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Tytuł:
Monitoring of Manufacture Stability of Large Turbine Blades Using Infrared Thermography (IRT) in Investment Casting Technology
Autorzy:
Herman, A.
Vrátný, O.
Kubelková, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381486.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
casting defect
product development
investment casting
wax pattern
turbine blade
infrared thermography
wada odlewu
rozwój produktu
odlewnictwo precyzyjne
model woskowy
łopatka wirnikowa
termografia w podczerwieni
Opis:
With increasing technology development, an increasing emphasis is placed on the precision of products, but cannot be guaranteed without a stable production process. To ensure the stability of the production process, it is necessary to monitor it in detail, find its critical locations and eliminate or at least control it. With such a precise manufacturing method as investment casting, such a process is a must. This paper therefore deals with monitoring the production process of wax models of large turbine blades using infrared thermography. The aim was to evaluate the critical locations of this production and to propose recommendations for their elimination or, at the very least, significant mitigation of their impact on the final quality of the large turbine blade casting.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 4; 9-14
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structure of Precision Castings Made of the Inconel 713C Alloy
Autorzy:
Łyczkowska, K.
Adamiec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382665.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
casting defect
nickel alloy
Inconel 713C
precision casting
pad welding
wada odlewu
stop niklu
odlewanie precyzyjne
napawanie
Opis:
Inconel 713C alloy belongs to the group of materials with high application potential in the aerospace industry. This nickel alloy has excellent features such as high strength, good surface stability, high creep and corrosion resistance. The paper presents the results of metallographic examinations of a base material and padding welds made by laser beam on the Inconel 713C alloy. The tests were made on precisely cast test plates imitating low - pressure turbine blades dedicated for the aerospace industry. Observations of the macro- and microstructure of the padding welds, heat-affected zone and base material indicate, that the Inconel 713C alloy should be classified as a hard-to-weld material. In the investigated joint, cracking of the material is disclosed mainly in the heat-affected zone and at the melted zone interface, where pad weld crystals formed on partially melted grains. The results show that phases rich with chromium and molybdenum were formed by high temperature during welding process, which was confirmed by EDS analysis of chemical composition.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 4; 19-24
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Althoff-Radtke Test Adapted for High Chromium Cast Iron
Autorzy:
Kopyciński, D.
Siekaniec, D.
Szczęsny, A.
Sokolnicki, M.
Nowak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382642.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
mechanical properties
casting defect
hot crack
high chromium cast iron
właściwości mechaniczne
wada odlewu
pęknięcie gorące
żeliwo wysokochromowe
Opis:
The paper presents results of the possibility of adapting the Althoff-Radtke test for High Chromium Cast Iron. The Althoff-Radtke test is a clump attempt used for steel. The Althoff-Radtke test has four different lengths of clamp which qualifies it as a test to quantitatively take into account different kinds of shrinkage ΔL. The length of the slot of the cracked corner and the length of each staple (50 - 350 mm) are the parameters tendency to cast cracks. Castings of white cast iron have a high tendency to hot cracking due to the large range of solidification temperatures, unfavorable kinetics parameters of shrinkage, and especially a lack of expansion before shrinkage. Shrinkage of high chromium white cast iron is similar to the shrinkage of cast steel, and is approximately 2%. Therefore it is important to test susceptibility to hot cracks. Research was carried out under industrial conditions. Four melts were performed, one of the initial chemical composition and the other three modified by different amounts of Fe-Ti, respectively, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% Fe-Ti. The propensity for hot cracking was based on the observation of the dark surface in the corner of the sample. The study shows that the Althoff-Radtke test can be adapted to determine the tendency for hot cracking of high chromium cast iron. It should however be noted that the test results can not be compared with those for other alloys.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 4; 61-64
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Expert System for Analysis of Casting Defects - ESVOD
Autorzy:
Elbel, T.
Králová, Y.
Hampl, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380687.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
expert system
defect identification
casting defect
system ekspertowy
identyfikacja wady
wada odlewu
Opis:
The powerful tool for defect analysis is an expert system. It is a computer programme based on the knowledge of experts for solving the quality of castings. We present the expert system developed in the VSB-Technical University of Ostrava called ‘ESWOD’. The ESWOD programme consists of three separate modules: identification, diagnosis /causes and prevention/ remedy. The identification of casting defects in the actual form of the system is based on their visual aspect.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 1; 17-20
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Methodology of Comparative Validation of Selected Foundry Simulation Codes
Autorzy:
Ignaszak, Z.
Popielarski, P.
Hajkowski, J.
Codina, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solidification process
castings defect
simulation codes
cast iron
macromodel
micro model
proces krzepnięcia
wada odlewu
żeliwo
model makro
model mikro
Opis:
The validation of each simulation code used in foundry domain requires individual approach due to its specificity. This validation can by elaborated on the basis of experimental results or in particular cases by comparison the simulation results from different codes. The article concerns the influence of grey cast iron density curve and different forms of solid fraction curve Fs=f(T) on the formation of shrinkage discontinuities. Solid fraction curves applying Newtonian Thermal Analysis (NTA) were estimated. The experimental and numerical simulation tests were performed on the castings, which were made with Derivative Thermal Analysis (DerTA) standard cups. The numerical tests were realized using NovaFlow&Solid (NF&S), ProCast and Vulcan codes. In this work, the coupled influence of both curves on the dynamics of the shrinkage-expansion phenomena and on shrinkage defects prognosis in grey cast iron castings has been revealed. The final evaluation of the simulation systems usefulness should be based on validation experiment, preceded by comparing the simulation results of available systems which are proposed in given technology.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 4; 37-44
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of Side Feeders Systems by Means of Simulation of Solidification
Autorzy:
Perzyk, M.
Kozlowski, J.
Mazur, M.
Szymczewski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382649.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solidification process
castings defect
side feeders
simulation
design rules
proces krzepnięcia
wada odlewu
podajnik
zasady projektowania
Opis:
Simulation software can be used not only for checking the correctness of a particular design but also for finding rules which could be used in majority of future designs. In the present work the recommendations for optimal distance between a side feeder and a casting wall were formulated. The shrinkage problems with application of side feeders may arise from overheating of the moulding sand layer between casting wall and the feeder in case the neck is too short as well as formation of a hot spot at the junction of the neck and the casting. A large number of simulations using commercial software were carried out, in which the main independent variables were: the feeder’s neck length, type and geometry of the feeder, as well as geometry and material of the casting. It was found that the shrinkage defects do not appear for tubular castings, whereas for flat walled castings the neck length and the feeders’ geometry are important parameters to be set properly in order to avoid the shrinkage defects. The rules for optimal lengths were found using the Rough Sets Theory approach, separately for traditional and exothermic feeders.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 1; 69-74
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porosity of Castings Produced by the Vacuum Assisted Pressure Die Casting Method
Autorzy:
Zyska, A.
Konopka, Z.
Łągiewka, M.
Nadolski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379699.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
innovative foundry technology
aluminium alloy
vacuum assisted pressure
die casting
casting defect
porosity
innowacyjna technologia odlewnicza
stop aluminium
formowanie podciśnieniowe
odlewanie ciśnieniowe
wada odlewu
porowatość
Opis:
The paper presents the results of investigations concerning the influence of negative (relative) pressure in the die cavity of high pressure die casting machine on the porosity of castings made of AlSi9Cu3 alloy. Examinations were carried out for the VertaCast cold chamber vertical pressure die casting machine equipped with a vacuum system. Experiments were performed for three values of the applied gauge pressure: -0.3 bar, -0.5 bar, and -0.7 bar, at constant values of other technological parameters, selected during the formerly carried initial experiments. Porosity of castings was assessed on the basis of microstructure observation and the density measurements performed by the method of hydrostatic weighing. The performed investigation allowed to find out that – for the examined pressure range – the porosity of castings decreases linearly with an increase in the absolute value of negative pressure applied to the die cavity. The negative pressure value of -0.7 bar allows to produce castings exhibiting porosity value less than 1%. Large blowholes arisen probably by occlusion of gaseous phase during the injection of metal into the die cavity, were found in castings produced at the negative pressure value of -0.3 bar. These blowholes are placed mostly in regions of local thermal centres and often accompanied by the discontinuities in the form of interdendritic shrinkage micro-porosity. It was concluded that the high quality AlSi9Cu3 alloy castings able to work in elevated temperatures can be achieved for the absolute value of the negative pressure applied to the die cavity greater than 0.5 bar at the applied set of other parameters of pressure die casting machine work.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 1; 125-130
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Shell Thickness, Insulation and Casting Temperature on Defects Formation During Investment Casting of Ni-base Turbine Blades
Autorzy:
Raza, M.
Irwin, M.
Fagerström, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382425.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
investment casting
casting defect
shrinkage porosity
grain structure
turbine blade
Niyama criterion
odlewanie precyzyjne
wada odlewu
struktura ziarnista
łopatka turbinowa
kryterium Niyamy
Opis:
Turbine blades have complex geometries with free form surface. Blades have different thickness at the trailing and leading edges as well as sharp bends at the chord-tip shroud junction and sharp fins at the tip shroud. In investment casting of blades, shrinkage at the tip-shroud and cord junction is a common casting problem. Because of high temperature applications, grain structure is also critical in these castings in order to avoid creep. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of different process parameters, such as, shell thickness, insulation and casting temperature on shrinkage porosity and grain size. The test geometry used in this study was a thin-walled air-foil structure which is representative of a typical hot-gas-path rotating turbine component. It was observed that, in thin sections, increased shell thickness helps to increase the feeding distance and thus avoid interdendritic shrinkage. It was also observed that grain size is not significantly affected by shell thickness in thin sections. Slower cooling rate due to the added insulation and steeper thermal gradient at metal mold interface induced by the thicker shell not only helps to avoid shrinkage porosity but also increases fill-ability in thinner sections.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 4; 115-123
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Examination and elimination of defects in cone casting made of ductile cast iron
Autorzy:
Guzik, E.
Łagowski, M.
Nowak-Dudek, A.
Niedzielski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ductile iron
cone casting
casting defect
ferrite
pearlite
graphite
żeliwo sferoidalne
stożek odlewniczy
wada odlewu
ferryt
perlit
grafit
Opis:
In the scope of existing cooperation with the Foundry of Cast Iron ZM “WSK Rzeszów” Ltd. there was carried out research work of microstructure and mechanical properties in the walls of a cone casting made of ductile cast iron. The particular attention was being put to the search of the potential brittle phases which have deleterious effect on ductility and dynamic properties of highly strained use of the casting prone to the potential risk of cracks during the highly strained use.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 4; 43-48
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mould components impact on structure and quality of elektron 21 alloy
Autorzy:
Dybowski, B.
Kiełbus, A.
Jarosz, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379489.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metallography
Elektron 21 alloy
quantitative metallography
casting defects
mould technology
metalografia
stop Elektron 21
metalografia ilościowa
wada odlewu
technologia odlewnicza
Opis:
Magnesium alloys due to their low density and high strength-to-weight ratio are promising material for the automotive and aerospace industries. Many elements made from magnesium alloys are produced by means of sand casting. It is essential to investigate impact of the applied mould components on the microstructure and the quality of the castings. For the research, six identical, 100x50x20mm plates has been sand cast from the Elektron 21 magnesium casting alloy. Each casting was fed and cooled in a different way: one, surrounded by mould sand, two with cast iron chills 20mm and 40mm thick applied, another two with the same chills as well as feeders applied and one with only the feeder applied. Solid solution grain size and eutectics volume fraction were evaluated quantitatively in Met-Ilo program, casting defects were observed on the scanning electron microscope Hitachi S3400N. The finest solid solution grain was observed in the castings with only the chills applied. Non metallic inclusions were observed in each plate. The smallest shrinkage porosity was observed in the castings with the feeders applied.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 2; 17-23
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical analysis of influence of the mold material on the distribution of shrinkage cavities
Autorzy:
Dyja, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379945.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
information technology
foundry industry
casting defect
macroshrinkage
solidification process
finite element method
technologia informacyjna
przemysł odlewniczy
wada odlewu
krzepnięcie stopu
metoda elementów skończonych
Opis:
Production of castings, like any other field of technology is aimed at providing high-quality product, free from defects. One of the main causes of defects in castings is the phenomenon of shrinkage of the casting. This phenomenon causes the formation of shrinkage cavities and porosity in the casting. The major preventive measure is supplementing a shortage of liquid metal. For supplement to be effective, it is necessary to use risers in proper shapes. Usually, the risers are selected on the basis of determination the place of formation of hot-spots in the castings. Although in these places the shrinkage defects are most likely to occur, shape and size of these defects are also affected by other factors. The article describes the original program setting out the shape and location of possible cavities in the casting. In the program is also taken into account the effect of temperature on the change in volume of liquid metal and the resultant differences in the shape and size of formed shrinkage cavities. The aim of the article is to describe the influence that have material properties of the mold on the simulation results.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 1; 15-18
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Techniki spawalnicze w odlewnictwie. Napawanie
Welding Technology in Foundry
Autorzy:
Wojciechowski, W.
Kowalski, J. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383086.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
naprawa odlewu
technika spawalnicza
wada odlewu
pomiar twardości
mikrostruktura powierzchni
cast repair
welding technique
cast defect
hardness test
surface microstructure
Opis:
W artykule omówiono problemy związane z naprawami wad odlewniczych. Przeanalizowano możliwości naprawy odlewów metodami spawalniczymi. Opisano technologię naprawy przez napawanie wlewnic wykonanych z żeliwa szarego. Napawanie prowadzono ręcznie elektrodami otulonymi oraz w osłonie gazów metodą MAG. Oceniono mikrostrukturę stref napawanych naprawianych odlewów oraz wyniki pomiarów twardości i rozkład mikrotwardości.
In this paper discusses issues related to the repair of large castings. Analyzed the possibility repair of castings of welding methods. Describes the technology of repair by welding of cast iron ingot molds. Welding with coated electrodes was carried out manually and gas shielded MAG. Rated zones padded structure and performance measurement and distribution of microhardness.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 1 spec.; 87-90
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Technologia wytapianych modeli w zastosowaniu dla stopów miedzi
Investment Casting Technology Applied to Copper Alloys
Autorzy:
Rzadkosz, S.
Kranc, M.
Garbacz-Klempka, A.
Kozana, J.
Piękoś, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381118.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
innowacyjny materiał odlewniczy
innowacyjna technologia odlewnicza
metalografia
wada odlewu
technologia wytapianych modeli
stop miedzi
innovative foundry material
innovative foundry technology
metallography
casting defect
investment casting technology
copper alloy
Opis:
Technologia wytapianych modeli należy do najstarszych technologii odlewniczych. Historycznie służyła do odlewania narzędzi, broni i ozdób. Model wykonany z wosku pszczelego oblepiano gliną suszono i wypalano. Otrzymywano odlewy o dużej gładkości powierzchni, dokładności i precyzji wykonania ornamentu. Metodą tą odlewano niewielkie kilkugramowe odlewy jak i wielkogabarytowe pomniki. Współcześnie ta technologia jest wykorzystywana w wielu ważnych gałęziach produkcji zarówno artystycznej, jak i przemysłowej. Szczególnie w przemyśle zbrojeniowym, lotniczym, motoryzacyjnym, energetycznym, budowlanym, a nawet kosmicznym. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań i eksperymentów, prowadzonych w zakresie technologii odlewnictwa miedzi i stopów miedzi z zastosowaniem metody wytapianych modeli, zarówno w aspekcie historycznym, jak i współczesnej praktyki przemysłowej. Przykładowo przedstawiono analizę wybranych elementów dawnych technologii, form i odlewów wytworzonych w epoce brązu oraz wyniki badań dotyczące aktualnie produkowanych odlewów dla branży energetycznej. Jakość odlewów została oceniona na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań z zakresu mikrostruktury, składu chemicznego, przewodności elektrycznej i zawartości tlenu.
Investment casting technology belongs to the oldest casting techniques. Historically, it was used for casting tools, weapons and ornaments. A model, made from beeswax, was covered in loam, dried and fired. The casts obtained were characterised by high surface smoothness, accuracy and precision of its ornaments. This method was used for relatively small casts as well as for big monuments. Nowadays, this technology is used in many fields of manufacturing, both artistic and industrial, especially in ornaments, aviation, automotive, power, construction and even space industry. This work presents the results of research and experiments conducted in the field of casting technology of copper and copper alloys, applying the investment casting method, both in its historical aspect and modern industrial practice. An exemplary analysis was presented of the chosen elements of the old technologies, moulds and casts, as well as the results of casts made currently for the power industry. The casts quality was evaluated based on the research of their microstructure, chemical composition, electrical conductivity and oxygen content.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 3 spec.; 143-148
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of casting defects on fatigue resistance of elektron 21 magnesium alloy
Autorzy:
Pikos, I.
Kiełbus, A.
Adamiec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383305.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
casting defect
mechanical properties
microstructure
magnesium alloy
Elektron 21 alloy
wada odlewu
właściwości mechaniczne
mikrostruktura
stop magnezu
stop Elektron 21
Opis:
The Mg-RE alloys are attractive, constructional materials, especially for aircraft and automotive industry, thanks to combination of low density, good mechanical properties, also at elevated temperature, and good castability and machinability. Present paper contains results of fatigue resistance test carried out on Elektron 21 magnesium alloy, followed by microstructural and fractographical investigation of material after test. The as-cast material has been heat treated according to two different procedures. The fatigue resistance test has been conducted with 106 cycles of uniaxial, sine wave form stress between 9 MPa and 90 MPa. Fractures of specimens, which ruptured during the test, have been investigated with scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of specimens has been investigated with light microscopy. Detrimental effect of casting defects, as inclusions and porosity, on fatigue resistance has been proved. Also the influence of heat treatment's parameters has been described.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 2; 103-106
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Classification of structure defects of metal matrix castings with saturated reinforcement
Autorzy:
Gawdzińska, K.
Nagolska, D.
Szweycer, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380258.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
wada odlewu
klasyfikacja
composite castings defects
classification
Opis:
Definition of a composite [1] describes an ideal composite material with perfect structure. In real composite materials, structure is usually imperfect - composites contain various types of defects [2, 3-5], especially as the casted composites are of concern. The reason for this is a specific structure of castings, related to course of the manufacturing process. In case of metal matrix composite castings, especially regarding these manufactured by saturation, there is no classification of these defects [2, 4]. Classification of defects in castings of classic materials (cast iron, cast steel, non-ferrous alloys) is insufficient and requires completion of specific defects of mentioned materials. This problem (noted during manufacturing metal matrix composite castings with saturated reinforcement in Institute of Basic Technical Sciences of Maritime University Szczecin) has become a reason of starting work aimed at creating such classification. As a result, this paper was prepared. It can contribute to improvement of quality of studied materials and, as a consequence, improve the environment protection level.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2012, 12, 3; 29-36
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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