Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:

China in the South China Sea. Can China’s presence in the South China Sea lead to war?

Autorzy:

Kościelniak, Karol

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963335.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

the South China Sea
China
competition
navy
naval forces

Opis:

China has been expanding its presence on the South China Sea, which causes tensions in the region. However, when different aspects of the situation are analysed, an open armed conflict seems hardly possible. Looking at China’s activity in this body of water, it appears the Chinese state strives to safeguard its interests, primarily the economic ones, nonetheless it should be emphasized that it pursues its superpower ambitions at the same time.

Źródło:

Reality of Politics; 2018, 9; 15-29
2082-3959

Pojawia się w:

Reality of Politics

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:

Od „Made in China” do „Created in China” – droga Chin do supremacji innowacyjnej
From “Made in China” to “Created in China” – China’s way to innovation supremacy

Autorzy:

Pangsy-Kania, Sylwia

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1789339.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-03-16

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Opis:

China is not only a country of cheap production (“Made in China”). China is becoming more and more innovative, as evidenced by its growing position in the annual Global Innovation Index (GII) ranking. Over the past decade, China has become an emerging superpower while the economic position of the United States and the European Union has weakened. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of whether the US innovation supremacy becoming the past. The role of China is growing as a result of departing from “Made in China” and illegally obtained technological solutions in favor of innovation and technologically advanced production “Created in China.” Huawei is one of the most innovative companies in the world. The analysis is carried out in the context of the significance of the Thucydides trap in the technological war between the United States and China and the location of changes in the innovativeness of both countries in the aspect of the Kondratiev cycle. Additionally, China may come out stronger from the pandemic that has changed the whole world.

Źródło:

Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej; 2021, 19; 97-115
2353-8724

Pojawia się w:

Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:

Subnational actors in the relations between China and Central and Eastern European countries

Autorzy:

Gu, Hongfei

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041597.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-12-30

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

China-CEE Relations
Local Government
China-Poland Relations

Opis:

While much discussion centres on China’s engagement with Central and Eastern European countries, few studies investigate the role of subnational actors in the relations between the two sides. This paper brings China’s cooperation with Central and Eastern European (CEECs) countries, centred around what is popularly known as the “16 + 1” mechanism. It aims to unravel the link between local governments and the “16 + 1” cooperation mechanism. Local governments’ external cooperation is a new attempt in China’s diplomatic layout. It argues that the exchanges between local governments are a useful supplement to the in-depth cooperation between the two sides, and the cooperation between the two sides has formed a relatively stable pattern. At present, it has entered the stage of an in-depth integration focusing on optimization and upgrading. The further development of local cooperation mainly depends on whether it can play a sufficient leading role in the economic development of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Źródło:

Eastern Review; 2019, 8; 101-121
1427-9657
2451-2567

Pojawia się w:

Eastern Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:

Objectification of Women in China. Chosen Examples from Women’s Writing

Autorzy:

Ciarcińska, Katarzyna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22781604.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny

Tematy:

objectification of women
subordination of women
China
women in China

Opis:

The article presents the problem of objectification of Chinese women from the past to the present times. Objectification of women in China can be regarded as a total phenomenon since it regarded control over feminine bodies, will and spirit. From birth, women were strictly controlled and socialised accordingly. According to Confucian principles men were also supposed to show subordination to their fathers, superiors and rulers, however, looking from a historical perspective, it is clear that subordination of women permeated patriarchal Chinese society so deeply, that it took the form of objectification that influenced traditions, customs and mentality of the inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom.

Źródło:

Władza sądzenia; 2018, 14; 103-115
2300-1690

Pojawia się w:

Władza sądzenia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:

China changes the development model

Autorzy:

Rzeszotarska, Grażyna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522048.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach

Tematy:

China
Globalization
Model of development
Modernization

Opis:

The last decades of the twentieth century fundamentally changed the situation in the global economy. China’s spectacular economic success has increased an interest in this country. The short time in which China moved on from the a poor agricultural country into a global economic power is admirable. China’s model combines conflicted elements of different economic systems: the bureaucratic planning, island-capitalism, simple goods production and natural economy. The current development and transformation of the economy have brought about spectacular achievements and successes. However, the “the world’s manufacturer” produces goods designed in other countries. In contrast, the modern idea is to build a modern and independent Chinese industry. The possibilities of the current model of economic development based on simple reserves and large statedriven infrastructure projects, which no longer drive the economy to the extent they previously did, dried out. Thus, the “Middle Kingdom” will have to compete against the rest of the world on quality and innovation. Therefore the development of the new model is a prerequisite to ensure progress in the future. Discussion on further development has been expedited in 2011, when it became abundantly clear that the Chinese economy would share the experience of the effects of the global crisis. The Chinese look at the challenges that the economy is facing realistically in thinking about the modern technology which begins to dominate the country. China is determined to become the leading technological superpower of the world. Today, many developing countries are looking towards China watching the development model implemented there with the hope of its adaptation in their economies. However, China is a unique entity. Therefore, it may be that adaptation of the Chinese model of development in other countries is not possible.

Źródło:

Journal of Economics and Management; 2015, 20; 128-138
1732-1948

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Economics and Management

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:

Zmienna polityka prezydenta Donalda Trumpa wobec Chin
Changing Donald Trump’s Policy Toward China

Autorzy:

Pastusiak, Longin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/439857.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula

Tematy:

stosunki USA-Chiny
polityka Chin wobec USA
spotkania amerykańsko-chińskie
handel USA-Chiny
US – China relations
Chinese policy towards US
Trump and China
US – China meetings
US – China trade

Opis:

W artykule, na podstawie analizy materiałów zarówno amerykańskich, jak i chińskich, przedstawiono główne cele i treści polityki prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych Donalda Trumpa wobec Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Stosunki amerykańsko-chińskie w okresie prezydenckiej kampanii wyborczej 2015-2016, jak również po objęciu przez Trumpa prezydentury w styczniu 2017 roku charakteryzują się jednocześnie rywalizacją i współpracą. Choć sprawy zagraniczne w prezydenckiej kampanii wyborczej 2015-2016 odgrywały marginalną rolę, Trump krytycznie odniósł się do amerykańskich przedsiębiorstw, które przeniosły swoją produkcję do Chin z powodu tańszej siły roboczej. Jako kandydat na prezydenta głosił, że Chińczycy nie fair konkurują na rynku amerykańskim i proponował wprowadzenie ceł zaporowych w wysokości 45% na towary importowane z Chin. Zapowiadał również twarde negocjacje z Chinami dla obrony interesów amerykańskich. Artykuł ma znaczenie zarówno badawcze, jak i praktyczne – pozwala lepiej zrozumieć interesy Chin w stosunkach z innymi krajami.
On the basis of American and Chinese resources, the article presents main goals and contents of policy of the US President Donald Trump toward the Chinese People’s Republic. The American-Chinese relations during Donald Trump presidency are characterised by both rivalry and cooperation. The article presents the issues in US-China economic and trade competition in the US market. The US government accuses China on governmental subsides of Chinese products placed in the American market. American president Donald Trump promised to defend strongly US interests in negotiations with China. The article has not only scholarly importance, but also has implications for practical US policy toward China.

Źródło:

Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula; 2018, 4(58); 184-193
2084-4689

Pojawia się w:

Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:

The Development of Marxist Shakespearean Criticism in China

Autorzy:

Zhang, Wei

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648242.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

China
Marxism
Shakespearean criticism

Opis:

Chinese Shakespearean criticism from Marxist perspectives is highly original in Chinese Shakespeare studies. Scholars such as Mao Dun, Yang Hui, Zhao Li, Fang Ping, Yang Zhouhan, Bian Zhilin, Meng Xianqiang, Sun Jiaxiu, Zhang Siyang and Wang Yuanhua adopt the basic principles and methods of Marxism to elaborate on Shakespeare’s works and have made great achievements. With ideas changed in different political climates, they have engaged in Shakespeare studies for over eight decades since the 1930s. At the beginning of the revolutionary age, they advocated revolutionary literature, followed Russian Shakespearean criticism from the Marxist perspective, and established the mode of class analysis and highlighted realism. Before and after the Cultural Revolution, they were concerned about class, reality and people. They also showed the “left-wing” inclination, taking literature as a tool to serve politics. Since the 1980s, they have been free from politics and entered the pure academic realm, analysing Shakespearean dramas with Marxist aesthetic theories and transforming from sociological criticism to literary criticism.

Źródło:

Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance; 2019, 20, 35; 99-113
2083-8530
2300-7605

Pojawia się w:

Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:

Learning and Teaching Opportunities of Ethnic Minorities in Multicultural China. Unity, Diversity or Critical Pluralism?

Autorzy:

Mańkowska, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/644946.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

minority education
China
school in China
religion
language
minzu

Opis:

This article explores current issues of minority education in China, especially in the context of religion and language education. In the first part of the article, the author describes (1) cultural and political framework of Chinese education in general and (2) current educational conditions, also discussing differences in educational attainment for minority groups in China. The second part of the article presents the situation of minority religions, which is not really recognised in state schooling in China. The author shows educational examples from the Tibet region and from Muslim education. The third part of the article explores another major challenge related to ethnic minority schooling, which is language diversity. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to comment on Chinese minority education dilemmas and concludes with some social recommendations.

Źródło:

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2019, 15, 1; 69-81
2300-0422

Pojawia się w:

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:

China -Taiwan relations and their implications for international security

Autorzy:

Tworkowski, Bogdan

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/17876790.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego

Tematy:

China
Taiwan
international relations
South China Sea region
Taiwan Strait
threats to peace
security

Opis:

The victory of the communist forces in the civil war in China resulted in the flight of the government, with the defeated leader Chiang Kai-shek and about 2 million followers, to the island of Taiwan. Hoping for a change in the situation, the President of the Republic of China announced temporary move of the capital of China to Taiwan. At the same time Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, took control of the entire territory of mainland China, with the capital in Beijing, announcing the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. This article deals with the assessment of the relationship between those two entities, that have coexisted unchanged since 1949. During this period, they followed different political pathways, but they invariably absorbed international opinion and affected the level of international security. Inspiration to take up this topic came from the significant deterioration of the international situation, influenced by the relationship between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China.

Źródło:

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2023, LI, 2; 29-40
1899-6264
2451-0718

Pojawia się w:

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:

EU’s Perceptions in China: Teacher, Co-operator, Competitor and Troublemaker

Autorzy:

Zuotao, Xiang
Wengang, Ji

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091805.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-06-25

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych

Tematy:

China
EU
perception
foreign policy
EU–China relations
cooperation
competition

Opis:

Chinese people have four different perceptions of the European Union (EU): of a teacher, co-operator, competitor, and troublemaker. ‘Teacher’ means that the EU is the role model for China. Nowadays, the EU is a major destination for Chinese overseas students as well as one of the destinations where Chinese officials spend their overseas investigation trips. ‘Co-operator’ means the EU and China are partners rather than opponents. The cooperation between the EU and China is diversified and China shows a stronger intention to cooperate with the EU. In the economic field, the EU has become the largest trading partner of China, while China has been the second largest trading partner of the EU. China expects to coordinate and cooperate with the EU in matters concerning global affairs and local hot issues such as climate change, the fight against terrorism, resource and food safety protection, and the facilitation of international financial system reforms and global governance to improve each other’s right of speech in global governance. ‘Competitor’ means that the EU and China should compete against each other fairly in all fields, especially in the economic field, and meanwhile seize the market by dint of technical and price advantages rather than governmental intervention. ‘Troublemaker’ means that the EU often criticizes China’s inadequate efforts in the field of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, requiring China to establish a diversified society in accordance with EU values.

Źródło:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2015, 51, 1; 93-106
0209-0961

Pojawia się w:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:

Energy trade relations between Russia and China

Autorzy:

Yamato, Sayaka

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/10493906.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023-06-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

China
Russia
economic relations
energy policy

Opis:

Economic relations between Russia and China have been growing over the years. Of particular importance in Russia-China economic relations is the gas and oil trade. Russia has the world’s largest natural resources, while China is the world’s largest energy consumer. In 2014, an agreement was reached to build a new gas pipeline and increase gas exports to China. If the planned volume of gas can be exported to China on a stable basis, Russia will be able to supplement some of the economic sanctions imposed by the West. However, there is much uncertainty as to whether China can be a stable export destination for Russia. There is a significant gap in the trade scale between Russia and China and asymmetrical dependence in the relationship between them. In addition, international pipeline projects have substantial financial and time costs, and the two countries; intentions sometimes differ. The purpose of this research is to clarify the current state of trade interdependence between Russia and China and to study whether China can be a stable economic partner for Russia. This paper consists of three main parts, with an introduction and conclusions. The first part explains an overview of trade and asymmetric interdependence between Russia and China. It then analyses the anticipated benefits and vulnerabilities of increased Russian gas exports to China. The third section investigates the uncertainties of China as a gas importer in terms of China’s dependence on Russia.

Źródło:

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2023, 2(38); 62-71
1643-6911

Pojawia się w:

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:

Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China “Dr. Jekyll” or “Mr. Hyde” or Both?

Autorzy:

Jones, David A.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648529.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

China
South China Sea
United States
State Bi-polarity
TPP
TTIP

Opis:

American and Chinese interests seem to be at one time in agreement and at another at loggerheads over issues that involve armed services, diplomacy, economics, human rights, intelligence, trade and culture. Part of what may appear to be a growing déracinement, or mutual disenchantment, arising from diverse viewpoints over infrastructure development globally but especially in sensitive developing areas such as the stand-off in the South China Sea and elsewhere along the Pacific coastline of Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific Rim. China seems to be reconstructing its ancient feudal empire, actual or imaginary, in the territory to its South, the ASEAN bloc. This article will address some issues of compatibility and conflict that unite China but that sometimes divide it from the United States and the West, then assesses what alternative strategies should be adopted or abandoned in the interests of global and regional harmony coupled with security. It urges greater cooperation and collaboration, a development of a code of conduct for state behavior in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, together with a concerted East–West effort to maintain a stable economy for China and a sustainable trade relationship between China, Europe, and North America.

Źródło:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2018, 22, 1
1641-4233
2300-8695

Pojawia się w:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:

Plany rozwoju gospodarczego Chin
Plans of the economic development of China

Autorzy:

Kikolski, Bohdan

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078124.pdf

Data publikacji:

1998-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

gospodarka Chin
reformy ekonomiczne w Chinach
China’s economy
economic reforms in China

Opis:

The author presents economic foundation for the current five and next 15-20 years, during which the authorities wants to increase the country’s position in the global power rank by increasing, among other things, GNP by 47% over 5 years. China is assumed to be in a position to win chances which result from development of inter-Asian trade, increasing the attractiveness of its own market for the foreign investments, whose volume may put China in the second place worldwide after USA and having become the most important market for Taiwan. The economic potential of China is also characterized by a volume of foreign reserves. which combined with Hong Kong exceeded USD 200 billion and continues to rise. One of the main long-term goals is to accelerate transformation and overall development of the Western regions of the country, in order to overcome internal disproportion. Structural changes are being planned, the essence of which is to preserve the total state ownership only buy only in 512 key enterprises or their groups, thus increasing the private sector beyond the agriculture. The strategic economic projects show that the mechanisms, introduced in the recent years of reforms, will continue to be implemented.

Źródło:

Azja-Pacyfik; 1998, I; 131-159
1643-692X

Pojawia się w:

Azja-Pacyfik

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:

Countering China: India’s Pacific Predicament

Autorzy:

Bhattacharya, Subhadeep

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2092254.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych

Tematy:

Subhadeep Bhattacharya
Pacific
China
alliance
India
strategy

Opis:

The term 'Indo-Pacific', while mingling the Indian and the Pacific Ocean geopolitics in the 21st century, also attempts to integrate India with the Pacific region geopolitically. India has increasingly integrated economically with the Pacific world since the unveiling of her Look East Policy in 1994, rechristened as the Act East Policy in 2014. Growing hostility between the country and China compelled India to turn to the 'contain China' approach in the Pacific region, which is the cradle of Chinese naval prowess. However, India's deficient naval strength with its focus on the Indian Ocean and her land-oriented security priority amid Chinese and Pakistani threats are major handicaps to India's geo-strategic aspirations in the Pacific region vis-à-vis China's rise. Therefore, India, unable to pursue an offensive realist approach to contain China in the Pacific, has opted for a 'balance of threat' approach, forming alliances with the China-wary countries of the Pacific region, albeit only informally, in order to avoid Chinese retribution.

Źródło:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2020, 56, 2; 21-38
0209-0961

Pojawia się w:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:

Chinas Regional Policy and the Influence of the EU Assistance

Autorzy:

Kamiński, Tomasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623735.pdf

Data publikacji:

2009-09-29

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

China regional development
EU development aid
EU-China Regional Policy Dialogue
EU projects in China

Opis:

Firstly, a short outlook has been given on regional inequalities in China. Secondly, the EU assistance programmes and sectoral dialogue have been analysed. Finally, the major research problem - what are the limitations of the EU's assistance influence on China - has been investigated.

Źródło:

European Spatial Research and Policy; 2009, 16, 1
1231-1952
1896-1525

Pojawia się w:

European Spatial Research and Policy

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 16.

Tytuł:

Polityka rozwoju po kryzysie: przypadek Chin
Development policy after the cirisis: case of China.

Autorzy:

Sulmicka, Małgorzata

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/500219.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie

Tematy:

Chiny
kryzys 2008 r.
chiński 12. Plan Pięcioletni
nowa polityka rozwoju Chin
China
2008 crisis
China's 12th Five-Year Plan
China's new development policy

Opis:

Chiny na przestrzeni ostatnich 30 lat odniosły bezprecedensowy w historii sukces gospodarczy w efekcie bardzo skutecznej realizacji proeksportowej strategii rozwoju - niezwykle trafnie dobranej zarówno do swojego endogenicznego potencjału jak i uwarunkowań zewnętrznych. Jednak światowy kryzys finansowy i gospodarczy z 2008/2009 r. roku pokazał, że dotychczasowa formuła rozwoju Chin w dużej mierze wyczerpała się i że konieczne są zmiany realizowanego dotąd modelu rozwoju. Reorientacja chińskiej polityki rozwoju widoczna po 2008 r. jest jednak nie tylko dostosowaniem do zmienionych przez kryzys międzynarodowych warunków ekonomicznych, ale zmierza też do znacznie szerszej zmiany paradygmatu rozwoju ostatnich trzech dekad. Polityka rozwoju, która przyniosła Chinom jako państwu ogromny sukces, przyczyniła się bowiem także do powstania lub nasilenia wielu wymagających rozwiązania problemów wewnętrznych. W związku z obecną znacznie bardziej zrównoważoną społecznie i środowiskowo polityką rozwoju zakładane jest zwolnienie tempa wzrostu chińskiej gospodarki. Jednak jeśli obecny program się powiedzie – powinno to po pewnym czasie przynieść kolejny silny impuls prowzrostowy, a w efekcie - dalsze umocnienie międzynarodowej pozycji Chin.
During the last 30 years, China has been the site of unprecedented economic success due to a very effective export-oriented development strategy, a strategy particularly well suited to both the country's endogenous potential and its international context. Nonetheless, the financial and economic crisis of 2008/2009 has shown that the potential of China's development model has been largely exhausted and changes are necessary. Changes have been visible in Chinese development policy after 2008, but they haven't been limited to adapting to changing international economic circumstances resulting from the crisis. They have also been tending towards a much more profound change of development paradigm. The development policy of the last three decades which has resulted in China's extraordinary success has also contributed to the creation or intensification of a number of internal problems which now need to be resolved. The adoption of a much more sustainable socially and ecologically development policy is expected to reduce the nominal rate of growth of the Chinese economy. If the program succeeds, however, it should eventually result in another strong growth impulse and in effect further strengthen China's international position. The article presents the main problems and challenges China has faced, as well as the country’s successes and the keys trends of its new development policy. These serve as a basis for the reflections concerning the likelihood of the new policy being implemented and the possible effects of China entering a new stage of development.

Źródło:

Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH; 2015, 95 :Podejście krótkookresowe i strategiczne w polityce gospodarczej; 42-71
0866-9503

Pojawia się w:

Prace i Materiały Instytutu Rozwoju Gospodarczego SGH

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 17.

Tytuł:

Transcontinental Cargo Freights in China-Europe-China Relations

Autorzy:

Perenc, Józef

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/503720.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Międzynarodowa Wyższa Szkoła Logistyki i Transportu

Tematy:

rail transport
sea transport
competition
globalization

Opis:

In the modern world, in Europe and in Poland, many forms of cooperation between states and enterprises can be observed. Many business entities take a lot of effort to offer the most up-to-date services and to prepare sales and marketing networks ready to win on a competitive market. These processes affect transport market as well. The article focuses on global transport services, in particular on the competition in international cargo traffic on the China-Europe route. It is presented on the background of the globalization and competitive processes in transport services. The demand for transport services, resulting from rapid growth of China is discussed, with particular interest in two modes of transport: railway and sea. The article considers the conditions for China-Europe rail transport due to the recent initiatives towards building the "Silk Road". It opens new possibilities for rail transport to compete on the China - Europe route, especially considering the factor of time. The conclusions present the guidelines for further development in the area of transport services on the China-Europe route.

Źródło:

Logistics and Transport; 2018, 37, 1; 85-94
1734-2015

Pojawia się w:

Logistics and Transport

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 18.

Tytuł:

Spór o archipelagi na Morzu Południowochińskim a bezpieczeństwo Azji Wschodniej
the South China Sea Archipelagos Dispute and East Asian Security

Autorzy:

Modzelewski, Artur

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566682.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych

Tematy:

China
South China Sea
East Asian security

Opis:

The South China Sea archipelagos dispute, which concerns the four archipelagos - the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, influences East Asian security. There aren’t natural resources on islands, rocks, atolls, reefs, cays and shoals which constitute these archipelagos and in principle they cannot be inhabited. However, the four archipelagos are the subject of dispute and all parties use different arguments to substantiate their claims to these territories and make efforts to establish sovereignty over them. They take action which poses a threat to security of sea lanes of communication, freedom to flow and other parties« energy security, food security, ecology security and military security. Undetermined status of the disputed territories and - what is the most important - their economic and strategic importance creates a great number of threats to East Asian security. The Spratly Islands dispute is the most burning question, but efforts which have been made by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the Post-Cold War Era had some positive effects. The People’s Republic of China s attitude will be the key to solve the archipelagos problem in the future. Presently Beijing s attitude to- ward the Spratly Islands is not so implacable like it was in the middle of the 90. However, the People’s Republic of China didn’t resign to establish sovereignty over the whole archipelago.

Źródło:

Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 221-262
1734-1698

Pojawia się w:

Forum Politologiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 19.

Tytuł:

Niedoskonała nierównowaga [recenzja książki Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]
Imperfect Imbalance [book review Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]
Несовершенный дисбаланс [рецензия книги Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]

Autorzy:

Lubina, Michał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2120000.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Źródło:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2022, 3(34); 200-206
2084-3291

Pojawia się w:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 20.

Tytuł:

The New Challenges to the Equilibrium within the “China – India – Pakistan” Triangle: Political and Economic Aspects

Autorzy:

Levitskaya, Yevgeniya

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519238.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK

Tematy:

China
India
Pakistan
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
ASEAN
Gwadar port
BRICS

Opis:

The economic and political aspect of the equilibrium-saving within the triangle “Delhi–Beijing–Islamabad” is the principle topic of the article. The research is based on the system methodology, thus China, India and Pakistan are presented here as the elements of the international relations subregional system. The inter-elements’ relationships are developing in the vital connection with the algorithms of the functioning of the greater system – Asia–Pacific Region. In connection with the said, the article begins with the APR characterization, the place of Southern Asia within the APR is also initially analyzed. The bilateral China-India and Paki-China relations are observed and the conclusions are formulated. Estimating the new challenges to the global international security and taking into account the considerable role of economics in the development of the countries studied, the new threats and, on the other hand, new opportunities for the uneasy interstate relationships are considered. The policy-influencing economic projects are covered in the article; IT-collaboration, co-operation within the international organizations are also considered as the restraining factors of the “triangle’s” antagonistic relations. Nevertheless, the key issue is, whether China is able to co-operate with both rival sides, avoiding the provocations. As a result of supporting one side, e.g. Pakistan, China can make India feel uneasy, in this way refreshing the old territorial disputes between the countries. Only the wise political steps can save Beijing from the collapse in its Southern Asia policy. The economic and political tools of conducting such a wise policy towards both Delhi and Islamabad are covered in the present article.

Źródło:

Historia i Polityka; 2017, 22(29); 87-96
1899-5160
2391-7652

Pojawia się w:

Historia i Polityka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 21.

Tytuł:

Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939

Autorzy:

Ewertowski, Tomasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/508982.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN

Tematy:

transculturalism
travel writing
imagology
Northeast China
image of China
Polish literature
Serbian literature

Opis:

Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939Historically, Northeast China (Manchuria) was a border zone between China and nomadic peoples, as well as between Russian and Qing empires since the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, a number of factors (penetration by foreign powers, collapse of the Qing Empire, revolution in Russia, Japanese expansion and demographic changes) transformed this area into “a contact zone” in the sense given by Mary Louise Pratt. The main focus of the article is the way in which this contact zone was described by Polish and Serbian travellers. Their can provide a special outlook, because Poland and Serbia did not participate extensively in the colonial penetration into China, however, Serbs and Poles travelled there, often representing Russian institutions. Therefore they were observing China as agents of imperial force, but they did not identify themselves fully with it. Our analysis of the image of Northeast China as a contact zone will be divided into three broad sections: 1) political and military expansion, 2) economic and demographic relations, 3) transcultural phenomena of everyday life. Chiny Północno-Wschodnie jako strefa kontaktu w polskich i serbskich relacjach podróżniczych w latach 1900-1939Północno-wschodnie Chiny (Mandżuria) są historyczną granicą między Chinami a ludami wędrownymi, od siedemnastego wieku również między Rosją a imperium dynastii Qing. W drugiej połowie dziewiętnastego wieku, a zwłaszcza w pierwszej połowie dwudziestego szereg czynników (penetracja przez obce mocarstwa, upadek dynastii Qing, rewolucja w Rosji, ekspansja japońska i zmiany demograficzne) uczyniły z tego obszaru „strefę kontaktu” w rozumieniu Mary Louise Pratt. Głównym tematem artykułu jest sposób opisu strefy kontaktu przez polskich i serbskich podróżników. Ich dzieła dają bowiem szczególną perspektywę, gdyż Polska i Serbia nie uczestniczyły w kolonialnej penetracji Chin, jednakże Serbowie i Polacy podróżowali do Państwa Środka, często reprezentując rosyjskie instytucje. Z tego względu obserwowali Chiny jako reprezentanci imperium, jednak nie identyfikowali się z nim w pełni. Analiza obrazu północno-wschodnich Chin jako strefy kontaktu dzieli się na trzy sekcje: 1) ekspansja polityczna i militarna, 2) relacje ekonomiczne i demograficzne, 3) zjawiska transkulturowe w życiu codziennym.

Źródło:

Colloquia Humanistica; 2017, 6
2081-6774
2392-2419

Pojawia się w:

Colloquia Humanistica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 22.

Tytuł:

Geology and mining of selected energy resources in China

Autorzy:

Ćmiel, S. R.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/294293.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich

Tematy:

China
geology
mining
energy resources

Opis:

The article presents geological and economic characteristics of energy resources and their mining in China. Coal basins are associated with the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fold structures connecting crystalline massifs of the Chinese Platform. In China four coal-bearing regions are delimited: the most important economically central region (Shanxi and Ordos Basin) as well as eastern, south-western and western (Xingjian). In terms of coal resources, China ranks third, and in terms of the extraction – first in the world, producing approx. 3.65 billion t a–1. In the twenty-first century Chinese mining industry has undergone restructuring involving the liquidation of small, technologically backward mines with poor safety and profitability record. The most important onshore oil and gas basins occur in Daqing, Shengli, Nanyang, Renqiu, Karamay, Dagang and Yumen, while offshore basins are in the Yellow Sea and South China Sea. In terms of crude oil consumption and import China takes the first place in the world. Natural gas plays a relatively small role in energy production. China has the largest shale gas reserves in the world (36 trillion m3) and it is intensively preparing for their extraction.

Źródło:

Landform Analysis; 2016, 32; 3-8
1429-799X

Pojawia się w:

Landform Analysis

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 23.

Tytuł:

Ku normalizacji? Relacje Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego z władzami Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej po 1949 roku
Towards normalization? Relations between the Roman Catholic Church and China People’s Republic after 1949

Autorzy:

Tylkowski, Marek

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1955902.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Kościół katolicki
Chiny
porozumienie chińsko--watykańskie
katolicy w Chinach
katolicyzm w Chinach
Catholic Church
China
China-Vatican agreement
Catholics in China
Catholicism in China

Opis:

The article is concerned with the relations between the Catholic Church and the government of the People’s Republic of China. It starts with a short summary of the history of Christianity in China. Then it focuses on the analysis of changes of policies toward China on the part of the Holy See and their reception from Chinese authorities. It points out that the Vatican government consequently is making efforts in order to normalize the situation of Catholics in China and that it is ready to for a deep compromise with the Chinese government if necessary. In that context, the agreement between the Holy See and the Chinese government, which was prolonged on the 22nd of October 2020, is more understandable.

Źródło:

Azja-Pacyfik; 2020, XXIII; 77-92
1643-692X

Pojawia się w:

Azja-Pacyfik

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 24.

Tytuł:

The Character of Japan-China Relations since the earthquake of 2011

Autorzy:

Zabrovskaia, Larisa

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599820.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN

Tematy:

China
Japan
Relations
Earthquake
2011

Opis:

After the earthquake of 2011, the Japanese authorities decided to switch the focus of its foreign policy from ‘economic diplomacy’ (promoting goods) to ‘scientific diplomacy’ (‘know-how’ expansion). In this case, China may become the most important ground for promoting Japanese innovation projects. The modern stage of the Sino-Japanese politico-military rivalry and competition is accompanied by an increase in the economic interdependence and the degree of mutual interest in solving regional problems. However, in the near future the close relations between Japan and the US will not let Tokyo fundamentally reverse its policy toward China.

Źródło:

Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia; 2013, 26; 107-115
0860-6102

Pojawia się w:

Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 25.

Tytuł:

Laowai und waiguoren – zur Wahrnehmung des ‚Fremden‘ in China früher und heute

Autorzy:

Aptacy, Jarosław

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2119562.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski i Uniwersytet Rzeszowski

Tematy:

Ausländer
China
der Fremde

Opis:

Den Gegenstand des Artikels bildet die Wahrnehmung von Ausländern durch die Chinesen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Basierend auf den in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur verfügbaren Quellen und den Arbeitsergebnissen von Germanistikstudenten der Sichuan International Studies University (Chongqing), die an den vom Autor organisierten und durchgeführten Workshops teilgenommen haben, skizziert der Autor zunächst das Problem des Fremden aus allgemeiner und chinesischer Sicht. Als Nächstes wird eine semantische Analyse der zwei diesbezüglich wich- tigen chinesischen Begriffe, laowai und waiguoren, vorgestellt, deren Denotation dem deutschen ,Ausländer‘ entspricht. Der nächste Punkt ist der Präsentation einer umfassenden Online-Umfrage gewidmet, in der die Befragten gebeten wurden, spontane Assoziationen mit (aus chinesischer Sicht) wichtigen Nationen der Welt zu nennen, bspw. mit Deutschen, Russen und Briten. Die Ergebnisse der Studie bestätigen, dass die alten Stereotype vom z. B. ‚ordentlichen Deutschen‘, ‚bewaffneten Russen‘ oder ‚britischen Kolonialisten‘ nach wie vor Bestand haben, obwohl die heutige Realität von diesen Stereotypen abzuweichen scheint.

Źródło:

tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs; 2020, 14; 19-34
1899-0983

Pojawia się w:

tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 26.

Tytuł:

System medialny w Chinach

Autorzy:

Durmaj, Małgorzata

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2120479.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-08-10

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

Chiny
system medialny
propaganda
„People’s Daily”
„China Daily”
China
media system

Opis:

Media jako środki społecznego przekazu i instrumenty polityki w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej (ChRL) są dziś częstym tematem badań. System medialny jest przedstawiony w kontekście specyfiki kulturowej i geograficznej kraju oraz uwarunkowań politycznych i cywilizacyjnych, mających wpływ na dystrybucję przekazów medialnych. Najważniejsze cechy sytemu medialnego w Chinach to między innymi: niski poziom profesjonalizmu dziennikarskiego oraz interwencjonizm państwowy. Decyzje władz ChRL i linia programowa mediów w Chinach stanowią zagrożenie dla pluralizmu i niezależności mediów. Przegląd literatury, odniesienia do tekstów naukowych, tłumaczenia serwisów dostępnych w chińskich przeglądarkach internetowych oraz przegląd dostępnych raportów pomogą w szerzeniu świadomości na temat cenzury oraz walki ze szkodliwą retoryką, wciąż obecną w mediach.
The media, as the media of social communication and policy instruments in the People’s Republic of China, are a frequent subject of research today. The media system is presented in the context of the cultural and geographical specificity of a given country as well as political and civilization conditions that affect the distribution of media messages. The most influential features of the Chinese media system include: a low level of journalistic professionalism or state interventionism. The decisions of the PRC authorities and the programming line of the media in China pose a threat to media pluralism and independence. Literature review, references to scientific texts, translations of websites available on Chinese web browsers and a review of available reports can help spread awareness of censorship and the fight against harmful rhetoric still present in the media.

Źródło:

Media Biznes Kultura; 2022, 1(12); 157-170
2451-1986
2544-2554

Pojawia się w:

Media Biznes Kultura

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 27.

Tytuł:

An Authoritarian Advance or Creating Room for Manoeuvre? The Case of Hungarys China Policy

Autorzy:

Salát, Gergely

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2092260.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych

Tematy:

China-CEE

Opis:

Hungary is one of the most active proponents of cooperation with China in Europe. Sino-Hungarian political relations are thriving and Hungary participates enthusiastically in activities related to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 17+1, and other Chinese initiatives. Hungary is regularly pictured in Western media as an advocate of Chinese interests and a Trojan Horse for China in the old continent. The Chinese influence in Hungary, however, is overestimated, and data shows that China plays a very limited role in Hungarian affairs. It is true that Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's government frequently makes friendly gestures towards China, but this reflects the ambitions and calculations of the Hungarian side more than China's efforts to build up influence. This article discusses the context, the motivations, and the aims of Hungary with regard to China and the BRI in order to assess the real impact of Chinese ties with the country.

Źródło:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2020, 56, 2; 125-143
0209-0961

Pojawia się w:

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 28.

Tytuł:

Kafkas China

Autorzy:

Kaul, Susanne

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1032480.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015-12-30

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Franz Kafka
motyw Chin w literaturze
stereotypy
subiektywizm
nieznane
China in literature
stereotype
subjektive images
the unknown
China-Motiv in der Literatur
Stereotype
Subjektivismus
Fremd-Bilder

Opis:

Obwohl Kafka sich mit den gesellschaftlichen Gefügen und Denkweisen Chinas zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts auseinandersetzt, in einer Zeit also, in der China aufgrund seiner politischen Umbruchsituation internationale Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zieht, ist sein Bild von China wesentlich durch sein eigenes dichterisches Selbstbild geprägt. Dies wird an drei Beispielen aufgezeigt: Jan-Tsen-Tsais Gedicht In tiefer Nacht, Kafkas Erzählung Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer und Dschuang Dsis Gleichnis Der Schmetterlingstraum.
Although Kafka deals with China’s social structures and ways of thinking at the beginning of the 20th century, that is, at a time when China’s political upheaval gets international attention, his image of China is essentially characterized by its own poetic self-image. This is to be shown on the basis of three examples: Jan-Tsen-Tsai’s poem „In the Depths of Night“, Kafka’s short story The Great Wall of China, and Dschuang Dsi’s parable Dreaming of a Butterfly.  
Kafka zajmuje się na początku XX wieku chińskimi zasadami funkcjonowania społecznego i chińskim ‚sposobem myślenia‘. Jest to czas, w którym Chiny – ze względu na przemiany polityczne w kraju – faktycznie wzbudzają zainteresowanie na polu międzynarodowym. Jednak obraz Chin w twórczości Kafki jest ukształtowany przede wszystkim przez własne wyobrażenia autora. Artykuł ukazuje to na trzech przykładach: wierszu Jan-Tsen-Tsais Głęboka noc, opowiadaniu Kafki Budowa chińskiego muru i paraboli Dschuang Dsis Sen o motylu.

Źródło:

Convivium. Germanistisches Jahrbuch Polen; 2015; 277-289
2196-8403

Pojawia się w:

Convivium. Germanistisches Jahrbuch Polen

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 29.

Tytuł:

Nowe źródła wzrostu gospodarczego Chin: wiedza i innowacje
China’s New Sources of Economic Growth: Knowledge and Innovation

Autorzy:

Gacek, Łukasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1804760.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-10-24

Wydawca:

Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL

Tematy:

Chiny; nowa gospodarka; wiedza i innowacje; Made In China 2025; sztuczna inteligencja
China; New economy; knowledge and innovations; Made In China 2025; artificial intelligence

Opis:

Artykuł dotyczy nowych sił określających rolę innowacji w chińskiej transformacji gospodarczej. W dłuższym okresie wiedza i innowacje odgrywają kluczową rolę we wspieraniu konkurencyjności i wzrostu gospodarczego. Nowa gospodarka opiera się na szybkim wdrażaniu, rozpowszechnianiu i wykorzystaniu technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych (ICT), co znacznie obniża koszty produkcji i zwiększa produktywność. W dzisiejszych czasach Chiny mniej koncentrują się na szybkim wzroście gospodarczym i kładą nacisk na wysoką jakość i trwałość tego wzrostu. Strategiczny plan Made In China 2025 wymaga przełomowych rozwiązań w kluczowych technologiach, a także poprawy jakości i wydajności. Wdrażanie strategii rozwoju opartej na innowacjach ma na celu modernizację tradycyjnych gałęzi przemysłu i określenie branż strategicznych, aby zapewnić konkurencyjność chińskiego sektora produkcyjnego.
The paper deals with the new driving forces determining the role of innovation in China’s economic transition. Knowledge and innovation play a crucial role in fostering competitiveness and economic growth in the long-term period. New Economy is based on the rapid deployment, diffusion and utilization of information and communications technologies (ICT), that significantly reduces operating costs and boosts productivity. Nowadays, China focus less on rapid economic growth and strongly emphasis the high-quality and sustainability of that growth. A strategic plan Made In China 2025 calls for breakthroughs in key technologies, as well as improve quality and efficiency. The implementation of innovation-driven development strategy aims to upgrade traditional industries and laid out strategic emerging industries to ensure competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing sector.

Źródło:

Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2018, 66, 9; 5-32
0035-7707

Pojawia się w:

Roczniki Humanistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 30.

Tytuł:

Bruno Schulz w Chinach
Bruno Schulz in China

Autorzy:

Lan, Wu

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/511377.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

Tematy:

Bruno Schulz
reception
Schulz’s writing in China

Opis:

Bruno Schulz has recently been discovered as a writer in China. The first volume of his short stories Ulica Krokodyli [Crocodile Street] was published in 2009. From the very beginning Schulz’s writing became fascinating especially for young readers. Many Chinese experts claim that it is similar in some aspects to Kafka’s writing, although direct comparison of the works of these two writers reveals substantial differences. Yu Hua, young and popular writer in China, wrote an introduction to Ulica Krokodyli.

Źródło:

Postscriptum Polonistyczne; 2010, 2(6); 253-260
1898-1593
2353-9844

Pojawia się w:

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 31.

Tytuł:

Chiny a prawa człowieka
China and human rights

Autorzy:

Tomala, Karin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035760.pdf

Data publikacji:

1998-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

prawa człowieka w Chinach
human rights in China

Opis:

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in San Francisco stressed that human rights are indivisible and inalienable and that human dignity is inviolable. However, it continues to be a controversy over how human dignity can be manifested. In the Chinese history of ideas no evidence can be found to support the thesis that inalienable human rights stem from human nature. Since the 1970s human rights have been a subject of discussion in China. Previously, the human rights notion was characterized as an imperialist institution. While the western countries see in personal dignity consistency with the development of democracy and pluralism, China maintains that it is providing the conditions for existence that creates the universal dignity of human beings. Priority is given to the people’s rights to existence, development and well-being, which means that the most important thing is to provide the population with food, clothing and shelter. Human rights in China is one of the most explosive political themes in debates between the West and China. The more China opens up, the more political, economic and cultural contacts will be created, improving the prospects for democratisation and human rights situation in China.

Źródło:

Azja-Pacyfik; 1998, I; 53-65
1643-692X

Pojawia się w:

Azja-Pacyfik

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 32.

Tytuł:

Does China’s Aid in Africa Affect Traditional Donors?

Autorzy:

Deyassa, Kassaye

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648348.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Africa
China
OECD-DAC
South-South cooperation

Opis:

China’s role as an emerging aid provider and the concept of a social plan in Africa has led to polarised responses in the West. Several say that this “productivist” strategy is much less determined by the concepts of citizenship, legal, social rights, and much more regarding building functions. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the welfare and social policy ideas that characterize Chinese aid in Africa are influencing traditional donors and becoming global. The article utilised a qualitative study that has two main components. First, a comprehensive content analysis of over 50 key Sino-African, Chinese and Western policy documents from 2000 (since cooperation between Beijing and African countries first became institutionalised). Second, there were semi-structured interviews with Chinese, African and Western stakeholders in Addis Ababa, (Ethiopia), who was directly involved in the relationship between China and Africa and related development issues. The result of documentation and interview analyses show that there are currently significant differences between Chinese and Western approaches. China has made much stronger and more explicit links between development aid and economic activity than most Western donors. The aid is usually implemented through specific projects rather than broader programs or policies.

Źródło:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2019, 23, 1; 199-215
1641-4233
2300-8695

Pojawia się w:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 33.

Tytuł:

Vietnam Game Between USA and China

Autorzy:

Pietrasiak, Małgorzata

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648506.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Vietnam foreign policy
U.S.
China
diversification strategy
multipolarisation of partners

Opis:

Vietnam tries to respond to changing international situations, while attempting to stay in accordance with its own ambitions. China and the USA, the two superpowers, are the most important partners of Vietnamese strategy, which is determined by these two countries. The most important economic partner and ideological ally is China. But both sides have some serious problems to resolve such as maritime disputes. The situation imposes the need to seek counterbalance, a reliable ally who provides protection for its own interests. So Vietnam looks to balance improved relations with China while seeking deeper and multidimensional relations with the USA. The United States offers many advantages that are attractive to Vietnam. Inevitably, economic ties and new projects e.g. TPP, political, cultural and scientific cooperation make up these advantages. However, the United States can only provide support for the Spratly and Paracel Islands’ dispute and improving cooperative measures in the South China Sea with the presence of U.S. naval vessels and dialogue that assists Vietnam defense. Vietnam has again become an element in the American strategy of pivoting to Asia.

Źródło:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2018, 22, 1
1641-4233
2300-8695

Pojawia się w:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 34.

Tytuł:

Review of surgical robot development in China

Autorzy:

Zhao, Y.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063849.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenie na rzecz Robotyki Medycznej

Tematy:

surgical robot
medical robot
China
robot chirurgiczny
robot medyczny
Chiny

Źródło:

Medical Robotics Reports; 2015, 4; 65--67
2299-7407

Pojawia się w:

Medical Robotics Reports

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 35.

Tytuł:

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Contemporary Relationship between China and Africa

Autorzy:

Binnatli, Azer

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519958.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK

Tematy:

China
Africa
bilateral relations
trade
economy

Opis:

The Chinese government is expanding Chinese culture and philosophy to support achievement of its political and economic goals as well as its international relations activities. In this context, African students are encouraged to learn Chinese and cultural studies are co-financed by the Chinese side. However, Relations between China and African countries are shaped by the international environment rather than the actions the parties themselves have undertaken. When this position of the African continent in mind, China’s growing economic strength in this region seems an inevitable alternative for the continent. This gives a specific profile to the emerging bilateral relationship between the People’s Republic and individual African states. This paper aims to analyze the impact of China on African countries and the underlying foundations of their relationship.

Źródło:

Historia i Polityka; 2019, 28 (35); 37-43
1899-5160
2391-7652

Pojawia się w:

Historia i Polityka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 36.

Tytuł:

What Drives the Volatility of Firm Level Productivity in China?

Autorzy:

Luo, Xubei
Zhu, Nong

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565668.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania

Tematy:

Enterprise Reform
Productivity
Volatility
China

Opis:

The enterprise reforms of the 1990s profoundly changed the structure of the economy in China. Using a firm-level dataset collected annually during the period of 1998–2007, this paper examines the variation of productivity volatility across firms of different characteristics as well as its evolution over time, and investigates the sources of productivity volatility at the firm level. The results suggest that in general, productivity volatility at the firm level declined over time in China. Large firms, old firms, foreign firms, and firms located in the coastal provinces are less volatile. Firm size and location are the two major factors that drive changes in productivity volatility – one in a positive way and one in a negative way. While the gaps of volatility between smaller firms and larger firms declined, the gaps between firms located in the coastal provinces and inland provinces increased.

Źródło:

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2016, 1(5); 64-80
2353-6845

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 37.

Tytuł:

Position of the People’s Republic of China Towards the Crisis in Libya in 2011

Autorzy:

Jureńczyk, Łukasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519903.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK

Tematy:

People’s Republic of China
Libya
crisis in Libya
China’s foreign policy
“Responsibility to Protect”

Opis:

The subject of the analysis is the attitude of the People’s Republic of China towards the crisis in Libya in 2011. The problem is considered taking into account both the bilateral China-Libya and multilateral situation at the time. The paper discusses issues such as China’s cooperation with Libya before the crisis and Beijing’s actions at consecutive stages of the crisis, focusing mainly on the evolution of China’s position towards the question of imposing and implementing sanctions against Libya as well as towards the political representation of the Libyan rebel groups. The discussion is presented in the context of Beijing’s compliance with its traditionally professed foreign policy principles and its attitude towards the concept of “Responsibility to Protect”. The case of the Libyan crisis has shown that China does not have a coherent strategy for dealing with internal military conflicts that generate humanitarian disasters in foreign states.

Źródło:

Historia i Polityka; 2019, 28 (35); 45-58
1899-5160
2391-7652

Pojawia się w:

Historia i Polityka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 38.

Tytuł:

Energy Security of People’s Republic of China – Western dimension
Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Chin – wymiar zachodni

Autorzy:

Misiągiewicz, Marcin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26850702.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Akademia Zamojska

Tematy:

energy security
China
energy policy of China
bezpieczeństwo energetyczne
Chiny
lityka energetyczna Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej

Opis:

Central Asia is becoming more significant politically and economically because of its geopolitical position in Eurasia. It probably contains some of the largest undeveloped oil and gas reserves in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly-independent Central Asian states became open to foreign investments. The region can play an important role in the diversification of oil and gas supplies and consequently in global energy security. There are many external actors that want to be active and influential in Central Asia’s energy geopolitics. China is one of the most prominent players. Its growing energy needs have given it a strong interest in developing ties with the energy-producing states in the region. It participates in energy infrastructure projects to find opportunities to get access to oil and gas resources.
Upadek Związku Radzieckiego diametralnie zmienił sytuację geopolityczną w Eurazji. Nowopowstałe państwa Azji Centralnej to rejon o największych potencjalnie zasobach ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Jest to zarówno szansa, jak i wyzwania dla istniejącego ładu międzynarodowego. Region stał się polem działania nie tylko dotychczasowych graczy – Federacji Rosyjskiej i Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, lecz również wschodzącego mocarstwa – Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Chin jest warunkiem sine qua non dla kontynuowania wzrostu na płaszczyźnie ekonomicznej i militarnej. Działania ChRL w regionie zakładają maksymalizację współpracy wydobywczej, zwiększanie stabilności regionu oraz zdobywanie nowych rynków dla chińskich przedsiębiorstw.

Źródło:

Facta Simonidis; 2013, 6, 1; 151-166
1899-3109

Pojawia się w:

Facta Simonidis

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 39.

Tytuł:

Nowa polityka przygraniczna Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej
The New Border Politics of China

Autorzy:

Kuflikowska, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567062.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych

Tematy:

China
Border politics
Good neighbourhood

Opis:

The main issue of the article is the great change in the regional policy of China in the 20th century. The author claims that this policy evolved from the ideology of sinocentrism, where border countries were assumed as „peripheral areas" more or less dependent on China. As soon as Mao Zedong took the power, sinocentrism was used in the communistic ideology and became the basis of expansive policy towards the border states. Chinese government perceived its influence on the world in the three concentric circles: the first - „robbed" areas, which mainly consisted of the border countries, the second - Asian countries which were potential subjects of the Chinese supremacy, and the third - the whole world with China as the global empire. The sinocentric ideology of three circles combined with communistic propaganda led straightly into regional wars. In the 80s of the last century the great change in the regional and border policy of China took place. The author claims that the main reason for this change is the evolution of Chinese conception of power from relying only on military potential towards creating the secure international surrounding of China. This conception stressed the worth of strong economical binds between China and border countries. Economical modernization of China resulted in the „good neighbourhood" policy. The new border policy of China can be divided into three periods: from the early 80s till 1989, from 1989 till 1997 and the last - after 1997. In the first period of the new regional policy the Chinese government neglected the ideology as the political factor. That was the time when economical reforms had already begun. The beginning of the second period is related with the event on the Tiananmen and the end of the cold war. Those facts forced China to adapt its regional policy to new reality In 1997 the great breakthrough in the regional relations between China and border states took place. The author mentions two reasons for this situation. The first was the economic crisis in Asia, when the Chinese government decided to offer great financial help towards neighbour states. This fact highly improved relations and helped to develop cooperation between countries in the surrounding of China. The second reason was creation of „New Conception of National Security of China", which was based on mutual trust and binds of common interests between regional countries. The regional and boarder policy of China has strongly developed during centuries. However in the last years the certain priorities of this policy has been defined. The Chinese government combined the new vision of „Great China" with the „good neighbourhood policy". After so many years China realized that military expansion and war is not the proper way to create long-lasting peace and national security. The best solution to ensure secure international surrounding is development of cross-border cooperation together with mutual trust and understanding of countries in region.

Źródło:

Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 47-70
1734-1698

Pojawia się w:

Forum Politologiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 40.

Tytuł:

China’s technological transformation and the future of Sino-American competition

Autorzy:

Paszak, Paweł

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531227.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce

Tematy:

China,
United States
technology
patents
R&D

Opis:

This article aims to explore the significance of China’s technological transformation for the future of the Sino-American superpower competition. It examines determinants, motivations, strategies, and policies introduced by the Chinese authorities with an aim to close the technological distance to the most advanced economies. The author also attempts to assess policy initiatives and efforts made by China in relation to its main economic rivals, particularly the United States. The paper concludes that technological transformation remains at the forefront of China’s development strategy, and its successful implementation will be the key to achieving the superpower status and effectively address domestic and international challenges. The article concludes that China has made a significant progress in some specific areas such as R&D expenditure, Global Innovation Index, ICT industry or patents. However, contrary to the Party’s bold rhetoric, reliance on foreign technology, especially on imported advanced machinery and semiconductors, has remained.

Źródło:

Polish Journal of Political Science; 2019, 5, 2; 87-116
2391-3991

Pojawia się w:

Polish Journal of Political Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 41.

Tytuł:

The Background of the Disputes over the South China Sea Islands

Autorzy:

Kościelniak, Karol

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031848.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Southeast Asia
South China Sea
security
conflict

Opis:

In the light of the official statements made by the capitals of its coastal states, there is probably not a single centimetre of free space left in this sea, to which a claim has not been issued. In some parts of the sea, the claims of three, four of even five states overlap, creating a truly Gordian knot. The significance of the South China Sea causes that if the dispute over the archipelagos is not settled by implementing peaceful methods and means, at the negotiation table, East Asia region is likely to become a potential source of destabilisation and conflict whose size, in respect to the location and the number of parties directly or indirectly engaged in the dispute might turn out to be extremely hazardous.

Źródło:

Reality of Politics; 2014, 5; 11-19
2082-3959

Pojawia się w:

Reality of Politics

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 42.

Tytuł:

The artificial islands of Vietnam in the South China Sea

Autorzy:

Kościelniak, Karol

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20434452.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Vietnam
artificial islands
South China Sea
Spratly Islands

Opis:

The militarisation of the South China Sea has specific implications for the regional security situation. The construction of artificial islands and platforms by the states of the region leads, on the one hand, to the assertion of their possessions and the enhancement of their security and, on the other hand, contributes to rising tensions in the region. The construction of such facilities by Vietnam goes unchallenged, there is no criticism and even some support – not so with China. Most countries see Vietnam as the country most able to stand up to its large neighbour. Vietnam otherwise operates more slowly and on a smaller scale, so it is commonly seen as defensive as it builds on islands that have belonged to Hanoi for decades and are close to the mainland coast.

Źródło:

Reality of Politics; 2023, 25; 47-62
2082-3959

Pojawia się w:

Reality of Politics

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 43.

Tytuł:

The Concept of China’s Peaceful Rise and Offensive Realism
Koncepcja pokojowego wzrostu Chin według paradygmatu realistycznego

Autorzy:

Araszkiewicz, Adam

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042414.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-29

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

USA
China
China’s peaceful rise
offensive realism
Chiny
pokojowy wzrost Chin
ofensywny realizm

Opis:

This article aims at adressing several research issues. Firstly, to present offensive realism as a proper research tool to analyse US-China rivalry. Secondly, the author discusses the theory of “China’s peaceful rise” and I argues that it smoothly overlapped with the US strategy of liberal hegemony. Thirdly, He presents and defends the argument that China does not rise peacefully. Fourthly, the author claims that China wants to became a regional hegemon in South-East Asia and the USA according to offensive realism cannot let it happen. Last but not least the author considers the arguments that are frequently used to support the theory of “China’s peaceful rise” and explains why they fail to depict the current and predict the future nature of US-China relations. In this article the author employed the following research methods: historical, descriptive and decision making methods.
Ten artykuł ma na celu odniesienie się do kilku zagadnień badawczych. Po pierwsze, przedstawić ofensywny realizm jako odpowiednie narzędzie badawcze do analizy rywalizacji USA-Chiny. Po drugie, autor omawia teorię „pokojowego wzrostu Chin” i argumentuje, iż była ona w zasadniczej mierze kompatybilna z amerykańską strategią liberalnej hegemonii. Po trzecie, autor przedstawia i broni argumentu, iż rozwój Chin nie odbywa się pokojowo. Po czwarte, autor twierdzi, że Chiny chcą zostać regionalnym hegemonem w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej, a USA zgodnie z ofensywnym realizmem nie mogą na to pozwolić. Wreszcie autor rozważa argumenty, które są często używane na poparcie teorii „pokojowego wzrostu Chin” i wyjaśnia, dlaczego nie oddają one aktualnego i nie przewidują przyszłego charakteru stosunków USA-Chiny. W artykule zastosowano następujące metody badawcze: historyczną, opisową i decyzyjną.

Źródło:

Przegląd Strategiczny; 2021, 14; 297-312
2084-6991

Pojawia się w:

Przegląd Strategiczny

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 44.

Tytuł:

Re-Emergence of the Middle East in China: Towards a New Research Paradigm in ‘One Belt, One Road’

Autorzy:

Ho, Wai-Yip

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531291.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce

Tematy:

China
new Silk Road
Belt and Road Initiative
Middle East in China

Opis:

China’s new global initiative, ‘One Belt, One Road’, has been reviving the ancient Silk Road trade route to launch an alternative ‘Go Global’ strategy. Commentators foresee China’s new Silk Road, sometimes referred to as the new Marshall Plan, may reshape the dynamics of the regions and lead to confrontation among the big powers. There are fears that whether China is engaged in neo-colonialism in Africa and may become a superpower in the Middle East. While dominant policy and scholarly attention has been given to ‘China in the Middle East’, this paper explores another ignored trend and new research paradigm, namely ‘the Middle East in China’.

Źródło:

Polish Journal of Political Science; 2019, 5, 1; 79-91
2391-3991

Pojawia się w:

Polish Journal of Political Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 45.

Tytuł:

Chiny jako aktor bezpieczeństwa w Afryce
China as security actor in Africa

Autorzy:

Kaczmarek, Filip

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2083363.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-03-15

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

Africa
China
security
Afryka
Chiny
bezpieczeństwo

Opis:

Historycznymi aktorami bezpieczeństwa w Afryce były mocarstwa kolonialne, a po okresie dekolonizacji, wiodące mocarstwa dwubiegunowego świata. Trzecim aktorem, mającym wpływ na bezpieczeństwo części Afryki stają się Chiny. Pytania badawcze, które postawiono to: jaką rolę odgrywają Chiny w zakresie bezpieczeństwa w Afryce i jak zmienia się rola Chin w tym zakresie? Zastosowane metody badawcze to analiza dokumentów i analiza statystyczna. Zakres przedmiotowy analizy obejmował wielostronne chińskie misje pokojowe; chińskie wsparcie finansowe dla instytucji panafrykańskich i regionalnych, działających na rzecz bezpieczeństwa; bazy i ćwiczenia wojskowe Chin w Afryce; eksport broni i technologii; aktywność sektora prywatnych firm ochroniarskich oraz chińską narrację dotyczącą tego fragmentu współpracy międzynarodowej. Wnioski, wynikające z badań, wskazują że polityka bezpieczeństwa Chin ulegała istotnym zmianom, co wpływa na ich rolę jako aktora bezpieczeństwa m.in. w Afryce. Istotą zmian w polityce Chin jest odejście od zasady nieingerowania i przyjęcie zasady ograniczonego zaangażowania. W rezultacie Chiny nie zostały głównym aktorem bezpieczeństwa w Afryce, ale stały się jednym z aktorów bezpieczeństwa w tym regionie.
The historical security actors in Africa have been the colonial powers, and after the decolonization period, the leading powers of the bipolar world. The third actor to influence the security of parts of Afri ca is becoming China. The research questions posed are: what role does China play in security in Africa, and how is China’s role changing in this regard? The research methods used were document analysis and statistical analysis. The subject matter of the analysis included China’s multilateral peacekeeping missions; Chinese financial support for pan-African and regional security institutions; China’s military bases and exercises in Africa; China’s arms and technology exports; the activities of the private security companies; and China’s narrative regarding this aspect of international cooperation. The conclusions, drawn from the research, indicate that China’s security policy has undergone significant changes, which affects its role as a security actor in Africa, among others. The essence of the changes in China’s policy is the move away from the principle of non-interference and the adoption of the principle of limited engagement. As a result, China has not become the main security actor in Africa, but has become one of the security actors in the region.

Źródło:

Przegląd Politologiczny; 2022, 1; 19-33
1426-8876

Pojawia się w:

Przegląd Politologiczny

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 46.

Tytuł:

Macropolization in the People’s Republic of China, 1950–2015

Autorzy:

Szymańska, Daniela
Wylon, Mirosław

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/946927.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych

Tematy:

China
urbanization
macropolization
concentration
‘million cities’

Opis:

This article concerns the process of population concentration in large urban centres in China. The authors conclude that this process is reflected in the increase in the number of cities of a million or more, and the increase in their share of China’s total population, as well as in the country’s total urban population; the process is here termed ‘macropolization’. We analyse and assess the process of macropolization and examine changes in the size structures of these cities (one million or more), and the accompanying transformation in the spatial differentiation of urban population concentrations in China. In addition, the effect that macropolization has on the level of urbanization of individual provinces is shown, as is its significance in the overall share of urban population. The macropolization process from 1950 to 2015 has been assessed. The data was collected from Chinese statistical offices, United Nations reports and the available literature on the subject.

Źródło:

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2020, 24, 3; 161-175
0867-6046
2084-6118

Pojawia się w:

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 47.

Tytuł:

Niepełnosprawność w Chinach. Wprowadzenie do problemu
Disability in China: Introduction to the issue

Autorzy:

Grzesiak, Hanna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/919937.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013-01-01

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

Hong Kong
China
disability
Taoism

Opis:

China is the largest developing nation in the contemporary world with more than sixty million people suffering from disability. Social attitudes towards people with disabilities have changed significantly for the last few decades as a result of the active advocacy of the disability community in China as well as governmental support for disability initiatives. The aim of this article is to present the social situation of disabled people in China. Some aspects concerning Chinese beliefs about disability will be discussed. Special attention will be paid to institutions and associations working with disabled people.

Źródło:

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej; 2013, 2; 151-166
2300-391X

Pojawia się w:

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 48.

Tytuł:

A Comparison of Higher Education System between China and Ukraine

Autorzy:

Shatska, Oksana

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/644764.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

higher education
degree system
studying process
China
Ukraine

Opis:

This article compares the higher education systems between China and Ukraine, discusses some important peculiarities of the two, and points out the differences between the two. The purpose is to help us get a better understanding of the two countries’ higher education systems and to improve the educational exchange and collaboration of the two countries. Special attention is paid to structures of two universities, their facilities, rules of admission, the organization of studying process and some approaches, and levels of acknowledgements by governments which show us the differences and similarities between the two.

Źródło:

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2014, 6, 2; 9-22
2300-0422

Pojawia się w:

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 49.

Tytuł:

Changes on the Qualities of University Counsellors in China

Autorzy:

Wen, Lan
Zheng, Peijue
Yang, Shaogang

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781273.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

University counsellor
quality
changes
China

Opis:

Counsellors are important key members in Chinese universities. In this paper, on the one hand, we compared student affairs workers’ occupational characteristics, classification and development of western as well as Chinese university. On the other hand, Chinese university faculty members and students are our subjects. Of 800 pieces circulated, 537 pieces are found to be effective. We verified the reliability and validity of data, then conducted correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The test has good reliability and validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient are all above 0.9, indicating that the actual value is in good accordance with the true value. The internal alpha coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient of each factor are all above 0.8. Χ2/df<5. GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI, IFI,RMSEA and the other indicators are fitting, and this test meets measurement requirements. A 5-factor model is formulated based on the research results, including: moral quality; professional competence; political awareness; instructive ability; interpersonal skills. This 5-factor model reflects the evaluation of faculty members and students in universities on qualities of counsellors and transformation in their expectation for the role counsellors play as time goes by. So we summarize the qualities of counsellors are constantly changing. These changes have been constantly evolving in time, and their traits are such as: Objectivity of the times, Initiative of inner, Predictability of practice. Being well aware of the trend of this career is conducive to the formation of a sound relationship between counsellors and students, measurability for morality-oriented education, and improvement in counsellors’ overall qualities.

Źródło:

Ethics in Progress; 2018, 9, 1; 174-182
2084-9257

Pojawia się w:

Ethics in Progress

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 50.

Tytuł:

RYWALIZACJA CZY WSPÓŁPRACA? CHINY I INDIE WE WSPÓŁCZESNYCH STOSUNKACH MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH
COMPETITION OR COOPERATION? CHINA AND INDIA IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Autorzy:

Niedziela, Szymon

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418915.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych

Tematy:

China
India
Chindia
rise of India
rise of China
power politics
geopolitics

Opis:

This article explores the impact of indo-chinese rising in contemporary international relations. China and India have rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. These two countries will be global powers of the future. This hypothesis has produced a new word ,,Chindia”. The rise of China and India and its impact on international relations and world order will be enormous but it is unacceptable to the United States dominance and to Japan. There are three scenarios to the indo-chinese relations: strategic rivalry, pragmatic management to their economic relationship and strategic political cooperation.

Źródło:

Colloquium; 2017, 9, 2; 75-102
2081-3813
2658-0365

Pojawia się w:

Colloquium

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 51.

Tytuł:

CHINA’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN AFRICA: TRADE, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND AID

Autorzy:

Michałowski, Tomasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/450494.pdf

Data publikacji:

2012

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

China
Africa
trade
foreign direct investment
aid

Opis:

The paper examines the nature of China’s economic activities in Africa in three dimensions: merchandise trade, foreign direct investment, and aid. These are three main channels through which China’s presence on the continent affects Africa’s economic growth and development. China’s economic relations with Africa are, to a large extent, driven by Chinese demand for natural resources, especially oil and minerals. It is the most visible in Sino-African trade, where fuels alone account for about two thirds of China’s imports from Africa. Natural resource extraction has also significant impact on Chinese decisions regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) and aid. Mutual cooperation between China and Africa has brought obvious advantages for both sides. For African countries, closer trade relations with China have been associated with gains in the form of lower import prices and improving terms of trade. Chinese FDI in non-extractive sectors has become a chance for economic diversification on the African continent. China’s aid and FDI can significantly contribute to the development of local infrastructure and technology upgrading. However, China’s economic presence on the continent has also its negative side. African countries may suffer, for example, from trade related losses, unfair competition or further debt accumulation.

Źródło:

International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies (IJETE); 2012, 5, 1-2; 59-78
1308-2701

Pojawia się w:

International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies (IJETE)

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 52.

Tytuł:

One Belt, One Road initiative and China-Russia relations – deep partnership or tactical alliance?

Autorzy:

Tido, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531317.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce

Tematy:

China
Russia
identities
values
competition

Opis:

The article looks at the initiatives in the OBOR framework, but also more broadly into the relationship between Russia and China and the identities of both states. The immediate factors encourage the present state of friendly rapprochement. At the same time, there is something missing for the deeper relationship, which could last. OBOR is declaratively endorsed by Russia, but it is also seen as a competitive project for influence in the region, especially in Central Asia. The article looks into similarities in Russian and Chinese values, such as securitisation of democracy and juxtaposition to the West, but also brings up the differences such as the attitudes to religion, work ethics, tactics in foreign policy. The conclusion is that China and Russia are rather competitors in the region than stategic allies.

Źródło:

Polish Journal of Political Science; 2018, 4, 1; 31-46
2391-3991

Pojawia się w:

Polish Journal of Political Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 53.

Tytuł:

A Research in China Based on the Moral Judgement Test

Autorzy:

Yang, Shaogang
Wu, Huihong

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781386.pdf

Data publikacji:

2011-09-01

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

Moral Judgment Test
C scores
China
Adolescents

Opis:

In this research we use “the Moral Judgment Test” as an instrument that is developed by Professor Georg Lind in 1976, but is a Chinese version with some revisions, with 724 students whose ages are from 14 years old to 27 years old as the participants. The results show that: the C-scores are increased with the increase of the students’ age, but there are some fluctuations among different grades. It is obvious that the school education do could improve students’ abilities of moral judgment, but there exist some instability factors. There are no significant differences in their C-scores between male and female students, among different grades within certain schools and universities, and among students with various professions, the key schools and the regular schools as well as the two-year and the four-year college students.

Źródło:

Ethics in Progress; 2011, 3, 1
2084-9257

Pojawia się w:

Ethics in Progress

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 54.

Tytuł:

China’s role in development of Africa: the case of Ethiopia

Autorzy:

Bekele, Adane

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375651.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie

Tematy:

Role
China
Africa
development
economic relations
foreign investment

Opis:

China’s involvement in Africa has become one of the contentious topics in the development literature. The background of the study is that china-African relations can be grouped into dual phases thus: past relations and contemporary relations. Those phases are dissimilar, as past relations are categorized by solidarity against imperial-ism, while contemporary relations are characterized by economic relations. The study used a historical approach to analyze China’s resurgence into Africa and Ethiopia, a case study is used to examine the contemporary china-African relations. Secondary data were utilized to come to sound conclusion of the study. The study mainly found out that China’s resurgence into Africa presents both negative and positive impacts for Africa and that the negatives need to be regulated in order for African countries to benefit from the relations.
Zaangażowanie Chin w Afryce stało się jednym z kontrowersyjnych tematów w literaturze rozwojowej. W tle badania jest to, że stosunki chińsko-afrykańskie mogą być pogrupowane w dwie fazy w następujący sposób: dawne stosunki i współczesne stosunki. Fazy te różnią się od siebie, ponieważ dawne stosunki są podzielone na solidarność z imperializmem, podczas gdy współczesne stosunki charakteryzują się stosunkami gospodarczymi. W badaniu wykorzystano historyczne podejście do analizy odrodzenia Chin w Afryce i Etiopii, studium przypadku jest wykorzystywane do zbadania współczesnych stosunków Chiny - Afryka. Wykorzystano dane wtórne, aby dojść do rzetelnego zakończenia badania. Badanie wykazało, że odrodzenie się Chin do Afryki ma zarówno negatywne, jak i pozytywne skutki dla Afryki, oraz że negatywy muszą być regulowane, aby kraje afrykańskie mogły korzystać z takich stosunków.

Źródło:

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences; 2020, 11(1); 83-92
2450-2146
2451-1064

Pojawia się w:

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 55.

Tytuł:

The End of Postcommunism? The Beginning of a Supercommunism? China’s New Perspective

Autorzy:

Lü, Peng

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929972.pdf

Data publikacji:

2012-10-01

Wydawca:

Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne

Tematy:

postcommunism
super-communism
comparative analysis
China

Opis:

Some scholars think that the term postcommunism is now useless because the outcomes of transition in the former state-socialist European countries have been consolidated. However, ongoing transformation in China, particularly the recent return of the influence of the state in both economic and social welfare domains, makes this country a specific model of “transition” that negates the end-ofpostcommunism thesis. I argue that even after more than two decades of moving away from the classical socialist system, postcommunism is not a redundant concept. Instead, for comparative research on EastAsia and Central and Eastern Europe, recognizing the past of actually existing socialism as well as its legacies would considerably contribute to our understanding of countries’ diverse trajectories and performances

Źródło:

Polish Sociological Review; 2012, 179, 3; 349-368
1231-1413
2657-4276

Pojawia się w:

Polish Sociological Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 56.

Tytuł:

Airshow China 2014

Autorzy:

Butowski, Piotr.

Powiązania:

Lotnictwo 2015, nr 1, s. 28-39

Data publikacji:

2015

Tematy:

Airshow China (10 ; 2014 ; Zhuhai)
Targi i wystawy międzynarodowe Chiny
Przemysł zbrojeniowy wystawy Chiny

Opis:

Fot.

Dostawca treści:

Bibliografia CBW

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 57.

Tytuł:

An enigmatic, possibly chemosymbiotic, hexactinellid sponge from the early Cambrian of South China

Autorzy:

Botting, J.P.
Muir, L.A.
Li, X.-F.
Lin, J.-P.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19994.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN

Tematy:

Porifera
Hexactinellida
symbiosis
chemosynthesis
Early Cambrian
South China
Cambrian
China

Opis:

Six specimens of a strongly curved, cylindrical hexactinellid sponge have been recovered from the Tommotian– Atdabanian Hetang Biota of South China, and are described as Decumbispongia yuani gen. et sp. nov. The robust, thick−walled sponge shows no evidence of an osculum or basal structures, and the body form is inconsistent with an upright, filter−feeding life position. Interpretations as a detritivore feeding by amoeboid extensions, or as a facultative chemosynthetic symbiosis of sponge and bacteria are considered. The latter interpretation is preferred due to the highly constrained body shape, and the body form is interpreted from this perspective. The species indicates that Cambrian sponges occupied at least some autecological niches that appear to have been vacant since that time.

Źródło:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2013, 58, 3
0567-7920

Pojawia się w:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 58.

Tytuł:

Globalnie czy lokalnie? Kulturowe uwarunkowania edukacji w Chinach
Globally or locally? Cultural determinants of education in China

Autorzy:

Mańkowska, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1877283.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-06-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

pedagogika porównawcza
Chiny
edukacja w Chinach
system edukacyjny
globalizacja
comparative education
China
education in China
globalization

Opis:

Celem podjętych rozważań jest przedstawienie kulturowych uwarunkowań edukacji w Chinach w dobie globalizacji. Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie, czy w czasach globalnych przemian i swobodnego przepływu treści, znaczeń i rozwiązań oświatowych, edukacja w Chinach pozostaje wierna tradycji i wartościom lokalnym. Przedmiotem badań były system edukacyjny i rzeczywistość kulturowo-społeczna w okresie przemian. W treści artykułu wykorzystano badania zastane chińskich i zagranicznych autorów. Jako metodę badawczą wybrano analizę źródeł wtórnych, która pokazała, że mimo gwałtownych, globalnych zmian, chińska edukacja w swoich metodach i sposobach nauczania pozostaje wierna ideałom i założeniom chińskiej tożsamości, a dokonuje tego za pośrednictwem procesu kontekstualizacji.
The purpose of this article is to present the cultural determinants of education in China in the age of globalization. The article answers the question whether in times of global change and the free flow of culture and educational solutions, education in China remains faithful to local tradition and values. The subject of the study is the educational system and cultural and social reality in the era of change. The article uses the existing studies and research of Chinese and foreign authors. The scientific method at this article is analyze of secondary sources. Analyses have shown that despite rapid global changes, Chinese education in its methods and teaching methods remains faithful to the ideals and assumptions of Chinese identity, and does it through the process of contextualization.

Źródło:

Edukacja Międzykulturowa; 2020, 12, 1; 85-97
2299-4106

Pojawia się w:

Edukacja Międzykulturowa

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 59.

Tytuł:

China’s innovation-based approach in the fight of Covid-191. An estimation of China’s impact for global health to come

Autorzy:

Perkuhn, Josie-Marie

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965944.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-01-01

Wydawca:

Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house

Tematy:

Innovation
Covid-19
Healthcare
intelligent robots
telemedicine
Artificial intelligence
China

Opis:

When the infectious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 broke out it resulted in a global crisis. In the fight of Covid-19, China’s government relied on its strength to apply new technologies, i.e. for controlling and containment of the virus by tracing and tracking Chinese citizens. Relying on the trajectory of industrialisation, China has pursued a path of innovation. While it is reasoned that China’s advantage might have origin in the experience of the SARS outbreak almost two decades ago, this article argues that mainly China’s innovation- driven climate has favoured the application of new technologies in combatting the current crisis. Based on the innovation-driven trajectory this article explores China’s pathway out the corona crisis and how this might strengthen China’s role in global health governance. In order to pursue this aim, this article explores several areas, in which the next generation of technologies, such as AI-based diagnostic or intelligent robots were applied and concludes with an outlook based on the formulated political agenda, strategic considerations and initial international cooperation regarding China’s impact for global health.

Źródło:

Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2022, 13, 25; 24-44
2079-3715
2309-1088

Pojawia się w:

Academicus International Scientific Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 60.

Tytuł:

U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential

Autorzy:

Łoś, Robert

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648527.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Hard and soft power
America and China’s power resources

Opis:

The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.

Źródło:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2018, 22, 1
1641-4233
2300-8695

Pojawia się w:

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 61.

Tytuł:

The 2020 Foreign Investment Law of China. Confucianism and New Challenges for Social Development

Autorzy:

Czarnecki, Łukasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172254.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-12-16

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN

Tematy:

China
FDI
business
social development

Opis:

On January 1, 2020 the new Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国外商投资法) entered into force to promote investments in China. The aim of the law is to foster cross border investments. This law was passed on March 15, 2019 by the National People’s Congress. The Chinese FDI legal framework is composed of a set of laws and regulations that are dynamically shaping the economic reality. What are the possible tensions between the new law and the complex system of values in China? Is the new law an agent of implementing de facto social development? In summary, the results show that there is a complex relationship between FDI and social development in China. The new Chinese law might be an inspirational source of non-European legal tradition for Central Europeans.

Źródło:

Contemporary Central and East European Law; 2019, 1 (133); 94-103
0070-7325

Pojawia się w:

Contemporary Central and East European Law

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 62.

Tytuł:

The EU-China Economic Relations: a Harmful Competition or a Strategic Cooperation?

Autorzy:

Walkowski, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594636.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

economy
globalisation
EU
China
trade
investments
cooperation
competition

Opis:

The People’s Republic of China currently possesses the second biggest national economy in the world, smaller only to that of the United States. It is also a matter of time for China to become the greatest economic power, at least regarding share in aggregated global GDP and the sphere of international trade. Growing engagement of China in global economic development and its dependence on other participants of trade exchanges have made this country a more ‘responsible shareholder’ of the international economic system. China has a great development interest in upholding a stable world economic situation, and especially in proper economic relations with the United States and the European Union, on whose markets its healthy development largely depends. Whether China will soon become a “mature, responsible and attractive superpower” depends to a significant degree not only on its efforts but also on proper relations with major trade and investment partners around the world. It seems that mutually beneficial economic relations between the PRC and the European Union (founded on mutually beneficial and strategic cooperation and not on serious and opaque competition) constitute one of the key factors determining this scenario’s validity. Unfortunately, for the time being, many problems arise in this relationship. They come from both sides requiring a proper diagnosis, as well as a scientific analysis including both assessment and prognosis. The presented scientific article tries to meet these expectations.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 2 (46); 172-189
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 63.

Tytuł:

Kazakhstan in the People’s Republic of China’s Energy Security Policy

Autorzy:

Misiągiewicz, Justyna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647832.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej

Tematy:

Kazakhstan, China’s energy policy, energy security, pipelines

Opis:

Nowadays, energy security is a growing concern in the state foreign policy. The interdependency in the energy field is a very important dimension of the contemporary relations between states and transnational corporations. The Central Asia region is not only the undiscovered reservoir of oil and gas, but also the strategic “chessboard” with many internal and external players, where the new great game started after the Cold War. Kazakhstan, because of the geopolitical position in the center of Eurasia, and as one of the biggest producer of energy resources, is becoming significant in the international energy market. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became open to foreign investments. The growing energy needs have given the People’s Republic of China (PRC) a strong interest in developing ties with energy-producing states in the Central Asia region to build necessary pipeline infrastructure [Kandiyoti 2008]. Kazakhstan is getting increasing importance in this context. Kazakhstan and all Central Asia region seems the most likely to play an important role in the Chinese strategy to reduce its dependence on energy supplies from the Middle East.

Źródło:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2019, 26, 2
1428-9512
2300-7567

Pojawia się w:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 64.

Tytuł:

Economic Sanctions as a Tool of China’s Hybrid Strategies

Autorzy:

Wiśniewski, Rafał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2019850.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

coercion
hybrid warfare
People’s Republic of China
economic sanctions

Opis:

The article aims to analyze the role of economic sanctions in the People’s Republic of China’s overall approach to achieving its security objectives in the international arena. During the last two decades, Beijing used this instrument on numerous occasions to exert pressure on a varied group of actors. China’s current strategy toward a range of disputes and conflicts it is engaged in (the South China Sea territorial disputes most prominently stand out) is often described using the popular vocabulary of “hybrid warfare” or “grey zone conflicts”. Putting the conceptual complications aside, the author agrees that the PRC’s approach can be viewed as part of a growing trend for great powers to employ what can be called “hybrid strategies” toward its opponents. As part of a broader category of economic statecraft, economic sanctions form an important element of this approach. Considering current scholarship on both “hybrid” (or “grey area”) warfare and economic sanctions, the article answers the question of why the PRC increasingly resorts to hybrid strategies (including economic coercion) and identifies the main characteristics of Chinese economic sanctions. It also provides preliminary conclusions on their effectiveness.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 3 (50); 91-103
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 65.

Tytuł:

Protection of Polish Investors under the China-Poland Bilateral Investment Treaty

Autorzy:

Wang, Peng
Żenkiewicz, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706917.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-09-01

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN

Tematy:

China-Poland BIT
investment protection
investment arbitration

Opis:

This article explores investment protection under Chinese international investment agreements (IIAs), particularly under the China-Poland bilateral investment treaty (BIT). As a state that both imports and exports foreign direct investment, China currently promotes balanced and safeguarded BITs that protect its increasing overseas investments and preserves the necessary space to regulate in the public interest. The Chinese government remains reluctant to be directly involved in investment arbitration as a respondent, while Chinese investors are active in taking advantage of the IIAs’ regime. When compared to China’s recent treaty practice and new developments in global investment governance, the China-Poland BIT is relatively outdated in terms of investment protection, promotion, social clauses, and dispute settlement. In terms of the investment protection effects of BITs, China is seemingly in a more urgent position to update the China-Poland BIT. However, if we evaluate the overall effects of a modernized BIT on investment promotion, regulation, and dispute settlement, an updated China-Poland BIT will fit the interests of both the Polish and Chinese governments. Notwithstanding the on-going negotiation between the EU and China, this article aims, along with presenting the Chinese practice regarding BITs, to describe de lege lata the state of protection offered to Chinese and Polish investors under the China-Poland BIT.

Źródło:

Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2018, 38; 141-163
0554-498X

Pojawia się w:

Polish Yearbook of International Law

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 66.

Tytuł:

The Image of China in Milan Jovanović’s Tamo amo po istoku

Autorzy:

Yuchao, Peng

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15582221.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

travelogue
image of China
Milan Jovanović
Serbian literature

Opis:

Serbian traveler Milan Jovanović arrived in China in the 19th century, and after his return, his travelogue Tamo amo po istoku (Here and There in the East) was published. This article aims to reveal Jovanović’s perception of China in his writings, in order to analyze the image of China and more importantly, his dilemmas of self–positioning while facing the East and the West. By applying comparative literary imagery theory and cross–cultural methods, this paper interprets the literal value of Jovanović’s work, and discusses the interactions between the East and the West, as well as the “self” and the “others.” This article argues that Jovanović’s self–affirmation is faced with two “others”: the heterogenous “other” of Eurocentrism, and the homogenous “other” of Eastern utopia. His image of China is constructed in the tension between the two.

Źródło:

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne; 2022, 23; 147-165
2084-3011

Pojawia się w:

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 67.

Tytuł:

Badania sinologiczne oraz studia nad konfucjanizmem i taoizmem w Polsce
Sinological Research with Confucianism and Taoism Studies in Poland

Autorzy:

Sakowicz, Eugeniusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480561.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-06-01

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum

Tematy:

Chiny
globalizacją
„made in China”
taoizm
konfucjanizm
sinologia
China
globalisation
“Made in China”
Taoism
Confucianism
sinology

Opis:

Cywilizacja chińska szczyci się dostojną historią i bezprecedensowym wkładem w dzieje świata. Katalog wynalazków made in China jest imponujący. Jaki jest wkład polskich badaczy w opisywanie Chin? Autor opracowania koncentruje się na drugiej połowie XX wieku i na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Celem prezentacji jest zwrócenie uwagi na Chiny będące przedmiotem prac naukowo-badawczych, działalności dydaktyczno-pedagogicznej w polskich uniwersytetach oraz przez wybranych uczonych. W punkcie pierwszym, który ma charakter wprowadzenia, autor uzasadnia, na jaki sposób „dzisiaj Chiny są wszędzie”. W drugim punkcie omawia zinstytucjonalizowane (uniwersyteckie) badania nad chińską cywilizacją, kulturą, historią, językiem. W trzecim punkcie prezentuje syntetycznie polskie studia nad konfucjanizmem i taoizmem. Punkt czwarty stanowi podsumowanie opracowania; autor wskazuje też kolejne pola badawcze. Opracowanie – oparte na aktualnych danych (do lipca 2013 roku) – uświadamia niebanalny wkład polskich naukowców w badania sinologiczne. Dzięki nim możemy interpretować obecność Kraju Środka w globalnej przestrzeni kulturowej według kryteriów wolnych od banalnych stereotypów marketingowych.
The Chinese civilisation takes pride in a dignified history and unprecedented contribution to the history of the world. The catalogue of inventions labelled made in China is impressive. What is the contribution of Polish researchers in describing China? The present author focuses on the second half of the 20th century and on the turn of the 21st century. The aim of the presentation is to draw the readers’ attention to China as a subject of scientific research, to the teaching and educational activities in Polish universities and by some scholars. In the first part, which is an introduction, the author justifies on how “China is everywhere today.” The second part discusses the formal (university-connected) studies of Chinese civilisation, culture, history, and language. In the third part, the author synthetically presents Polish studies of Confucianism and Taoism. The fourth part is a summary of the article; the author also points out to other research fields. The article – based on current data (till July 2013) – makes the readers aware of Polish scientists’ remarkable contribution in sinological research. Due to them, we can interpret the presence of the Middle Kingdom in the global cultural space according to the criteria that are free from banal marketing stereotypes.

Źródło:

Nurt SVD; 2014, 1; 355-369
1233-9717

Pojawia się w:

Nurt SVD

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 68.

Tytuł:

Twórczość Henryka Sienkiewicza w Chinach
Henryk Sienkiewicz’s works in China

Autorzy:

Lijun, YI

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/510945.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego

Tematy:

reception of Polish literature in China
Henryk Sienkiewicz
translation

Opis:

The author of the article – Yi Lijun, a distinguished translator of Polish literary works into Chinese – attempts to present the reception of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s works in China, con-centrating on the issues concerning translations. She presents vignettes of the greatest scholars’ discussing Sienkiewicz’s works, the history of reception of Sienkiewicz’s writings, as well as the methods of popularizing his novels. She concentrates on problematics concerning the process of translating Trylogy from Polish language into Chinese, pointing out the difficulties and mistakes made by translators. She discusses her own work on translating the novels of the author of Quo vadis.

Źródło:

Postscriptum Polonistyczne; 2010, 2(6); 97-107
1898-1593
2353-9844

Pojawia się w:

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 69.

Tytuł:

The Role of E-learning for Faculty Development in China

Autorzy:

Li, Bihong
L. Eddy, Pamela

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028748.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-03-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

e-learning
faculty development
individual perspective
China

Opis:

While discussion on faculty development in China has been increasing in recent years, our understanding of the strategy for the development remains limited. This study with a survey aimed to examine whether e-learning could meet faculty members’ expectations for their professional development. Our findings suggest that e-learning is identified as a preferred means of opening new opportunities to meet the needs of faculty in China where faculty development still remains traditional training and it has bright prospects. The result also highlights individual perspectives as a critical factor shaping e-learning behavior, and provides implications for the policy of faculty development.

Źródło:

The New Educational Review; 2014, 35; 88-100
1732-6729

Pojawia się w:

The New Educational Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 70.

Tytuł:

Don’t Make a Rival out Of the Dragon: Rethinking the Eu-China Policy

Autorzy:

Morozowski, Tomasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1199574.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych

Tematy:

EU
China
strategic partnership
systemic rival

Opis:

As expressed in the EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda for Cooperation adopted in 2013, the European Union and the People’s Republic of China are committed to a comprehensive strategic partnership. The new nature of Chinese foreign policy under the leadership of Xi Jinping has caused new problems in European-Chinese relationships. The rise of China to a position of global superpower, symbolized by the Belt and Road Initiative, has changed the conditions for EU-China relations and created a necessity for Europe to revise its approach or even to profoundly change the way it perceives relations with Beijing.The goal of this article is to discuss EU policy towards China between 2013 and 2019 in the context of these new conditions and the changing perception of China in Europe. The rethinking process on the side of the EU was symbolized by describing China as a systemic rival in the strategic outlook presented by the European Commission in March 2019. The main research question is: how did public debate in Europe around the term systemic rival, and the change in perception of China it caused, correspond with the actual state of EU-China relationships on the level of political practice? The hypothesis, that the commotion caused by the use of the term systemic rival created a distorted impression of the current state of EU-China relations will be tested by analyzing specific cases of the operationalization of EU policy such as investment screening frameworks, European industrial policy and the major political EU-China visits and summits in 2019.

Źródło:

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies; 2020, 1; 41-62
2299-4335

Pojawia się w:

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 71.

Tytuł:

Tabuizowanie imienia w Chinach
Name Tabooing in China

Autorzy:

Adamek, Piotr

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480766.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-06-01

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum

Tematy:

Chiny
chińska kultura
historiografia
tabu
imię
China
Chinese culture
Historiography
Taboo
name

Opis:

Imiona władców, przodków, urzędników, nauczycieli były uważane w Chinach za tabu, tzn. nie wolno ich było wymawiać ani zapisywać. Zwyczaj ten miał ogromny wpływ na chińską kulturę i poważne konsekwencje dla codziennego życia wielu Chińczyków, jak również dla chińskiej historiografii. Ze względu na tabu wiele imion, tytułów i nazw geograficznych zostało zmienionych. Ludzie byli zmuszeni do rezygnacji z kariery lub zmiany stylu życia, aby zachować tabu imienia. Niektórzy z nich tracili z tego powodu życie. Tabuizowanie imienia było wyrazem grzeczności i szacunku, strachu i złości, legitymizacji władzy. Było ono ważnym elementem chińskiej kultury, a Chińczycy widzieli w nim istotny czynnik społeczny. Trudno zrozumieć chińską tradycyjną kulturę, nie biorąc pod uwagę tabuizowania imienia.
The names of sovereigns, ancestors, officials, teachers, were taboo in China – it was prohibited to pronounce or record them. This custom had an enormous impact on Chinese culture and serious consequences for the daily lives of many Chinese as well as for Chinese historiography. Because of such name tabooing many given names, titles and geographical names were changed. People had to stop their careers or change their lifestyle in order to maintain a naming taboo. Some of them were even killed in relation to the tabooing of names. The tabooing of names was an expression of courtesy and respect, fear and anger, legitimisation of power. It existed as an important element of Chinese culture and was perceived by the Chinese as a significant social factor. Chinese traditional culture cannot be contemplated without the tabooing of names taken into account.

Źródło:

Nurt SVD; 2014, 1; 40-52
1233-9717

Pojawia się w:

Nurt SVD

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 72.

Tytuł:

Can Russia and China form an alliance to balance the United States?

Autorzy:

Andersone, Liene

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534400.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu w Dąbrowie Górniczej

Tematy:

Russia
China
Alliance
Balance of Power
Soft Balancing

Opis:

The recent decade has seen an intensification of Russia-China cooperation, also in the military field. Both countries share the view that the current international order with the US hegemony in the centre of it is unjust. The Western sanctions towards Russia after the war in Ukraine in 2014 and the US pivot to Asia has given even more incentive for both countries to cooperate. That raises the question whether Russia and China can form an alliance to balance the US power and if there is any potential to form such an alliance.

Źródło:

Security Forum; 2017, 1, Volume 1 No. 1/2017; 7-15
2544-1809

Pojawia się w:

Security Forum

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 73.

Tytuł:

Działalność jezuitów w Cesarstwie Chińskim
Activities of Jesuits in the Empire of China

Autorzy:

Klarecki, Robert

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566732.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych

Tematy:

China
Jesuits
Matteo Ricci
Johann Adam Schall

Opis:

Asia was one of the main areas for Christianization. In the 15th and 16th century popes issued many bulls in which they divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe into an exclusive duopoly between Spain and Portugal. This was the beginning of the systems called Padroado by which the popes delegated to the Spanish and Portuguese kings the administration of the local Church. The most important contacts between Catholic missionaries and China Empire started in 16th century when the Jesuits reached China. In 1600 Matteo Ricci obtained from the emperor the permission to settle in Beijing. Matteo Ricci was known for his appreciation of the indigenous culture of the Chinese. He discovered that Chinese culture was strongly intertwined with Confucian values and therefore Ricci decided that Christianity had to be changed to fit Chinese culture in order to be attractive to the Chinese. This method, known as accommodation, was followed only by Jesuits and allowed them to have the most converts among Chinese people. What's more, the method allowed Jesuits to take the highest positions at the Imperial Court. Johann Adam Schall was a very successful missionary and also a trusted counselor to the emperor. He was entrusted the modification of the Chinese calendar and provision of eclipses of thesun and the moon. The emperors of China were very impressed by the scientific skills of Jesuits. That is why for over 60 years the Jesuits had been the directors of the Directorate of Astronomy. They were also entrusted different important jobs like official interpreters and translators, teachers, cartographers and even official envoys to the western countries.

Źródło:

Forum Politologiczne; 2010, 11 - Chiny i państwa azjatyckie - karty z historii i wyzwania współczesności; 253-274
1734-1698

Pojawia się w:

Forum Politologiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 74.

Tytuł:

THE DOMINANT POSITION OF CHINA IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

Autorzy:

Jaroszewska, Beata

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594835.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

China
global economy
dominant position
Chinese economy
world economy
economic relations

Opis:

After a few decades of transformation China is becoming a major contender for the number two position in the world. Is it really possible? Will China balance the power of the United States? Today the United States supremacy is so great that it seems to be undeniable. The situation was similar at the end of the twentieth century when U.S. domination was obvious and any other reality was hard to imagine. Recently though, more and more often America’s political decisions are criticised. A few decades ago, in Beijing a new idea was developed. The essence of that idea was to transform the People’s Republic of China into a superpower. Since China was very vast and densely populated, but mostly a poor and backward country, it was a very daring vision. Years of consistent and painful reforms changed the way the world is looking at China, even though some of them were not accepted by international opinion.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2013, 42; 279-296
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 75.

Tytuł:

The effects of language policy in China
Efekty polityki językowej w Chinach

Autorzy:

Kurpaska, Maria

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/910393.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-03-28

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

language policy in China
polityka językowa w Chinach

Opis:

The population of China consists of 56 officially recognised ethnic groups, which speak (depending on the criteria used) from 135 to nearly 300 languages. About 90% of the population declare themselves as belonging to the Han-Chinese nationality. The language spoken by this majority is by no means uniform, the varieties of Chinese are so diversified, that most of them are mutually unintelligible, and some linguists even call them separate languages. The remaining 10% speak languages that are classified into five language families. Is it possible to introduce one common language in a country with the largest population on Earth? China has been carrying out such a language policy since the 1950s. The goal is to spread the national standard – Mandarin, or Putonghua, all over the country, so that all inhabitants could communicate freely. This idealistic work is already very advanced and it has caused vast changes in the linguistic landscape of China. Not all the rights of minority languages declared in the constitution are respected. Also the non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese are subject to unification and noticeable changes are ongoing in the local tongues. This paper shows the various aspects of Chinese language policy, the positive and negative effects it has on the languages spoken in China.
Ludność Chin składa się z 56 oficjalnie uznanych grup etnicznych, które posługują się (w zależności od zastosowanych kryteriów) od 135 do prawie 300 językami. Około 90% populacji deklaruje przynależność do narodowości Han. Język używany przez tę większość nie jest bynajmniej jednolity; odmiany chińskiego są tak zróżnicowane, że większość z nich jest wzajemnie niezrozumiała, a niektórzy lingwiści nazywają je nawet odrębnymi językami. Pozostałe 10% mówi językami, które są podzielone na pięć rodzin językowych. Czy jest możliwe wprowadzenie jednego wspólnego języka w kraju o największej populacji na Ziemi? Chiny prowadzą taką politykę językową od lat pięćdziesiątych. Celem jest rozpowszechnienie krajowego standardu – mandaryńskiego (putonghua) w całym kraju, tak, aby wszyscy mieszkańcy mogli swobodnie się komunikować. To idealistyczne dzieło jest już bardzo zaawansowane i spowodowało ogromne zmiany w językowym krajobrazie Chin. Nie wszystkie zawarte w konstytucji prawa języków mniejszości są respektowane. Również nie-mandaryńskie odmiany chińskie podlegają unifikacji, a w lokalnych językach zachodzą zauważalne zmiany. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono różne aspekty chińskiej polityki językowej; pozytywne i negatywne skutki, jakie ma ona dla języków używanych w Chinach.

Źródło:

Język. Komunikacja. Informacja; 2017, 12; 14-24
1896-9585

Pojawia się w:

Język. Komunikacja. Informacja

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 76.

Tytuł:

Presenting Innovative Research on Contemporary China [book review Balancing Changes. Seventy Years of People’s Republic of China]
Презентация инновационных исследований современного Китая [рецензия книги Balancing Changes. Seventy Years of People’s Republic of China]

Autorzy:

Homańska, Agnieszka

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24988525.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023-06-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Źródło:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2023, 2(37); 342-348
2084-3291

Pojawia się w:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 77.

Tytuł:

The halobiid bivalve genus Enteropleura and a new species from the Middle Anisian of Guangxi, Southern China

Autorzy:

Chen, J
Stiller, F.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20942.pdf

Data publikacji:

2007

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN

Tematy:

Anisian
Enteropleura
Triassic
halobiid bivalve
Middle Anisian
Bivalvia
China
Guangxi
new species
Southern China
Halobiidae
paleontology

Opis:

Enteropleura is a short−ranged early Middle Triassic bivalve genus, of importance with regard to biostratigraphy and the phylogeny of the Halobiidae. It comprises five species from the Alps, the Dinarides, Nevada, and southwestern China. Enteropleura walleri sp. nov. from the Fengshan District, northwestern Guangxi, southwestern China, occurs in the central area of the Triassic Nanpanjiang Basin. The new species is of late Middle Anisian age, penecontemporaneous to the species from Europe and Nevada. Morphologically, E. walleri sp. nov. is similar to Enteropleura jenksi from Nevada, Enteropleura bittneri from Austria, and Enteropleura lamellosa from Croatia, but it differs significantly from Enteropleura guembeli from Hungary. Two species−groups of Enteropleura thus may be differentiated, E. guembeli group and E. bittneri group. Re−examination of E. guembeli reported from the Anisian basin slope facies in Guizhou, southwestern China, confirms its taxonomic status.

Źródło:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2007, 52, 1
0567-7920

Pojawia się w:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 78.

Tytuł:

China-Russia Bilateral Security and Military Partnership in Changing World Order: Security Challenges for the United States of America in Asia and Beyond

Autorzy:

Bharti, Mukesh Shankar

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146969.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-05-14

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK

Tematy:

China
Russia
US containment policy
China-Russia Cooperation
Indo-Pacific
geopolitics

Opis:

The objective of this research is to assess the defence partnership of Russia and China after the Cold War period. This study analyses the military cooperation and strategic relation of Russia and China in the post-Cold War period. Further, the article highlights the main contradicting areas between the United States of America (USA) and the Russia-China alliance in international politics. It also elucidates the Russia-China relationship across the diplomatic paradigm and economic aspects in the global economic system. China’s flagship economic New Silk Road Initiative is a challenging concept for the US on land and maritime across the world. Thus, the study uses the research question: how do China and Russia compete with the US challenges in the new world order? The qualitative comparative method is used to investigate answers to the research questions and objectives of this study. This article attempts to use an analytical framework to describe the countries’ vision for joint development in the area of security issues. Russia and China have deep military cooperation and commit to working together against the US domination in the Asia Pacific and other parts of the world. In a conclusion it is stated that Russia and China have been accelerating bilateral military cooperation in a positive direction, which is a success story between both countries, and the US is facing stiff competition in Asia as well as in the Asia Pacific Region (APR).

Źródło:

Historia i Polityka; 2022, 40 (47)
1899-5160
2391-7652

Pojawia się w:

Historia i Polityka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 79.

Tytuł:

The policy of the People’s Republic of China towards Central and Eastern Europe in 2012-2020
Политика Китайской Народной Республики в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы в 2012-2020 гг.

Autorzy:

Kuź, Adam

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930227.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-03-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

China
CEE
Germany
16+1
China-CEE
China-UE
Китай
Центральная и Восточная Европа
Германия
Китай - ЦВЕ
Китай - ЕС

Opis:

In the second decade of the 21st century, the Middle Kingdom, which had huge financial surpluses, became the world’s largest exporter of money capital, which meant that investment policy became the main element of China’s foreign policy. In the case of Central and Eastern Europe, the 16+1 (17+1) format, containing both investment policy and soft power elements, has become the basic tool of the general policy of Middle Kingdom. This article aims to define the basic principles of China’s policy towards Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, the following general hypothesis was formulated: Chinese policy in Central and Eastern Europe consists of presenting the countries of this region with initiatives that do not go beyond the sphere of declarations and serve as a bargaining chip in relations with Germany, the country with the greatest potential in the European Union. The general hypothesis gives rise to detailed hypotheses that were verified in individual parts of the article with the use of the comparative method. The reasons most often mentioned in the literature on the subject, such as economic, cultural, social, and political differentiation of Central and Eastern European countries, legal barriers resulting from EU legislation, insufficient recognition of the region’s needs by the Chinese side and asymmetry of expectations of both parties, undoubtedly largely contribute to the lack of effective Sino-CEE cooperation. However, they cannot be considered decisive because similar problems occur wherever Chinese companies appear. However, in many regions of the world, despite these obstacles, mutual economic relations are more dynamic than in CEE. The reasons why the potential of the 16+1 (17+1) format has not been properly used can be found primarily in the context of German-Chinese relations.
Во втором десятилетии XXI века Китай, имевший огромные финансовые излишки, стал крупнейшим в мире экспортером денежного капитала, а это означало, что инвестиционная политика стала важным элементом внешней политики Китая. В случае Центральной и Восточной Европы формат 16+1 (17+1), содержавший компонент инвестиционной политики и элементы мягкой силы, стал основным инструментом общей политики Китая в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы. Для этого была сформулирована следующая общая гипотеза: суть политики Китая в Центральной и Восточной Европе заключалась в том, чтобы представить странам этого региона инициативы, которые не выходили за рамки деклараций и являлись разменной монетой в отношениях с Германией - страной с наибольшим потенциалом в Европейском Союзе. Общая гипотеза порождает детальные гипотезы, которые в отдельных частях статьи проверялись сравнительным методом. Причины, которые чаще всего упоминаются в литературе, такие как экономическая, культурная, социальная и политическая дифференциация стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, правовые барьеры, возникающие в результате законодательства Европейского Союза, недостаточное признание потребностей региона китайской стороной и асимметрия ожиданий с обеих сторон, несомненно, в значительной степени способствуют отсутствию эффективного сотрудничества. Однако, несмотря на это, их нельзя считать решающими, поскольку подобные проблемы возникают везде, где появляются китайские компании. Во многих регионах мира, несмотря на эти препятствия, взаимные экономические отношения более динамичны, чем в Центральной и Восточной Европе. Причины неэффективного использования потенциала формата 16+1 (17+1) можно найти прежде всего в контексте германокитайских отношений.

Źródło:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2021, 1(28); 66-84
2084-3291

Pojawia się w:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 80.

Tytuł:

Uwarunkowania mocarstwowości Chin
Factors confirming China’s power status
Факторы, обуславливающие положение Китая как сверхдержавы

Autorzy:

Wowra, Paweł

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568257.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Asia
China
superpower
Азия
Китай
сверхдержава

Opis:

Nowadays it is no surprise to anyone that PRC is put on an equal footing with the USA. Current geopolitical situation is changing in inordinately dynamic way. The situation from a few years ago seems to be very different from what we have now. In a new, multipolar world China plays an increasing role. It has become the second world’s economy after USA. There are many reasons that contributed to the current situation and it is not possible to address all of them in one thesis. Nonetheless, the important thing is to understand the reasons why China is becoming a geopolitical power. The aim of this work is to analyze the strong and ceaselessly increasing China’s position at the national level. Firstly, the changes that occurred in China over the past 70 years were analyzed. Analysis of the historical context helps to understand the dynamics of China’s growth as well as immense potential of this country. The next part of the work addresses the events that took place in 21st century with particular focus on 2008 crisis as well as its policy and economic implications that are noticeable in the present day. This part of the work also includes the assessment of China’s dynamic development. In this work there is also a description of China’s One Belt, One Road Initiative. Financial institutions associated with initiative as well as the opportunities for Europe connected with huge funds were described. The work is based on the latest literature on the topic, online articles and statistics retrieved from People’s Republic of China’s official statistics website available in Chinese. The work shows that China plays an essential role in the new balance of power. Due to dynamic changes in the global balance of power China can become a leading superpower in the nearest future.
Ни для кого не новость, что в наше время Китайская Народная Республика находится на одной ступени развития с США. В нынешних условиях геополитическая ситуация меняется чрезвычайно динамично. Однако, буквально несколько лет назад ситуация кардинально отличалась от теперешней. В новом многополярном мире Китай играет все более важную роль – он становится второй крупнейшей мировой державой наряду с США. Причин нынешней ситуации много и все их невозможно учесть в одном исследовании. Важно, однако, понять причины и условия, благодаря которым Китай становится новой геополитической силой. Цель этой работы – многогранный анализ сильной и постоянно укрепляющейся позиции Китая на международной арене. В самом начале исследования были проанализированы изменения, которые произошли в Китае за последние 70 лет. Анализ исторического контекста помогает понять динамику развития Китая, а также неисчерпаемый потенциал этой страны. В дальнейшей части работы предметом рассмотрения являются события, происходящие уже в XXI веке, с особым акцентом на кризис 2008 года, а также его политических и экономических последствий вплоть до сегодняшнего дня. На этом этапе также проводится оценка динамичного экономического развития Китайской Народной Республики. Исследование также включает описание китайской инициативы Нового Шелкового пути. Далее представлено описание финансовых институтов, связанных с этим предприятием, а также большие возможности для Европы в связи с открывающимся для освоения новым объёмом финансовых средств. Исследование было создано на основе новейшей литературы по этой теме, онлайн статей и статистических данных, полученных с официального статистического веб-сайта Китайской Народной Республики, доступного на китайском языке. Исследование показывает, что Китай играет чрезвычайно важную роль в новой расстановке сил. Перед лицом динамичных изменений в мировом балансе сил, Китай может стать ведущей сверхдержавой уже в ближайшем будущем.

Źródło:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2018, 3(18); 77-96
2084-3291

Pojawia się w:

Nowa Polityka Wschodnia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 81.

Tytuł:

Partnerstwo strategiczne UE - Chiny: doświadczenia, nowe otwarcie
EU–China strategic partnership: experiences and the new beginning

Autorzy:

Krukowska, Monika

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630017.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie

Tematy:

European Union, China, partnership, cooperation

Opis:

Challenges that the EU had to face at the beginning of the 21st century have induced revision of its foreign policy. Unprecedented economic development, as well as political opening of China have created an attractive political and economic partner, desired by European states. From the very beginning the cooperation between the EU and China has been based on the economic field. Nowadays, thanks to demographic and economic potentials of both partners bilateral trade turnover equals to a third of global trade and is worth 1 billion euro a day. On initial economic platform of cooperation partners now develop a comprehensive political and social partnership. Despite ideological and political differences, as well as sometimes contradictory economic interests, strategic partnership is very likely to be continued.

Źródło:

Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2015, 4; 29-51
2082-0976

Pojawia się w:

Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 82.

Tytuł:

China’s Foreign Investment Encouraged Catalogue and Negative Lists as a Tool of Foreign Direct Investment Attraction

Autorzy:

Jakubczak, Jacek

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957578.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej

Tematy:

negative list
China
FDI

Opis:

Theoretical background: Due to the growing maturity of Chinese market the country needs to adjust its policy regarding foreign direct investment (FDI), i.e. to increase openness for FDI, to keep control over them in key industries and to influence their inflow in desired industries and regions. Adopting the negative-list approach and changes in both the negative list and encouraged industry catalogue provides tools for this challenge.Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to present how changes in China’s Foreign Investment Encouraged Catalogue and Negative Lists both in free-trade zones (FTZs) and at the national level are used as a tool for managing country’s FDI inflow.Research methods: Analysis of legal documents and reports as well as literature review.Main findings: Starting from the adoption of negative-list approach in FTZs in 2013, the negative lists had been drastically reduced both in reference to FTZs and national level. Those reductions lead to a decrease in China FDI restrictiveness index. FTZs were used as a testing area for both the negative list composition and negative-list approach itself. Negative lists allowed the state to keep control over FDI in key industries allowing, at the same time, greater freedom for foreign investors. Encouraged catalogue is used not only as a tool for attracting FDI from desired industries but also for addressing regional inequalities.

Źródło:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2020, 54, 2; 21-29
0459-9586

Pojawia się w:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 83.

Tytuł:

The Place and Role of the People’s Republic of China in the Global Security System

Autorzy:

Burdelski, Marceli

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028121.pdf

Data publikacji:

2009-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Chinese Policy
Chinese Diplomacy
China

Opis:

China is today the most populated country in the world. The end of the twentieth century resulted in the growth of international importance of China. It was reflected in the influence of Chinese diplomacy and economy on the global international system. ! e recent international success of China do not overshadow the fact that China is still a middle scale world power. The area of North-Eastern Asia has played the key role in the security system of the People’s Republic of China.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2009, 38; 139-156
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 84.

Tytuł:

What Is Drawing Xi’s China and Lukashenko’s Belarus Closer?

Autorzy:

Kharchuk, Solomiya

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2020096.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

China
BRI
Belt and Road
Belarus
Lukashenko
multipolarity
world order

Opis:

What are the primary drivers of the relationship between Xi’s China and Lukashenko’s Belarus? The present research paper uses the historical process-tracing method to provide an answer to this question. Furthermore, it uses quantitative data analysis regarding the economic intercourse between Belarus and China. It examines whether China’s opposition regarding the unipolar American-led world order and Belarus’s security concerns are the primary drivers of the relationship between Minsk and Beijing. The present article concludes that the congruence of beliefs and Minsk’s desire to ensure survival are drawing the two countries closer together. China’s new strategy encompasses Beijing’s increasing participation in world affairs. China opposes the world order led by a single hegemon, the United States of America. In the interim, Belarus, a relatively weak state insignificant in the global balance of power, shares Beijing’s beliefs about the desired nature of the contemporary world order. However, the Belarusian economy’s condition, which relies heavily on external funding, does not allow the economic cooperation between Minsk and Beijing to thrive. China gradually increases its engagement with Belarus, yet it obscures its ambitions, for Minsk lies in Moscow’s sphere of influence.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 3 (50); 67-90
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 85.

Tytuł:

Thomas Tien Keng-hsin, SVD: The historical greatness of the first Cardinal of China and the Far East Part one

Autorzy:

Miotk, Andrzej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618031.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

Cardinal Thomas Tien Keng-hsin
Church in China
The Second Vatican Council
Divine Word Missionaries in China

Opis:

That fact that Thomas Tien became the first cardinal of China and the Far East surpassed thewildest dreams of Fr. Arnold Janssen, the founder of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD),who had sent the first two missionaries to China in 1879. He was one fruit of Janssen’sdecision and subsequent concentrated involvement of the Society in evangelizing China. Thisstudy gives an insight into historical greatness of Thomas Cardinal Tien Keng-hsin for theUniversal Church, the Society of the Divine Word and local Church in China. He emergesmainly as an iconic figure reflecting the developments in the Chinese Church and played asymbolical role for the universal Church as an important link in the process ofinternationalization of the Church and her subsequent self-actualization as a World Church atVatican II. The study aims at making us aware that Tien’s figure should have an integral placein the systematic and comprehensive research on the as yet little explored mission of theSociety of the Divine Word in China.

Źródło:

Annales Missiologici Posnanienses; 2018, 23; 55-76
1731-6170

Pojawia się w:

Annales Missiologici Posnanienses

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 86.

Tytuł:

Physical properties of unproductive soils of Northern China

Autorzy:

Malik, Z.
Malik, M.A.
Zong, Y.-T.
Lu, S.-G.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24211.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki PAN

Tematy:

unproductive soil
soil property
pH
organic matter content
surface area
tensile strength
shear strength
cracking
physical property
Northern China
China

Opis:

The general characteristics: particle size distribution, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, total NPK, surface area; and physical properties: coefficient of linear extensibility, tensile strength, shear strength and cracking, were investigated in unproductive soils of Northern China. Principle component analysis showed that tensile strength, cohesion, cracking characteristics, clay content, cation exchange capacity and coefficient of linear extensibility were positively correlated with each other, whereas negatively correlated with angle of friction, indicating that these properties were subjected to clay % and smectite content. These correlations might be mainly responsible for low productivity (low yields) in Northern China.

Źródło:

International Agrophysics; 2014, 28, 4
0236-8722

Pojawia się w:

International Agrophysics

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 87.

Tytuł:

One China or Many Chinas? Between Integration and Disintegration-Some Sociological Reflections

Autorzy:

Pyffel, Radosław

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929565.pdf

Data publikacji:

2009-09-29

Wydawca:

Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne

Tematy:

globalization in China
integration
disintegration
unequal development
income disparity

Opis:

The author who for the first time found himself in China 10 years ago as a fresh graduate of sociology, describes the dynamic changes which, during that time took place in that country. This sociological account, is drawn on personal experiences and also on the famous sentences regarding the history of China “the empire, long divided, must unite, long united, must divide.” The basic question is, will China-whose economic and civilization disparities were clearly exposed in the last decade, and cultural differences between provinces, traditional and ever existing in that country, have overlapped-find a way of preventing its disintegration in several regions? The article shows that advantages of China’s globalization and opening to the world have been disposed irregularly, dividing the country into the rich East, the Interior supplying cheap manpower, and the West integrated with the rest of the country but largely inhabited by ethnic minorities. Also the East of the country, a beneficiary more of globalization than transformation, is divided into four zones of development concentrated around North-East China, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, each of the four with a different adaptive strategy in the face of globalization and quite often competing for investments, markets and young talents. Nevertheless the author believes that China’s disintegration would be “irrational,” as its integrity is supported by the logic of globalization, in which a merger of a few organisms helps solve global problems and brings profits-even if they are spread irregularly-to all Chinese provinces and, what is most important, it gives China an international status of superpower, which realizes the interests of its thirty-one provinces at the international arena more effectively than any of those provinces could do on its own, without the support of the others.

Źródło:

Polish Sociological Review; 2009, 167, 3; 461-476
1231-1413
2657-4276

Pojawia się w:

Polish Sociological Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 88.

Tytuł:

Manifestations of Chinese Development Aid and Its Hidden Meanings

Autorzy:

Kobierecka, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2019122.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-03-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

development aid
China
People’s Republic of China
soft power
public diplomacy

Opis:

The People’s Republic of China is one of the states focusing intensively on building its soft power and shaping its international image. However, China’s image is still negative and primarily based on stereotypes. In recent years, this country is willing to change such perceptions and present itself as an efficient, intensively developing, capable country that is much more than just a global production plant. The article aims to review China’s different manifestations of development aid regarding changing this type of public diplomacy and its meaning to the Chinese government. Is it only motivated by good intentions, or maybe its goal is to only provide an advantage to China? It is evident that owing to significant development, China needs to expand its economic contacts. However, the tested hypothesis states that behind Chinese development aid, political motivation is hidden as well. The research is based on content analysis of official documents and Foreign Ministry’s statements referring to development aid.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 1 (50); 9-23
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 89.

Tytuł:

Tożsamość narodowa na Tajwanie
National Identity in Taiwan

Autorzy:

Zieliński, Wojciech

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1179248.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

Taiwan
China
nationalism
nation
Republic of China
Tajwan
Chiny
nacjonalizm
naród
Republika Chińska

Opis:

Specyficzna sytuacja międzynarodowa Tajwanu znajduje swoje odbicie w samoidentyfikacji jego mieszkańców. Ludność wyspy może wybierać między tożsamością narodową chińską, tajwańską oraz chińsko-tajwańską. Skomplikowana historia tylko pogłębia zamieszanie związane z samookreśleniem się wyspiarzy. Ich ostateczny wybór może mieć globalne konsekwencje, gdyż może stać się przyczynkiem do wojny mocarstw. Obecnie jest jednak ciekawym przykładem budowy narodu, który należy zgłębić, aby lepiej poznać procesy narodotwórcze
The specific international situation of Taiwan is reflected in the self-identification of its residents. The island’s population can choose between Chinese, Taiwanese and Chinese-Taiwanese national identities. The complicated history only deepens the confusion associated with the self-determination of the islanders. Their final choice may have global consequences, as it may contribute to the war of the great powers. At present, however, it is an interesting example of building a nation that needs to be exploredin order to get to know better nation building processes.

Źródło:

Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM; 2019, 19-20; 185-199
2081-8270

Pojawia się w:

Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 90.

Tytuł:

Confucianism versus the Reception of Communism in China
Konfucjanizm a recepcja komunizmu w Chinach

Autorzy:

Jucewicz, Antoni

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480346.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-06-01

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum

Tematy:

China
Confucianism
communism
Marxism
Chiny
konfucjanizm
komunizm
marksizm

Opis:

The present article studies the communist regime in China, analysed in terms of Confucian tradition existing in this country for centuries. It indicates the similarities between Confucianism and Marxism and the influence of Confucianism on the reception of communism in China. Both Confucianism and Marxism do not focus on ontological issues, but the practical and sociological ones, perceiving them in the context of building a model of a perfect society and effective governance of the country. Both trends describe the origins of the world and society, pointing to the dialectic clash of opposing forces. They are characterised by materialistic view of the world, anti-individualism, antipersonalism, collectivism, and ethical relativism. As stated in the Conclusion, Confucianism has created a strong philosophical background to the implementation of communist ideas and became the ideological basis for this belief.
W niniejszym artykule przedmiotem refleksji był ustrój komunistyczny w Chinach, analizowany pod kątem istniejącej od wieków tradycji konfucjańskiej w tym państwie. Ukazano podobieństwa pomiędzy konfucjanizmem a marksizmem oraz wpływ konfucjanizmu na recepcję komunizmu w Chinach. Zarówno konfucjanizm jak i marksizm nie koncentrują się na zagadnieniach ontologicznych, ale praktycznych i socjologicznych, podejmując je w kontekście budowania modelu idealnego społeczeństwa i efektywnego sprawowania rządów w państwie. Oba nurty mówią o genezie świata i społeczeństwa, wskazując na dialektykę ścierania się przeciwstawnych sił. Charakteryzuje je materialistyczna wizja świata, antyindywidualizm, antypersonalizm, kolektywizm i relatywizm etyczny. We wniosku stwierdzono, że konfucjanizm stworzył silne filozoficzne tło do wdrożenia komunistycznych idei i stał się ideologiczną podstawą tego światopoglądu.

Źródło:

Nurt SVD; 2014, 1; 290-305
1233-9717

Pojawia się w:

Nurt SVD

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 91.

Tytuł:

Chiny - światowe centrum offshoringu
China - the Worlds Centre for Offshoring

Autorzy:

Mroczek, Wojciech

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/454306.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny

Tematy:

Chiny
offshoring
globalna gospodarka
fragmentaryzacja produkcji
China
global economy
fragmentation of production

Opis:

Chiny są największym na świecie eksporterem towarów i drugim największym po Stanach Zjednoczonych importerem. Wysoka dynamika chińskiego eksportu obserwowana od początku poprzedniej dekady, jak i jego rosnąca importochłonność wynikają z faktu, że Chiny po przystąpieniu do WTO (koniec 2001 r.) budowały swoją pozycję w gospodarce globalnej jako światowe centrum offshoringu. Korporacje międzynarodowe, dążąc do zwiększenia konkurencyjności i obniżenia kosztów produkcji, skoncentrowały w Chinach znaczną część procesów produkcyjnych. W efekcie (według danych Trade in Value Added, TiVA) w 2009 r. Chiny były największym „pośrednikiem" w handlu wartością dodaną, obejmując prawie 13% światowego importu zagranicznej wartości dodanej wykorzystywanej w produkcji eksportowej. Duże różnice w strukturze importu i eksportu Chin zarówno według kategorii ekonomicznych, jak i według wartości dodanej wskazują, że kraj ten w dużym stopniu jest podwykonawcą oraz przeważnie ostatnim etapem w procesie produkcji (wskazuje na to duży udział w eksporcie dóbr gotowych). W artykule analizowane są skutki pełnienia przez Chiny roli światowego centrum offshoringu dla gospodarki światowej, a więc niezwykle dynamiczny rozwój branży elektronicznej, wzrost cen światowych cen surowców wywołany rosnącym popytem ze strony chińskiej gospodarki i w konsekwencji wzrost wydatków na inwestycje i badania.
China is not only the world's largest exporter of goods but also the second largest, after the United States, importer. The rise of Chinese exports observed since the beginning of the previous decade, as well as its growing import-intensity stems from the fact that, following the accession to the WTO (end of 2001), China has built its position in the global economy as the world centre for offshoring. International corporations seeking to increase competitiveness and to reduce production costs have concentrated in China a significant part of the production processes. As a result, according to the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) data, in 2009, China was the largest "intermediary" in trade in added value, covering almost 13% of the world imports of foreign value added used in production for exports. Large differences in the structure of Chinese imports and exports both by economic category, as well as in terms of value added point out that China to a large extent functions as an intermediary, and usually is the final stage in the production process (as a large share of finished goods in exports indicates). The article examines the effects of world's offshoring centre status of China for the global economy, namely: the rapid development of the electronic industry, the increase in world prices of raw material caused by the growing demand from the Chinese economy, and as a consequence - the increase in spending on investments and research.

Źródło:

Unia Europejska.pl; 2014, 2; 4-11
2084-2694

Pojawia się w:

Unia Europejska.pl

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 92.

Tytuł:

Stosunki handlowe pomiędzy Stanami Sjednoczonymi a Chińską Republiką Ludową (1979-2006)
China-USA Trade Relations (1979-2006)

Autorzy:

Popis-Benesz, Adrian

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567002.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych

Tematy:

China
USA
Trade relations

Opis:

USA-China commercial relations can be dated as early as the beginning of the independence of the United States and had been started with so called Old China Trade. In the second half of 19th Century, USA were still kept interest in China, however their principal commitment in East Asia was emphasized on Philippines. Such approach has been changed as the result of Japanese military policy during 1920's and 1930's, when China started to be seen as potential, major ally of the United States and counterpoise to Japanese expansion in the region and foreseen candidate for principal ally in the time of Second World War and right after it. The complicated political situation on Mainland China after the seizure of the power by Communists, Taiwanese question and the period of the Cold War resulted with factual freezing of Sino-American relations. Political opening of USA at China at the beginning of 1970's as well as more liberal reforms introduced in 1978 by new political Chinese leadership with Deng Xiaoping had created necessary conditions to restore trading relations between the two nations. This paper is concentrated on development of U.S.-China trade relations in 1990's as well as at the beginning of 21C, and some predictions concerning prognosis up to 2020. The paper is also presenting how the collapse of USSR and changes in Central-East Europe have reflected on transferring of the stress in Chinese trade relations with the other countries, and particularly by turning them into global dimension specially to cooperate with EU and USA since WTO accession by China in 2001. What caused such rapid development? What is the main mutual attraction; U.S. market for China and at smaller scale Chinese market for USA? China by the all predictions may become in 2020 the only nation, which will be able to challenge USA at least on trade, and in broader sense, on economic level.

Źródło:

Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 405-428
1734-1698

Pojawia się w:

Forum Politologiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 93.

Tytuł:

Explaining China’s Behavior in Keystone International Financial Institutions: Learning, Adaptation and Reshaping?

Autorzy:

Xiaochen, Hou

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531267.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015-06-15

Wydawca:

Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce

Tematy:

China, international financial institutions, reform, voting power, decision-making

Opis:

Over the last three decades, China’s participation in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) and the IMF has gone through three stages of: initial participation; steady development; and partnership . Over this time China has definitely became more engaged in the international financial institutions; become a great player in international affairs, and changed its role from recipient to contributor; from receiving technical assistance to sharing experience; from borrowing loans to being co-lender;. Why China has changed its attitude and behavior towards the World Bank and the IMF and will China effectively influence reconstruction of the international financial system? This paper explores to answer these questions from the perspective of three international relations theories of: structural realism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism. There will be three hypotheses tested in the process, which cover the whole process of China’s engagement in theinternational financial institution over more than 30 years. Thre will be two case studies conduceted to this end, the first of which regards China’s protest against the 2007 IMF surveillance. The second case is about votingpower reform of the IMF and the World Bank, which attracted attention around the globe. The overview of China’s engagement in the two organizations and the two cases shall fully test the three hypotheses. This paper argues that in the initial period, neoliberal institutionalism can better explain the interaction between China and the World Bank, and the IMF. In the last century, China’s proactive behavior can be better explained from structural realist and constructivist positions, focusing on China’s rising economic power, and redefined identity and interest. Nonetheless China will remain within the system, and will not attempt to to overthrow it. In the meantime, China will probably contribute to constructing other institutions to push for the reform of international financial institutions more effectively.

Źródło:

Polish Journal of Political Science; 2015, 1, 2; 23-51
2391-3991

Pojawia się w:

Polish Journal of Political Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 94.

Tytuł:

China’s One Belt One Road Initiative as a support of EU’s European Neighborhood Policy

Autorzy:

Żukrowska, Katarzyna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/583680.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

Tematy:

One Belt One Road Initiative
China

Opis:

The article looks into prospects of closer cooperation between China and the EU in area of the two policies which are launched by the actors in question. Those policies are One Belt One Road (OBOR) and European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). It discusses the two policies and visions which are covered in the two initiatives, what is followed by indicating common elements of the two and differences in interests. The assumption is that the two: China and the EU are engaged in external aid which stimulates growth, nevertheless their initiatives are different and they offer other things to the countries which they concern. Moreover they also can be seen as mutually supplementing each other, rather than competing.

Źródło:

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2017, 486; 129-140
1899-3192

Pojawia się w:

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 95.

Tytuł:

In the quest for dominance in East Asia: Evolution of economic position of Japan and China

Autorzy:

Pasierbiak, Paweł

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/583137.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

Tematy:

East Asia
China
Japan
economic dominance

Opis:

The subject of this study is the economic changes in East Asia that took place after the Asian financial crisis (1997). The largest economies in the region, Japan and China, are competing for economic primacy which would allow them to better realize their own set of preferences. China has challenged the existing economic leader – Japan, quite successfully gaining preeminent positions in various areas of the region’s economy. This paper presents changes taking place in basic spheres of economic activities of countries, namely: production, foreign trade and FDI flows. The author, using the descriptive method and the method of analysis, interpretation and inference based on statistical data, positively validates the hypothesis of China’s increasingly prevalent economic role over Japan in East Asia after the Asian crisis. The analysis covers the timespan 1997–2015.

Źródło:

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2017, 486; 49-60
1899-3192

Pojawia się w:

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 96.

Tytuł:

Pleistocene Equid Brain Endocast from Shanxi Province, China

Autorzy:

Hu, Y.
Chen, Y.
Wang, S.
Sun, Q.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/946031.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN

Tematy:

mammalia
equus
equid brain
pleistocene
shanxi province
china

Opis:

Brain endocasts are rare in the fossil record because they are only preserved under exceptional conditions. An equid brain endocast from the early Pleistocene of Wanrong County, Shanxi Province, China, is reported in this paper. Measuring approximately 140 × 95.2 × 83 mm, the new specimen represents a relatively advanced adult horse brain. Comparisons indicate that it is more derived than those of Hyracotherium and Mesohippus in having an expanded neocortex, and more than those of Pliohippus and Hipparion in having an enlarged network of branching sulci; in most characters involving these sulci, the Shanxi brain conforms to the extant species Equus caballus. The sulcus diagonalis of the Equus brain appears to have evolved conservatively during the early Pleistocene, whereas the sulcus suprasylvius seems to have evolved rapidly. The specimen demonstrates that the development of a high degree of complexity predates the enlargement of the brain in the horse, which increased in length, breadth, and especially height during the late Cenozoic.

Źródło:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2014, 59, 2; 253-258
0567-7920

Pojawia się w:

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 97.

Tytuł:

China in the Geopolitical Imaginations of the Polish Pop Music after 1989

Autorzy:

Macała, Jarosław

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015809.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-12-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

geopolitical imaginations
critical geopolitics
popular geopolitics
Polska
China
popular music

Opis:

This paper focuses on the issue of geopolitics in the pop culture interpretation as illustrated by the Polish pop music after the year 1989. Songs selected from various trends of the Polish popular music made the source material of the text. The primary study method involved the analysis of the lyrics discourse. The Polish geopolitical imaginations used to revolve around the basis axis of better West and worse East, symbolized mainly by Russia, but its image was transferred over entire Asia. Asia, including China, was scarcely present in the geopolitical imaginations contained in the pop music, which, at the same time, reflected the irrelevant interest of Polish elites in global problems. The discourses in the musical texts about China frequently adopted the West’s perspective, where Poland made part of as seen by our elites. The rhetoric strategy concerning China in popular music featured two essential views, which references Orientalism as specified by E. Said. It explains the frequent use of the postcolonial discourse by the Polish elites, also the music ones, which promoted the supremacy of the West over the rest of the world and the universal nature of the Western world values which were meant to be implemented into other civilizations and nations for their own sake. China was presented as a growing threat for the dominance of the West, the USA in the first place, as an alternative model of globalization and international deal putting offthe world by its cultural and geopolitical alienation, as well as indicating negative effects for Poland.

Źródło:

Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2020, 4 (49); 37-47
0208-7375

Pojawia się w:

Polish Political Science Yearbook

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 98.

Tytuł:

Economic security of China: the implications of the belt and road initiative

Autorzy:

Kostecka-Tomaszewska, Luiza

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127660.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku

Tematy:

China
Chinese economy
Belt and Road Initiative
economic security

Opis:

Goal – The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors affecting the economic security of China and assess the importance of the Belt and Road Initiative for China's future development. Research methodology – In order to organize internal and external determinants of economic security of China, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was applied. Moreover, an important element of the research process was an attempt to verify hypothesis that the Belt and Road Initiative is a key instrument of China’s economic security strategy. Score – China has transformed from a poor rural country into one of the main economic powers as a result of the economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. However, we can observe that the economy of China is slowing down. In order to ensure economic security and maintain a stable economic growth as well as avoid the middle income trap China has introduced the Belt and Road Initiative. Since its announcement, the concept has been gradually gaining in importance and has finally become the key instrument of the Chinese foreign policy and a major element of economic development strategy. The main motive behind this project is to develop transport and energy infrastructure which will allow China to gain access to natural resources and new markets. An efficient transport network will facilitate trade, while energy infrastructure will prevent problems with energy and resource supply, which the Chinese economy needs. The Belt and Road Initiative is a way of boosting economic development of China through improving infrastructure from Asia to Africa and Europe and the establishment of trade links among all partner countries. The New Silk Road concept aims to use the advantages of the Chinese economy and the states participating in the initiative to stimulate its economic growth. Therefore, it is a strategy of providing long-term economic security. Originality/value – The paper raises the issue of the Chinese economic security understood as a long-term ability of the economy to achieve a relatively fast and sustainable economic growth. In this paper, the author defines the concept of economic security and with the help of SWOT analysis presents the strengths and weaknesses of China’s economy as well as opportunities and possible threats to its stability. Moreover, the paper includes comprehensive analysis of China’s motives behind the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of economic security of China.

Źródło:

Optimum. Economic Studies; 2018, 4(94); 166-182
1506-7637

Pojawia się w:

Optimum. Economic Studies

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

Artykuł

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Skocz do pozycji: 99.

Tytuł:

Implications of the China-Taiwan tensions for the international economic security

Autorzy:

Liber, Janusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/17877204.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego

Tematy:

China
Taiwan
economic security
supply chain
value chain
semiconductors
Taiwan Strait

Opis:

The economy of Taiwan began to take shape after the occupation of the island by Japan under the peace treaty with the Chinese Qing Empire in 1895. After that, Tokyo began to actively invest in the development of a new territory: railroads, factories and defense enterprises were built. In this way, an industrial base was created that Taiwan uses to this day. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, the island briefly returned to the Republic of China. However, there was a civil war in the country between the communists and nationalists, who rallied around Chiang Kai-shek, who eventually lost and withdrew to Taiwan with his associates. Taipei officially named the new state the “Republic of China” and has declared and continues to declare claims against the entire territory of China. Beijing, on the other hand, regularly declares that Taiwan is part of the People’s Republic of China and has announced its reunification with the “rebellious island”. The article deals with the economic consequences for the world economy resulting from the potential crisis between China and Taiwan. The subject is inspired by the dependence of the economies of many countries, including the United States and the European Union, on products supplied from the region of East Asia, especially by Taiwan, which in the event of a crisis in relations between conflicted countries may create threats to the international economic security.

Źródło:

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2023, LI, 2; 41-52
1899-6264
2451-0718

Pojawia się w:

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 100.

Tytuł:

Economic expansion of China in Ukraine. Can the New Silk Road project support Ukrainian statehood?

Autorzy:

Wojcieszak, Łukasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/450452.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza

Tematy:

Ukraine
China
economy
New Silk Road
statehood

Opis:

The purpose of this paper is to present the current condition of Ukrainian-Chinese economic relations, in particular initiatives related to the New Silk Road project. The author describes the main areas of cooperation between China and Ukraine, the results of individual initiatives, as well as the difficulties faced by some areas of bilateral cooperation. China turns out to be essential for Ukraine in a period when its relations with Russia have deteriorated and the European Union cannot provide Ukraine with sufficient support. The authorities in Beijing are aware of the strategic position of Ukraine, considering this country as an important link with Central and Western Europe. “is makes the bilateral cooperation very promising, and the increase of Chinese influence in Ukraine is an almost natural consequence of the good collaboration. An increasingly closer Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation results in a number of significant changes in Ukraine and its stronger statehood. According to the author, in the foreseeable future there will be further development of China’s economic expansion in Ukraine. The prospects for cooperation between these two countries are based on the current, multidimensional collaboration, which, however, encounters numerous barriers resulting from the economic weakness and the social capital of Ukraine.

Źródło:

Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities; 2018, 8; 237-249
2084-848X

Pojawia się w:

Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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