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Tytuł:
Intelligent transportation : a hybrid FSO/VLC-assisted relay system
Autorzy:
EL-Garhy, Suzan M.
Khalaf, Ashraf A. M.
Aly, Moustafa H.
Abaza, Mohamed
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2174852.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Elektryków Polskich
Tematy:
intelligent transportation systems
infrastructure-to-vehicle
vehicle-to-vehicle
relay
Opis:
Various intelligent transportation systems are proposed in different forms of wireless communication technologies. Recently, the importance of visible light communication and free-space optics has been demonstrated in accomplishing vehicle-to-vehicle and infrastructure-to-vehicle communication systems, due to power efficiency, free licenses, and safety for human health. In this paper, a new hybrid relay system supported by free-space optics/visible light communication with two scenarios is proposed. The first one is that the data are transferred from the source to the relay through a free-space optics communication link and are then directed to the destination through a visible light communication link. The second scenario is that the data are transmitted from the source to the destination passing through two different relays to ensure larger coverage. A 10‾⁶ bit error rate is achieved at a distance of 900 m for the first scenario with a remarkable signal-to-noise ratio of ~25.5 dB, while the largest distance that can be covered by the second scenario is 1200 m with a signalto- noise ratio of ~30 dB.
Źródło:
Opto-Electronics Review; 2022, 30, 4; art. no. e144260
1230-3402
Pojawia się w:
Opto-Electronics Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Study and Review of Self Managed Vehicular Networks
Autorzy:
Agbinya, J. I.
Navarrette, G. P.
Al-Ja'afreh, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226707.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
intelligent transportation system
vehicular network
vehicle-to-vehicle communication
roadside-to-vehicle communication
Opis:
An Intelligent transportation system (ITS) focuses on application of smart vehicles. The vehicles are equipped with significant computing, communicating and sensing capabilities to provide services to travelers or the goal of providing safety massages in emergency situations. Vehicular network may also be used for Internet access, inter-passengers communications and entertainment. To understand the behavior of such networks as well as to provide good services to the travelers many issues have to be managed, some of them are: call handover between vehicles in vehicular network, speed Vs capacity, security of call, network topology, and network fragmentation. In this paper we study such vehicular networks and explain these issues and the related work. Detailed study of practical node mobility models based on mobility states and the quality of practical links based on received signal strengths are used as inputs for system capacity studies. Experiments were run in Sydney based on drive tests with mobile terminals deployed on them. Then some new ideas for managing the vehicular networks are proposed.
Źródło:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2010, 56, 4; 433-444
2300-1933
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analytical performance analysis of the M2M wireless link with an antenna selection system over interference limited dissimilar composite fading environments
Autorzy:
Ðošić, Danijel
Milić, Dejan
Kontrec, Nataša
Stefanović, Časlav
Milosavljević, Srðan
Stefanović, Dušan M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172127.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
mobile to mobile communication
vehicle to vehicle communication
Nakagami-m fading
Rice fading
probability density function
cumulative density function
urządzenia mobilne
komunikacja między pojazdami
funkcja gęstości prawdopodobieństwa
Opis:
This paper considers direct mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communications with a dual antenna selection (AS) system at a destination mobile node (DMN) in interference limited, dissimilar composite fading environments. In particular, we model dissimilar interference limited signals at the inputs of the dual branch AS system as (i) the ratio of two Nakagami-m (N) random variables (RVs) at the first branch and (ii) the ratio of two Rice RVs at the second branch, in order to account for non line-of-sight (NLOS) and line-of-sight (LOS) communications, respectively. Moreover, we assume variable powers of the desired as well as interference signals at the output of the DMN in order to account for the impact of shadowing. For the proposed model, we derive probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, outage probabilities and average level crossing rates. The derived statistical results are evaluated for all the statistical measures considered and are graphically presented in order to provide insight into the impact of composite fading severities and LOS factors for the desired signal, as well as for the interference, on the system performances.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2022, 32, 4; 569--582
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation on use of plug - in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology using renewable energy for an autorickshaw
Autorzy:
Padmanaban, V.
Ramasubramanian, A.
Subramaniam, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
PHEV
renewable energy
smart grid
vehicle to grid
fast charging
auto rickshaw
Opis:
Availability and access to energy are considered as catalysts for economic growth. Harnessing clean energy for sustainable development is the keyword in today's scenario of energy utility. With the transport sector, contributing 32% of the total pollution levels, development and increased utilization of hybrid electric vehicles would be the best possible method to adopt for a cleaner and greener tomorrow. While lithium-ion technology is expected in production HEVs in the very near future, use in PHEVs are expected to be more gradual and dependent on solving the life, safety, and cost challenges. As a result, battery technologies for EVs are not fully matured due to range and charging-time issues, which are yet to be addressed. These two issues are normalized substantially in our study as the result of implementation of a battery swapping technique, thereby fast charging the batteries. This study focuses on battery systems as the electrical energy storage device and thus evaluates commercially available technologies for PHEV penetration in India through use of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power in specific demographic areas as a typical example. The three-wheeler vehicle, popularly known as auto-rickshaws are one of the most important type of commercial transportation in majority of the Indian cities. An example of such a typical urban use auto rickshaw is considered for our study. This project has three main objectives: To convert the existing three wheeler into a PHEV and to determine the state of technology for PHEV batteries through an extensive literature review, develop a battery pack model and its charging cum swapping station at the above two places using renewable energy sources and finally to assess the environmental benefits of greenhouse gases emission, CO2 reduction and decrease in fuel consumption.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 383-394
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The car fleet management model with including expectations of the users
Autorzy:
Szczepański, E.
Nivette, M.
Jacyna-Gołda, I.
Izdebski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243821.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
Car Fleet Management
assignment
vehicle to task
decision-making model
fleet management
Opis:
The paper presents a certain approach to fleet management in the company, taking into account the mobility of employees and the selection of vehicles for tasks. The main objective is to indicate the factors that significantly affect the proper selection of vehicles for the task, as well as concurrently meeting recipients' needs. The general model for fleet management was presented, taking into account not only the mobility of employees but also the method of obtaining funds for the replacement of greener cars. The current approach is based on the car purchase model in the form of credit, low-purchase leasing, and supervision over the use process and operating costs by the company's internal resources. The problem solved in the article concerns the analysis of entrusting fleet management to specialized Car Fleet Management (CFM) companies. It was pointed out that in this calculation model, CFM companies have to take into account many variables related to vehicle selection and mobility of employees in order to perform tasks. In this article, particular attention has been paid to the areas that CFM analyses when choosing a vehicle for a given company.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 4; 489-500
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poprawa warunków pracy sieci elektroenergetycznej przy wykorzystaniu pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym
Improvement of working conditions the grid using electric vehicles
Autorzy:
Zajkowski, K.
Seroka, K.
Matyja, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310953.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
samochód elektryczny
Smart Grid
źródło energii
Vehicle to Grid
electric car
energy source
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono sposób wykorzystania energii elektrycznej pojazdów z napędem elektrycznym niebędących w ruchu do poprawy warunków pracy sieci elektroenergetycznej. Omówiono zalety tego rozwiązania oraz przedstawiono słabe strony tej technologii. Przybliżono zasadę działania superkondensatora.
The article presents the idea of using the energy of electric vehicles which are not in motion to improve the working conditions of the power grid. Discusses the advantages of this solution and shows the weaknesses of this technology. Brought closer the principle of the supercapacitor.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 8; 337-340
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transport w trudnodostępnym terenie z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowej platformy lądowej
Transport in rough terrain with Unmanned Ground Vehicle use
Autorzy:
Krogul, P.
Przybysz, M.
Rubiec, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/312574.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
transport
teren trudnodostępny
bezzałogowe pojazdy
BPL
difficult-to-access area
unmanned vehicle
UGV
Opis:
Ciągły rozwój cywilizacji, chęć eksploracji przez człowieka nieznanych obszarów oraz konieczność prowadzenia przez niego rozmaitych działań (badania geodezyjne, geologiczne, konserwacja linii energetycznych, dbanie o obszary leśne, misje ratownicze) powoduje, że coraz częściej prace te wykonywane są w trudnodostępnym terenie. Niejednokrotnie jest on niedostępny dla konwencjonalnych pojazdów, stanowiących powszechnie dostępne środki transportu. To z kolei powoduje, że chcąc sprostać postawionym celom, ludzie mogą dostać się w wyznaczone miejsce jedynie pieszo, samodzielnie (lub z wykorzystaniem zwierzyny jucznej). Przenoszą oni w ten sposób sprzęt konieczny do przetrwania w niesprzyjającym środowisku oraz wyposażenie niezbędne do wykonania zadanej pracy. Podejście to jest mało efektywne oraz przy wykonywaniu zadań w obszarach niebezpiecznych może nieść ze sobą zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia człowieka. W referacie przedstawiono alternatywną metodę prowadzenia transportu na obszarach trudnodostępnych z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowej platformy lądowej BPL. Opisano problemy jakie są z tym związane, stawiane wymagania oraz sposoby ich spełnienia. Ponadto przedstawiono projekt BPL, która może być wykorzystana jako alternatywny środek transportu. Zaprezentowano jej dane techniczne oraz możliwości transportowe.
Continuous development of civilization, the human's willingness to explore the unknown domains and the necessity of his various activities (geodetic and geological research, maintenance of power lines, care of forest areas, rescue missions) causes more and more these works are carried out in difficult terrain. Often it is inaccessible to conventional vehicles, which are commonly available means of transport. This in turn causes that in order to achieve this aim, people can get to the designated place only on foot, independently (or with the use of animals). They transport in this way the necessary to survive in a hostile environment and to perform the work equipment. The approach is not effective and in the performance of tasks in dangerous areas may carry with them danger to human health and life. The paper presents the alternative method of carrying out transport in difficult terrains with the use of unmanned ground vehicle UGV. It describes the problems that are associated with this, imposed requirements and ways to meet them. Furthermore it presents the UGV project, which can be used as an alternative means of transport. Presented its specifications and transport capabilities.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2016, 17, 6; 615-620
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A study on exposing the driver of a commercial vehicle to mechanical vibration.
Autorzy:
Warczek, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/196673.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
exposure to vibration
commercial vehicle
work safety
narażenie na drgania
pojazd komercyjny
bezpieczeństwo pracy
Opis:
This article presents the results of research whose objective was to assess the risks of vibration in the workplace to a driver of a commercial vehicle. Under current EU law on working time, daily vibration exposure for drivers of commercial vehicles should be determined for every nine hours of work. Research on nuisance vibrations on a driver was carried out on a commercial vehicle operated under normal conditions in urban traffic and outside urban areas. Vibration exposure assessment was separately made for each direction of vibration influence. The obtained results enable us to conclude that drivers of commercial vehicles are exposed to harmful vibrations, which largely exceed the limits of exposure to mechanical vibrations in general.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska; 2017, 94; 229-238
0209-3324
2450-1549
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Well-to-wheel CO2 emission of electric vehicle in Polandlectric vehicle in Poland
Autorzy:
Staniak, P.
Moćko, W.
Wojciechowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241783.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
CO2 emission
electric vehicle
well-to-wheel emission
air pollution
renewable energy sources
Opis:
The total CO2 emission of electric vehicle depends on a renewable energy share in an energy market of given country. At the moment, this share is significant only in a few European countries (Denmark, Germany, Scandinavian countries) having large number of water, solar and wind power plants. Additionally, France may be considered as a country possessing low-emission electric energy, because around 90% of this energy is generated by a nuclear power plants. In order to compare the greenhouse gas emission from an electric vehicle with combustion powered cars well-to-wheel (WtW) methodology may be applied. The well-to-wheel emission estimates the total CO2 which is required to generate a given power measured on vehicle wheels including generating, transferring and processing losses. The magnitude of WtW varies from 0g/km in the case of a vehicle charged directly by a solar or wind powered charging point to 200 g/km in the case of charging form public grid powered by old coal power plants. For the Polish energy market the share of renewable energy sources is negligible (below 10%), moreover majority of a power plants uses coal to generate electricity. However, according to the EU strategy this share should be doubled until 2020. Additionally, it is considered building of a nuclear power plant, which results in further reduction of CO2 from energetic industry. In this article WtW CO2 emission of electric driven vehicle charged from the public grid was analyzed for Polish conditions at present and various growth scenario as well. Moreover, an actual energy market structure as well as growth perspectives were reviewed.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 139-148
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Electric vehicles as the best energy storage solution for unpredictable household renewable energy sources
Autorzy:
Charvinski, Viachaslau
Kostuchevich, Helene
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132071.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
renewable energy sources
vehicle to home
V2H
charging
household demand profile
energy storage
Opis:
One of the main problems of renewable energy source - RES (such as wind or sun) is their unpredictability. Cooperation of such sources with energy storage has a very positive effect on the correct use of renewable sources. One of the ideas for home energy is storage of energy in the batteries of electric vehicles engines (V2H). The purpose of this work is to analyze electricity losses and power system performance depending on the shape of the load schedule. The work includes identifying the dependence of the required degree of load balancing on the shape factor of the load curve, heating factor and energy losses. In anailed cases, it was shown that the best solution for a single-family house with a passenger car used for everyday needs would be a wind turbine with a diameter of 6 [m]. The battery capacity that would have to work with this system was estimated at 542 [Ah].
Źródło:
Modern Engineering; 2020, 1; 1-5
2450-5501
Pojawia się w:
Modern Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparison of mileage fuel consumption with the natural operation of the three different cycles
Autorzy:
Sitnik, L. J.
Magdziarz-Tokłowicz, M.
Walkowiak, Wł.
Wróbel, R.
Włostowski, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243579.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
fuel consumption
mileage fuel consumption
resistance to motion
energy consumption of traffic
vehicle operation
SI engine
Opis:
In the automotive industry in the world continuously being sought universal driving cycle. The test should closely match the fuel consumption and emissions of toxins in the fumes of the test vehicle in its real operating conditions [4]. However, in the previously developed solid driving tests established velocity profiles differ significantly from actual driving conditions. The difference in fuel consumption, comparing the natural operation of the NEDC test reaches an average of 18%. The new version of the driving cycle should be more realistic to the everyday use of additional equipment and gadgets that are installed in modern vehicles [1]. The impact on fuel consumption by vehicles may be conditioned not only by its size and weight, but also by the geometry of the track motion, forces causing the motion and the forces acting on the car when driving on curved tracks. The vehicle encounters and overcomes all the forces that act on it while driving-resistance movement. In the energy intake through the vehicle runs in the motor changes at the expense of the energy of fuel consumed. The driving force performs work on a given stretch of road balancing (predominant) friction. On the basis of the calculated resistance movement and the energy consumption of the movement in the selected object was a comparison of the actual consumption of fuel in the vehicle with the ignition spark. Analysis was performed and found differences in three cycles: urban, extra-urban and combined.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 439-444
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of electromobility development on the electricity market
Autorzy:
Kołtonowski, Mikołaj
Kołtonowski, Remigiusz
Pałubicki, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
electromobility
smart grid
vehicle to grid
power engineering
Energa Operator
elektromobilność
inteligentna sieć energetyczna
V2G
elektroenergetyka
Opis:
The article describes the forecasts and the current state of electromobility in Poland. Attention was drawn to the significant problems facing the electricity market as a result of adapting the infrastructure for electromobility and growing energy demand. Integrated systems connecting electric vehicles, transport infrastructure, energy networks, buildings and renewable energy sources supporting electromobility were presented. It also shows the activities undertaken by Energa Operator for the development of electromobility in the area of electricity distribution of the company.
Źródło:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering; 2021, 5, 1; 53--58
2544-0780
2544-1671
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
General Approach to Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Autorzy:
TIURIN, Vitalii
MARTYNIUK, Oleksii
MIRNENKO, Volodymyr
OPENKO, Pavlo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466158.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
offensive and defensive counteraction to UAVs
threats from hostile UAVs
protection of High Value Assets (HVA)
Opis:
The following study is devoted to the problem of preventing offensive missions led with small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The main goal of the paper is to familiarize the reader with a general methodology for counteracting offensive UAVs. In this paper, the authors describe counter UAV approach, which includes several stages, such as: the identification of threats, the development of prevention measures, active counteracting (including: detection, tracking, identification, evaluation, decision making and counteraction), evaluation and improvement of the anti-UAV counteraction system.In the recommendations, the authors give two non-exclusive practical approaches to countering hostile UAVs: the offensive counter UAV and the defensive counter UAV, which concern wide range of different strategies from “destroy as many UAVs as possible” to “protect all high value assets from UAVs threats”.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2019, 5, 1; 6-12
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Could an isolated human body lower limb model predict leg biomechanical response of Chinese pedestrians in vehicle collisions?
Autorzy:
Ma, Huaxing
Mao, Zhengyu
Li, Guibing
Yan, Lingbo
Mo, Fuhao
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27324120.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
isolated lower limb model
pedestrian leg injury
vehicle-to-pedestrian collision
izolowany model kończyny dolnej
uraz nogi pieszego
zderzenie pojazdu z pieszym
Opis:
Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether an isolated human body lower limb FE model could predict leg kinematics and biomechanical response of a full body Chinese pedestrian model in vehicle collisions. Methods: A human body lower limb FE model representing midsize Chinese adult male anthropometry was employed with different upper body weight attachments being evaluated by comparing the predictions to those of a full body pedestrian model in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions considering different front-end shapes. Results: The results indicate that upper body mass has a significant influence on pedestrian lower limb injury risk, the effect varies from vehicle front-end shape and is more remarkable to the femur and knee ligaments than to the tibia. In particular, the upper body mass can generally increase femur and knee ligaments injury risk, but has no obvious effect on the injury risk of tibia. The results also show that a higher attached buttock mass is needed for isolated pedestrian lower limb model for impacts with vehicles of higher bonnet leading edge. Conclusions: The findings of this study may suggest that it is necessary to consider vehicle shape variation in assessment of vehicle pedestrian protection performance and leg-form impactors with adaptive upper body mass should be used for vehicles with different front-end shapes, and the use of regional leg-form impactor modeling the local anthropometry to evaluate the actual lower limb injury of pedestrians in different countries and regions.
Źródło:
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics; 2020, 22, 3; 117--129
1509-409X
2450-6303
Pojawia się w:
Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza emisji gazów wylotowych wyznaczonej w teście NTE z ciężkiego pojazdu samochodowego na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w rzeczywistych warunkach jego eksploatacji
Analysis of exhaust emissions in the NTE test of heavy-duty vehicle under real operating conditions
Autorzy:
Lijewski, P.
Merkisz, J.
Ziółkowski, A.
Rymaniak, Ł.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133851.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
pojazd ciężarowy
obszar kontroli pozatestowej
test NTE
badania emisji gazów wylotowych
heavy-duty vehicle
Not-To-Exceed
NTE test
exhaust emissions test
Opis:
Wprowadzenie w 2007 roku dodatkowego testu zgodności emisyjnej dla grupy ciężkich pojazdów samochodowych – NTE (Not-To-Exceed) – sprawiło, że emisja gazów wylotowych z tej grupy jest kontrolowana w szerszym zakresie pracy jednostki napędowej. Procedura NTE jest stosowana jedynie dla jednostek napędowych homologowanych według procedur określonych przez amerykańską agencję EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). W przepisach europejskich tego typu procedury nie obowiązują. Ten argument stanowił podstawę do wykonania przez autorów pomiarów emisji gazów wylotowych z ciężkiego pojazdu samochodowego w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji. Badania wykonano przy użyciu mobilnych analizatorów z grupy PEMS. Obiektem badawczym był pojazd o dopuszczalnej masie całkowitej 40 000 kg wyposażony w jednostkę napędową o pojemności skokowej 15,6 dm3 i spełniającą normę emisji Euro V. Na podstawie powyższych badań wyznaczono wartości emisji jednostkowej gazów wylotowych w obszarze pracy silnika określonym w procedurze NTE. Następnie powyższe wartości odniesiono do emisji uzyskanej w całym teście badawczym.
The enforcement of NTE (Not-To-Exceed), dedicated to heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to check their emission compliance, entailed exhaust emission control within a wider range of engine operation. The NTE procedure is applied only to HDV engines homologated in accordance with American EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) directives. By contrast, European regulations do not apply any such procedures currently. Therefore, the authors of this paper carried out exhaust emission tests on a heavy-duty vehicle in real conditions with the use of a PEMS portable analyzer. The HDV with 15.6 dm3 displacement applied in the tests weighed 40 000 kg and fulfilled Euro V emission standard. On the basis of the tests, the unit exhaust emission was estimated within the same range of engine operation as determined by the NTE procedure. Following, the unit exhaust emission was referred to the complete exhaust emission recorded during the whole test.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 696-700
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 17

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