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Tytuł:
Spożycie błonnika pokarmowego w Polsce
The consumption of dietary fibre in Poland
Potreblenie pitatelnojj celulozy v Polshe
Autorzy:
Gronowska-Senger, A.
Majchrzak, D.
Morawiec, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/872909.pdf
Data publikacji:
1987
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Tematy:
blonnik pokarmowy
spozycie
Polska
hydroliza
Źródło:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 1987, 38, 4-5
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagospodarowanie jablek w Polsce w ostatnim 40-leciu
The utilization of apple production in Poland in the last 40 years
Autorzy:
Brzozowski, P
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/832169.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Ogrodnictwa
Tematy:
Polska
owoce
jablka
spozycie
przetworstwo owocow
eksport
import
rynek owocow
Opis:
The aim of this work was to define the changes in the utilization of apple production in Poland in t he years 1961 - 2008. This period includes 29 years of planned economy and 19 years of market economy. The main source of data for this study were publications of Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), FAO, and the Institute of Agricultural and Food Econom ics in Warsaw (IERiG Ż ). The percentage of apples used for processing increased from 50% in the 1980’s to about 70% in the 1990’s to 80% at the beginning of the new century. Apple consumption per capita did not vary much in the years 1961 - 2008. However, the consumption of all kinds of fruit increased by about 40% during this period in line with the increase in the average monthly salary. The consumption of apples on the domestic market was much more evenly distributed throughout the year in market economy times. Further growth in apple production in Poland will be possible through increases in fresh fruit exports and in processing, and through better balancing of the seasonality of consumption. At present, locally grown apples in Poland are on sale all year round, however , their supply in the summer season could be augmented.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach; 2009, 17; 41-52
1234-0855
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa w Skierniewicach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Program "Mleko w szkole" jako wsparcie sektora mleczarskiego w Polsce
"School milk" programme as a support to dairy brunch in Poland
Autorzy:
Swistak, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/865043.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
Polska
dotacje unijne
finanse publiczne
gospodarstwa domowe
mleczarstwo
mleko
przetwory mleczne
program Mleko w Szkole
realizacja programow
spozycie mleka
spozycie zywnosci
szkoly
zrodla finansowania
Opis:
Program „mleko w szkole” realizowany w wielu krajach .wiata pełni dwojakiego rodzaju funkcje: z jednej strony przyczynia się do poprawy stanu odżywienia dzieci i wykształcenia u nich właściwych nawyków żywieniowych, z drugiej stanowi jedno z narzędzi interwencjonizmu państwowego, chroniącego dochody producentów mleka. System dopłat do programu, jednolity dla wszystkich krajów Unii Europejskiej, choć niedoskonały, jest przykładem pozytywnego wykorzystania procesów globalizacyjnych, nie zawsze tak jednoznacznie ocenianych.
"School Milk" Programme performer in several countries of the world plays double function: a) improvement of nutritional status among children along with development of prudent food habits, b) one of the state intervention mechanism protecting milk producer. In this paper current performance of the "Milk School" Program in Poland was analized in the contest of the situation in the Polish milk sector. Both the EU and national legislations related to finance of the programme aimed at development of its extension was also presented.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2009, 11, 5
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niedobory konsumpcji w zakresie żywności w polskich gospodarstwach domowych według grup społeczno-ekonomicznych
Food consumption deficiency across socio-economic groups of Polish households
Autorzy:
Stanislawska, J.
Glowicka-Woloszyn, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/863475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
Polska
gospodarstwa domowe
zywnosc
spozycie zywnosci
niedobory zywieniowe
grupy spoleczno-ekonomiczne
Opis:
Celem badań była ocena poziomu niedoborów konsumpcji w zakresie różnych rodzajów artykułów spożywczych w polskich gospodarstwach domowych w latach 2005-2013 w przekroju grup społeczno-ekonomicznych. Dokonano również analizy dynamiki zjawiska. Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie jednostkowych danych Diagnozy Społecznej za lata 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 i 2013. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że w analizowanym okresie najniższy poziom niedoborów wszystkich rozpatrywanych rodzajów żywności odnotowano w gospodarstwach domowych pracujących na własny rachunek, następnie pracowników, rolników, relatywnie wysoki w gospodarstwach domowych emerytów i rencistów, a najwyższy w grupie gospodarstw domowych utrzymujących się z niezarobkowych źródeł utrzymania. W analizowanym okresie najwyższe niedobory dotyczyły zakupu ryb i ich przetworów i pomimo odnotowania dużego ich spadku, w 2013 roku nadal prawie co czwarte gospodarstwo domowe rolników, emerytów i rencistów oraz co drugie utrzymujące się z niezarobkowych źródeł rezygnowało ze względów finansowych z zakupu tych produktów.
The aim of the article was to assess the level and dynamics of consumption deficiency of various classes of food products across socio-economic groups of Polish households in 2005-13. The research drew on the microdata from the Social Diagnosis studies of 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013. All considered food classes showed the lowest level of deficiency among self-employed, followed by employees and farmers, a relatively high one among retirees and pensioners, and the highest among the living on unearned sources. The most acute deficiencies involved fresh and processed fish, and despite notable improvement over the analyzed period, still in 2013 almost one in four farmer, retiree, or pensioner households, and one in two living on unearned sources, had to forgo the expense due to financial constraints.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2015, 17, 6
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena struktury spożycia żywności w Polsce w aspekcie wymogów zrównoważonej konsumpcji
Evaluation of the structure of food consumption in Poland in the context of demands of sustainable consumption
Autorzy:
Rejman, K.
Kowrygo, B.
Laskowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43180.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
zywnosc
spozycie zywnosci
struktura spozycia
gospodarstwa domowe
konsumpcja zrownowazona
Polska
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2015, 37, 3
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spożycie napojów alkoholowych w Polsce w 1980 r.
Consumption of Alcohol in Poland in 1980
Autorzy:
Jasiński, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699174.pdf
Data publikacji:
1984
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
napoje alkoholowe
spożycie alkoholu
Polska
pozwany
konsument
alcohol consumption
alcohol
respondent
consumer
problems
; consumer
Opis:
    The study described in the paper and has been conceived as a continuation and  partly a repetition or studies carried out in 1961 and 1962 by A. Swięcicki and then in 1968 by J. K. Falewicz.  All of these studies were carried out by the Centre for Public Opinion Survey (now: Centre for Public Opinion Survey and Program Studies) of the Committee for Radio and TV in Warsaw. The instrument used in them was a questionnaire filled in by the interviewer during his interview with the respondent.     The first study, conducted in February and March 1961, included a sample of a population aged 20 and over, while in the second one, which was made in October  1962, u sample aged 18 and over was included. In both studies, the assumed samples numbered 3000 respondents each, the obtained sample being 95.6 per cent and 93.6 per cent of the assumed sample  respectively. The third study was carried out in March and April 1968: it included a sample of population aged 18  and over (assumed sample - 3212 respondents, obtained sample – 91.7 per cent). The present, i.e., the fourth study, was conducted in September  1980 and it included a sample  of population aged 16 and over, of the assumed size of 2000 respondents; the obtained sample  numbered 1972 persons, which  is 98.6 per cent of the assumed one. In the case of all the four studies the deviation  of the obtained sample from the assumed one was slight which permitted them to be treated as random sample of the general population.      The chief aim of the 1980 study was to obtain data which would be comparable with those previously  acquired  and those up-to-date, concerning the distribution of consumption of alcohol among the population of Poland. The previous studies, dating back at least a dozen years, were not only old, but they were carried out in the period when general level of consumption of alcohol was approximately half of that in 1980. It seemed more  difficult to answer the question to what degree the observations then made still applied to the new situation. There was a demand for some new data it last to replace the guesses made from the factual basis which, as the years went by, became more and more uncertain.          In spite of the fact that the present study wbs made in the same way as the previous ones, it seems that the above aims have not been achieved. The data now obtained are not fully comparable with the previous, first of all because the 1980 survey successfully covered a considerably smaller amount of alcohol consumed  in our country than those of  1961 and 1962. Undoubtedly, this was caused by various factors, the most important of which being probably the fact that the representation among the respondents of persons who drank intensively and most intensively was scantier in the present study than it had been in the studies conducted by A. Swięcicki. Consequently, the 1961-1962 and 1980 surveys  concerned different categories of drinking persons, the ranges of which were not identical in both cases.        As regards the scond aim of the study, which was to obtain current data on consumption of alcohol in Poland, we were unsuccessful again, as life proved to run too fast. The 1980 survey was carried out in October 1980, that is one might say at the last moment before the difficulties with alcohol supplies began, as yet unknown in our country, which resulted in regulated sale of alcoholic beverages. This caused the appearance of new phenomena as well as the aggravation of those hitherto existing, Undoubtedly, it was a new phenomenon that people started to buy alcohol not only to consume it, but also to gret rid of the rapidly devaluating money, or in order to obtain a kind of exchange value. Other new phenomena were: trade in coupons entitling one to buy alcohol, and the appearance of black-market prices of spirits produced by the State-controlled distilleries; in certain periods, these prices were twice as high as the official ones. Speaking of aggravation of the existing phenomena, we had in mind first of all the illicit distillation of liquor, the attractiveness of which increased greatly in the face of joint effect of two circumstances: the rapid increase in the price of legally distilled and imported alcohol, and the difficulties in its legal (and even illegal) purchase. It was impossible for the 1980 survey to answer the following questions: what the influence of all these phenomena on the patterns of drinking that had already been shaped before in our country was, and how these patterns were modified. It is known that people drink somewhat differently now. It may be supposed that the persons who used to consume small amounts of alcohol before and who used to drink with restraint now drink less or do not drink at all, while those who used to drink much before - even if they do drink less now, the difference is slight, the illegally distilled liquor playing a greater part in the total amount of alcohol they consume. As to this last problem, opinions are expressed according to which consumption of the illegally distilles liquor has become a much more popular experiences in the course  of the ‘80s than it had been before. Finally, conjectures are made that alcohol-dependent persons, after the first period of difficulties with providing themselves with the amount of alcohol which would be adequate to their habits, in general have now found ways to satisfy their needs in this respect. It remains a guess if the above conjectures are true or not, and the same applies to suppositions concerning persistent or temporary character of the abovementioned changes in patterns of consumption of alcohol. Thus the results of the survey describe the situation as it was a few years ago as this situation undoubtedly changed later on.        As the paper clearly shows, consumption of alcohol in Poland is a common phenomenon: an everyday habit for many of our fellow citizens, a regular one (though not necessarily at regular intervals)- for the majority. In a statistical-descriptive sense drinking should, therefore, be termed normal behaviour, as it appears more or less regularly in the behaviour of a majority of adult members of our society, whenever they find themselves in situations such as celebrations family, meeting  friends, or official occasions.        The above remarks by no means solve the question of estimation of drinking, which- in spite of its habitual character in the statistical-descriptive sense- may in some cases be recognized as most deeply pathological in the medical sense, and in the same adn frequently also in other cases- as pathological in its social expression.       As regards the medical appraisal- the questionnaire did not contain a large set of questions of this kind, therefore, it was able to yield but a most scanty basis fof conjectures as to the symptoms of alcohol dependence of some of the respondents.       The situation was different as regards the social appraisal of the consumption of alcohol. In order to make use of such an  appraisal, an initial poblem had to be solved: what amount, frequency, and way of consuming alcohol should or should not be regarded as that included within the limits of a „social norm”. The problem is complex, for, on the one hand, the opinions as to where the limits are vary in our socjety, and, on the other hand, there are probably many such limits, depending not only on the person who is to fix them, but also on that to whom they may apply. It is generally known that in our society there are advocates of prohibition (who are of opinion that zero consumption should be the social norm), as well as propagators of „reasonable consumption” which is a term with many shades, and finally adherents of opinion that consumption of alcohol is a private matter for everyone to decide by himself (that is those who consider  any  kind of drinking, as well as abstinence, to come within the limits of socially approved norm).  Apart from the advocates of the two extreme opinions, which provide one norm for all members of the society,  others, i.e., the propagators of „reasonable” drinking tend to emploi a norm according to who the drinking person is. This finds expression in a different attitude towards drinking by men and women, tolerance towards the drinking by adults accompanied by strict disapproval in the case of the youth, different expectations as to the attitude towards alcohol drinking by members of different socio-professional groups. In this situation, with the lack of a common opinion as regards „socially normal” drinking, it seemed preferable to refrain from estimating the alcohol consumption in terms of social pathology.        In a survey of alcohol consumption in which samples of population of the entire country or a smaller territory are included, it is vital how the questions about the respondents’  drinking habits are asked. In the research practice, two solutions of this problem have been provided: first, to ask about the last occasion on which the respondent drank, what he drank then, how much he drank and in what circumstances, and second, to ask about his drinking within a given, shorter or longer, period of time. It has been a tradition of Polish studies in this field to choose the first of these solutions, so this method has also been employed in the present study. The last occasion was treated as typical of the respondent’s  way of drinking, and a yearly consumption was calculated for each of tchem, as well as for all persons included in the sample. As compared with the data on alcohol sale gathered in our country, it appeared that the 1980 survey covered 43 per cent of the total of consumed vodka. This percentage corresponds to that which can be found in analogous foreign studies, yeti t is considerably lower than the one obtained by A. Święcicki in his 1961 and particularly 1962 studies. The probable effect on the comparability of this studies with the present one has already been discussed  above. Interest was also paid in the questionnaire to the consumption of home-made wine, which appeared to account for 39 per cent of the consumption of purchased wine covered by the study, and the consumption of „home-distilled vodka” (i.e., moonshine alcohol) which, according to the present study, accounted for 5.5 per cent of the consumption of purchased vodka. Ona may guess that the latter percentage was in reality higher, and that it has now increased even more.       As is generally known, Poland is one of the countries where the general level of consumption of alcohol is medium, yet the structure of consumption is most unfavourable. Over  3/4 of the consumed alcohol  is being drunk in Poland in the from of vodka and other strong drinks. A similar structure of consumption can be found in most parts of the Soviet Union, and to a smaller degree in the Scandinavian countries (except Denmark, where the dominating alcoholic beverage is beer).      One of the common features of alcohol consumption is its great concentration,  which means that relatively few consumers drink a share of alcohol disproportionately large  to their number.  As revealed by the 1980 survey, 45 per cent of the entire  purchased and home-made wine covered by the study was being drunk by3.5 per cent of consumers of wine, 52 per cent of vodka  was being  drunk by 9 per cent of consumers of vodka,  and 46 per cent of beer  was being drunk by 10 per cent of consumers of beer. Taking into account that the study included a relatively small numer of persons  who drink intensively and particularly those who drink most intensively, the real concentration of consumption of separate types of alcoholic beverages must be expected to be still higher in our country.              The interdependence of consumption of different alcoholic beverages is closely connected  with the problem of concetration of consumption. It appeared that the  fact of drinking one kind of alcoholic  beverage augmented the likelihood of drinking another one as well. This convergence was most marked as regards consumption of vodka and beer, as well as vodka and purchased wine  (and also purchased and home-made wine); it was the least  marked in the case of the consumption of home-made wine and vodka, and home-made wine and beer.Among the persons who drank at least two of the above mentioned kinds of beverages, the frequent drinking of one of them was not necessarily connected with frequent drinking of the other:  on the other hand, those who drnak large amounts of one of the beverages, drank also large amounts of the other, while those who drank small amounts of one kind,  drank also small amounts of  the other.          According to the results of our survey, teetotallers, i.e., persons who do  not drink alcohol  at all, constituted nearly 17 per cent of our respondents.  As regards separate kinds of beverages, there were many more persons  who did not drink them; yet a significant regularity appeared, which should  be stressed in connection with the unfavourable structure of alcohol consumption in our country: the group of persons who never drank  vodka  was the least numerous, 25 per cent only, while there were 57-58 per cent of persons who never drank purchased wine and beer, and as many as 70 per cent of those who never drank home-made wine (the percentage for moonshine alcohol was 89 per cent). To repeat, not only as much as 71 per cent of alcohol  was consumed in our country in the form of vodka (strong drinks) in 1980, but also it was consumed by 75 per cent of the country's population aged 16 and over.          Opportunity, place, and company are the usually distinguished elements of the patterns of alcohol consumption  which can be found in the society. The 1980 survey permitted to separate three such patterns (of drinking vodka or wine):  family-celebration, friendly-social, drinking for purpose. According to the first one,  which has been mentioned by nearly half of the respondents who drank, the opportunity for drinking was a family meeting or celebration, with many participants, the place was a private appartment, the amounts of alcohol consumed were relatively smaller, and the participants were first of all persons who drank less than the average.  According  to the second pattern, which was mentioned by nearly every  third respondent, the opportunity was a social meeting or celebration, in which a smaller number of persons participated (as compared with the family meetings), the place was often also a private appartment, but in every fourth case  a restaurant as well, more alcohol was consumed, and among the participants the persons prevailed who drank a little more than the average.  According to the third pattern, drinking for purpose, mentioned by every seventh respondent, "no special occasion" was required for drinking, or drinking took place "in order to handle some business which made it necessary to drink a  glass", a small group of 3-4 persons participated, the most frequently chosen place, apart from one's own apartment, was a restaurant or place of employment, a relatively largest amount of alcohol was consumed, and a majority of participants drank much more than the average.        As is generally known, a particular problem in Poland is drinking at the place of employment;  the Goverment has repeatedly prohibited it, only to  learn that the renewal of the prohibition is apparently as timely as it is ineffective. Among the respondents employed in the State-controlled economy, two of every three persons happened to drink at work, every fourth happened to drink at least during the last month. The opportunity was usually a birthday or a name-day;  yet every sixth respondent happened to drink at work last "without special reason".        The information concerning the frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed permits one to separate four ways of drinking: much and often, much and seldom, little and often, little and seldom. Among the consumers of different beverages the group of persons drinking little and seldom was the most numerous, particularly as regards the consumers of wine (both purchased and home-made), to a smaller degree - the consumers of vodka (and moonshine alcohol), and to the smallest degree - the consumers of beer. Also the groups of persons drinking much and seldom were relatively numerous, apart from consumers of beer, among whom the second most numerous group was that of persons drinking little and often. Every fourth or fifth consumer of beer, every seventh consumer of vodka, every fifteenth consumer of purchased wine and every twenty-seventh consumer of home-made wine drank much and often. As regards persons who, drank any two of the above mentioned beverages,  a convergence of their drinking patterns  could be noticed which consisted in the following regularity: if one of the beverages was consumed according to one of the patterns, the other was generally also consumed according to the same pattern.        Drinking "too much", "several consecutive days",  „more often than the respondent wishes”,  were considered an indicators of alcohol abuse. The persons who never happened to drink like this drank, on the whole, considerably smaller amounts of vodka than the average;  those who had happened to drink like this before consumed  markedly more vodka than the average; while those who have happened to drink like this at the time of the study consumed over twice as much vodka  than the average.       As shown by the analysis of answers to a variety of questions in the questionnaire, the amount of consumed alcohol  is connected with the respondent's  satisfaction with his life and his relations with others. Thus persons who were of opinion that life generally brings the people more  good than evil used to drink significantly less (vodka, purchased wine, as well as beer) than those who thought the opposite. Likewise, the respondents who considered themselves frequently underestimated by their closest family, drank significantly more than those who thought that they happened, though seldom, to have been underestimated. Finally, the persons who were of the opinion that their relations with their  families, neighbours, workmates, and superiors went badly,  used to drink significantly more than those who had no problems in this field.             The drinking persons' experiences with alcohol are both good and bad, and the tendency to study first of all, if not exclusively, the latter does not seem appropriate. In the 1980 survey questions about both kinds of experience were asked, which brought in a good deal of interesting  information. Thus it appeared that the drinking of a certain amount of alcohol in the company of a given person helped to solve professional prbblems for a number of persons which was two and a half times larger than the number of those whose  drinking  brought about serious professional trouble. In over   2/5 of the persons examined, alcohol helped to improve their relations with close friends and relatives, while it helped every third of them to settle their own subsistence problems profitably. As for the troubles resulting from drinking, it is striking that persons problems (poor health, family or financial problems) were mentioned two or  three Times more often than those connected with the respondents'  participation in a broader social environment (problems with neighbours, professional problems, and those with the authorities). The above seems to prove that in the customs and climate which exists in our country, the drinking persons perceive alcohol as bringing them more good than evil. As revealed by a closer analysis of the good and bad experience involved in drinking, they usually coexisted: the more good experience the respondents had, the larger was also the amount of their bad experience, and the more they drank. One could say that the persons who used to drink much and thus fell into trouble realized at the same time that drinking brought them various forms of satisfaction and profits. This undoubtedly intensified  their  tendency do drink, in spite of the trouble resulting from drinking.          The last problem to be discussed in the paper is the respondents'  victimization by aggressive behaviour of drunken persons and by their own intoxication. As regards the first problem, it should be stressed that contacts with attempted physical aggression (a drunken person trying to stop or catch the respondent) were frequent: within the year previous to the study nearly every third respondent experienced such an event. Every ninth respondent fell  victim to more serious acts of aggression ("more serious" meaning at least being physically assaulted). As regards unpleasant consequences of the respondent being intoxicated, the most frequent of them were: getting involved in a quarrel (which happened to every fourth or fifth respondent within the year previous to the study), loosing money or other valuable things (which happened to every ninth respondent). It is significant that the persons who experienced unpleasant consequences of being in the state of intoxication, drank over twice as much as on the average.         The  results of the study the extent, structure, and some correlates of the consumption of alcohol in our country described in the paper are an attempt at filling the gap in the studies of this problem which emerged in the '70s. Such studies should be repeated at not too, long intervals, in order to prevent the occurence of such gaps in the future
      The study described in the paper and has been conceived as a continuation and  partly a repetition or studies carried out in 1961 and 1962 by A. Swięcicki and then in 1968 by J. K. Falewicz.  All of these studies were carried out by the Centre for Public Opinion Survey (now: Centre for Public Opinion Survey and Program Studies) of the Committee for Radio and TV in Warsaw. The instrument used in them was a questionnaire filled in by the interviewer during his interview with the respondent.     The first study, conducted in February and March 1961, included a sample of a population aged 20 and over, while in the second one, which was made in October  1962, u sample aged 18 and over was included. In both studies, the assumed samples numbered 3000 respondents each, the obtained sample being 95.6 per cent and 93.6 per cent of the assumed sample  respectively. The third study was carried out in March and April 1968: it included a sample of population aged 18  and over (assumed sample - 3212 respondents, obtained sample – 91.7 per cent). The present, i.e., the fourth study, was conducted in September  1980 and it included a sample  of population aged 16 and over, of the assumed size of 2000 respondents; the obtained sample  numbered 1972 persons, which  is 98.6 per cent of the assumed one. In the case of all the four studies the deviation  of the obtained sample from the assumed one was slight which permitted them to be treated as random sample of the general population.      The chief aim of the 1980 study was to obtain data which would be comparable with those previously  acquired  and those up-to-date, concerning the distribution of consumption of alcohol among the population of Poland. The previous studies, dating back at least a dozen years, were not only old, but they were carried out in the period when general level of consumption of alcohol was approximately half of that in 1980. It seemed more  difficult to answer the question to what degree the observations then made still applied to the new situation. There was a demand for some new data it last to replace the guesses made from the factual basis which, as the years went by, became more and more uncertain.          In spite of the fact that the present study wbs made in the same way as the previous ones, it seems that the above aims have not been achieved. The data now obtained are not fully comparable with the previous, first of all because the 1980 survey successfully covered a considerably smaller amount of alcohol consumed  in our country than those of  1961 and 1962. Undoubtedly, this was caused by various factors, the most important of which being probably the fact that the representation among the respondents of persons who drank intensively and most intensively was scantier in the present study than it had been in the studies conducted by A. Swięcicki. Consequently, the 1961-1962 and 1980 surveys  concerned different categories of drinking persons, the ranges of which were not identical in both cases.        As regards the scond aim of the study, which was to obtain current data on consumption of alcohol in Poland, we were unsuccessful again, as life proved to run too fast. The 1980 survey was carried out in October 1980, that is one might say at the last moment before the difficulties with alcohol supplies began, as yet unknown in our country, which resulted in regulated sale of alcoholic beverages. This caused the appearance of new phenomena as well as the aggravation of those hitherto existing, Undoubtedly, it was a new phenomenon that people started to buy alcohol not only to consume it, but also to gret rid of the rapidly devaluating money, or in order to obtain a kind of exchange value. Other new phenomena were: trade in coupons entitling one to buy alcohol, and the appearance of black-market prices of spirits produced by the State-controlled distilleries; in certain periods, these prices were twice as high as the official ones. Speaking of aggravation of the existing phenomena, we had in mind first of all the illicit distillation of liquor, the attractiveness of which increased greatly in the face of joint effect of two circumstances: the rapid increase in the price of legally distilled and imported alcohol, and the difficulties in its legal (and even illegal) purchase. It was impossible for the 1980 survey to answer the following questions: what the influence of all these phenomena on the patterns of drinking that had already been shaped before in our country was, and how these patterns were modified. It is known that people drink somewhat differently now. It may be supposed that the persons who used to consume small amounts of alcohol before and who used to drink with restraint now drink less or do not drink at all, while those who used to drink much before - even if they do drink less now, the difference is slight, the illegally distilled liquor playing a greater part in the total amount of alcohol they consume. As to this last problem, opinions are expressed according to which consumption of the illegally distilles liquor has become a much more popular experiences in the course  of the ‘80s than it had been before. Finally, conjectures are made that alcohol-dependent persons, after the first period of difficulties with providing themselves with the amount of alcohol which would be adequate to their habits, in general have now found ways to satisfy their needs in this respect. It remains a guess if the above conjectures are true or not, and the same applies to suppositions concerning persistent or temporary character of the abovementioned changes in patterns of consumption of alcohol. Thus the results of the survey describe the situation as it was a few years ago as this situation undoubtedly changed later on.        As the paper clearly shows, consumption of alcohol in Poland is a common phenomenon: an everyday habit for many of our fellow citizens, a regular one (though not necessarily at regular intervals)- for the majority. In a statistical-descriptive sense drinking should, therefore, be termed normal behaviour, as it appears more or less regularly in the behaviour of a majority of adult members of our society, whenever they find themselves in situations such as celebrations family, meeting  friends, or official occasions.        The above remarks by no means solve the question of estimation of drinking, which- in spite of its habitual character in the statistical-descriptive sense- may in some cases be recognized as most deeply pathological in the medical sense, and in the same adn frequently also in other cases- as pathological in its social expression.       As regards the medical appraisal- the questionnaire did not contain a large set of questions of this kind, therefore, it was able to yield but a most scanty basis fof conjectures as to the symptoms of alcohol dependence of some of the respondents.       The situation was different as regards the social appraisal of the consumption of alcohol. In order to make use of such an  appraisal, an initial poblem had to be solved: what amount, frequency, and way of consuming alcohol should or should not be regarded as that included within the limits of a „social norm”. The problem is complex, for, on the one hand, the opinions as to where the limits are vary in our socjety, and, on the other hand, there are probably many such limits, depending not only on the person who is to fix them, but also on that to whom they may apply. It is generally known that in our society there are advocates of prohibition (who are of opinion that zero consumption should be the social norm), as well as propagators of „reasonable consumption” which is a term with many shades, and finally adherents of opinion that consumption of alcohol is a private matter for everyone to decide by himself (that is those who consider  any  kind of drinking, as well as abstinence, to come within the limits of socially approved norm).  Apart from the advocates of the two extreme opinions, which provide one norm for all members of the society,  others, i.e., the propagators of „reasonable” drinking tend to emploi a norm according to who the drinking person is. This finds expression in a different attitude towards drinking by men and women, tolerance towards the drinking by adults accompanied by strict disapproval in the case of the youth, different expectations as to the attitude towards alcohol drinking by members of different socio-professional groups. In this situation, with the lack of a common opinion as regards „socially normal” drinking, it seemed preferable to refrain from estimating the alcohol consumption in terms of social pathology.        In a survey of alcohol consumption in which samples of population of the entire country or a smaller territory are included, it is vital how the questions about the respondents’  drinking habits are asked. In the research practice, two solutions of this problem have been provided: first, to ask about the last occasion on which the respondent drank, what he drank then, how much he drank and in what circumstances, and second, to ask about his drinking within a given, shorter or longer, period of time. It has been a tradition of Polish studies in this field to choose the first of these solutions, so this method has also been employed in the present study. The last occasion was treated as typical of the respondent’s  way of drinking, and a yearly consumption was calculated for each of tchem, as well as for all persons included in the sample. As compared with the data on alcohol sale gathered in our country, it appeared that the 1980 survey covered 43 per cent of the total of consumed vodka. This percentage corresponds to that which can be found in analogous foreign studies, yeti t is considerably lower than the one obtained by A. Święcicki in his 1961 and particularly 1962 studies. The probable effect on the comparability of this studies with the present one has already been discussed  above. Interest was also paid in the questionnaire to the consumption of home-made wine, which appeared to account for 39 per cent of the consumption of purchased wine covered by the study, and the consumption of „home-distilled vodka” (i.e., moonshine alcohol) which, according to the present study, accounted for 5.5 per cent of the consumption of purchased vodka. Ona may guess that the latter percentage was in reality higher, and that it has now increased even more.       As is generally known, Poland is one of the countries where the general level of consumption of alcohol is medium, yet the structure of consumption is most unfavourable. Over  3/4 of the consumed alcohol  is being drunk in Poland in the from of vodka and other strong drinks. A similar structure of consumption can be found in most parts of the Soviet Union, and to a smaller degree in the Scandinavian countries (except Denmark, where the dominating alcoholic beverage is beer).      One of the common features of alcohol consumption is its great concentration,  which means that relatively few consumers drink a share of alcohol disproportionately large  to their number.  As revealed by the 1980 survey, 45 per cent of the entire  purchased and home-made wine covered by the study was being drunk by3.5 per cent of consumers of wine, 52 per cent of vodka  was being  drunk by 9 per cent of consumers of vodka,  and 46 per cent of beer  was being drunk by 10 per cent of consumers of beer. Taking into account that the study included a relatively small numer of persons  who drink intensively and particularly those who drink most intensively, the real concentration of consumption of separate types of alcoholic beverages must be expected to be still higher in our country.              The interdependence of consumption of different alcoholic beverages is closely connected  with the problem of concetration of consumption. It appeared that the  fact of drinking one kind of alcoholic  beverage augmented the likelihood of drinking another one as well. This convergence was most marked as regards consumption of vodka and beer, as well as vodka and purchased wine  (and also purchased and home-made wine); it was the least  marked in the case of the consumption of home-made wine and vodka, and home-made wine and beer.Among the persons who drank at least two of the above mentioned kinds of beverages, the frequent drinking of one of them was not necessarily connected with frequent drinking of the other:  on the other hand, those who drnak large amounts of one of the beverages, drank also large amounts of the other, while those who drank small amounts of one kind,  drank also small amounts of  the other.          According to the results of our survey, teetotallers, i.e., persons who do  not drink alcohol  at all, constituted nearly 17 per cent of our respondents.  As regards separate kinds of beverages, there were many more persons  who did not drink them; yet a significant regularity appeared, which should  be stressed in connection with the unfavourable structure of alcohol consumption in our country: the group of persons who never drank  vodka  was the least numerous, 25 per cent only, while there were 57-58 per cent of persons who never drank purchased wine and beer, and as many as 70 per cent of those who never drank home-made wine (the percentage for moonshine alcohol was 89 per cent). To repeat, not only as much as 71 per cent of alcohol  was consumed in our country in the form of vodka (strong drinks) in 1980, but also it was consumed by 75 per cent of the country's population aged 16 and over.          Opportunity, place, and company are the usually distinguished elements of the patterns of alcohol consumption  which can be found in the society. The 1980 survey permitted to separate three such patterns (of drinking vodka or wine):  family-celebration, friendly-social, drinking for purpose. According to the first one,  which has been mentioned by nearly half of the respondents who drank, the opportunity for drinking was a family meeting or celebration, with many participants, the place was a private appartment, the amounts of alcohol consumed were relatively smaller, and the participants were first of all persons who drank less than the average.  According  to the second pattern, which was mentioned by nearly every  third respondent, the opportunity was a social meeting or celebration, in which a smaller number of persons participated (as compared with the family meetings), the place was often also a private appartment, but in every fourth case  a restaurant as well, more alcohol was consumed, and among the participants the persons prevailed who drank a little more than the average.  According to the third pattern, drinking for purpose, mentioned by every seventh respondent, "no special occasion" was required for drinking, or drinking took place "in order to handle some business which made it necessary to drink a  glass", a small group of 3-4 persons participated, the most frequently chosen place, apart from one's own apartment, was a restaurant or place of employment, a relatively largest amount of alcohol was consumed, and a majority of participants drank much more than the average.        As is generally known, a particular problem in Poland is drinking at the place of employment;  the Goverment has repeatedly prohibited it, only to  learn that the renewal of the prohibition is apparently as timely as it is ineffective. Among the respondents employed in the State-controlled economy, two of every three persons happened to drink at work, every fourth happened to drink at least during the last month. The opportunity was usually a birthday or a name-day;  yet every sixth respondent happened to drink at work last "without special reason".        The information concerning the frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed permits one to separate four ways of drinking: much and often, much and seldom, little and often, little and seldom. Among the consumers of different beverages the group of persons drinking little and seldom was the most numerous, particularly as regards the consumers of wine (both purchased and home-made), to a smaller degree - the consumers of vodka (and moonshine alcohol), and to the smallest degree - the consumers of beer. Also the groups of persons drinking much and seldom were relatively numerous, apart from consumers of beer, among whom the second most numerous group was that of persons drinking little and often. Every fourth or fifth consumer of beer, every seventh consumer of vodka, every fifteenth consumer of purchased wine and every twenty-seventh consumer of home-made wine drank much and often. As regards persons who, drank any two of the above mentioned beverages,  a convergence of their drinking patterns  could be noticed which consisted in the following regularity: if one of the beverages was consumed according to one of the patterns, the other was generally also consumed according to the same pattern.        Drinking "too much", "several consecutive days",  „more often than the respondent wishes”,  were considered an indicators of alcohol abuse. The persons who never happened to drink like this drank, on the whole, considerably smaller amounts of vodka than the average;  those who had happened to drink like this before consumed  markedly more vodka than the average; while those who have happened to drink like this at the time of the study consumed over twice as much vodka  than the average.       As shown by the analysis of answers to a variety of questions in the questionnaire, the amount of consumed alcohol  is connected with the respondent's  satisfaction with his life and his relations with others. Thus persons who were of opinion that life generally brings the people more  good than evil used to drink significantly less (vodka, purchased wine, as well as beer) than those who thought the opposite. Likewise, the respondents who considered themselves frequently underestimated by their closest family, drank significantly more than those who thought that they happened, though seldom, to have been underestimated. Finally, the persons who were of the opinion that their relations with their  families, neighbours, workmates, and superiors went badly,  used to drink significantly more than those who had no problems in this field.             The drinking persons' experiences with alcohol are both good and bad, and the tendency to study first of all, if not exclusively, the latter does not seem appropriate. In the 1980 survey questions about both kinds of experience were asked, which brought in a good deal of interesting  information. Thus it appeared that the drinking of a certain amount of alcohol in the company of a given person helped to solve professional prbblems for a number of persons which was two and a half times larger than the number of those whose  drinking  brought about serious professional trouble. In over   2/5 of the persons examined, alcohol helped to improve their relations with close friends and relatives, while it helped every third of them to settle their own subsistence problems profitably. As for the troubles resulting from drinking, it is striking that persons problems (poor health, family or financial problems) were mentioned two or  three Times more often than those connected with the respondents'  participation in a broader social environment (problems with neighbours, professional problems, and those with the authorities). The above seems to prove that in the customs and climate which exists in our country, the drinking persons perceive alcohol as bringing them more good than evil. As revealed by a closer analysis of the good and bad experience involved in drinking, they usually coexisted: the more good experience the respondents had, the larger was also the amount of their bad experience, and the more they drank. One could say that the persons who used to drink much and thus fell into trouble realized at the same time that drinking brought them various forms of satisfaction and profits. This undoubtedly intensified  their  tendency do drink, in spite of the trouble resulting from drinking.          The last problem to be discussed in the paper is the respondents'  victimization by aggressive behaviour of drunken persons and by their own intoxication. As regards the first problem, it should be stressed that contacts with attempted physical aggression (a drunken person trying to stop or catch the respondent) were frequent: within the year previous to the study nearly every third respondent experienced such an event. Every ninth respondent fell  victim to more serious acts of aggression ("more serious" meaning at least being physically assaulted). As regards unpleasant consequences of the respondent being intoxicated, the most frequent of them were: getting involved in a quarrel (which happened to every fourth or fifth respondent within the year previous to the study), loosing money or other valuable things (which happened to every ninth respondent). It is significant that the persons who experienced unpleasant consequences of being in the state of intoxication, drank over twice as much as on the average.         The  results of the study the extent, structure, and some correlates of the consumption of alcohol in our country described in the paper are an attempt at filling the gap in the studies of this problem which emerged in the '70s. Such studies should be repeated at not too, long intervals, in order to prevent the occurence of such gaps in the future.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1984, XI; 7-92
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spożycie napojów alkoholowych w Polsce w 1985 r.
Consumption of Alcohol in Poland in 1985
Autorzy:
Jasiński, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698510.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
spożycie alkoholu
napoje alkoholowe
Polska
badania ankietowe
alcohol consumption
alcohol
Polska
surveys
Opis:
The Surveys  Since 1961, nine alcohol consumption surveys were carried out on the national level in Poland. The interests of their authors, the contents of questionnaires, and the ways of conducting the surveys varied, but most of them exhibited some common features. First of all, the respondents were met personally by the interviewers who filled up the questionnaires during the interview. Most of the surveys were based on quota samples of adult population, but in some also youngsters aged over 15 or 16 were included into the sample. The last occasion approach prevailed in the surveys; in one of them only, the respondents were asked to describe their last three drinking occasions. In some surveys, the respondents were also requested to estimate the frequency of their drinking of spirits during the last three months. In the present paper, some findings of the fifth and seventh surveys are analysed. The two surveys were carried out in 1980 and 1985, respectively. The estimate of frequency of drinking spirits derived from answers to the questions related to drinking during the last three months and to those about the last drinking occasion proved to differ markedly in exceptional cases only. However, as expected, the last occasion approach produced somewhat higher estimates of consumption level than that based on the respondent’s appraisal of the frequency of his or her own drinking during the last three months. The coverage rate was similar in both surveys: 47 per cent in 1980 and 56 per cent in 1985, and its level is in accordance with the findings obtained in surveys carried out in other countries. The Questions The questionnaires of both surveys included several questions related to positive and negative experiences the respondents had had as a result of their drinking. The proper part of the questionnaire used in the 1980 survey was of an experimental character. Its main aim was to collect data on the issue neglected in the Polish literature, i.e. on rewards resulting from drinking alcohol. In the literature in question, much attention had been paid to the detrimental consequences of drinking as if they were the only ones. The assumption that drinking has also some positive value for alcohol consumers seemed plausible: why would they otherwise drink at all? The questions asked were not intended to reveal what really happened to the persons who consume alcohol, but rather to get some insight in to the way they perceived occurrences which they rightly or mistakenly attribute to their drinking of alcohol. What seemed interesting were also the spheres of life in which alcohol played a positive as opposed to a negative role. As that part of the questionnaire was of an exploratory nature only, the respondents were asked about events in which alcohol helped them somehow or caused them getting into trouble, whenever that occurred. In the questionnaire of the 1985 survey, more attention was paid to the wording of those questions. Firstly, the respondents were asked about occurrences which had happened during the last twelve months preceding the interview. That was the time limit introduced in order to separate drinkers from non-drinkers, and in that case also to distinguish the “current” from the past events. Secondly, in the case of a good as well as bad experience, the types of occurrences in question were both of a trivial character and of such a nature that they could be related to a single drinking occasion. Thirdly, in reration to some spheres of life questions, about both positive and negative consequences were asked. Some of the questions included in the 1980 and 1985 questionnaires were formulated the way adopted in the Scandinavian Drinking Survey of 1979 which was carried out in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Similar questions were also asked in Finnish surveys conducted in 1968, 1976, and 1984. The Polish, the Scandinavian, and the  Finnish surveys, were carried out at different times, in different manners, and on differently drawn sampres. Therefore, it would be impossible to compare, their findings directly. However, it seems interesting to point to some most striking discrepancies between them as a point of departure for theorizing on possible differences in the role played by alcohol in social life in Poland and in the Scandinavian countries. The Findings The main findings of the inquiry qan be summarized as follows: As could be expected, asking about events which might have occurred at any time in the respondents’ life has led to a higher proportion of positive answers as compared to asking about events that occurred during the last twelve months. In the Polish surveys, this could be noticed in the case of sorting out probrems related to people close to the respondent (49.7 and 21.7 per cent, respectivery), of taking a more, optimistic view of life (40.8 and 18.7 per cent, respectively) and in several other questions, while in the case of the Finnish surveys, in relation to being picked up by the police for being drunk (8.5–10.9 and 3.5 per cent, respectively). This observation is fairly obvious and has been mentioned here only to support confidence in the findings obtained. The questions included in the questionnaire of the 1980 Polish survey were formulated in a manner that was not too well suited for comparisons between the positive and negative experiences stemming from drinking. However, they provided some clues for supposing that good experiences occur more often than bad ones. The evidence provided by the answers in the l985 survey clearly supports this assumption. First of all, the prevalence of an experience is related to its type. The most common ones were: being more resolute in company, and spending more money than one otherwise would (it happened to 36.2 and 34.9 per cent of drinkers, respectively, during the last twelve months). It shows that positive as well as negative experiences related to drinking may be quite common. Most revealing are the answers to questions that pertain to similar types of events. There were four times more drinkers who felt that because of alcohol they were more resolute in company than those who acted as spoil-sports in company because of their drinking (36.2 as opposed to 8.3 per cent, respectively); three times more respondents who sorter out problems connected with their job with the help of alcohol than those who had some trouble at work because of their drinking (23.8 as opposed to 6.7 per cent, respectively); distinctly more sorted out problems related to people close to them than spoiled their relations with such persons (21.7 as opposed to 14.8 per cent, respectively); and finally, many more respondents took an optimistic rather than a pessimistic view of life because of drinking (18.7 as opposed to 10.4 per cent, respectively), It shows definitely that positive consequences of their own drinking are noticed by far more persons than the negative ones. The above findings concern the distribution of answers obtained from all drinkers in the sample. However, they do not preclude the contents of individual respondents’ answers. Are there two separate groups of drinkers: one consisting of those who have positive experiences with drinking, and another one, distinctly smaller, made up of those who have negative experiences related to the use of alcohol? Or is there one group only: the same people have good and bad experiences with drinking, the good ones prevailing in most cases? None of these alternatives appeared to be fully substantiated by the findings of the 1985 survey. First of all, more than two in five of the drinkers reported none of the good experiences listed, and more than one in two – none of the bad experiences. Thus there is a third (or a second) group of respondents drinking alcohol, viz. those who have neither positive nor negative experiences with it. Hence the possible concurrence of good and bad experiences related to drinking may be found in about a half of the drinkers only. All types of good and bad experiences were positively correlated with all types of bad experience listed in the questionnaire (X2 = from 87.8 to 274.3; df = 4; p < T = from 0.17 to 0.32). This points clearly to the second of the above alternatives, viz. to the view that those were predominantly the same persons who admitted having had both good and bad experiences related to drinking. Formulating this observation differently, one might say that having some good experience with drinking enhances the likelihood of having also bad experience with alcohol, and vice versa. In order to proceed further in this analysis, two indices were calculated. Both of them are related to variety and not quantity of experiences, as the questionnaire of the 1985 survey did not contain questions about how often the separate types of experiences listed had occurred. To form the index of good experiences, the number of “yes” answers was calculated, and accordingly the respondents received scores from 0 (no “yes” answers) to 7 (“yes” answers to all types of experiences quoted). The index of bad experiences was formed similarly. The mean score was 1.65 for positive experiences and 1.12 for the negative ones which shows once more that the incidence of the first kind of experiences prevailed over the other one. As it has already been mentioned, quite a number of respondents gave no “yes” answers at all. On the other end of the scale, there were relatively few persons who gave five or more “yes” answers; in the case of good experiences, there were 11 per cent of such persons, and in the case of bad ones – 5 per cent only. The close relationship between having good as well as bad exaperiences is demonstrated by the mean scores of index of good experiences related to drinking calculated for every level of the index of bad experiences, and vice versa. The picture shown by those scores is quite clear: the higher the number of positive types of experiences related to the use of alcohol, the higher also the number of negative experiences stemming from drinking. The same is also true for negative experiences: the greater their number, the more numerous also positive experiences. In conclusion it can simply be said that the drinkers who believe that alcohol drinking is rewarding are generally also aware of some unpleasant consequences which follow its use, and vice versa. A closer look at the scores of both indices revealed that on every level of the index of positive experiences, the number of those experiences exceeded markedly that of the negative ones (the only exception found is in the case of no positive experience). A partly similar picture emerges while looking at the consecutive levels of negative experiences: in the lower part of the scale, mean numbers of positive experiences surpass those of negative ones; only in the case of those respendents who reported four or more types of negative experiences, the numbers of positive experiences were smaller. Finally, the question arises how could this concurrence of good and bad experiences be explained. Or, to take a different approach, what, if anything, distinguishes the respondents who admit having many types of positive and negative experiences from those who do not happen to have them at all or who have a few only. The answer is again surprisingly simple. What seems to determine the number of experiences related to drinking is the level of alcohol consumption. In the case of the Polish drinking habits, this means practically the level of consumption of spirits. The greater the number of types of negative or positive experiences, the higher the consumption level of alcohol (spirits). In persons who reported no good or bad experiences related to drinking, mean alcohol consumption was less than a half of the average. With a rise in the number of types of positive and negative experiences stemming from drinking, the amount of alcohol consumed is also rising steeply to a level more than twice as high as the average for all drinkers. It has also to be stressed that the conusumption level associated with the same number of types of negative experiences related to drinking is higher than in the case of positive ones. Looking at this relationship at the background of the level of consumption, it can be stated that e.g. those who drunk ten to eleven litres of spirits yearly have had one type of bad and two types of good experiences related to the use of alcohol; those who drunk seventeen to twenty litres had two to three types of bad and three–four types of good experiences; and those who drunk about twenty-five litres of spirits yearly had four types of bad and five types of good experiences stemming from alcohol. The predominance of positive experiences is present all the time; however, it tends to get smaller with the increase in consumption level. The description of respondents who tended to have more good and bad experiences related to drinking corresponds strictly to that of those who are drinking more than others. Over-represented are among them: men, middle-aged, having primary education only or unfinnished secondary school, having, blue-collar jobs, describing themselves as nonbelievers or non-practising believers, having disputes and arguments with their families, with neighbours, friends, colleagues and superiors at work, having often the feeling of not enjoying the esteem they deserve. Conclusions For most Poles who drink alcohol, drinking does not seem to be associated with any particular experiences of a positive or negative value. They do not drink much, do it occasionally, probably mostly for social reasons. For those who drink more than the average and, in particular, for those who drink heavily, alcohol consumption tends to be associated with some good or bad experiences which they relate to their use of alcohol. The more they drink, the more experiences of both kinds they have. However, experiences of a rewarding nature prevail over consequences that are annoying or unpleasant. While looking at similar Scandinavian surveys, some striking differences in the incidence of types of occurrences related to drinking can be noticed. In Poland, alcohol seems to serve much more often than in the Scandinavian countries as a means of sorting out problems the drinking person has with people close to him, and in particular, in sorting out his or her problems at work. On the other hand, as far as the use of alcohol for acquiring some psychological effects is concerned (such as improving the mood, better expressing one’s feelings, or saying something one regrets afterwards), the Poles do not seem to differ much from the Scandinavians, particularly from those who are ress successful in this sphere. The Poles seem to have also more health problems related to drinking, even in comparison to those Scandinavians who drink mostly spirits, like the Icelanders.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1991, XVII; 199-285
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania zwyczajów żywieniowych studentów polskich i belgijskich
Studies on dietary habits of Polish and Belgian students
Autorzy:
Skibniewska, K.A.
Radzyminska, M.
Jaworska, M.M.
Babicz-Zielinska, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/828267.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Technologów Żywności
Tematy:
Belgia
Polska
nawyki zywieniowe
preferencje zywieniowe
sposob zywienia
spozycie zywnosci
studenci
zywienie czlowieka
Opis:
Znajomość preferencji dotyczących różnych grup produktów spożywczych, jak również określenie czynników je warunkujących, jest bardzo istotna zarówno z punktu widzenia oceny sposobu żywienia, jak i stanowi ważne źródło informacji dla producentów i handlowców. Celem pracy było porównanie wybranych zwyczajów żywieniowych dotyczących spożycia mięsa, warzyw, ryb oraz używek wśród polskich i belgijskich studentów. Ciekawym jest, że większość studentów obu krajów oceniła swój sposób odżywiania się jako poprawny. Polscy studenci istotnie częściej deklarowali spożycie kawy i herbaty, natomiast belgijscy warzyw oraz potraw zagranicznych kuchni. Respondenci z Polski zdecydowanie preferowali obróbkę termiczną, zarówno mięsa jak i ryb, związaną ze smażeniem, podczas gdy Belgowie najchętniej jadali potrawy pieczone.
Knowledge on consumer preferences connecting various food products, and also determination factors conditioning them, is very important both to assess nutrition pattern as to be an important source of information for producers and business men. The aim of the work was to compare dietary habits of meat, vegetable, fish and spices and beverages by Polish and Belgian students. It was interesting to find that majority of students from both countries considered their nutritional habit as a correct one. Polish students declared coffee and tea consumption considerably often and Belgians - vegetables and dishes of foreign countries. Poles liked mostly fried meat and fish and Belgians preferred mostly roasted food.
Źródło:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość; 2009, 16, 4
1425-6959
Pojawia się w:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tendencje zmian w spożyciu mięsa wołowego w Polsce w latach 2000-2009
Trends of changes in beef consumption in Poland in 2000-2009
Autorzy:
Kosicka-Gebska, M.
Przezdziecka, N.
Gebski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/572913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Polska
rynek miesny
mieso
mieso wolowe
spozycie miesa
zmiany
tendencje
lata 2000-2009
Opis:
Konsumpcja mięsa wołowego w Polsce w 2009 roku waha się na poziomie około 3,8 kg. Coraz mniejsze zainteresowanie konsumpcją mięsa tego rodzaju wynika zarówno z jego niskiej jakości oferowanej w handlu detalicznym, jak również z wyższych cen w stosunku do cen pozostałych produktów mięsnych, pochodzących z drobiu czy wieprzowiny. Istotnym czynnikiem warunkującym poziom spożycia mięsa wołowego są również przyzwyczajenia, łatwość przygotowania, dostępność, a także świadomość konsumentów o bardziej pozytywnym wpływie na ich zdrowie tzw. mięsa białego. Polska ma duże potencjalne warunki, aby być w Unii Europejskiej liczącym się producentem mięsa wołowego. Konieczna jest jednak poprawa jego jakości, która może przyczynić się do zwiększenia zainteresowania konsumentów mięsem tego rodzaju.
Consumption of beef in Poland in 2009 ranges at around 3,8 kg/year. Less and less interest in this kind of meat consumption stems both from its low quality offered in the retail trade, as well as its higher prices when compared to the prices of other poultry or pork meat products. An important factor determining the level of beef consumption are also food habits, ease of preparation, its availability, as well as the consumer awareness of a more positive impact the white meat has on their health. Poland has great potential for becoming an important producer of beef in the European Union. However, it is necessary to improve its quality, which may contribute to an increased consumer interest in this kind of meat.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego; 2010, 10(25), 2
2081-6960
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poakcesyjne zmiany w ofercie handlowej produktów na polskim rynku żywnościowym; przykład oliwy z oliwek
Post-accession changes in the product offer in the Polish food market; case study of olive oil
Autorzy:
Barszczewski, C.
Kowrygo, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/572705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Polska
rynek zywnosciowy
zmiany
oferty rynkowe
oliwa z oliwek
wielkosc produkcji
ceny
spozycie zywnosci
badania rynku
Opis:
Celem opracowanie jest przedstawienie, na przykładzie oliwy z oliwek, zmian w ofercie handlowej produktów na polskim rynku żywnościowym w następstwie akcesji Polski do UE. Źródłem informacji były dane wtórne i pierwotne. Te ostatnie pozyskano drogą badania rynkowego obejmującego osiem wybranych warszawskich placówek handlowych. Szczególnej ocenie poddano dostępny asortyment i jego ceny.
The aim of this paper was to display the post-accession to the EU changes in the product offer in the Polish food market. Two types of data were used: secondary and primary. Primary data were collected by own market survey, conducted in eight selected Warsaw stores. The special attention was paid to the available assortment and its prices.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego; 2011, 11(26), 1
2081-6960
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany w spożyciu owoców i warzyw oraz ich przetworów w Polsce w latach 1999-2013 a zjawisko zrównoważonej konsumpcji
Changes in the consumption of fruits and vegetables and their preserves in Poland in 1999-2013 and the phenomenon of sustainable consumption
Autorzy:
Jader, K.
Wawrzyniak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43423.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
zywnosc
owoce
warzywa
przetwory owocowe
przetwory warzywne
spozycie zywnosci
konsumpcja zrownowazona
Polska
lata 1999-2013
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2015, 37, 3
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rynek przedsiębiorstw produkujących soki owocowe i warzywne w Polsce
Market of the producers of fruit and vegetable juices in Poland
Autorzy:
Olewnicki, D.
Gunerka, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/866830.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
Polska
soki owocowe
soki warzywne
przemysl sokowniczy
spozycie zywnosci
produkcja sokow
eksport
producenci
rynek sokow
Opis:
Celem artykułu była analiza zmian na rynku przedsiębiorstw zajmujących się produkcją soków owocowych i warzywnych w Polsce w latach 2003-2013. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że produkcja soków owocowych i warzywnych jest branżą, która charakteryzuje się dużym potencjałem rozwojowym, o czym świadczy 80-procentowy wzrost liczby przedsiębiorstw produkujących soki w analizowanym okresie. Dalszy rozwój tej branży w najbliższych latach może być stymulowany przez systematyczny wzrost eksportu soków owocowych i warzywnych z kraju, a nie przez popyt na te produkty na rynku krajowym.
The aim of this paper was to analyze changes in the market of fruit and vegetable juices enterprises in Poland in general and individual provinces in the years 2003-2013. Analyses show that the production of fruit and vegetable juices is an industry that has a high development potential, as evidenced by the 80% increase in the number of enterprises producing this assortment in the years 2003-2013. Further development of this industry in the coming years may be stimulated by a systematic increase in exports of fruit and vegetable juices out of the country and not by the demand for these products in the domestic market.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2015, 17, 6
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie analizy glownych skladowych do opisu konsumenckiej struktury jakosci jablek
The application of principal component analysis to characterize a consumer structure of apple quality
Autorzy:
Czernyszewicz, E
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/826536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Technologów Żywności
Tematy:
Polska
owoce
jablka
spozycie zywnosci
jakosc
wyrozniki jakosci
przechowywanie
jedrnosc miazszu
soczystosc
smakowitosc
cechy odmianowe
konsumenci
preferencje konsumentow
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono preferencje konsumentów lubelskich w zakresie cech wpływających na jakość jabłek. Do opisu preferencji zastosowano metodę analizy głównych składowych. Stwierdzono, że preferencje dotyczą głównie dwóch grup cech obejmujących charakterystyki związane z wyglądem zewnętrznym oraz przechowywaniem owoców, a ponadto z cechami odmianowymi, takim jak: smak oraz jędrność i soczystość miąższu. Analiza pozwoliła również zidentyfikować różnice w preferencjach kobiet i mężczyzn. Stwierdzono, że wielkość jabłek i odmiana różnicują preferencje kobiet i mężczyzn w niewielkim stopniu.
In the paper, the preferences were presented of consumers in a city of Lublin regarding properties impacting the quality of apples. A ‘PCA’ method (Principal Component Analysis) was used to describe the preferences studied. It was found that those preferences mainly referred to two groups of properties connected with the external appearance of the fruit and the method of storing them; moreover, they also covered the characteristics of cultivars, such as: taste, firmness, and juiciness of parenchyma. With this Analysis applied, it was also possible to identify differences in the preferences of women and men. It was found that the size of apples and their cultivar only insignificantly differentiated the preferences of women and men.
Źródło:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość; 2008, 15, 2; 119-127
1425-6959
Pojawia się w:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porownanie jakosci mikrobiologicznej mleka pasteryzowanego, mikrofiltrowanego i UHT
Comparison of microbiological quality of pasteurized, microfiltered and UHT milk
Autorzy:
Smietana, Z
Krajewska-Kaminska, E.
Bohdziewicz, K.
Nalepa, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/826661.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Technologów Żywności
Tematy:
mleko spozywcze
mikrofiltracja
sterylizacja
zywnosc
pasteryzacja
spozycie zywnosci
Polska
analiza porownawcza
mleko pasteryzowane
jakosc mikrobiologiczna
mikroflora
mleko UHT
Opis:
Wzrastająca konsumpcja mleka spożywczego w Polsce oraz dążenie producentów do maksymalnego przedłużenia trwałości produktu motywuje do poszukiwań nowych metod jego utrwalania. Przeprowadzono produkcję mleka pasteryzowanego (72ºC przez 15 – 20 s), mleka mikrofiltrowanego, a następnie pasteryzowanego (MF/P) oraz mleka UHT w celu określenia różnic ich jakości mikrobiologicznej. Wszystkie próby przechowywano w chłodziarce domowej. Mleko pasteryzowane badano w okresie 9 dni, natomiast mleko MF/P i UHT - 23 dni. Mleko znormalizowane do zawartości tłuszczu 2% badano bezpośrednio po produkcji oraz w trakcie przechowywania w odstępach trzydniowych. W mleku surowym, po obróbce oraz w trakcie przechowywania oznaczono: ogólną liczbę drobnoustrojów (OLD) i OLD psychrotrofowych, liczbę przetrwalników Bacillus i beztlenowych laseczek przetrwalnikujących redukujących siarczany, liczbę beztlenowych laseczek przetrwalnikujących gazotwórczych oraz określono liczbę bakterii ciepłoopornych. Kontrolowano także pH i kwasowość miareczkową podczas przechowywania. Ponadto określono jakość mleka surowego oznaczając OLD, liczbę komórek somatycznych, zawartość białka, tłuszczu, laktozy oraz określając temperaturę zamarzania mleka. Mleko surowe użyte do produkcji odpowiadało wymaganiom zawartym w rozporządzeniu Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 18 sierpnia 2004. W żadnym z produktów nie stwierdzono, w całym okresie przechowywania, obecności bakterii z grupy coli, bakterii beztlenowych sacharolitycznych ani bakterii beztlenowych proteolitycznych. Stwierdzono szybszy wzrost kwasowości miareczkowej mleka pasteryzowanego wyrażonej w stopniach SH. Mleko sterylizowane, jak i „mikrofiltrowane”, wykazywało stabilność kwasowości wahającej się w granicach 0,5°SH. Mleko pasteryzowane po 9-dniowym przechowywaniu wykazywało podobną jakość mikrobiologiczną, jak mleko surowe, z którego zostało wyprodukowane, natomiast produkty MF/P i UHT cechowały się bardzo zbliżoną jakością mikrobiologiczną. W 23. dniu przechowywania były zdatne do spożycia (OLD mleka MF/P <10 jtk/ml, OLD mleka UHT 1,1x101 jtk/ml). Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie procesu fizycznego usuwania drobnoustrojów (mikrofiltracja) i następnie pasteryzacji umożliwia wyprodukowanie mleka spożywczego o jakości mikrobiologicznej odpowiadającej mleku sterylizowanemu, jednak o walorach sensorycznych produktu pasteryzowanego.
Increasing consumption of milk in Poland and aiming of producers to maximize the shelf-life of product, motivates to search for new methods to preserve. The production of pasteurized (72ºC/15–20 s), microfiltered, and consequently pasteurized (MF/P) and UHT milk was performed, in order to determine any difference in their quality. All samples were stored under refrigerated conditions. Pasteurized milk was examined for 9 days, MF/P and UHT for 23 days. Milk normalized to 2 % fat content was tested just after the production, and during storage in 3 days intervals. The following parameters such as: total bacterial counts (TBC), total count of psychrotrophs, number of Bacillus spores, anaerobic spore rods which reduce sulfates, gas producing anaerobic spore rods, number of heat resistant microorganisms were determined in raw milk, after processing and during storage. pH and ºSH were controlled during storage. Moreover, total bacterial counts (TBC), number of somatic cells, protein, fat and lactose content, temperature of milk freezing were evaluated, as a level of quality of raw milk. Raw milk, used for production, was in accordance with Order of Minister of Agriculture and Country Development from 18th of August 2004. During whole storage period, the presence of coliform bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms fermented sucrose, or anaerobic proteolytic bacteria did not occur. Titration acidity increased faster in pasteurized milk, expressed in ºSH. Sterilized and microfiltered milk had stable acidity, varied ca. 0,5 ºSH. After 9 days of storage, pasteurized milk had similar microbiological quality like raw milk, which was made from. MF/P and UHT milk had very similar microbiological quality, in 23rd day of storage they were suitable for consumption (TBC < 10cfu/ml and 1,1x101 cfu/ml, for MF/P and UHT milk, respectively). Results indicate, that application of physical process for removing microorganisms (microfiltration) and successive pasteurization, enables production of milk with microbiological quality as in sterilized milk, but with sensory properties of pasteurized product.
Źródło:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość; 2007, 14, 2; 29-39
1425-6959
Pojawia się w:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oszacowanie spożycia tłuszczów ogółem oraz kwasów tłuszczowych przez młodzież wiejską Beskidu Żywieckiego
Assessing the dietary intake level of total fats and fatty acids by high school students living in rural areas in the Beskid Żywiecki region
Autorzy:
Stachura, A.
Pisulewski, P.M.
Kopec, A.
Leszczynska, T.
Biezanowska-Kopec, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/825905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Technologów Żywności
Tematy:
wies
mieszkancy wsi
mlodziez
Beskid Zywiecki
Polska
zywienie czlowieka
spozycie zywnosci
tluszcze
kwasy tluszczowe
calodzienne racje pokarmowe
wartosc energetyczna
Opis:
Celem pracy była ocena spożycia tłuszczów ogółem, nasyconych, jednonienasyconych, wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych oraz cholesterolu przez młodzież szkolną, w wieku od 16 do 18 lat. Zawartość tłuszczów w przeciętnej racji pokarmowej młodzieży stanowiła 33,8 % ogólnej wartości energetycznej. Udział kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych i jednonasyconych był zbliżony do zalecanego (odpowiednio 11,2 i 13,7 % wartości energetycznej racji), natomiast wielonienasyconych z rodziny n-3, a w szczególności dokozaheksaenowego (DHA) i eikozapentaenowego (EPA), zbyt niski (4,9 %). Równocześnie stwierdzono właściwe proporcje kwasów n-6 do n-3 (~5 : 1). Uzasadnione byłoby zatem zwiększenie konsumpcji ryb i przetworów rybnych.
The objective of this study was to assess the dietary intake level of: total fats, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol by the 16 to 18 year old high school students. The content of fats in average food rations of school students was 33.8 % of the total energy intake. The content levels of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids were close to the recommended levels (11.1 and 13.7 % of the energy value of food ration), whereas the content levels of poly-unsaturated acids from n-3 group, especially of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were too low (4.9 %). At the same time, it was found that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 acids was correct (~5 : 1). Thus, it would be reasonable to increase the consumption of fish and fish products.
Źródło:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość; 2009, 16, 5
1425-6959
Pojawia się w:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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