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Tytuł:
Użyteczność różnych sposobów rozumienia informacji w psychologii
The usefulness of different methods understanding of information in psychology
Autorzy:
Młodkowski, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139331.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
cognitive psychology
information
mental process
mental processing
Opis:
Discussions regarding the notion of information have died out several years ago. However an agreement hasn’t been reached on the exact meaning of such a term. Most often the notion of information is understood as: 1) knowledge about structure of an object, 2) third appearance of the substance, 3) perceptible difference between objects. These interpretations are not exclusive, but there is not one theory that combine them. In cognitive psychology notion of information is perceived as a paradigm. At the same time its meaning is often equated with the concept of mental process, or the content of such mental process. Mental activity and in particular intellectual activity generally is recognized and equated with processing of an information. Such interpretation ignores the fact that information cannot be processed directly because it doesn’t exist without a carrier. In fact these carriers undergo processing. The new information based on re-configuration of carrier’s structure could be re-developed. The carriers are mental representations of the carried content and they represent themselves as icons, symbols and concepts. Hence the mental activity is the processing (sometimes creating) representations.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 2009, 13; 17-28
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozwój psychospołeczny mlodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w aspekcie asymetrii czynnościowej wybranych zdolności motorycznych
Physical and mental development in adolescents with mild mental disability in the aspect of functional asymmetry of selected motor abilities
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Marta
Kuriata, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/464880.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
physical and mental development
mental disability
motor abilities
Opis:
Background. The cognitive objective of the present paper was to diagnose and compare the level of body lateralization in girls and boys with mild intellectual disability in the area of functional asymmetry of selected motor abilities. The practical objective was to verify the possibilities of using the functional asymmetry test in body lateralization diagnosis in intellectually disabled adolescents. Material and methods. The study covered a group of 44 individuals in total, that is boys (22 persons) and girls (22 persons) aged 15–16 years. To assess the functional asymmetry the Koszczyc–Sekita test developed at the University School of Physical Education in Wrocław was used. Results. The tests enabled the authors to formulate the following general conclusion: the lateral diversity of 1) upper and lower limb velocity and 2) strength of lower extremities in the investigated girls and boys with mild intellectual disability is statistically insignificant. Only the strength of the upper limbs has a significant level of functional asymmetry. The lowest level of asymmetry occurs in strength of the lower limbs. Conclusion. The investigation is the next step in diagnosing the state of lateralization in children and adolescents with intellectual disability. This is an issue which has been poorly studied though it is essential to be effective in such activities as learning and teaching. For the above reasons the diagnosis in this developmental area should become one of the most important elements of the teachers’ work.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu; 2013, 40; 99-105
0239-4375
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poczucie stygmatyzacji w rodzinach doświadczających problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym
Autorzy:
Przybyła-Basista, Hanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2157782.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
stigma
family
stigmatization
mental illness
mental health
social exclusion
Opis:
The objective of this paper was to address the notion of family stigma related to mental illnesses and discuss relevant theoretical perspectives. The review of the literature performed in this study shows that concepts of “family stigma” and “stigma by association” are used interchangeably. Family stigma includes the prejudice and discrimination experienced by members of family of a person suffering from mental illness. For many families the stigmatization that surrounds mental illness is a central issue causing concern, anxiety, shame and self-blame. Moreover, family members can be considered somehow “contaminated” because of close relationship they have with the stigmatized mentally ill person in their family. It is shown that current research results indicate this type of stigma negatively affects family members and relatives. In the paper’s closure some educational programmes devoted to counteracting the family stigma linked to metal disorders are presented.
Źródło:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne; 2016, 1(20); 23-35
1898-0171
Pojawia się w:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Młodość i starość w relacji pacjent – lekarz szpitala psychiatrycznego. Na podstawie wybranych przykładów najnowszej prozy rosyjskiej
Autorzy:
Brążkiewicz, Bartłomiej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1826577.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-02-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:
Russian Literature
Mental Illness
Mental Hospital
Abuse of Psychiatry
Opis:
The text comments about the relationship between doctor and patient of psychiatric hospital as shown in selected modern Russian fiction. This topic, that has been present in Russian literature since the 19th century, being a vital component of mental illness theme, is even more valid nowadays. The analysis of the discussed novels leads to the conclusion, that age plays no significant role in depicting the above-mentioned relationship. Furthermore, regarding “youth” and “old age” as a pair of predicates, it confirms the thesis on continuous (either consciously or unconsciously) positive doctor- and negative patient-presentation.
Źródło:
Conversatoria Litteraria; 2017, 11; 271-282
1897-1423
Pojawia się w:
Conversatoria Litteraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Osoby z chorobami psychicznymi na rynku pracy
People with mental disorders on the job market
Autorzy:
Trzcińska, Emilia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442701.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Państwowa Uczelnia Zawodowa we Włocławku
Tematy:
choroba psychiczna
zaburzenia psychiczne
praca
mental disease
mental disorder
work
Opis:
Praca jest jedną z podstawowych form działalności ludzkiej. Niestety, aż 95% pracodawców nie widzi możliwości zatrudnienia osób chorych psychicznie. Szczególnie dotyczy to osób chorych na schizofrenię, którym ciężko znaleźć pracę na jakimkolwiek stanowisku. Wynikać to może ze stygmatyzacji osób chorych psychicznie lub z wewnętrznych przyczyn tkwiących w danej osobie. Zatrudnienie pracownika z chorobą psychiczną niesie ze sobą nie tylko zagrożenia, ale także korzyści dla pracodawcy. Dla osób z chorobą psychiczną praca jest natomiast źródłem leków, ale także radości. Ma ona istotne znaczenie dla stabilizacji zdrowia psychicznego.
The work is one of the basic forms of human activity. Even 95% employers do not see the possibility of employment for people with mental illness. Especially for people with schizophrenia , which is hard to find a job in any position. This may be due to the stigmatization of the mentally ill or internal causes inherent in the person. Employment of an employee with a mental illness carries with is not only threats, but also benefits the employer. For people with mental illness while work is a source of fears, but also joy. It is important to stabilize mental health.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne; 2017, 13, 1; 92-107
1896-4087
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Postawy społeczne wobec chorych psychicznie
Social attitueds towards mentally ills
Autorzy:
Podbrożna, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/526707.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski. Instytut Nauk o Zdrowiu
Tematy:
Zdrowie psychiczne
choroba psychiczna
system wsparcia
rehabilitacja psychiatryczna
mental health
mental disease
the system of support
mental rehabilitation
Opis:
Wstęp. Problem postaw wobec osób chorych psychicznie oraz społeczne wyobrażenie na ich temat są zagadnieniami, którym warto się przyjrzeć, ponieważ pozyskana w ten sposób wiedza może okazać się niezwykle cenna dla zmiany sposobu odbioru chorych psychicznie. Cel pracy. Poznanie poziomu wiedzy badanych na temat chorych psychicznie oraz prezentowanych wobec nich społecznych postaw i emocji. Materiał i metoda. Badaniem ankietowym objęto 200 dorosłych, z tego 130 kobiet i 70 mężczyzn w różnych przedziałach wiekowych. Respondenci pochodzili z miast i wsi powiatu gliwickiego i strzeleckiego. Narzędzie badawcze stanowiła ankieta autorska. Wyniki. Swoją wiedzę na temat chorych psychicznie 5% ankietowanych oszacowało na wysokim poziomie, 39% - na poziomie umiarkowanym, 38,5% - znikomym, a 7,5% przyznało, że nie posiada wiedzy na ten temat. Zdecydowana większość respondentów uznała chorobę psychiczną za chorobę przewlekłą, którą należy leczyć. 60% ankietowanych nie miałoby nic przeciwko temu, gdyby w ich sąsiedztwie wybudowano ośrodek zajmujący się chorymi psychicznie, 33,5% byłoby za, 6,5% przeciw. Mimo że 46,50% badanych uważa, że chorego psychicznie należy przygotować do życia, to tylko 15,5% wyraziło akceptację dla możliwości zakładania przez nich rodzin, a z kolei 49,5% było temu przeciwne. Wnioski. Deklarowany poziom wiedzy na temat chorób psychicznych wśród ankietowanych nie jest niski, ale też nie należy do satysfakcjonujących. Wyobrażenia na temat chorób psychicznych są wśród respondentów mocno zróżnicowane. Jednak zdecydowana większość traktuje chorobę psychiczną jak każdą chorobę przewlekłą, którą należy leczyć. Mimo deklaracji otwarcia się na problemy osób dotkniętych chorobą psychiczną, badani nadal pozostawiają oni sobie pewien margines, wykazując dużo niższą tolerancję.
Introduction: The problem of the attitude towards mentally ill people and the way the patients are perceived by the society constitute the topic which seems to be worth a closer look, as the knowledge obtained might be of great value to change the way these people are treated. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to learn what the level of knowledge about the mentally ill is and what the attitudes and emotions these people evoke. Material and method: The questionnaire has been answered by 200 adults, including 130 women and 70 men representing different age groups. The respondents lived both in towns or villages of Strzelecki and Gliwicki regions. The questionnaire was generated by the author of the study herself. Results: 5 per cent of the respondents have estimated their knowledge about mentally ill people at a high level, while 39 per cent at a moderate level, with 38.5 per cent at a low level but would like to learn more and, finally, 7.5 per cent admitted having no information on the topic. The majority of the interviewees claimed that the mentally ill are scared of interpersonal contacts in public places, feel uncomfortable seeing people’s reactions to them and they are afraid of being judged. In addition, they feel worse, ashamed and fear of being laughed at. Conclusions: The level of the knowledge about mentally ill people seems to be satisfactory, although insufficient. The causes of their social withdrawal might be found among intolerance, lack of acceptance of their behaviours and the way they function in the society
Źródło:
Puls Uczelni; 2012, 4; 10-15
2080-2021
Pojawia się w:
Puls Uczelni
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problematyka zaburzeń reaktywnych i symulacji w praktyce sądowo-psychiatrycznej i penitencjarnej
The Problem of Reactive Mental Disorders and of Malingering in Forensic Psychiatrist Practice
Autorzy:
Batawia, Stanisław
Uszkiewiczowa, Lidia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699294.pdf
Data publikacji:
1964
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zaburzenia psychiczne
mental disorders
Opis:
Problems of reactive mental disorders and of the simulation of mental disorders have lately been very poorly represented in both psychiatrist and criminological literature. The present contribution discusses the sources of a considerable number of difficulties which emerge in practice when discussing the question of “Reactive disorder or malingering?”, as well as the errors of diagnosis in diagnosing malingering. The contribution is based on a analysis of material which comprizes three hundred and fifty cases of reactive mental disorders, and ninety-nine cases of malingering (simulation), with the accused; such material has been obtained from the Department of Forensic Psychiatry of the Psychoneurological Institute and from fifteen mental hospitals in Poland, to which prisoners were sent for observation. When making use of the term of “ malingering” , the contents of that notion ought to be narrowed down so as to comprize behaviour of such kind, which consists in an individual who is not mentally ill consciously producing definite psychopathological symptoms. We could not possibly consider to be malingering in the true sense of the word the producing by a mental patient (e.g. one suffering from schizophrenia) of symptoms which are not characteristic of the disorder in question. What is described by the term of sursimulation, even though it contains elements of malingering, essentially differs from true malingering. On the other hand, the view is not correct which reads that we may only then speak of malingering, when the simulating of symptoms of mental disorders makes its appearance with persons who do not exhibit any abnormal traits. Malingering most frequently makes its appearance with prisoners who exhibit symptoms of psychopathy, encephalopathy, mental deficiency, etc. The problem of metasimulation deserves special attention. The fact that at a given moment we have to do with a behaviour which indicates malingering is not by itself evidence that previously, during the period immediately preceding such malingering, reactive disorders did not appear with same prisoner. The symptoms of reactive disorders during the period which preceded the sending of the prisoner to a mental hospital may have become almost entirely extinguished, while their place was taken by an attitude of malingering, greatly reminiscent of the recent symptoms of reactive mental disorders. Besides, in cases of that kind there also arises, as a rule, the question of whether, side by side with elements of malingering, there do not appear feebly marked symptoms of reactive mental disorders, as remnants of the reactive disorders from which the patient had previously been suffering. Neither should another difficulty, which jurisdiction finds in its path, be forgotten. When having to do with an attitude of obvious malingering, one ought to take into consideration the possibility of malingering being gradually transformed into reactive disorders. The mechanism of malingering becomes fixed in the prisoner’s mind, it undergoes automation, and sets into motion a hysterical mechanism, which, in its turn, acts independently, in the way proper to it, owing to which psychogenic disturbances arise. Such a state as that cannot be described as malingering, in spite of the fact that it was simulation that not only constituted the starting-point of the disorders arisen, but had actually provoked, and to some extent moulded, them. An individual in that state no longer exercises any control over the symptoms of reactive disorders which have appeared, he ceases to exercise any mastery over them; the former malingering mechanism has been driven out of his consciousness and has become transformed into a new, and considerably more complicated hysterical mechanism. The cases discussed above may still run a course complicated in another way, namely after the transformation of malingering into reactive disorders certain symptoms of the latter in their turn are subject to undergo, even after the extinction of the disorders, a conscious consolidation through the new manifestation of the malingering mechanism. Therefore in such cases malingering may be observed, not only at the beginning, but also after the recession of the state of reactive disorders, in the form of metasimulation. The mechanism of the arising of reactive disorders is analogous to that of the arising of malingering; at the basis of both the above mechanisms there lie certain common fundamental tendencies. In all probability malingering runs along the very same tracks as hysterical reaction, and mobilizes, through the intermediary of autosuggestion, analogous mechanisms, causing, as it were, the automation of certain attitudes. Malingering individuals, even though at first they control that mechanism and consciously steer it, may lose their control over it. This leads to the cases of a transformation of malingering into reactive mental disorders, discussed above. The knowledge of making use of a mechanism approximating a hysterical one, of producing and fixing certain symptoms which would constitute a good imitation of disorders, is - as is well known - a most difficult thing. This is why long-lasting and consistently carried out malingering is an extremely rare phenomenon. An individual who simulates in such a way must be equipped with peculiar features, in order to be equal to tasks of that kind. Hence the well-know saying that “ one can simulate well only that which is close to the simulating persons’s individuality” (Lassegue), and that “ a good malingerer must be born such” (Braun). Among psychiatrists there prevails, generally speaking, an agreement as to the view that long-lasting and consistent malingering happens, as a rule, only with persons whose personality exhibits clearly pathological features. The data obtained from sixteen mental hospitals for the period of 1953 - 1960 bear witness to the fact that, out of 5,967 male prisoners sent there for psychiatric examination, mental reactive disorders have been found to exist with 711 cases (11.9 per cent.), and malingering of mental disorders in a mere 99 cases (1.6 per cent.). In the case of the 793 women, sent from prisons to mental hospitals for psychiatric examination, reactive disorders were found to exist in 73 cases (9.2 per cent.), and malingering in a mere 7 cases (0.9 per cent). When we analyse the 99 forensic-psychiatric reports which diagnosed malingering, it appears that we may distinguish two different groups of cases among them. The first of them comprizes 70 prisoners,, with whom the diagnosis of mere malingering does not arouse any essentia] diagnostical reservations. On the other hand, in the second group, which comprizes 29 cases, we have to do with 19 cases of undoubted metasimulation, as well as with 19 cases which are doubtful. Doubts arise in connection with the possibility of the co-existence of reactive disorders with simulation (5 cases), as well as with the presence of reactive disorders during the period immediately preceding malingering (3 cases), or finally, because of data which speak in favour rather of reactive disorders than of malingering (11 cases). Thus it is only in seventy cases that the diagnosis of malingering does not arouse any serious doubts; neither should it be forgotten that, at the same time (i.e. during the same seven-and-a-half-year period) as many as 711 cases of reactive mental disorders were observed with prisoners in sixteen mental hospitals. Thus cases of malingering of long duration are an extremely rare phenomenon in forensic psychiatrist practice. For the purpose of establishing how do the data look which concern long-term malingering of mental disorders in prisons, data concerning the number of cases of malingering within the period of one year have been obtained from the psychiatrists employed in two large Warsaw prisons, which are, in principle, destined only for prisoners under investigation. It was found that the number of malingering prisoners amounted, in one prison to nine, and in the other to five. Taking into consideration the number of all the prisoners detained in those prisons in the course of twelve months, the “ co-efficient of malingering” , calculated as per one thousand prisoners, amounts to 1.86 and 0.96 respectively. After a correction has been introduced, because of the possibility of certain prisoners failing to report for examination, that co-efficient should not exceed 2 pro mille.[1] Among the 350 cases of reactive disorders, selected by lot out of the total number of reports with a diagnosis of “ reactive disorder” for the purpose of obtaining a representative sample, metasimulation during the period of clinical observation has been stated to take place in as many as 24.8 per cent, of the cases.  When examining the two groups of cases: those of “ pure” malingering and those of metasimulation, we can establish the essential differences which exist between them. Those prisoners with whom no reactive disorders have been found to exist during observation, simulate other symptoms of psychotic disorders than those prisoners, with whom malingering has made its appearance only after the extinction of reactive disorders in hospital.   In the group of the seventy “ pure” cases of malingering the most numerously represented is the simulation of memory defects and of mental deficiency, or else of dementia; apart from the above, prisoners also simulate symptoms of conversion hysteria, of hallucination or delusion, as well as, exceptionally, symptoms of stupor.  On the other hand, in the group of fifty cases of metasimulation, more than one-half of the total number consisted of prisoners who simulated symptoms of pseudodementia along with elements of puerilism (which were altogether absent from the group of “ pure” simulation). Of cases of con- fabulation with symptoms of pseudodelusions there were eight, while there were none of them in the “ pure simulation” group. Of individuals who simulated memory disorders there were three times less.  Deserving of particular attention are the twenty-six cases of “ pure” malingering, in which the whole manner of simulating, the contents of the pseudo-symptoms produced, and the prisoner’s entire behaviour are of such a kind, that it seems improbable that the simulating individual could suppose that he would succeed in deluding his environment. The attitude of such prisoners is one of playful contradiction, usually coupled with irony and mockery with regard to the medical personnel; their behaviour is characterized by elements of acting and indeed of clowning; the absurdity of their utterances is glaring. Periodically, however, states of a certain inhibition make their appearance, and from time to time sudden changes of mood are visible, considerable tension, violent attempts at aggressive behaviour, and tendencies to self-mutilation.  It was Mönkenmöller who, once upon a time, drew attention to that peculiar form of malingering, in which it is impossible to detect any intelligible purpose. In such cases malingering assumes the character of acting which gives the malingerer some satisfaction (“spielerische Simulation' 4, as Utitz called it); The picture of malingering gives one to think by its specific features, and is distinguished, from the other types of malingering, by its altogether exceptional primitivism and inconsistency. 92 per cent, of the prisoners who simulated in that way were recidivists with a considerable number of previous convictions to their names. In the anamnesis of nearly one-half of them alcoholism and brain trauma, as well as other chronical brain diseases, made their appearance. More than one-half of their total number have performed self-mutilation in prison. In the cases of “pure”, true malingering there appear, in the hospital material investigated, numerous prisoners with symptoms of encephalopathy (37.1 per cent.) and psychopaths (about 40 per cent.), as a rule described as impulsive, irritable, aggressive. Not a single malingering prisoner has been qualified as an individual with a normal personality. The prisoners who simulated mental disorders are recruited - 81 per cent, of them - from among recidivists, as a rule from among juvenile or young offenders: sixty-six per cent, of the investigated were under twenty-five years of age. They belonged to the category of offenders who commit common offences, mostly offences against property, with thefts predominating. Among the reactive mental disorders to be met with in forensic psychiatrist practice and in the prisons, two kinds of disorders may be distinguished. First of all, the group of disorders of the type of hysterical disorders, the majority of which has a more primitive character; they are: pseudodementia, Ganser’s syndrom, puerilism, states of incomplete stupor and of stupor, fancies with contents similar to those of delusions, and symptoms of conversion hysteria. It is precisely that category of disorders that oftentimes causes particular difficulties in practice, when it is a matter of distinguishing them from malingering. The second group of reactive disorders, with more psychotic symptoms, comprizes: reactive depressions, stupor, and syndroms with delusions and hallucinations and paranoid states. In this category of disorders disturbances of consciousness are much more clearly discernible than they are in the first. Bunyeyev, however, correctly emphasizes the fact that clinical experience points to the fact that in the several syndroms distinguished above there are frequently contained elements, of other reactive syndroms, and, moreover, in a considerable number of cases it can be observed, how, in the course of the disorders, one set of syndroms gives way to other symptom syndroms. Consequently, the clinical picture is usually considerably more complicated than would result from a description that would only take into consideration the most fundamental elements. Among the three hundred and fifty cases of reactive disorders with prisoners under investigation the several syndroms make their appearance In the following dimensions:   Pseudodementia                                                 90 cases    25.7 per cent. Puerilism                                                              16     “          4.6 per cent.  Ganser’s syndrom                                              17     “          4.9 per cent. Depressions                                                         79      “        22.6 per cent. Syndrom of stupor (41)                                      59      “          and states of incomplete stupor (18)              47       “       16.9 per cent. Syndroms with hallucinations and delusions                      13.4 per cent. Paranoid states                                                    12       “        3.4 per cent. Conversion hysteria                                             20      “         5.7 per cent. Fancies with contents similar to delusions     10       “         2,8 per cent. Pseudodementia, Ganser’s syndrom and puerilism between them account for 35.2 per cent, of the material investigated. Pseudodementia and puerilism frequently constitute the source of serious difficulties when it is a matter of distinguishing them from malingering, if hospital observation is of too short duration. Seventy per cent, of the above cases spent over three months on observation in hospitals, including nearly twenty per cent, who spent more than six months there.  After a syndrom of pseudodementia, it may be sometimes observed the malingering of the extinct symptoms of that syndrom (metasimulation). Among the cases of metasimulation in the material under investigation in fifty-five per cent, malingering was precisely connected with pseudodementia. Reactive depressions are the second set, as far as numbers are concerned, in the material under investigation (22.64 per cent.). Reactive depressions are of various character. The obvious colouring of the majority of such states with hysterical traits frequently lends a peculiar stamp to the clinical picture, and may incorrectly suscitate a suspicion of malingering.  Mental disorders with a stupor syndrom, as is well known, rarely arise as isolated type of reaction. Considerably more frequently stupor takes place after pseudodementia, Ganser’s syndrom and puerilism, not infrequently after a period of a seeming withdrawal of all reactive symptoms. What is more, after stupor there frequently appear once more symptoms of other reactive disorders, first and foremost those of pseudodementia (Bunyeyev, Pastushenko). In cases of incompletely developed stupor there frequently appear suspicions of malingering, even though such casses ought to be numbered undoubted mental disorders.  When discussing cases with a hallucination and delusion syndrome one ought to remember that even in such cases the suspicion of malingering occasionally makes its appearance. This is influenced by the fact that the contents of the hallucination are closely connected with the prisonner’s own situation, that his behaviour is characterized by lively emotional reactions, and that he not infrequently manifests interest in his further lot, his family, etc. In fact the suspicion of malingering as a rule proves to be unfounded. Morever, it should not be forgotten that, in cases with a hallucination and delusion syndrome there not infrequently emerge serious diagnostic difficulties in connection with the posibility of the existence of schizophrenia.  Among the reactive disorders observed with prisoners in the hospitals there were twelve cases of acute paranoid state. In this, relatively very infrequent, syndrom, which develops against a background of intensified fear and anxiety, and rapidly disappears under conditions of hospitalization, the existence of hallucinations, mainly visual ones, has also been found.  The symptoms which approach delusions include the so-called confabulation, with contents resembling those of delusions (“wahnhafte Einbildungen” ), which had been described by Birnbaum more than fifty years ago. The inventing of occasionally the most improbable and queerest facts takes place against a background of usually glaringly expressed hysterical traits; occasionally elements of pseudodementia and puerilism become visible. All this together may suscitate serious suspicions of malingering; prolonged observation, however, makes it posible to find the existence of clearly reactive disorders. Of such cases there were ten in the material under investigation. Predominant among them were cases of persecutory pseudodelusions (eight cases), with the most absurd and fantastical subject-matter. In the remaining two cases it was grotesque grandiose pseudodelusions that made their appearance. Both the attitudes and the behaviour of all such individuals were, as a rule, in complete contradiction with the contents of their utterances. Those prisoners who exhibited symptoms of reactive mental disorders differ in an essential way from those prisoners who simulate pathological symptoms. First of all, there are considerably less recidivists among them: the percentage of the latter did not exceed 33 per cent, while with the simulators it reached 81 per cent. Among the prisoners with reactive disorders there are less individuals who would exhibit organic changes of the brain (23 per cent., as compared with 37,1 per cent, with the malingerers), while, on the other hand, the percentage of persons of the schizoid type is considerably larger (36 per cent., as against about 10 per cent, with the malingerers), as well as that of psychopaths with obvious hysterical traits (31.4 per cent., as against about 20 per cent, with the malingerers).  A mere 4.5 per cent, of the total number of prisoners with reactive mental disorders under investigation were found to be persons whose premorbid personality did not suggest any suspicions concerning pathology; all the remaining ones figure, in the diagnoses, either as psychopaths, or else as persons with symptoms of encephalopathy. In spite of the lack of any exhaustive anamneses in a great many cases it was found possible to state that at least 17 per cent, of the prisoners sent to mental hospitals because of reactive mental disorders had already previously suffered from such disorders. The cases of reactive states of a protracted character, numerous in the material under investigation (32 per cent, among the cases dealt with in the Institute of Psychoneurology) make one realize the importance of a proper conception of the problem of reactive mental disorders with prisoners. In those cases states which could at first produce an impression of simulation were relatively numerously represented. Mistrust in such cases might well be increased by the fact that nearly one-half of them consisted of prisoners accused of the perpetration of homicide. A hospital observation which went on for many months on end, not only did confirm the diagnosis of a reactive mental disorder, but has also, over and above that, demonstrated that those mental disorders had, in a considerable number of cases, become so deep, that a large number of the patients had to be assigned for release from prison. Merely about 22 per cent, of the total of those suffering from protracted disorders recovered their health and could, later on, be prosecuted before a law-court.  A working hypothesis in both prisons and forensic-psychiatric practice should therefore be the premisse that a pure malingering of mental disorders going on for a longer period of time is an altogether exceptional phenomenon, and that, as a rule, we have to do, in such cases, with reactive disorders. A different approach not only does run counter to the present-day state of psychiatrist knowledge, but is also highly harmful for both forensic and prison practice, as well as being inhumanitarian.   [1] In order to avoid any misunderstandings it ought to be emphasized that we are here referring to cases of long duration, of a malingering of mental disorders going on for at least several weeks on end. Clumsy attempts at simulating pathological symptoms for a period of a few days, naturally, altogether elude a psychiatrist who is not permanently employed in the prison in question, and, in all probability happen much more frequently
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1964, II; 251-291
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wolontariusz w pracy z osobami z zaburzeniami psychicznymi – wybrane aspekty
A volunteer working with people with mental disorders – selected aspects
Autorzy:
Zadrożna, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-08
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
wolontariat
wolontariusze
zaburzenia psychiczne
kryzys psychiczny
volunteer
volunteering
mental disorder
mental health
Opis:
Wolontariat jest bezpłatnym i dobrowolnym działaniem na rzecz różnych grup osób m.in. doświadczających zaburzeń psychicznych. Motywacje do działań mogą być różne i wiązać się m.in. z chęcią zdobycia doświadczenia oraz nowej wiedzy, potrzebą odpłacenia się społeczeństwu oraz pomocy potrzebującym, a także potrzebą bycia akceptowanym, chęcią nawiązania nowych relacji oraz zweryfikowania własnych aspiracji. Część motywacji wiąże się z chęcią „dawania”, inne zaś zorientowane są wokół „otrzymywania”. Wolontariusze pracujący z osobami z zaburzeniami psychicznymi są cenną częścią systemu wsparcia, mogą pracować w wielu miejscach oraz w różny sposób. Działania wolontariuszy ujęte są zarówno w ustawie określającej ramy wolontariatu, jak i w kodeksie etycznym wolontariuszy, który może być wyjściem do projektowania odpowiednich działań wolontariackich. Wolontariat odgrywa znaczącą rolę we wspieraniu osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, jest uzupełnieniem działań instytucjonalnych, wolontariusz może być wsparciem dla pracujących profesjonalistów. W związku ze znaczeniem wolontariatu ważne jest, aby dalej szukać metod poprawy rekrutowania oraz szkolenia, zarządzania wolontariatem, a także wspierania wolontariuszy w ich pracy, aby minimalizować wypalanie i przeciwdziałać nadmiernej rotacji wolontariuszy, a maksymalizować potencjał tkwiący w każdej osobie.
Volunteering is an unpaid activity for the benefit of various groups of people, incl. persons experiencing mental disorders. Motivations for volunteering may differ and involve the desire to gain experience and new knowledge, the need to repay to the community and to help those in need, and also the need to feel accepted or the desire to establish new relationships and verify one’s own aspirations. Some of the reasons for volunteering are related to the willingness to “give”, while others are related to “receiving”. The volunteers working with people with mental disorders are a valuable part of the support system. The volunteers can work in many places and in various ways. Volunteering activities are included both in the law defining the framework of the volunteering as well as in the code of ethics of volunteers, which can be a starting point for designing appropriate volunteering activities. Volunteering plays a significant role in supporting people with mental disorders, volunteering activities complements institutional support, and volunteers themselves can support professionals. In view of the role of volunteering, it is important to continue looking for ways to improve the recruiting, training and management of volunteering, and to support volunteers in their work, to minimize burnout and to reduce frequency of volunteers’ turnover, as well as to maximize the potential of every individual.
Źródło:
Praca Socjalna; 2021, 36(4); 55-78
0860-3480
Pojawia się w:
Praca Socjalna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stan psychiczny i jakość życia matek opiekujących się dziećmi z upośledzeniem umysłowym jako czynniki wpływające na jakość opieki - przegląd piśmiennictwa
The mental health condition and the quality of life of mothers looking after children with mental retardation as factors related to the quality of parental care – review of bibliography
Autorzy:
Baleja-Stawicka, Ilona
Rabe-Jabłońska, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/945558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
jakość życia
mental disorders
mental health condition
mental retardation
opieka
parental care
quality of life
stan psychiczny
upośledzenie umysłowe
zaburzenia psychiczne
Opis:
The aim of the report is to portray the contemporary knowledge concerning mental health condition and the quality of life of mothers taking care of mentally handicapped children as factors relating to the quality of parental care. People with mental retardation have problems with adaptation to different aspects of life. Therefore a parental care is thought to be strenuous and long-lasting. Parents have to accept the fact that their children will need protection for the whole life and that children’s health condition have never been essentially improved. Medical research show that looking after mentally retarded children have negative influence both on mental health condition and the quality of life of caregivers. Such parents suffer from depression, anxiety disorders, insomnia, a feeling of guilty, loneliness and social isolation more often than parents of healthy children. There are a lot of aspects of maternal care, which seem to be stressful. They are not only factors connected with the level of functioning of a child and the health condition of a parent, but also with difficulty in finding babysitter, financial status, lack of emotional support from a partner or friends, change of future prospects and restrictions of social life. Additionally, it is important to notice that mental health condition has meaningful bearing on the quality of child protection. Researchers believe that mental disorders of mothers such as depression, anxiety, psychosis can be the causes of child neglect. As a consequence, children are affected with delayed speech, behaviour disorders, trunacy, problems with learning and personality disorders in the future. Some investigators believe that even slight symptoms of discouragement concerning mothers could be a cause of their irratibility and poor concentration abilities, which are noticed by a child.
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnej wiedzy na temat stanu psychicznego i jakości życia matek opiekujących się dzieckiem z upośledzeniem umysłowym, które są czynnikami istotnie wpływającymi na jakość opieki. Osoby upośledzone umysłowo mają deficyty w przystosowaniu się do wielu aspektów życia, dlatego praca związana z opieką nad takim dzieckiem jest żmudna i długotrwała. Rodzice muszą pogodzić się z faktem, że ich dzieci będą potrzebować opieki przez całe życie oraz że ich stan zdrowia nie ulegnie istotnej poprawie. Z wielu badań wynika, że opieka nad dzieckiem upośledzonym ma wpływ na stan psychiczny i jakość życia opiekuna. U rodziców takich dzieci częściej stwierdza się zaburzenia depresyjne, lękowe, zaburzenia snu, poczucie winy, osamotnienia oraz izolacji społecznej. Wiele aspektów opieki jest stresogennych dla matek. Są to nie tylko czynniki związane z poziomem funkcjonowania dziecka czy ze stanem zdrowia samego opiekuna. Badacze potwierdzają, że źródłem stresu są duże trudności w znalezieniu opiekunki dla dziecka upośledzonego, problemy finansowe, brak wsparcia emocjonalnego ze strony partnera i przyjaciół, zmiana planów życiowych, ograniczenie kontaktów towarzyskich. Warto zauważyć, że stan psychiczny matki wpływa znacząco na jakość samej opieki. Badacze uważają, że choroby psychiczne u matki, takie jak zaburzenia depresyjne, lękowe, zaburzenia psychotyczne, są jedną z przyczyn zaniedbywania dzieci oraz występowania u podopiecznych opóźnionej mowy, zaburzeń zachowania, unikania szkoły, problemów z nauką oraz zaburzeń osobowości. Według niektórych nawet niewielkie uczucie zniechęcenia u matki doświadczane w codziennym życiu jest przyczyną zwiększonej drażliwości i zaburzeń koncentracji, które są dostrzegane przez dziecko.
Źródło:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna; 2007, 7, 3; 165-169
1644-6313
2451-0645
Pojawia się w:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podstawowe problemy teorii świadomości językowej
Autorzy:
Maćkowiak, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2084311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-02
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Kultury Języka
Tematy:
anthropocentrism in linguistics
language awareness
mental activity
mental structure
cognitive sphere
pragmatic sphere
affective sphere
mental base of the human speech
Opis:
The modern linguistics is gaining a more and more anthropocentric markedness. This contributes, among others, to increased interest in language awareness. This paper is intended to provide both an overview and a systematisation. The threads it touches upon concern three issues. The author defines the very notion of language awareness, outlines the operating mechanisms of the mental base of speech, and identifies the subjects to whom language awareness may be attributed. Language awareness needs to be considered a separate mental structure being a fragment of the general human awareness. The structure has a dual nature. Some of its reserves are innate components, others are contents and dispositions obtained in the course of individual development. Both are responsible for language acquisition, coordinate language activities, and substantiate various judgments regarding speech as a portion of the collective life, i.e. a product of culture and a culture-building measure. The contents composing the broadly defined individual language awareness at the same time create the cognitive sphere, the pragmatic sphere, and the affective sphere. Obviously, specific language decisions are influenced by collective linguistic views. The speaker always gives in to supraindividual rules, which are an outcome of the states of collective consciousness.
Źródło:
Poradnik Językowy; 2020, 771, 2; 29-45
0551-5343
Pojawia się w:
Poradnik Językowy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Postawy religijne 15-16-letnich dziewcząt lekko upośledzonych umysłowo
The religious attitudes of 15-16 aged mentaly retarded girls
Autorzy:
Zasępa, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18797279.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
attitudes
religious attitudes
mental retardation
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 1998, 02; 103-111
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O (nie)możliwości zastosowania modelu słownika umysłowego w podręcznikach do nauczania języka obcego (na przykładzie języka rosyjskiego dla Polaków)
On (Im)Possibility of Applying a Model of Mental Dictionary in Foreign Language Coursebooks (On the Basis of Learning Russian by Polish Learners)
Autorzy:
Nowak, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/974054.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:
frame
mental glossary
bilingualism
glottodidactics
Opis:
The article is an attempt at searching for theoretical basics for effective foreign language learning. The starting point for the considerations is the bilingual model, which is a subordinate and coordinate method of organizing linguistic material of the mother tongue and foreign language. Formation of bilingual (Polish-Russian) mental glossary of a learner is treated as a mental process and effectiveness of its reorganization is based on the concept of the frame. The author’s considerations are illustrated with an analysis of selected teaching resources for teaching Russian as a foreign language to Polish students.
Źródło:
Acta Neophilologica; 2013, XV/1; 103-116
1509-1619
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neophilologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Edukacja emocjonalna adolescentów – program profilaktyczny ukierunkowany na wspomaganie zdrowia psychicznego
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Hanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
adolescence
mental health
emotional development
Opis:
Adolescence is a time of particular susceptibility to mental disorders. A programme aimed at facilitating emotional development in teenagers might be an important element of prophylactic psychopathology targeting young people. The activities proposed here are group activities and have several aims: to develop the ability to become self-aware regarding one's emotions and regulate their intensity; to foster an attitude of caring for oneself; and to teach problem-solving. What is of particular significance is shaping young people’s habits in being proactive in their personal development.
Źródło:
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2016, 10, 2; 111-124
2300-0422
Pojawia się w:
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sposób realizacji roli rodzicielskiej wobec dziecka niepełnosprawnego intelektualnie
Implementation of parental roles in the family with the mentally handicapped child
Autorzy:
Stelter, Żaneta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
Tematy:
children
mental handicap
offspring
parenthood
Opis:
The parenthood occupies a special place among family roles. The role of a mother or a father opens new perspectives and contributes certain values and experiences to the life of the individual. It can be assumed that the successful development of an offspring is one of the most important criteria of the successful parenthood. The mental handicap of a child is a factor determining the implementation of parental roles, and thus an individual development of mother or father. The results of study of parents with mentally handicapped child are presented in the paper.
Źródło:
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne; 2014, XIX, 1; 87-109
1642-1043
Pojawia się w:
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monitorowanie stanów emocjonalnych pracownika za pomocą interfejsów mózg - komputer
Monitoring of emotional slates of worker using Brain - Computer Interfaces
Autorzy:
Trzyniec, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/181287.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
BCI
EEG
zaangażowanie uwagi
ergonomia pracy umysłowej
mental engagement
ergonomics of mental work
Opis:
Interfejs mózg - komputer (ang. Brain - Computer Interfaces - BCI) to system, w którym polecenia przekazywane są do komputera za pomocą sygnałów generowanych w mózgu BCI mogą być oparte na sygnałach ECoG (elektrokortygrafia),MEG(magnetoencefalografia), PET (pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna), fMRI (funkcjonalny rezonans magnetyczny), NIRS (obrazowanie optyczne) lub innych. Najczęściej jednak stosuje się interfejsy mózg - komputer oparte na sygnałach EEG. Wśród najczęstszych zastosowań BCI należy wymienić bezdotykowe sterowanie urządzeniami elektronicznymi, bezdotykową obsługę komputera (w tym bezdotykowe przeszukiwanie Internetu), uwierzytelnianie biometryczne użytkowników oraz sterowanie procesami przez osoby o ograniczonej sprawności ruchowej. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję zastosowania interfejsu mózg-komputer wykorzystującego sygnały EEG do monitorowania wybranych stanów emocjonalnych pracownika, takich jak zaangażowanie uwagi, zamyślenie, frustracja, ekscytacja. Koncepcję oparto na wykorzystaniu neurohełmu, działającego na zasadzie uproszczonego elektroencefalografii.
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system m which commands are transferred to a computer by Signals generated in the brain BCI may be based on ECoG signals (electrocortiogram), MEG signals (magnetoencephalography), PET signals (positron emission tomography), fMRI signals (functional magnetic resonance), NIRS signals (optical imaging) or others Most commonly, BCI is based on EEG signals Among the most common BCI applications are touchless controlling of electronic devices, touchless computer operating (including touchless Internet searching), biometric user authentication and process controlling by people with reduced mobility. This article presents the concept of using the brain-computer interface, which uses EEG signals to monitor selected emotional states of a worker, such as mental engagement, thought, frustration, excitement. The concept is based on the use of a neurohelmet, which uses simplified electroencephalography.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka; 2017, 12; 23-25
0137-7043
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 381

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