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Tytuł:
Zabezpieczenie emerytalne pracowników migrujących. Rola koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego
Pension security for migrant workers. The role of coordination within social security systems
Autorzy:
Fuchs, Maximilian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/541781.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-29
Wydawca:
Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych
Tematy:
Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej
zabezpieczenie emerytalne
koordynacyjne prawo Unii Europejskiej
Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej
European Union’s Court of Justice
pension security
European Union coordination law
Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
Opis:
Autor omawia przepisy dotyczące praw do ubezpieczenia z tytułu ryzyka starości pracowników migrujących wynikających ze stosowania unijnych przepisów o koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego. Koordynacyjne prawo Unii Europejskiej wyprowadzone jest z zasadniczych cech narodowych systemów zabezpieczenia emerytalnego. Na przykładzie czterech spraw rozstrzyganych przez Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (dawniej Europejski Trybunał Sprawiedliwości) artykuł dowodzi, jak istotny wpływ na prawo koordynacyjne w znaczeniu dogmatycznym ma ten organ.
The author discusses the provisions for insurance rights with the risk of an aging migrant workers that results from the application of EU provisions on the coordination of social security systems. Coordinating EU law is derived from the essential features of individual national pension insurance systems. On the example of four cases handled by the European Union’s Court of Justice (formerly the European Court of Justice), the article proves how this body has a significant impact on coordination law in a dogmatic sense.
Źródło:
Ubezpieczenia Społeczne. Teoria i praktyka; 2018, 1 t. II; 67-73
1731-0725
Pojawia się w:
Ubezpieczenia Społeczne. Teoria i praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WYKŁADNIA EWOLUCYJNA EUROPEJSKIEJ KONWENCJI PRAW CZŁOWIEKA A ZASADA KONSENSUSU. PRÓBA ANALIZY
Autorzy:
Soloch, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/664150.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
evolutive interpretation
European Convention on Human Rights
treaty interpretation
judicial law-making
European Court of Human Rights
multi-level constitutionalism
wykładnia ewolucyjna
Europejska konwencja o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności
wykładnia traktatów
sądowe prawotwórstwo
Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka, konstytucjonalizm wielopoziomowy
Opis:
Evolutive interpretation is one of the most important interpretative tools of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). It seems quite obvious that it is at least potentially in conflict with one of the most important principles of international law, namely the Principle of Consent (Konsensprinzip). The aim of this article is to shed some light on the question how the Court in Strasbourg tries to reconcile those two principles. It seems that the function of the concept of evolutive interpretation is to set the goal for the interpretation process (i.e. to ensure that the Convention is interpreted accordingly to the requirements of the “present-day conditions”) rather than to govern the technical details of argumentation. The Principle of Consent comes into play in the form of a limitation to the process of evolutive interpretation and may take many forms. The most remarkable of them is the construct of European or international “consensus”, determined mainly with the help of comparative interpretation. It seems that the quality of the comparative method is of essential importance to ensure that evolutive interpretation should not devolve into judicial law-making and, therefore, to secure the legitimation for the rulings of the ECHR.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2015, 15, 4
2353-8139
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych o umowach międzynarodowej sprzedaży towarów na prawo Unii Europejskiej w zakresie sprzedaży konsumenckiej
Autorzy:
Błaszczyk, Cezary
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
konwencja wiedeńska
Konwencja Narodów Zjednoczonych o umowach międzynarodowej sprzedaży towarów
ONZ
umowa międzynarodowa
sprzedaż konsumencka
prawo Unii Europejskiej
zagadnienia kolizyjnoprawne
obrót gospodarczy międzynarodowy
obrót towarowy
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
CISG
Vienna Convention
United Nations
UN
treaty
consumer sale
European Union law
international turnover
trade goods
Opis:
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the so-called Vienna Convention, CISG) is considered one of the most important and influential private law acts of the past decades. The most compelling evidence of the impact of the CISG is the European private law. It is especially evident in case of consumer sales law of the European Union. The Consumer Sales Directive (99/44) and, to some extent, even the Directive on Consumer Rights (2011/83/EC) were based on principles and institutions derived from the CISG. The most important influences are of course the objective liability of a debtor and the institution of conformity of the goods; however, even the basic terms (such as “conformity of goods” and “non-conformity of goods”) are defined per analogiam. And even though European legislator did not borrow from the CISG its’ concept of the fundamental breach of contract, the further cases of CISG’s impact are seen in cases of Nachfrist and remedies available to the parties of a contract. Since European consumer sales law is one of the most important spheres of EU interests and influences national civil law systems, CISG may easily be described as the model and backbone of future private law harmonization.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 3 (199); 29-51
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The remedies for “treaty shopping” in view of current legislation
Autorzy:
Niziołek, Anna
Dobosz, Damian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1177369.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
legal person
partnership
publicly listed company
remedies
share-holding company
sole proprietor
tax avoidance
tax evasion
tax law
treaty shopping
Opis:
The article explains the issue of the “treaty shopping” method which tends to be one of the types of the unlawful tax behaviour. At first, the history of the “treaty shopping” method and its main features are described. The dissertation is focused especially on the examples of the practical use of the third company in a specific contractual relation which ought to be only between two parties. Then, the deliberation presents the combination of using the “treaty shopping” method and “tax heavens” which is frequently practiced by the companies to pay lower tax rates or even avoid paying any taxes. After that, both the positive and the negative consequences of the aforementioned tax behaviour are described. The main part of the article delves into the possible remedies for the unlawful tax practices depending on the outlook of each government. The conclusions refer to the effects of decreasing the current number of “treaty shoppers”.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2018, 104; 337-347
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Missing Concordat in the Czech Republic
Le concordat manquant en République tchèque
Autorzy:
Přibyl, Stanislav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/25748509.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Concordat
treaty
ratification
parliament
Holy See
church marriage
church financing
civil code
religious law
legal person
concordat
traité
parlement
Saint-Siège
mariage religieux
financement de l’Eglise
code civil
droit religieux
personne morale
Opis:
The present article discusses certain aspects of the Treaty between the Czech Republic and the Holy See. The text of the treaty was signed at the level of the government, however, it has not been ratified so far. Some provisions of the treaty are rather superfluous or lack sufficient normative basis. Nevertheless, as the example of Article 9 of the treaty on the recognition of civil effects of church marriages shows that the approval of the treaty by the Parliament of the Czech Republic would have been very beneficial. In fact, in the process of preparation for a new civil code an attempt was made to repeal church marriages recognized by the state. Such a project would have been made impossible by the concordat because church marriage would have been supported by an obligation of the state under international law. Fortunately, the civil code kept church marriages, and confessional law in the Czech Republic has to develop without a valid concordat.
L’article aborde certains aspects du traité entre la République tchèque et le Saint-Siège. Le texte du traité a été signé au niveau gouvernemental mais il n’a pas encore été ratifié. Certaines dispositions du traité sont plutôt superflues ou n’ont pas de base normative suffisante. Néanmoins, comme le montre l’exemple de l’article 9 du traité sur la reconnaissance des effets civils des mariages religieux, l’approbation du traité par le Parlement de la République tchèque aurait été très bénéfique. En fait, lors de la préparation d’un nouveau code civil, on a tenté d’abroger les mariages religieux reconnus par l’État. Un tel projet aurait été rendu impossible par le concordat parce que le mariage religieux aurait été préservé par un engagement de l’État en vertu du droit international. Heureusement, le code civil a maintenu la validité des mariages religieux mais le droit confessionnel de la République tchèque a dû être élaboré sans concordat valide.
Źródło:
Philosophy and Canon Law; 2022, 8, 2; 1-12
2450-4955
2451-2141
Pojawia się w:
Philosophy and Canon Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Institution of Full Powers in the Process of Concluding International Agreements
Autorzy:
Bąkowski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027868.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
full powers, state representation
treaty law
international agreement
Opis:
This paper addresses issues related to the institution of full powers in the process of concluding international agreements. The author makes an analysis of the historical evolution of the institution of full powers and discusses the essential elements of the full powers instrument with regard to the representation of the state and international organizations, taking into account current international law regulations. In this regard, the author also refers to international practice and, based on a review of the scholarly literature, attempts to classify full powers.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2021, 13; 97-117
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Autonomy of Treaty Terms
Autorzy:
Michalska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832019.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
public international law
the law of treaties
the autonomy of treaty terms
Opis:
The paper is an English translation of Autonomiczność pojęć traktatowych by Anna Michalska published originally in Polish in “Toruński Rocznik Praw Człowieka i Pokoju” in 1993. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2019, 10; 321-333
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The “Rule of Law” and the “Rechtsstaat”: A Historical and Theoretical Approach from a German Perspective
Autorzy:
Christoph-Eric, Mecke,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Rule of Law
Rechtsstaat
arbitrariness
judicial independence
Lisbon Treaty
“Venice Commission”
praworządność
państwo prawa
arbitralność
niezawisłość sędziowska
Traktat Lizboński
„Komisja Wenecka”
Opis:
The Rule of Law, understood in its most general and original meaning as an absence of arbitrariness in state power, is not merely one legal principle amongst many, but has been the core of law itself in political philosophy since classical Antiquity. Although the Rule of Law has been given substance to in various different ways since the modern era, the Member States of the European Union (EU) have contractually agreed in Article 2 first sentence of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) on a Rule of Law that is an expression of the community of values within the EU. This is now not just politically but legally binding for all EU Member States, regardless of changing political majorities or national legislative acts within the Member States. However, with the recent initiation of proceedings against Poland and Hungary, to investigate the potential “risk of serious breach” of EU values according to Article 7 para. 1 of the TEU, it has become very clear that there is no longer political consensus amongst the governments of the EU Member States with regard to how the principle of the Rule of Law should be given substance to in practice. It will thus be the task of jurisprudence, not of politics, to ascertain how far-reaching the legal obligation with regard to the “value” of the “Rule of Law” on the basis of Article 2 of the TEU is and where – beyond the scope of European Law – the political prerogative for Member States to act in accordance with their own national circumstances begins.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 29-47
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Terminological definition of the category “Interpretation in international law”: historical transformations of the definitions and new approaches
Autorzy:
Karvatska, Svitlana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621477.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
interpretation in international law
correlation of interpretation and hermeneutics
an international treaty
Opis:
The problem of transformations of the definition “Interpretation in international law” is analyzed in the article. Particularly acute and ambiguous is the question of differentiation of the concepts “interpretation” and “explanation”, which are used n the domestic theory of international law. In Western literature, mostly, the term “interpretation” is used (from the Latin interpretatio). It is determined that two concepts, which Ukrainian lawyers often see as identical or synonymous, the national experts in international law often consider to be rather problematic. From the point of view of the Ukrainian legislation, the concept of “interpretation” is legal, and lawyers use in legal practice and theory such terms as interpretation of the law, interpretation of the legal act, legal interpretation, interpretation of the rules of law, interpretation of the norms of international law. The author notes that this not only does not introduce categorical unambiguity and clarity, but rather complicates the integration of Ukrainian legal science and the science of the theory of international law in the European scientific system.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2019, 18, 1; 133-152
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
SPECYFIKA PODMIOTOWOŚCI PRAWNEJ STOLICY APOSTOLSKIEJ – ZARYS PROBLEMATYKI
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE HOLY SEE’S LEGAL SUBJECTIVITYAN OUTLINE OF THE ISSUE
Autorzy:
Łągiewska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/512550.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum
Tematy:
international law
legal subjectivity
Holy See
Lateran Treaty
Opis:
The Holy See (Sancta Sedes) is the specific subject of the international law. The acknowledgement of the legal subjectivity is related to the possession of the legal capacity and the capability of the legal international proceedings. The Holy See is treated as an autonomous subject which has its own rights and obligations concerning the international affairs. It has right to send and receive the minister residents (ius legationis), to enter into the international contracts (ius tractandi), to participate in the conferences and to be member of the inter-national organizations (ius foederum).
Źródło:
Studia Ełckie; 2016, 18, 1; 31-40
1896-6896
2353-1274
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ełckie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Security in the Area of Culture as Viewed by the European Union
Autorzy:
Gołda-Sobczak, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/642097.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
culture
European Union law
the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
cultural policy
cooperation in the field of culture
cultural programs
Opis:
The European Communities, later the European Union, for a long time did not  pay attention to the protection of European cultural heritage, as well as to issues o f cultural policy, leaving the area more or less consciously the Council o f Europe. The cultural policy o f the European Union treats the ambiguous term “culture” as an area that belongs to the sphere of national sovereignty. Undefined terms from the area of culture, such as the European cultural space, a common cultural heritage, etc. appear in the documents o f the European Union. Only Art. 151 o f the Treaty establishing the European Community, currently Art. 167 of the Treaty on the functioning o f the European Union is more specifically devoted to the issue of culture and more closely to the issue of heritage. The cultural policy on this ground includes the protection o f European cultural heritage, undertaking projects involving the development of a culture and the promotion of European culture. In that respect, the attention should be paid to a number of bilateral agreements, international programs, and finally conventions.
Źródło:
Przegląd Strategiczny; 2016, 9; 341-353
2084-6991
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Strategiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russia’s Military Invasion of Ukraine in 2022: Aim, Reasons, and Implications
Autorzy:
Fedorenko, Vladislav
Fedorenko, Maksym
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
war
military agression
military invasion
martial law
law of war
laws and rules of warfare
peace treaty
Opis:
The publication examines the legal nature of wars, looks into the law of war genesis, reviews its conventions, as well as identifies the aim, objectives, causes together with the consequences of Russia’s military aggression on February 24, 2022; it provides a testimony on the war of aggression against Ukraine and identifies its threats to post-war international law and order. The aim of the article is to determine the background, nature, fundamentals and nature of the war the Russian Federation launched on February 24, 2022 against Ukraine within the context of confrontation with the values of Western democracy. Historical-legal dialectical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods, as well as methods of formal logic (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, etc.) were used to study the issues. The application of these research methods entails a cross-sectoral scientific nature. Wars have accompanied the entire history of mankind. Since the 17th century the theoretical foundations of the law of war have been laid, which enshrined in international laws and customs of warfare (Geneva Conventions, Hague Convention, etc.) since the 19th century, thus forming the international humanitarian law. After World War II, violations of the latter by the belligerent party are viewed by the world community no less harshly than the mere war. The paper questions the purpose, reasons, conditions and intermediate consequences of the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. Obviously, the military aggression and the Russian invasion on February 24, 2022 marked the beginning of the de facto war, under a specific formal definition by a Russian official as a “special military operation” instead of naming it an attempt to avoid legal responsibility for war crimes committed in Ukraine. The article analyses the aggressive nature of this war on the part of the Russian Federation, demonstrates numerous violations of international law conventions by the Russian armed forces during the military invasion and temporary occupied territories in Ukraine. It emphasizes that the law of war has always been replaced by signing a peace treaty and relevant international agreements, which entails the obligation to severe the political, economic, and legal responsibility of the state violating international humanitarian law. The paper reviews the key institutions and legal tools for bringing the Russian Federation authorities to justice for the war crimes committed in Ukraine. So far, the President of Ukraine, the Supreme Council of Ukraine, and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine have managed to apply legitimate international legal mechanisms, primarily the International Criminal Court and the UN Security Council, to prosecute Russia for violating the international humanitarian law and committing war crimes in Ukraine. At the same time, on the Ukrainian territories currently liberated from the Russian army’s occupation (Bucha, Gostomel, Irpin, etc.), it is already possible to implement a special mechanism of justice, which consists in the collaboration between national and international experts: specialists, investigators, prosecutors, and judges to collect objective and impartial evidence of gross violations of international law and war conventions in Ukraine. It is obvious that for Ukraine today both the victory and just punishment for the committed and continuing committed war crimes on its territory are important. The aftermath of World War II’s “Never Again” now requires, as never before, its effective guarantee and protection
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2022, 14, 1; 7-42
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rights of the Posted Workers – Directive 96/71/EC and the Evolution of Legislation Concerning Posted Workers
Autorzy:
Kochanowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684840.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
posted workers
freedom to provide services
Directive 96/71/EC
Directive 2014/67/EC
Treaty on the Functioning of European Union
European Labour Law
European Union Laws
Opis:
The aim of the study is to analyse the conflict of rights of posted workers with entre-preneurs’ freedom to provide services in posting of workers Directive 96/71/EC and the enforcement Directive 2014/67/EC. The author presents the key issues of the conflict, as well as its evolution in EU legislation and in European Court of Justice judgments.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2018, 8; 251-263
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Remarks on Zasada efektywności w prawie międzynarodowym [Principle of effectiveness in international law ] by Janusz Symonides: On the anniversary of the conclusion of the Polish-German Treaties of 1950, 1970 and 1990
Autorzy:
Czapliński, Władysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
border treaty
effectiveness
Germany
international law
Polska
Symonides
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2020, 40; 23-38
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problem kodyfikacji prawa prywatnego w państwach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej z perspektywy stulecia
The problem of private law codification in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe from the perspective of the past century
Autorzy:
Stawarska-Rippel, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
kodyfikacja
prawo prywatne
traktat wersalski
państwa Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
codification
private law
Treaty of Versailles
Central and Eastern European countries
Opis:
The past century for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is not only the age of systemic transformation, but also the age of codification. The aim of the article is to show similar problems regarding the national codification of private law in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and later Yugoslavia (then after the break up of Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro), Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic and Slovakia), Hungary and Poland, and Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
Minione stulecie dla państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej to nie tylko wiek ustrojowych transformacji, lecz także wiek kodyfikacji. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie podobnych problemów dotyczących narodowej kodyfikacji prawa prywatnego w Królestwie Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców oraz późniejszej Jugosławii (następnie po jej rozpadzie Chorwacji, Słowenii, Bośni i Hercegowiny, Macedonii, Serbii, Czarnogóry), w Czechosłowacji (Czechach i Słowacji), na Węgrzech i w Polsce, oraz na Litwie, Łotwie i w Estonii.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2019, 18, 1; 43-53
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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