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Wyszukujesz frazę "wealth distribution" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
Tytuł:
Demand deficiency, money velocity and heterogeneity
Autorzy:
Basci, Sidika
Gherbi, Tahar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/14154840.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-21
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Demand Deficiency
Money Velocity
Heterogeneity
Wealth Distribution
Agent Based Modelling
Opis:
Aim: Money velocity data for the United States show that there is a decline in all of the broad money aggregates in recent decades. This points to a sustained demand deficiency element. Can consumer heterogeneity be the cause of this declining trend? The aim of this paper is to find an answer for this question.   Design / Research Methods: To achieve our aim we use Agent Based Modelling (ABM). In our model, the agents are heterogeneous consumers with different spending propensities.   Conclusions / findings: We show that heterogeneous consumers with different spending propensities alone puts a downward pressure on money velocity. This pressure is coupled with a sustained worsening in the wealth distribution. We observe that as money accumulates in the hands of agents with the lowest propensity to spend, money velocity keeps declining. This also puts a downward pressure on nominal aggregate demand and hence a deflationary bias on the general price level.   Originality / value of the article: This paper shows that heterogeneity of economic agents should not be ignored and that ABM is a very powerful tool to analyse heterogeneity.   Implications of the research: The implication for policy makers is that the demand deficiency associated with the fall in money velocity will persist until the worsening of wealth dispersion comes to a halt.
Źródło:
Central European Review of Economics and Management; 2020, 4, 2; 137-153
2543-9472
Pojawia się w:
Central European Review of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Money Growth and Social Stability
Autorzy:
Basci, Erdem
Basci, Sidika
Gherby, Tahar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/14107787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-28
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Money Velocity
Money Growth
Heterogeneity
CBDC
Wealth Distribution
Sustainable Development Goals
SDG10
Inequalities
Inflation
Opis:
Aim:  Both the Keynesian and the Fisherian channels of sovereign money growth have slowed down significantly in the decade following the Global Financial Crisis (GFC).  This, together with the rise of fintech, privately issued unbacked crypto-assets tried to fill this void. These developments have revived the interest on the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) idea and on potential channels for future sovereign money growth.  The aim of this paper is to compare the Keynesian and Fisherian channels of sovereign money growth regarding their impact on wealth distribution and inflation.  Design / Research Methods: To achieve our aim we use a simple Agent Based Model (ABM) to capture heterogeneity. In our model, the agents are heterogeneous consumers with different spending propensities but with equal initial wealth levels and with exactly same non-interest incomes over time.    Conclusions / findings: We show that Keynesian (uniform) money growth channel has a softening effect on the wealth dispersion and thereby, on the downward pressure on money velocity. The model indicates that the inclusive nature of current post-Covid19 recovery plans may have a desirable impact on social stability. Yet, these plans may also be more inflationary in comparison the post-GFC policies. Originality / value of the article: This paper shows that heterogeneity of economic agents should not be ignored by policy makers and that ABM is a convenient tool to design and analyse monetary and fiscal policies under heterogeneity. Implications of the research: The implication for policy makers is that the demand deficiency associated with the fall in money velocity and the worsening of wealth dispersion may be softened by a more inclusive money growth regime, potentially with the practical use of CBDCs.  Yet the extra inflationary impact of such a regime need to be kept in mind.  
Źródło:
Central European Review of Economics and Management; 2021, 5, 4; 96-115
2543-9472
Pojawia się w:
Central European Review of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspects of Economic and Social Life in The Statute of the Commune of Cortona (1325)
Autorzy:
Franceschi, Franco
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/601437.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
Cortona
Casali city lordship
city statute
crafts
guilds
wealth distribution
the condition of women
sociability
Opis:
An ancient Etruscan settlement located in the Valdichiana, along the border between Tuscany and Umbria, Cortona has attracted renewed interest over the last two decades among historians of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Falling into this line of research is the publication of the communal statute from 1325, when the government handed the reins of power to the seigneurial regime revolving around Ranieri Casali. In the same year, Cortona became an episcopal seat and thus also gained the status of a city proper. Through a careful analysis of this extraordinarily rich source, the article outlines the salient aspects of the city’s economy and society, with a focus on its environmental resources and urban activities, the distribution of wealth and its poor relief, the condition of women, and the topography of social relations. The picture that emerges from this analysis is that of a lively and dynamic city, arguably at the peak of its development, at a time when many urban centres in Italy and across Europe were already experiencing a downturn after the economic expansion of the Middle Ages.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Historica; 2019, 119
0001-6829
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Displacement Effects of Social Security Wealth in a Transition Economy: The Case of Poland
Czy uprawnienia w publicznym systemie emerytalnym wypierają oszczędności w gospodarce okresu transformacji? Przypadek Polski
Autorzy:
Wroński, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2182082.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-03-31
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
ekonomia sektora publicznego
efekt wypierania
uprawnienia emerytalne
majątek gospodarstw domowych
rozkład majątku
public economics
crowding out
social security wealth
household wealth
wealth distribution
Opis:
Economic theory does not give clear predictions on the impact of social security wealth on private wealth. While the basic life-cycle hypothesis predicts full displacement, many more advanced theoretical contributions anticipate only a limited offset. Empirical research on the issue is also not conclusive. In this paper, we measure the substitution between social security wealth and private wealth in Poland. To obtain measures of long-term substitution, we measure the displacement effects of social security wealth on net wealth. Our estimates of the effects on consumption and the saving rate reflect a short-term impact. Our results do not provide support for the hypothesis that social security wealth crowds out private savings in the long term. The short-term evidence is mixed, but the effects of social security wealth on consumption are at best weak, while the impact on saving rates is not statistically significant. In our view, in transition economies, the influence of social security wealth on private wealth is weaker than in developed economies because the wealth distribution has been to a large extent transformed by random and rapid events such as the privatisation of housing assets.
Teoria ekonomii nie dostarcza jasnych prognoz dotyczących wpływu uprawnień w publicznym systemie emerytalnym na akumulację majątku prywatnego. Zgodnie z podstawową hipotezą cyklu życia uprawnienia emerytalne powinny w pełni wypierać oszczędności prywatne, jednakże w wielu bardziej zaawansowanych modelach teoretycznych przewiduje się jedynie ograniczony zakres substytucji. Badania empiryczne również nie są rozstrzygające. Celem zrealizowanego badania był pomiar zakresu substytucji pomiędzy uprawnieniami emerytalnymi a majątkiem prywatnym w Polsce. Aby zmierzyć zakres wypierania w długim okresie, dokonano pomiaru substytucji pomiędzy uprawnieniami emerytalnymi a majątkiem prywatnym (net wealth). W celu zidentyfikowania efektów krótkookresowych dokonano pomiaru wpływu uprawnień na konsumpcję i stopę oszczędności. Otrzymane wyniki nie potwierdzają występowania efektu wypierania w długim okresie. Wyniki dotyczące konsekwencji krótkookresowych są zróżnicowane, jednakże wskazują co najwyżej na niewielki zakres substytucji. W krajach przechodzących transformację gospodarczą wpływ uprawnień emerytalnych na majątek prywatny może być słabszy niż w gospodarkach rozwiniętych, ponieważ rozkład majątku był kształtowany przez rzadkie, trudne do przewidzenia zdarzenia, takie jak sama transformacja gospodarcza oraz szeroko zakrojona prywatyzacja zasobu mieszkaniowego w tym okresie.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2023, 313, 1; 19-40
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to Define Property Rights? A Social Documentation of the Privatization of Collective Ownership
Autorzy:
Xiaoye, Zhe
Yingying, Chen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-09-29
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
privatization
collective ownership
distribution of wealth
property rights
Opis:
Since rural China began to implement economic structural reforms in the late 1970s, township and village collective enterprises (TVEs) have attained significant expansion for a long time. They have became not only sections with most rapid economic development, but also experimental sites for the rural reconstruction of “common prosperity.” However, since the mid-1990s, TVEs have been experiencing a property rights transformation of rapid privatization. One of the noteworthy social consequences of this transformation is how the redefinition of property rights may lead to new differentiation and distribution of wealth and resources, in whose hands will wealth concentrate, and whether the concentration process will lead to new inequalities. Exploring the social process of property rights definition can help our understanding and analysis of these questions. Moreover, empirical materials concerning this process are complete and abundant, furnishing the sufficient conditions for new examinations and summaries on their basis.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2009, 167, 3; 351-372
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Purpose of the Tax System that Gives Meaning and Legitimacy to Taxes
Autorzy:
Muñoz López, José Luis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/36099046.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Constitution
taxes
distribution of wealth
law and justice
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to analyze the ultimate purpose of the tax system that gives meaning and legitimacy to taxation. The citizen thus becomes an integral part of the State, has the ability to elect its representatives through suffrage. The law is a guarantee of equality and justice that provides legal security, facilitating peace and coexistence. This guarantee is manifested through the constitutional system (Alvarado Plana, 2016: 193–195), where the Constitution (Escudero, 2012: 857–858) becomes the legislative framework and the supreme norm of the entire legal system that orders the coexistence of citizens and ensures the proper functioning of the State. The tax system is defined as a revenue collection tool to cover the needs of the State, but there is certainly more than that: to achieve the goal of equality, justice, freedom, peace and well-being of the society, but also to guarantee the sustainability of the system, achieve progress and social peace.  It is also essential to attract investment, create wealth and achieve proper development within the European Union (Sampedro, 2010: 300–309). Methodology. The analysis includes the basic values and principles assumed by Spanish culture, the evolution towards a modern society in which the citizen has rights and duties enshrined in the Constitution that justifies and legitimizes tax system and therefore taxes and a critical vision and an approach to our tax model through its ultimate purpose to contribute to defray public spending. All of these based on the principles and values established in the Spanish Constitution, which enshrines the rights of the citizen and, through them, supports the conception of the State itself. It also provides a modern approach to the future of our society and guarantees the legitimacy of our tax system. The result of the research. The analysis shows that the ultimate goal of the tax system is to contribute to public spending by the State. Therefore, in the contribution and control of spending, we find the guarantee that the State has healthy public accounts (deficit reduction, less public debt, and strict control of spending), so that the State has greater sovereignty and economic decision-making capacity. It allows the country to meet the objectives of the Constitution for any advanced society, such as peace, equality, justice, freedom and well-being of its citizens.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2022, Numer Specjalny: Challenges for National Tax Policies and International Tax Coordination – Selected Issues from the Polish, Spanish and International Perspectives; 15-33
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How Do the Richest 1% Owns 50% of Wealth in a Small-Open Growth Model with Endogenous Wealth and Human Capital
Autorzy:
Zhang, Wei-Bin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036776.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
inequality and growth
small-open economy
learning by consuming
wealth and income distribution
heterogeneous households
Opis:
This paper extends the growth model for a closed national economy by Zhang (2015) to a small-open economy. We attempt to explain some economic mechanisms of how the richest one per cent of the population own 50% of national wealth. We consider endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation by heterogeneous households with different preferences and learning abilities as the main determinants of growth and inequality. We describe the production technologies and economic structure on the basis of the Uzawa two-sector model. By applying Zhang’s concept of disposable income and approach to household behavior, we describe consumers’ wealth accumulation and consumption behavior. We model human capital accumulation on the basis of Arrow’s learning by doing and Zhang’s creativity with leisure. We simulate the model with three groups of the population, the rich 1 %, the middle 69%, and the poor 20%. We demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium point at which the rich 1% own more than half of the national wealth and the poor 20% less than 10% of the national wealth. We show how the system moves to the equilibrium from an initial state and confirm that the equilibrium point is stable. We also conduct comparative dynamic analysis.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2017, 15; 58-79
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie rozkładu Pareta do aproksymacji rozkładów dochodów zamożnych gospodarstw domowych
The application of the Pareto distribution to approximate income distributions of wealthy households in Poland
Autorzy:
Pekasiewicz, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1043930.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-31
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
dochód
gospodarstwo domowe
rozkład Pareta
zamożność
income
household
Pareto distribution
wealth
Opis:
Celem badania omawianego w artykule jest aproksymacja rozkładów ekwiwalentnych dochodów zamożnych gospodarstw domowych w grupach społeczno-ekonomicznych za pomocą rozkładu Pareta z parametrami oszacowanymi metodą największej wiarygodności. Za zamożne gospodarstwa domowe uznano te, których dochody przekroczyły ustalony próg bogactwa (zamożności). Rozkłady dochodów zamożnych gospodarstw domowych są zazwyczaj zeromodalne i cechują się grubymi ogonami, dlatego do ich aproksymacji wykorzystano rozkład Pareta. Analizowano ekwiwalentne dochody zamożnych gospodarstw w Polsce ogółem i w poszczególnych grupach społeczno-ekonomicznych w latach 2014–2017. Dane uzyskano z badania budżetów gospodarstw domowych. Stopień dopasowania rozkładów teoretycznych do empirycznych zbadano za pomocą wybranych miar podobieństwa. Wyniki potwierdziły dużą zgodność empirycznych rozkładów dochodów z modelem Pareta. Bardzo dobre aproksymacje uzyskano w szczególności dla zamożnych gospodarstw domowych pracowników, pracujących na własny rachunek oraz emerytów i rencistów. Nieznacznie gorsze wyniki otrzymano dla gospodarstw rolników. Rozkłady teoretyczne dobrze dopasowane do danych empirycznych zostały wykorzystane do szacowania wybranych charakterystyk rozkładu, m.in. miar położenia, zróżnicowania i nierównomierności, oraz do porównywania grup pod względem ich zamożności.
The aim of the paper is to approximate the equivalent income distributions of wealthy households in particular socio-economic groups using the Pareto distribution, with parameters estimated by means of the maximum likelihood estimation method. Households whose income exceeded the established wealth threshold were classified as wealthy households. Income distributions of wealthy households are usually non-modal and heavy-tailed, thus, the Pareto distribution was applied as their theoretical model. The equivalent income of wealthy households in Poland was analysed in total and in particular socio-economic groups. The research was based on data from the 2014–2017 Household Budget Survey. Selected similarity measures were used to examine the degree to which the theoretical distributions proved consistent with the empirical ones. The obtained results confirmed the high level of consistency of empirical income distributions with the Pareto model. Moreover, very good approximations were obtained especially for wealthy households of employees and self-employed, as well as pensioners. Slightly worse results were obtained for the farmers group. Theoretical distributions well fitted to empirical data were used to estimate selected distribution characteristics, including measures of location, dispersion and inequality, and to compare the different groups in terms of their wealth.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician; 2021, 66, 5; 43-59
0043-518X
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Doktryna odpowiedzialności społecznej miast
The doctrine of cities’ social responsibility
Autorzy:
Lipińska, Ewa Jadwiga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1939072.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-05-21
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Przestrzeń Społeczna i Środowisko
Tematy:
corporate social responsibility
cities social responsibility
creation and distribution of wealth
ethics
urban society
natural environment
sustainable development
społeczna odpowiedzialność organizacji
społeczna odpowiedzialność miast
tworzenie i dystrybucja bogactwa
zrównoważony rozwój
etyka
społeczeństwo miejskie
środowisko naturalne
Opis:
The changes in the global economic and political system in the 20th century and the cessation of some and the emergence of new economic, ecological and social crises have resulted in a return to the concept of the doctrine of the social responsibility of the organisation. The change in the classical priorities of the economy for ones of corporate social responsibility included issues of natural and social environments. The environments are the hosts for organisations that produce and distribute wealth and services. The revival of the corporate social responsibility trend in the 21st century appeared due to international social organisations, which recognised the prosperity of semi-peripheral and peripheral societies as important to follow the well-being of the core countries. According to the doctrine of corporate social responsibility, it is possible to restore the economy of basic ethical values and human rights. The model of corporate social responsibility was proposed by Richard E. Smith. In turn, Milton Friedman talks about the responsibility of profit. However, sustainable development requires the perception of different management solutions. The organisations have their headquarters mainly in cities. And the city is also an organisation. In this context, a thesis was made: the city as a business centre is an organisation aspiring to be competitive on the global market; the city is a managed organisation to ensure the well-being of its inhabitants; the city is obliged to adopt a socially responsible attitude. Therefore, social responsibility of the city required a general definition. Such a definition was proposed in this paper. Individual sections provide the theoretical justification for specific practices and the understanding of the importance of key terms and concepts, as well as the need for further research on the model of cities social responsibility. The issues of ethics, creation and distribution of wealth, cooperation with stakeholders and sustainable development are the basis of cities social responsibility.
Źródło:
Przestrzeń Społeczna; 2018, 1, 1/2018 (15); 111 - 141
2084-1558
Pojawia się w:
Przestrzeń Społeczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czym właściwie jest Kapitał w XXI wieku? Garść uwag na temat książki Thomasa Piketty’ego
So what is Capital in the Twenty-First Century? Some notes on Piketty’s book
Autorzy:
Kornai, János
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/904382.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Małopolska Szkoła Administracji Publicznej
Tematy:
kapitał
nierówności
podział bogactwa
wzrost
dynamika
konkurencja
motywacja do działania
wpływ postępu technicznego na wszystkie dziedziny życia
capital
inequality
distribution of wealth
growth
dynamics
competition
motivation to act
impact of technological progress on all aspects of life
Opis:
Zdaniem Jánosa Kornaia, mimo niewątpliwych walorów poznawczych książki Kapitał w XXI wieku, jej autor prezentuje cząstkową, zniekształconą analizę funkcjonowania systemu kapitalistycznego, która prowadzi go do błędnych wniosków oraz do sformułowania bardzo ograniczonego repertuaru zaleceń dla polityków. Węgierski ekonomista zarzuca Thomasowi Piketty’emu przede wszystkim pominięcie takich aspektów kapitalizmu, jak: dynamika, konkurencja jako bodziec do działania, postęp techniczny i jego wpływ na kształtowanie wszystkich aspektów współczesnego życia człowieka. Kornai swoje poglądy ilustruje licznymi przykładami zaczerpniętymi z prac innych ekonomistów.
According to János Kornai, despite the undeniable original contribution of Capital in the Twenty-First Century, its author offers a partial and distorted analysis of the functioning of the capitalist system, which leads him to mistaken conclusions and to a very limited repertoire of recommendations for politicians. The Hungarian economist criticizes Thomas Piketty particularly for the omission of such aspects as the dynamics of capitalism, competition as a stimulus to act, technical progress and its impact on all aspects of modern human life. He illustrates his views with numerous examples taken from the work of other economists.
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance; 2016, 2(36); 7-33
1898-3529
2658-1116
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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