorskie poświęcone geografii militarnej. Zostały omówione w nich założenia metodyczne oraz walory merytoryczne. Zaznaczono ponadto, że Umiastowski był także autorem opracowań z zakresu geografii politycznej, m.in. rozpatrywał stosunki polsko-rosyjskie i polsko- -niemieckie. Po agresji niemieckiej, a później sowieckiej na Polskę we wrześniu 1939 roku znalazł się we Francji, a później dotarł do Wielkiej Brytanii, gdzie nadal prowadził aktywną działalność publicystyczną. Po wojnie, aż do śmierci pozostał na emigracji, gdzie zajmował się działalnością kolekcjonerską zbierając stare mapy i ryciny, głównie dotyczące historii Polski w XVII i XVIII wieku.
The paper presents the life and the creative deeds of the Polish geographer, Roman Umiastowski (1893–1982). During the inter-war period Umiastowski was a staff officer of the Polish army in the grade of a colonel. At the same time, he indulged very much in geography and authored numerous books and scientific articles. In the introductory part of the article the military deeds of Umiastoswki’s during the World War I and the struggle for the sovereignty of Poland (1918–1920) are outlined. Then, his achievements are presented as a scholar, a journalist and a lecturer of the higher military schools. Umiastowski wrote, in particular, at the beginning of the 1920s, two books. The first of those was entitled The territory of Poland in military terms, and the second – The military geography of the Polish Commonwealth and of the neighbouring countries. These books were definitely novel, not only in Polish literature, but also in the world literature, as devoted to the military geography. The two books are commented upon in the paper, along with their methodological prerequisites and the substantive qualities. The paper notes, as well, that Umiastowski authored also the reports concerning the political geography. Thus, in particular, he considered the Polish-Russian and the Polish-German relations. After the German and then the Soviet aggressions against Poland in September 1939, Umiastowski landed in France, to thereafter reach the United Kingdom, where he still conducted the journalist activity. After the WWII, until his death, he remained emigrant, while collecting old maps and engravings, mainly those concerning the history of Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2014, 17
1508-1117
2353-4826
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Procesy megaurbanizacyjne w świecie
Mega-Urbanization Processes in the World
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-14
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
megaurbanizacja
osadnictwo wielkomiejskie
megalopolis
miasta globalne
mega-urbanization
big-city settlement
global cities
Opis:
The article is devoted to statistical analysis and assessment of urbanization processes. It is stressed that transformations of this kind are fairly complex and do not result only from the changes of relations between urban and rural population. They consist in complex economicalsocial phenomena that are reflected, among others, in formation of large urban complexes whose internal structure is ever more complicated. Their characteristic feature is spatial expansion. In the place where formerly only towns were, new, territorially extensive agglomerations and metropolises come into being. Because of a strong demographic dynamics resulting from the intensive development and technological progress, great urban complexes, numbering over 10 million inhabitants have appeared. The name of mega-agglomeration has been accepted for these new forms of urbanization. They have been defined and discussed on the basis of UN documentation. Attention has been paid to the fact that they develop most quickly in poor Third World countries. This has important social consequences. In the next part of the article the most modern and complex forms of nowadays urbanization have been discussed. In the areas with a lot of agglomerations new forms of big-city settlement are formed that are called “megalopolis”. They are listed and subjected to a proper geographical interpretation. They number several dozen million inhabitants each and their significance in the world is ever greater. A considerable part of the article is concerned with the so-called world or global cities. They are cities that perform the functions of the highest rank, mainly as far as the international finances are concerned. They are the seats of great corporations and concerns, banks and influential political and economic organizations. Studies conducted by a team of experts affiliated to the British University of Loughborough that has assumed the name “Globalization World Cities Study. Group GAWC” have been used here. On the basis of strictly defined criteria the team has distinguished 55 global cities. They have been divided into ranks and categories. London, New York, Paris and Tokyo have been included in the first rank. Also the rank of Warsaw has been defined; it has been given gamma rank and category 5. The classification is subjected to assessment. In the next part of the text the inner structure of the mentioned greatest global (world) cities is given and characterized. In the last part of the article it is indicated that the processes of mega-urbanization have a tendency to spread into new areas and continents. Disproportions between the areas of great concentration of population on the one hand and regions of demographic and economic regress on the other will increase. The most important consequences will occur in Asian, African and South American countries. In these parts of the world the processes of mega-urbanization will occur in a spontaneous way and may lead to an economic, social and ecological disaster.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2010, 38; 17-38
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formowanie się polskiej granicy wschodniej po II wojnie światowej
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/608984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
granica polsko-sowiecka
wyznaczenie granicy
delimitacja granicy
Polish-Soviet frontier
drawing the border
border delimitation
Opis:
Artykuł poświęcony jest wydarzeniom historycznym związanym z ostatecznym wytyczeniem po 1945 r. polskiej granicy wschodniej. To rozgraniczenie polityczne odgradzało Polskę od ZSRR. Powstało ono w rezultacie decyzji trzech wielkich mocarstw podjętych w Teheranie i Jałcie. W tekście zinterpretowano jej ostateczną delimitacje, która była zadaniem złożonym politycznie i technicznie. Kolejno omówiono granice na odcinku polsko-białoruskim i polsko-ukraińskim. Przedstawiono również uwarunkowania geograficzne i polityczne wymiany pogranicza między Polską a ZSRR, dokonane w 1951 r. The article is devoted to the historical events related to the final establishment of the Polish eastern frontier after 1945. This political boundary separated Poland from the USSR. It was made upon a decision of three superpowers at Teheran and Yalta. The text presents an interpretation of its final delimitation, which was a complex task politically and technically. Next, the boundaries on the Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Ukrainian sections are discussed. There is also an analysis of geographical and political circumstances of the exchange of frontier areas made by Poland and the Soviet Union in 1951.
Źródło:
Dzieje Najnowsze; 2018, 50, 2
0419-8824
Pojawia się w:
Dzieje Najnowsze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wieku
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/677929.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Latvia
Latvians
demography
nationalities
Opis:
Ethnic Transformations on the Latvian Territory in the 20th Century and at the Beginning of the 21st CenturyThis paper presents demographic and ethnic transformations in the territory of Latvia. First, information is provided on the origins of the population of Latvian nationality. Then, ethnic composition of the population inhabiting the present-day Latvian territory at the end of the 19th century is characterised. The basis for the respective statistical analysis is constituted by the results of the Russian census of 1897. This census showed, side by side with the Latvian population, also important German, Russian, Jewish, and Polish minorities. The subsequent part of the paper is devoted to the ethnic situation in the interwar period. Here, the census carried out in 1935 is the main source of information. Essential demographic transformations took place during World War II. The paper accounts for the war losses, which in ethnic terms had a selective character. Latvian Jews were exterminated, while the remaining groups also suffered great losses. Then, the paper takes up the subject of the demographic-ethnic situation during the post-war Soviet occupation and the existence of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. In this period, numerous migrants from the farther-off territories of the Soviet Union moved to Latvia, these Russian-speaking migrants being primarily of Russian nationality. This resulted in the essential shift in the ethnic composition of the population in Latvia. The effects are reflected in the data from the Soviet censuses of 1959 and 1989. The results of these censuses are subject to interpretation in the paper. The last part of the article is devoted to ethnic changes in the sovereign Latvian state. Statistical and substantive analysis was carried out using the census data of the year 2000, and the estimated data from the year 2014. The contemporary ethnic structure of the entire country and in individual provinces was established. Przemiany narodowościowe na ziemi łotewskiej w XX i na początku XXI wiekuW artykule przedstawiono przemiany demograficzno-etniczne na ziemi łotewskiej. We wstępie podano informacje o rodowodzie ludności narodowości łotewskiej. Następnie zaprezentowano i scharakteryzowano skład narodowościowy na współczesnym terytorium państwa łotewskiego w końcu XIX wieku. Podstawą analizy statystycznej były rezultaty spisu rosyjskiego z 1897 roku. Ujawnił on oprócz Łotyszy liczną mniejszość niemiecką, rosyjską, żydowską i polską. Kolejna część publikacji poświęcona jest sytuacji narodowościowej w okresie międzywojennym w niepodległym państwie łotewskim. Wykorzystano tu głównie spis przeprowadzony w 1935 roku. Poważne przeobrażenia demograficzne miały miejsce w latach II wojny światowej. Określono straty wojenne, które miały charakter selektywny w ujęciu narodowościowym. Przyniosły one eksterminację łotewskich Żydów oraz duże straty wśród pozostałych grup etnicznych. Dalsza część artykułu dotyczy sytuacji demograficzno-narodowościowej w okresie powojennej okupacji sowieckiej i istnienia Łotewskiej SRS. W tym czasie napłynęło na terytorium Łotwy wielu migrantów z głębi ZSRR. Była to ludność rosyjskojęzyczna, głównie narodowości rosyjskiej. Doprowadziło to do istotnej zmiany składu narodowościowego kraju. Odnotowały to spisy sowieckie z lat 1959 i 1989. Ich wyniki poddano interpretacji. Ostatnia część artykułu poświęcona jest zmianom narodowościowym zachodzącym już w suwerennym państwie łotewskim. Przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną i merytoryczną, korzystając z danych spisowych z 2000 roku oraz danych szacunkowych z 2014 roku. Określono współczesną strukturę narodowościową w skali całego kraju i wybranych prowincji.
Źródło:
Sprawy Narodowościowe; 2017, 49
2392-2427
Pojawia się w:
Sprawy Narodowościowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja granic powojennej Polski według Hipolta Gliwica
The concept of post-war Polish borders by Hipolit Gliwic
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539944.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Opis:
Hipolit Gliwic was a famous political activist of the Second Republic of Poland. At the same time was active in Polish and world freemasonry, where he had a 33rd degree. He was secretary of the National Grand Lodge and a member of the Lodge “Copernicus”. Gliwic was born 24 May 1878 in Warsaw. He studied in Odessa and Sankt Petersburg. After graduation, he worked on the political level in the Polish Socialist Party and held responsible positions in industry associations. He was also a director of the syndicate of Russian metallurgy. After obtaining independence by Poland, Gliwic worked in the Polish diplomatic missions in Washington and Paris. After returning home, prepared and executed the Polish economic development project. He held the highest positions in the state. At the same time he was president of numerous industrial joint-stock companies, mining and banking. He represented Poland at a meeting of the League of Nations and the international economic conferences. He had the prestige and recognition of the most outstanding representatives of the world of politics and finance. During the occupation, worked closely with the command of the Home Army, which instructed him to prepare documentation on post-war reconstruction and development of the Polish economy, including the program of industrialization and urbanization of the country. Arrested by the Gestapo on April 8, 1943, he committed suicide in prison in Pawiak. Hipolit Gliwic expected compensation and the great shift of Polish west border on the Oder and Neisse. He assumed that all of East Prussia will become an integral part of Polish. In his vision Polish state territory would be slightly reduced (from 388 thousand km sq to 360 thousand km sq), but Poland gets richer areas, better managed, and the Polish territory is closed with broad access to the sea. In a Gliwic’s concept within the country there would be, apart from Gdynia, three major sea ports: Gdańsk, Szczecin, Königsberg.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2012, 5; 99-104
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcje geopolityczne Iwana Dusińskiego
Geopolitical concepts of Ivan Dusinsky
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18797220.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Ivan Dusinsky
Russia
Slavic nations
Dusiński
Rosja
Słowiańszczyzna
Opis:
W treści artykułu przedstawiono dokonania twórcze rosyjskiego myśliciela Iwana Dusińskiego. Był on autorem interesującej książki opublikowanej w 1910 r. w Odessie, poświęconej problematyce geopolitycznej Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego. To prekursorskie dzieło naukowe zostało zaprezentowane i poddane interpretacji. Zwrócono uwagę na jego propozycję związaną z utworzeniem imperium słowiańskiego pod patronatem i zwierzchnictwem Rosji. Wymagało to opracowania zaprogramowanej i celowej polityki aneksyjnej, określono jej zakres terytorialny i konsekwencje geograficzne i polityczne. W zakończeniu zawarto stanowisko autora dotyczące przyszłości Polski.
The paper presents the achievements of one of the pioneers of the Russian geopolitics, Ivan Dusinski. He was the author of the book, published in 1910 in Odessa, entitled Fundamental problems of the foreign politics of Russia in connection with the program of its military and maritime policies. This book was brought back to the public memory and published again in Moscow in 2003 under a mode adequate title of Geopolitics of Russia. The paper tries to demonstrate that this book, in view of the novelty of ideas and interesting interpretations is indeed worth considering and deserves a critical assessment. The contemporary Russian analysts consider Dusinski, side by side with Ratzel, Kjellén, Mackinder or Haushofer, among the great founders of the modern geopolitics. The paper presents the biography of Ivan Dusinski, as well as his political and philosophical views. He was a representative of the extreme nationalist and imperialist views. He aimed at the establishment of a great Russian empire through military conquests and territorial annexations. In order to render the ideological views of Dusinski and his territorial program only two most essential substantive questions were subject to analysis. The first of these is associated with the concept of Dusinski, stipulating the necessity of establishment of the great Slavonic community. The next one concerns the proposal and the program of annexations with respect to the Russia’s neighbours. The territorial reach of this program, along with its geographical and political consequences, are shown. Further, the opinion of Dusinski, concerning the future of Poland and Poles, has also been outlined. It is also indicated in the final remarks that the foundations of the modern Russian geopolitics have been established in the same period with the bases of the geopolitics in the world.
Źródło:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2012, 1; 39-59
2300-0562
2450-0127
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wizja przyszłej Europy według mapy rosyjskiej z 1914 roku
Vision of the Future Europe by Russian Map (1914)
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540010.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Opis:
Author analyses Russian map created in 1914 which presented the expected post-war borders in Europe. Its title was “Map of the Future Europe” and it outlined continent’s political frontiers that should be expected after defeating German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire by the Triple Entente (including Russia). The map is undoubtedly an exceptional work in terms of content and form, and its ideological message for many of the political events that took place in the twentieth century. Due to its originality is a historical document of considerable value, which should be the subject of further research by experts in the geo-political concepts and doctrines.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2013, 6; 9-15
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przemiany narodowościowo-językowe ludności Białorusi na przełomie XX i XXI wieku
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/678252.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Belarus
Belarusians
Russians
Russification processes
ethnicity
language
Opis:
Ethnic and linguistic changes of the Belarusian population at the turn of the 21th centuryThe first part of the article presents historical background of the origin of the Belarusian nation, located in the area of a confrontation between Russia and Poland. This rivalry was won by Russia, and in effect Belarusian land was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later into the Soviet state. The next part presents the 20th century ethnic structure as the consequence of the Bolshevik Revolution and World Wars I and II, resulting in some border changes, war loses and migration movements. The main part of the article deals with the ethnic and language changes which occurred in the last decade of the 20th and in the first decade of the 21st centuries. The statistical analysis and interpretation is based on data from three population censuses (1989, 1999, 2009). An ethnic structure and linguistic situation are presented with the emphasis placed on the status of the two languages commonly used in Belarus, i.e. Russian and Belarusian, as seen in two categories: of mother language and of the language used for communication at home. The conclusions prove the expansion of popularity of the Russian language and gradual decrease of the use of the Belarusian language, both in public and at home. The processes of Russification, which had begun in the Soviet period, are intensifying despite the fact that Belarus regained its political souverianity as a country. On the basis of quantitative data the author defines specific intensity and territorial distribution of the influence of the Russian language. The final part of the article shows political and geo-political consequences of these changes in Belarus.
Źródło:
Sprawy Narodowościowe; 2013, 43
2392-2427
Pojawia się w:
Sprawy Narodowościowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura narodowościowa ludności Polski
The Ethnic Structure of Poland’s Population
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1835179.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-12
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Polska
Polacy
mniejszości narodowe
Polska
Poles
national minorities
Opis:
The article presents the results of the census conducted in April 2002. It contains statistical information referring to the ethnic composition of Poland’s population and the languages used by Polish citizens. The results of the census have shown that 38,230,100 people live on the territory of Poland. The Polish nationality was declared by 36,983,700 people. Another ethnic option was chosen by 471,500 people, that is by 1.2% of the whole of the population of the country. Silesians proved to be the greatest minority (173,200), Germans (152,900), Belorussians (48,700) and Ukrainians (31,000). Other ethnic groups proved to be less numerous. The author offers an interpretation of the census results. He pays a special attention to the problem of the Silesian minority, that is not considered a national group by specialists. He shows that the group has been undergoing Polish and German influences for many centuries. Silesians have spoken Polish and they have been faithful to Catholicism. This connected them to Poland. However, on the other hand they have accepted German civilization-cultural patterns. In the next part of the article data referring to the language spoken by the citizens of Poland are presented. Also in this domain complete supremacy of the Polish language is found, as 97.8% of Poland’s population recognize Polish as the language they speak at home. The second most popular language turns out to be German (206,600 people – 0.5% of the country’s population). Other languages play a marginal role. The national data compared to the ethnic structure are a basis for a territorial analysis. The author has made an analysis of places particular ethnic group live in and referred them to territorial administration units of the province and common level. He has proven that the German population is concentrated in Opole Silesia, and the Belorussian population in Podlasie, in the area of the Białowieska Forest. The presented statistical information and their introductory interpretation have confirmed the well-known fact that Poland is a mono-ethnic country. The role of ethnic and language minorities is only slight. The ethnic and language conformity is also connected with Poland’s religious specificity. A predominant part of the citizens of Poland has traditional bonds with Catholicism.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2008, 36, 1; 143-168
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fazy rozwoju demograficznego Polski
Phases of the Demographic Change in Poland
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-14
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
demografia
transformacja demograficzna
depopulacja
migracje
demography
demographic transformation
depopulation
migrations
Opis:
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie w długim okresie dynamiki demograficznej Polski. Pomimo wyraźnej odmienności, przeobrażenia demograficzne Polski zachodziły w sposób ewolucyjny według wyraźnie określonych cykli czasowych, poczynając od młodości demograficznej i wysokich współczynników przyrostu naturalnego a kończąc na stanie, w którym urodzone dzieci nie mogą zrekompensować ubytku naturalnego wywołanego wysoką umieralnością. Przejście od I do V fazy transformacji demograficznej trwało w Polsce ponad dwieście lat. Zmiany te były ściśle skorelowane z rozwojem gospodarczym, w tym z procesami urbanizacji, industrializacji i modernizacji społecznej. Nasilające się procesy depopulacyjne w większości państw europejskich przyniosą istotne konsekwencje migracyjne. Nieunikniony napływ do Europy, a zwłaszcza do państw Unii Europejskiej, wielomilionowych mas migrantów z III świata stanie się jednym z ważniejszych problemów społecznych. Konsekwencje tych masowych przemieszczeń międzykontynentalnych nie będą miały wymiaru tylko demograficznego, ale również polityczny i ekonomiczny.
This article discusses a long-term demographic perspective for Poland. Irrespective of their diversified nature, the changes in the demographic structure of the Polish society have been evolutionary and took place in a phased manner. Starting with an early stage, when the birth rate was high, and ending in a situation where the number of newly-born children cannot make up for high mortality rate. It took over 200 years for Poland to move from phase I to V. The evolution has been strictly connected with the economic development of the country, including its urbanization, industrialization and social modernization. The aggravating population decline in the majority of the European states are about to evoke high-scale migration processes. The inevitable flow of migrants from the underdeveloped and developing parts of the world to Europe, and to EU in particular, will soon become a major social concern. The consequences of population displacements between continents will also affect its economic and political functioning.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2014, 42, 2; 135-160
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mapa polityczna przyszłej Europy Środkowej według Władimira Żyrinowskiego
Political Map of Future Central Europe according to Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Tematy:
Władimir Żyrinowski Rosjam Europa Środkowa
mapa polityczna
Russia
Central Europe Vladimir Zhirinovsky political map
Opis:
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie mapy Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej autorstwa Władimira Żyrinowskiego, która ukazała się drukiem 29 stycznia 1994 r. na łamach paryskiego pisma „Le Monde”. Obejmuje ona część kontynentu europejskiego. Na południu obejmuje Włochy i Grecje, na północy skrawki półwyspu skandynawskiego. Natomiast na wschodzie mapa zawiera dużą część Ukrainy i Białoruś, zaś na zachodzie zasadniczą część Niemiec. Można przyjąć, że obiektem analizy jest terytorium położone miedzy Bałtykiem, Morzem Czarnym i Adriatykiem. Na mapie tej zakreślono zgeneralizowanymi liniami przyszłe granice polityczne państw. Tego rodzaju rozbiorowe rozgraniczenie przechodzi przez centralną Polskę miedzy Zatoką Gdańską a Karpatami. Cała zachodnia część Polski t.zn. Pomorze, Wielkopolska i Śląsk zostają przyłączone do Niemiec. Do przyszłej Rzeszy Niemieckiej Żyrinowski włącza Austrie, Republikę Czeską i Słowenię. Pomimo jej kuriozalnego charakteru odzwierciedla ona sposób myślenia i poglądy licznej rzeszy geopolityków rosyjskich. Należy wspomnieć, że była również niezmiernie krytycznie oceniona przez bardziej światłych geografów i demografów rosyjskich. Pokazała jednak równocześnie, że w Rosji istnieje pokaźna i wpływowa grupa działaczy politycznych, którzy nie pogodzili się z upadkiem imperium sowieckiego i tworzą stale różnorodne scenariusze przyszłych zmian terytorialnych w Europie i odzyskania utraconych krajów i prowincji. Zdając sobie sprawę ze swych ograniczonych możliwości, ciągle liczą na wykorzystanie rewizjonizmu i rewanżyzmu niemieckiego.
Article analysis a map of Central and Eastern Europe by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, which was published on January 29, 1994 in “Le Monde”. It covers part of the European continent. In the south, covers Italy and as Greece, north of theScandinavian peninsula scraps. In contrast, in the East map contains a large part of Ukraine and Belarus, while in the West the essential part of Germany. It can be assumed that the object of analysis is the territory situated between the Baltic, the Black Sea and the Adriatic. On this map are defined lines of future political boundaries of states. This type of partitioning demarcation passes through central Poland between the Gulf of Gdansk and the Carpathians. The whole western part of the Poland, essentially Pomerania, Greater Poland and Silesia are connected to Germany. To the “future German Reich” Zhirinovsky adds Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovenia. Despite its bizarre nature, it reflects the way of thinking and ideas to a wide range of Russian geopoliticians. It should be mentioned that it was also extremely critically assessed by a more enlightened geographers and demographers Russian. But at the same time showed that in Russia there is a substantial and influential group of political activists, who have not come to terms with the collapse of the Soviet empire and create a permanently different scenarios for the future of territorial changes in Europe and to recover the lost country and province. Aware of his limited opportunities, are still counting on the use of German revisionism.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2015, 11; 9-19
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przeobrażenia demograficzne w Polsce i na Ukrainie w okresie transformacji ustrojowej
Demographic Transformations in Poland and the Ukraine in the Period of Political Transformation
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1856479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Polska
Ukraina
demografia
przemiany
Polska
the Ukraine
demography
transformations
Opis:
The paper seeks to compare the demographic situation in Poland with that which is in the Ukraine. The statistical analysis takes into consideration the last decade of the 20th century, that is the period in which in both countries there were great socio-economical transformations. Before evaluating the ongoing process some demographic tendencies have been outlined, the tendencies that undergo now in Central-East Europe, the demographic dynamism during the last 50 years in Poland and the Ukraine has been shown. The evolution of demographic transformations during the communist regime was in both countries convergent, although the social transformations in the Ukraine were faster in the Ukraine than in Poland. The prognoses from the turn of the 1980s and 1990s did not predict any essential changes. It was expected that natural growth would stabilise at a (not high) level, a level that would gurantee small growth of population. It turned out, however, that political transformations had unexpectedly brought about demographic repercussions. The results of statistic analysis have proved that between 1990 and 2000 the rate of births in both countries was successively going down. At the same time the rate of deaths in the Ukraine considerably increased. This had resulted in a demographic regress in the Ukraine and the stabilisation of the rate of population in Poland. The number of population in the Ukraine had decreased by ca. 3.000.000 in the period between 1990 and 2000, whereas in Poland it became stable at 38.600.000 with a tendency to go down. The demographic tendencie revealed in the 1990s both in Poland and the Ukraine manifest permanence. Consequently, the hitherto prognoses with respect to the future have gone out of date. New trends of transformations show that the number of the population in the Ukraine will systematically go down. The demographic situation of Poland is more difficult to predict, but presumably it will reach the de-population stage and the people will grow old fast.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2004, 32, 1; 173-186
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Yves Lacoste jako geograf i geopolityk
Yves Lacoste as a geographer and a geopolitician
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965765.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Yves Lacoste
geography
geopolitics
geografia francuska
geopolityka francuska
Opis:
The article presents the worldview concept and the work of the outstanding French scholar Yves Lacoste. He is a senior among the French geographers and geopoliticians, professor emeritus of the University Paris VIII. At the beginning of the paper the development of the classical French geography is presented, its methodological foundations laid by Vidal de la Blache and his successors. It was characteristic of this stream of thought in geography that it emphasised the regional perspective and the use of results of historical studies. These traditions had an important influence on the intellectual attitude and the scholarly activity of Lacoste’s, who referred very strictly to the mainstream of French regional school. Then, the paper gives an account of the political views and the life of Lacoste, as well as of his publications, associated with the issues related to geopolitics and geostrategy. This required providing a perspective on the Lacoste’s approach to geopolitics as a new, controversial scientific discipline. The definition of this discipline and of its subject scope, used by Lacoste, is provided. The attention is paid to the significant arbitrariness in application of terminology, which brought important negative consequences as to the ways of analysing political, demo-graphic, military and social phenomena and processes, taking place in the concrete geo-graphical reality. The subsequent part of the article concerns the substantive assessment of the selected works of Lacoste’s. His book, entitled Geopolitics of the Mediterranean, which was also translated to Polish, stirred up quite an interest. The content of this book is outlined and the cognitive, as well as didactic qualities of this book are assessed. Given the place of birth of Lacoste (Fez in Morocco) and his life experience, no wonder he has been fascinated all the time by the consequences of colonialism, by the Muslim world, and by the issues related to the Arab countries. For this reason his opinions on the respective questions, still producing significant consequences for the former colonies and the former colonial empires, have been widely accepted. Nowadays, along with territory, demographic and economic potential, as well as military power, water resources have become an important, even though yet underestimated, geopolitical factor. This became the motivation for Lacoste to write a book, which was also translated into Polish. The analysis, presented in this book has quite a practical meaning, since water has been becoming a true strategic resource. Side by side with numerous books, Lacoste authored also and edited two atlases. One of them is a typical geographic atlas, showing on many maps France and the entire globe, according to continents and countries. The scientific value and the cartographic qualities of this atlas are assessed in the article. In a similar manner, another atlas – the Geopolitical Atlas – is also assessed. Particular attention is paid to the methodological aspects of this atlas and to the highly interesting graphic layout. This atlas contains a set of valuable maps and cartograms, showing the origins, the course and the consequences of the military conflicts, which took place in the 20th century in various regions of the world. Lacoste was the founder and the long time editor of the journal „Hérodote” which published the papers, written by the French geopoliticians and geographers. The journal gained a high esteem both in France and abroad. The scientific value and the significance in terms of promotion of the discipline are subject to assessment in the article. The article closes with the summary on the creative work of the French scholar, with special emphasis on his role in shaping the French school of geopolitics, encompassing his collaborators and followers.
W artykule przedstawiono światopogląd ideowy i dokonania twórcze wybitnego fran-cuskiego uczonego Yves’a Lacoste’a. Jest on nestorem francuskich geografów i geopoli-tyków oraz emerytowanym profesorem Uniwersytetu Université Paris VIII. Zaprezento-wano założenia teoretyczno-metodologiczne oraz walory merytoryczno-interpretacyjne jego głównych dzieł naukowych. Dzięki inicjatywie i dużemu autorytetowi w środo-wisku intelektualistów francuskich utworzył znaną szkołę geopolityczną oraz patronował wychodzącemu od kilku dziesięcioleci pismu naukowemu pt. „Hérodote”, w którym są zamieszczane regularnie opracowania z zakresu geografii politycznej, geopolityki i geo-strategii.
Źródło:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2014, 3; 243-279
2300-0562
2450-0127
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcje granic państwa polskiego u progu odzyskania niepodległości
The concepts of the Polish state boundaries on the threshold of independence
Autorzy:
Eberhardt, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965458.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Polish territory
Polish borders
concepts of Polish borders
terytorium polski
granice Polski
polskie koncepcje graniczne
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcje i wizje badaczy polskich działających w XIX i na początku XX w. Dotyczyły one rozległości terytorialnej odrodzonego w przyszłości państwa polskiego. Nawiązywały początkowo do granic historycznej Rzeczypospolitej. W późniejszym czasie uwzględniały również kryteria etniczne i strategiczne. Zaprezentowano na kolejnych mapach koncepcje Oskara Żebrowskiego, Stanisława Tomaszewskiego, Aleksandra Janowskiego, Czesława Jankowskiego, Włodzimierza Wakara, Wiktora Skargi-Dobrowolskiego, Józefa Jaskólskiego. Ostatnie dwa omówione programy terytorialne miały już charakter oficjalnych dokumentów. Pierwszy z nich był opracowany w Lozannie przez Komitet Narodowy Polski, ostatni zaś osobiście był przygotowany przez Romana Dmowskiego, ale reprezentował oficjalne stanowisko Rządu Polskiego.
After the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was liquidated and disappeared from the map of Europe at the end of the 18th century, and was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, Polish activists of the independence movements never consented to the fact and continued to work for the revival of the Polish state. One of the issues pondered about was that of the future boundaries of this state. Initially, the issue was not complicated at all, since it was commonly held that the sole just solution would be the return to the historical boundaries of 1772. In the later period, the awareness arose that this option cannot be realised. This was not only the consequence of the stable and disadvantageous for Poland geopolitical situation in Europe, but also of the ethnic diversification of the territory of the former Commonwealth. That is why various concepts started to appear, concerning the future boundaries of Poland, considering the historical, geopolitical, strategic, and ethnic conditioning. These concepts were primarily the visions of individual scholars or activists, but often they did represent definite ideological and political orientations. The article presents and comments upon some of these designs. Those more original in substantive terms, and containing an interesting cartographic illustration, were selected for presentation. Thusthe article treats the concepts authored by: Oskar Żebrowski, Stanisław Tomaszewski, Aleksander Janowski, Czesław Jankowski, Włodzimierz Wakar, Wiktor Skarga-Dobrowolski, and Józef Jaskólski. These concepts, postulating the shape of boundaries of Poland, differed significantly as to the general territorial reach of the country and the shapes of its boundaries. Some of them were of clear maximalist character, while other ones were more moderate, and so had higher chances of implementation. The two last proposals for the boundaries of Poland, presented in the article, were already the official documents. The first of those two represented the position of the Polish National Committee, which was active in Lausanne in the years 1917–1918. The last concept of the boundary of Poland, shown in the article, was the official stance of the authorities of the newly re-established Polish state, which was presented at the Peace Conference in Paris in 1919. This concept was developed by Roman Dmowski, who headed Polish delegation at this conference. At the end of the article this most important design, prepared for the Versailles conference, is compared to the actual course of boundaries of the Polish state as it re-emerged after the First World War.
Źródło:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2015, 4; 9-35
2300-0562
2450-0127
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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