Temat: trade barriers - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: The Belt and Road Initiative as a tool for promoting EU–China trade. Poland’s case
Autorzy:: Szypulewska-Porczyńska, Alina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/692617.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:: BRI
trade barriers
Polska
China
trade in goods
Opis:: The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential role of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for promoting EU – China trade, and especially Poland – China trade. We test two hypotheses: 1) Non-tariff barriers (NTBs), particularly related to railway transport, are significant for Poland – China trade, and 2) Poland – China trade fits railway transport well. Therefore, we start with a study of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers in mutual trade relations, including transport-related barriers. NTBs are mainly derived from the EU Market Access database, and as for transport-related barriers – the logistics performance index (LPI) is used. As the next step, we study the composition of bilateral trade in static and dynamic terms using the OECD TiVA database. In the light of the significant increase in NTBs on EU manufacturing products exported to China and the railway transport infrastructure performance in Poland, the BRI could become an effective tool for improving the business environment for EU exporters. By contrast, the BRI project is more suitable for China and the EU as a whole than for Poland in terms of commodity structure of bilateral trade.
Źródło:: Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2020, 4, 2; 29-40
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:: Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Strefa wolnego handlu Unia Europejska i Ukraina - skutki handlowe dla Polski
A Free Trade Zone Between the European Union and Ukraine: Trade Implications for Poland
Autorzy:: Ambroziak, Łukasz
Kaliszuk, Ewa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/575600.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2009-12-31
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:: European Union
Ukraine
Polska
free trade zone
trade creation and diversion
trade barriers
Opis:: In March 2007, the European Union and Ukraine opened negotiations on an association agreement to replace the existing agreement on partnership and cooperation. The main part of the new agreement will be a deal on the establishment of a free trade zone between the EU and Ukraine. The paper aims to examine the commercial implications of such a zone for Poland, especially as Ukraine is one of the largest export markets for Polish goods and Poland is the second largest commercial partner for Ukraine in the EU27 in terms of trade volume. The authors estimate the results of reducing import duties in terms of trade creation and diversion effects. They also examine the potential implications of lifting export duties by Ukraine and of using trade protection policies by both sides. Even though the estimated commercial effects are moderate, the authors say, they conclude that a free trade zone between the EU and Ukraine would benefit Poland’s trade. The zone would enhance Polish-Ukrainian relations without harming bilateral commerce, according to Ambroziak and Kaliszuk.
Źródło:: Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2009, 236, 11-12; 141-163
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:: Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Trade Policy Barriers: An Obstacle to Export Diversification in Eurasia
Autorzy:: Cusolito, Ana Paula
Hollweg, Claire H.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565656.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:: Export diversification
trade policy barriers
tariffs
non-tariff measures
preferential trade agreements
Opis:: Despite trade liberalization efforts made by Eurasian countries, the export structure of the region shows significant levels of concentration across export destinations. To shed light on this observation, this research analyzes trade policy barriers in Eurasia, East Asia and the Pacific, and the European Union. Using the most recent data from sources including the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, and the World Bank – including the Overall Trade Restrictiveness Indices, the Services Trade Restrictions Database, and the Temporary Trade Barriers Database – the role of tariffs, non-tariff measures, temporary trade barriers, trade agreements, and trade barriers in services are explored to explain the lack of diversification by destination. Several conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. First, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as the European Union, impose high levels of protection on products of animal origin, which may explain the lack of Eurasian export diversification toward the East Asia and the Pacific and the European Union regions. It also highlights the potential benefits of diversifying the structure of production in Eurasia toward more sophisticated and technologically intensive goods. Second, the East Asia and the Pacific region (especially China) appears to be more protectionist than the European Union, suggesting a greater challenge for Eurasian countries in diversifying exports to the destination. And third, few or no regional trade agreements exist between Eurasian countries and countries in the European Union or East Asia and the Pacific.
Źródło:: Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2015, 2(4); 91-129
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Influence Of Bilateral And Multilateral Trade Agreements On The State Regulation Of Economy
Autorzy:: Deineko, Oleksandr
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/476231.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej
Tematy:: international trade
state regulation
barriers to trade
globalisation
integration
Opis:: Interconnection of the state regulation of economy, multilateral trade agreements of global and reginal level, as well as of bilateral agreements, is studied in this paper. Essence and impact of integrative economic processes, which develop through the aforementioned agreements, on tariff and non-tariff regulative instruments is analysed. Dynamics of integrative economic processes at different geographical levels are highlighted. General trends in additional integrative processes within the framework of the WTO and in the outcomes of such are explored in detail.
Źródło:: MIND Journal; 2019, 7; 1-10
2451-4454
Pojawia się w:: MIND Journal
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Mega FTA as a Signal Against Trade Protectionism Focused on the EU and Japan FTA
Mega-regionalna umowa o wolnym handlu jako sprzeciw wobec protekcjonizmu handlowemu na przykładzie umowy o wolnym handlu między UE i Japonią
Autorzy:: Park, Sang-Chul
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/642419.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Mega FTA
trade barriers
global trade rule
free trade
protectionism
mega-regionalna umowa o wolnym handlu
bariery handlowe
reguły handlu światowego
wolny handel
protekcjonizm
Opis:: Pytania badawcze omawiane w tym artykule dotyczą tego, czy umowa o wolnym handlu UE z Japonią może być rozwiązaniem korzystnym dla obu stron, czy też wygrana jednej strony oznacza przegraną drugiej, a także analizuje powody, dla których obie strony zawierają umowę o wolnym handlu i które gałęzie przemysłu w obu krajach mogą na niej najwięcej skorzystać. Ostatnią kwestią jest to, jak oszacować wpływ tego porozumienia na globalną gospodarkę. Teza artykułu głosi, że umowa o wolnym handlu może zmniejszyć protekcjonizm handlowy i w długoterminowej perspektywie przynieść stronom dynamicznej grupy handlowej większe korzyści gospodarcze niż protekcjonizm. Metodologia badań polega na wykorzystaniu analizy przekrojowej w oparciu o dane statystyczne i zebrane informacje, a także analizę polityki handlowej. Dodatkowo zastosowano krytyczną analizę literatury i analizę wnioskowania. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że umowa o wolnym handlu pomiędzy UE i Japonią może generować dodatkowy wzrost PKB na poziomie około 0,76 procent w UE i około 0,29 w Japonii rocznie przez następne dziesięć lat. Ponadto tworzy nowe miejsca pracy dla obu stron. Chociaż umowa o wolnym handlu UE z Japonią może spowodować pewne straty, szczególnie w gospodarkach Azji Wschodniej, takich jak Korea Południowa, Chiny i Tajwan, ich łączna kwota jest szacowana na bardzo niskim poziomie. W globalnej gospodarce umowa o wolnym handlu UE z Japonią może generować znacznie większe zyski niż straty. Oznacza to, że jeśli umowa ta wejdzie w życie będzie korzystna nie tylko dla jej sygnatariuszy – UE i Japonii – ale także dla całej gospodarki światowej.
The research questions of the paper are whether the EU Japan FTA can be a win-win approach or win-lose approach? Moreover what are reasons for the two parties to complete the FTA and which industrial sectors can be mostly profited in both parties? Last, but not least how to estimate impacts on the global economy? The hypotheses are FTA can reduce trade protectionism, and the former can generate more economic benefits to the participating countries than latter in the long term based on the trade dynamic group. The research methodology is to use cross sectional analysis based on statistic data and information collection as well as trade policy analysis. Additionally, critical analysis of literature and inference analysis are employed. The conclusion of the research is that the EU Japan FTA can generate about 0.76 percent GDP growth to the EU and about 0.29 percent GDP growth to Japan additionally per year next ten years long. Furthermore, it also creates new employment in both parties. Although the EU Japan FTA can create some looser particularly in East Asian economies such as South Korea, China, and Taiwan, their total amount is estimated as very low. In the global economy, the EU Japan FTA can generate much larger gains than lost. As a result, it is not only a win-win approach for the EU and Japan, but also for the whole global economy if it enters into force.
Źródło:: Przegląd Strategiczny; 2019, 12; 249-270
2084-6991
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Strategiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE NOTIFICATIONS AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT WITHIN THE WTO
Autorzy:: Ghodsi, Mahdi
Michalek, Jan Jakub
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517264.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:: trade policy
technical barriers to trade (TBTs)
WTO
dispute settlement
Opis:: The aim of this paper is to verify empirically whether the Specific Trade Concerns (STCs) regarding Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) notifications by WTO members can serve as an early warning system for past and future disputes (DS) covering allegedly trade restricting TBTs. WTO members, in order to increase transparency of trade policies, have made efforts to compile data on notified TBTs. For several years the WTO provides a TBT dataset, used in our paper, which covers the STCs raised by its members (“reverse” notifications). From 1995-2011, there have been 45 requests for consultation under the Dispute Settlement (DS) Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to identify possible violations of the technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreement. This paper attempts to find the linkages between DS cases citing the TBT agreement and the STC data regarding TBTs. The DS Body’s decisions regarding possible violations of the TBT agreement are discussed in detail. Afterwards, we analyze, descriptively and econometrically, the relationship between notified STCs and DS consultations regarding TBTs.
Źródło:: Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2016, 11, 2; 219-249
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:: Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Single Market Enlargement and Technical Barriers to Trade: Revisiting the Evidence
Autorzy:: Hagemejer, Jan
Matuszczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29431172.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2024-03-28
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:: European integration
EU enlargement
gravity model
technical barriers to trade
Opis:: EU enlargements have given new EU member states access to the European Single Market. While tariff liberalisation was already completed at the time of enlargement, technical regulations were subject to different sectoral approaches, including harmonisation and mutual recognition. We employ a structural gravity model estimated using sectoral trade data from 1987 to 2020 to assess the trade effects of these measures. We find that trade expansion, particularly exports of the NMS to the incumbent EU members, has been stronger in the sectors covered either by the Old Approach (full harmonisation) or the New Approach (essential requirements) than in sectors covered by mutual recognition. The New Approach has been more effective when coupled with mutual recognition at the sector level than with either approach alone. Our results imply that the TBT harmonisation has had a heterogenous impact on different sectors (the most important for low-tech industries was the Old Approach, while for high-tech, it was the New Approach).
Źródło:: Central European Economic Journal; 2024, 11, 58; 79-96
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:: Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Stopień zintegrowania wewnętrznego rynku usług Unii Europejskiej
Autorzy:: Kąkol, Magdalena Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/609693.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: services, the internal market, intra-EU trade, regulation barriers
usługi, rynek wewnętrzny, handel intra-UE, bariery regulacyjne
Opis:: The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of integration of the EU internal market for services and to indicate the main barriers in its effective functioning. The analysis has confirmed that the EU services market is less integrated than the market for goods. Intra-EU trade in services represents 6% of EU GDP while in goods over 20% of EU GDP. We can also observe the price dispersion between member states in service sector while in the goods market prices tend to converge. Comparison of the two main areas of the EU internal market for services: cross-border intra-EU trade and intra-EU foreign direct investments revealed that the first of them still plays a major role. Despite reducing the meaningful administrative burden concerning free trade in services (to a large extent as a result of implementation of the Services Directive) many obstacles have remained as regards free establishment. The full EU services market integration is prevented by too restrictive and divergent regulation of member states, existence of 800 regulated professions as well as protection of many national network industries.
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim.
Źródło:: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2015, 49, 2
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Wzrost znaczenia barier pozataryfowych w polityce handlowej
Autorzy:: Wojtas, Monika
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610666.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: trade policy, non-tariff barriers (NTB), protectionism
polityka handlowa, bariery pozataryfowe, protekcjonizm
Opis:: The goal of the paper is to analyze and explain a growing role of non-tariff barriers (NTB) in trade policy. The author enumerates basic categories of NTB and most important economic reasoning for their implementation as well as presents data on their usage. Basically, NTB spread due to the diminishing role of tariffs. For that reason some of the barriers became more apparent, other starred to be used in place of tariffs. Changing nature of NTB also needs to be pointed out ‒ instead of at-the-border measures, countries use behind-the-border measures meaning internal regulations that are not necessarily aimed at restricting trade, but serve different purposes, such as health or environment protection. It causes new problems stemming from deciding whether a measure is discriminatory as well as makes it harder to negotiate multilateral rules relevant to current trade policy.
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w jezyku polskim.
Źródło:: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2015, 49, 2
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:: Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Impact of TBTs on Trade in ICT Goods: Differentiating by Regulatory Objectives
Autorzy:: Ghodsi, Mahdi
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29431179.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2024-03-28
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:: Information and communications technology
non-tariff measures
technical barriers to trade
| Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likelihood
World Trade Organization
Opis:: This paper analyses how different types of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) imposed on imports of information and communications technology (ICT) goods globally affected the value and volume of imported goods during the period of 1996–2018. Key words cited in the TBTs give an indication of the aims behind the imposition of TBTs. The results indicate that TBTs have a strong positive impact on the value of imports. While many key words cited in TBTs notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO) affect the value and volume of imports in a positive way, certain other TBTs function as trade barriers.
Źródło:: Central European Economic Journal; 2024, 11, 58; 97-127
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:: Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Regulatory Simplifications for Foreign Investors in China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone
Autorzy:: Maximilian, Piekut,
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902855.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-03-09
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:: China
legal and administrative barriers to trade
Free Trade Zone
foreign businesses in China
Chiny
prawne i administracyjne bariery w handlu
Strefa Wolnego Handlu
biznes obcy w Chinach
Opis:: The present article deals with the legal regime in Shanghai Free Trade Zone in the context of business activity taken up by foreign (Polish) entities on the territory of the People’s Republic of China. First of all, the author discusses the general problems in international exchange between Poland and the PRC as well as the chief barriers in access to the Chinese market. The following section of the article is devoted to the general legal provisions that apply to foreign businesses in the Middle Kingdom. Part three discusses preliminary issues related to Shanghai Free Trade Zone with regard to partnerships and companies established by foreign entities. The final section concerns the legislative simplifications in the Free Trade Zone as compared with the general regulations which apply to foreign (Polish) businesses in the PRC. The conclusion features an evaluation of the simplifications and their attractiveness for Polish businesses.
Źródło:: Studia Iuridica; 2019, 82; 198-210
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:: Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Transatlantycka liberalizacja handlu i przepływu kapitału
Transatlantic trade liberalization and capital movements
Autorzy:: Żukrowska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505533.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:: TTIP
liberalization of trade
liberalization of capital transfers
non-tariff barriers
tariff barriers
free trade agreement
harmonization of law
transatlantic market
Opis:: The concept of liberalization of economic relations between the EU and US is not new. Never before 2013 negotiations of such an agreement were performed. Until May 2014 five negotiation rounds were conducted. The leading negotiators state that the date of bringing the negotiations to the closing stage, which is the end of current year, can be kept. The TTIP Agreement is supposed to regulate trade liberalization and capital flows between the two markets of the EU and US. The agreement is more focused on elimination of nontariff barriers than custom barriers, which are relatively low already. According to the WTO the customs barriers between the EU and US measured by weighted tariffs are below 3% in their average level. Relatively higher restrictiveness in accessing the market is observed in case of the American market than in the EU one, protection of NTB is estimated at 36–38% respectively. Elimination of barriers in mutual relations will be conducive in increasing competitiveness of produced goods and services manufactured on both markets, it will strengthen technical potentials, improve climate for innovations of both partners. Moreover, TTIP is considered as a solution which will have positive impact on rates of economic growth, GDP, trade and capital transfers. TTIP Agreement is considered as a solution which will be conducive for S&M companies to join the main stream of business on a bigger scale in comparison with the current conditions. Those companies dominate in creation of the GDP as well as employment on both sides of the Pacific. The role of the TTIP is not limited to stimulation of growth or employment on the two markets. As it is also considered that TTIP as an open solution to Access of third states, will have strong impact on Word economy, with special impulses created for those markets which are linked by preferential agreements of access with the EU and US. It is assumed that conclusion of the TTIP agreement will mobilize to return to negotiation table at the suspended Doha Round of the WTO. In sum there believes that the TTIP will have impact on the dynamics of the world economy which slowed down after the crisis of 2008+.
Źródło:: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 2; 35-57
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Wzajemne uznawanie kolejowych regulacji technicznych w umowach Unii Europejskiej o wolnym handlu
Mutual recognition of railway technical rules in EU free trade agreements
Autorzy:: Siudecki, Jan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596041.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:: rail transport, technical barriers to trade, conformity assessment, rail supply industry
transport kolejowy, techniczne bariery w handlu, ocena zgodności, przemysł zaopatrzenia kolei
Opis:: Background: While the number of technical barriers to trade is increasing, a recent study on the competitiveness of rail supply industry, commissioned by the European Commission, shows the growing importance of access to foreign markets for European manufacturers of rolling stock and railway equipment. This also applies to domestic producers who have entered foreign markets in recent years. In addition, competitive pressure from Asian manufacturers is growing, what is confirmed by consolidation efforts in Europe. Mutual recognition is one of the important tools for trade liberalization that can ensure greater market accessibility. Research purpose: The author aims to determine whether mutual recognition is used in European commercial policy regarding railway technical regulations, and what are the perquisitions and conditions necessary for its application. The analysis is intended to provide guidance on the use of mutual recognition mechanisms in currently negotiated trade agreements. Methods: Mutual recognition is compared in European Union law and under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Furthermore, trade agreements concluded between the Union and four states that are significant exporters of railway products are analyzed. Conclusions: Mutual recognition clauses regarding rail regulations are not used in trade agreements concluded by the EU. More often, third countries undertake to adapt to EU regulations, while making their market available to producers of the community. The author proposes to base future trade agreements on the provisions of the CETA agreement to ensure effective mutual recognition mechanisms. These provisions provide for detailed procedures for assessing specific technical requirements and obligations to inform about changes.
Przedmiot badań: Podczas gdy liczba barier technicznych w handlu rośnie, ostatnie badanie na temat konkurencyjności przemysłu zaopatrzenia kolei, zlecone przez Komisję Europejską, pokazuje rosnące znaczenie dostępu do rynków zagranicznych dla europejskich producentów taboru i urządzeń kolejowych. Dotyczy to także producentów krajowych, którzy w ostatnich latach weszli na zagraniczne rynki. Dodatkowo, coraz mocniejsza jest presja konkurencyjna ze strony producentów azjatyckich, co potwierdzają dążenia konsolidacyjne w Europie. Jednym z istotnych narzędzi liberalizacji handlu, które może zapewnić większą dostępność rynków zbytu, jest wzajemne uznawanie. Cel badawczy: Autor zmierza do ustalenia, czy wzajemne uznawanie jest stosowane w europejskiej polityce handlowej odnośnie do kolejowych regulacji technicznych, oraz jakie są przesłanki i warunki niezbędne do jego zastosowania. Analiza zmierza do sformułowania wskazówek odnośnie do zastosowania mechanizmów wzajemnego uznawania w negocjowanych obecnie umowach handlowych. Metoda badawcza: Porównane zostaje wzajemne uznawanie w prawie Unii Europejskiej i na podstawie Porozumienia w sprawie Barier Technicznych w Handlu. Przeanalizowane ponadto zostają umowy handlowe zawarte pomiędzy Unią oraz czterema państwami będącymi istotnymi eksporterami wyrobów kolejowych. Wyniki: Wzajemne uznawanie odnośnie do regulacji kolejowych nie jest stosowane w umowach handlowych zawieranych przez Unię Europejską. Częściej państwa trzecie zobowiązują się do dostosowania do regulacji unijnych, jednocześnie udostępniając swój rynek producentom ze wspólnoty. Autor proponuje bazowanie w przyszłych umowach handlowych na postanowieniach umowy CETA w celu zapewnienia skutecznych mechanizmów wzajemnego uznawania. Postanowienia te przewidują szczegółowe procedury oceny konkretnych wymagań technicznych i obowiązki informowania o ich zmianach.
Źródło:: Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2020, 114
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:: Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Importance and motives of preferential trade agreements in the eUs external trade
Autorzy:: Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1011590.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-09-15
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:: preferential trade agreements
unilateral trade preferences
WTO
EU preferences
regulatory barriers
motives of PTAs
Opis:: As a result of previous multilateral negotiations tarif rates are generally low and cannot explain the reasons for recent proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The aim of the paper is to look for other motivations of EU PTAs and to assess their importance for the EU. The main research methods are statistical, review and assessment of WTO documents and critical analysis of literature. First, the present level of tarif protection on selected import markets was estimated. This level illustrates the scale of countries' interest in their elimination of the existing tarifs. Also the share of preferential imports in the EU extra-trade was calculated and compared with trade on MFN basis. Next, reasons for PTAs were identified. eTh conclusions prove that 21st century PTAs are mainly motivated not by a reduction of tarifs but by the willingness to reduce the regulatory barriers (contained in rules on public procurement, environmental protection, etc.). The most dynamic trade nowadays involves flows of accessories and services. In this situation the importance of PTAs results from the fact that they serve as instruments eliminating national regulatory barriers faced by exporters of goods and resources on foreign markets. Thus PTAs support production and sales abroad. In the EU political motivations of PTAs are important as well.
Źródło:: Economics and Business Review; 2020, 6, 3; 3-22
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:: Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Zaufanie jako bariera rozwoju przedsiębiorstw handlu elektronicznego
Confidence as a barrier to electronic trade development
Autorzy:: Wasiluk, A.
Suchocki, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/398951.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:: zaufanie
handel elektroniczny
bariera rozwoju
confidence
electronic trade
development barriers
Opis:: Applying the latest technologies to run a business influences not only the creation of new distribution channels for products and services, but also all of the other aspects of business activities. New business environment, new conditions for functioning and competing between companies are created. Simultaneously with new opportunities some barriers appear that companies have to overcome to survive and succeed on the new market. One of most important barriers that hinder electronic trade development is clients' distrust of such kind transactions. This paper includes, apart from theoretical discussion on confidence and trust with special attention given to the area of electronic trade, the presentation of research results regarding the influence of psychological barriers on e-companies' development.
Źródło:: Ekonomia i Zarządzanie; 2012, 4, 1; 113-123
2080-9646
Pojawia się w:: Ekonomia i Zarządzanie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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