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Wyszukujesz frazę "tenses" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
Tytuł:
"Essere" o "avere"? La selezione dell’ausiliare: tra teoria e didattica nell’insegnamento dell’italiano a stranieri
"Essere" or "Avere"? The Selection of Auxiliary: Between Theory and Didactics in the Teaching of Italian L2
Autorzy:
Bozzo, Davide
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/446503.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-11-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Italian auxiliaries
auxiliary selection
Italian compound tenses
Italian L2
verbi ausiliari
selezione dell’ausiliare
tempi composti
italiano L2
Opis:
In the teaching of Italian L2, learners and teachers encounter difficulties when they are faced with the issue of auxiliary selection in the formation of compound tenses. If we analyse the way grammars for foreigners deal with the problem, we notice—between hypertrophic classifications and lists of exceptions—the lack of a model that is able to explain the phenomenon in a systematic and exhaustive manner. Looking at the source, i.e., the Italian L1 grammars, the syntactic model based on the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, both in its traditional and non-accusative version, is not suitable for application in L2 teaching, especially in the case of learners from countries where little room during class time is given to metalinguistic reflection. This paper aims to suggest an alternative semantic model that is capable of representing an orientation tool for learners and finding a balance between theoretical and teaching needs, as well as between learning and acquisition. According to our model—which moves the attention from government to diathesis and starts from the meaning of the auxiliaries as autonomous verbs—avere is used when the effects of the action expressed by the verb are directed towards the external world. Meanwhile, essere is used when such effects are directed towards the subject itself, that is, when the syntactic subject of the sentence represents the semantic object of the event, and it therefore assumes the role of the patient, typical of passive and middle diathesis.
Nell’ambito della didattica dell’italiano L2 è nota la difficoltà in cui si imbattono insegnanti e apprendenti quando si trovano ad affrontare la questione dell’alternanza degli ausiliari nella formazione dei tempi composti. Esaminando il modo in cui il problema è trattato nelle grammatiche per stranieri, si nota, tra ipertrofiche classificazioni e teorie di eccezioni, la mancanza di un modello esplicativo capace di dare ragione in maniera organica ed esaustiva del fenomeno. Volgendo lo sguardo alla fonte, ossia alle grammatiche di italiano L1, il modello sintattico fondato sulla distinzione tra verbi transitivi e intransitivi, sia nella sua variante tradizionale sia in quella inaccusativa, risulta ben poco adatto a trovare applicazione nell’ambito della didattica L2, soprattutto nel caso di apprendenti provenienti da paesi nella cui tradizione scolastica si dà poco spazio alla riflessione metalinguistica. Questo contributo si propone di suggerire un modello alternativo di natura semantica capace di rappresentare uno strumento di orientamento per gli apprendenti e di trovare un punto di equilibrio tra esigenze teoriche e didattiche, così come tra apprendimento e acquisizione. Secondo tale modello, che sposta l’attenzione dalla reggenza alla diatesi e muove dal significato degli ausiliari in quanto verbi autonomi, si usa avere quando gli effetti dell’azione espressa dal verbo sono rivolti verso il mondo esterno, essere quando tali effetti sono rivolti verso il soggetto stesso, ossia quando il soggetto sintattico della frase rappresenta l’oggetto semantico dell’evento, assumendo così il ruolo di paziente proprio della diatesi passiva e media.
Źródło:
Italica Wratislaviensia; 2018, 9.2; 55-80
2084-4514
Pojawia się w:
Italica Wratislaviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
'Terminativo’ vs 'no terminativo': entre oposiciones y ambigüedades tempo-aspectiiates (el caso de las préteritos)
'Terminative' vs. 'non-terminative': between oppositions and ambiguities of the categories of tense and aspects (The case of the preterites)
Autorzy:
Nowikow, Wiaczesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1053105.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003-10-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Preterite Tenses
Imperfect Tenses
Spanish language
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to specify the properties 'terminative' and 'non-terminative' in their relation to grammatical categories Preterite and Imperfect Tenses in Spanish and Perfective and lmperfective Aspects in Polish. The authour introduces the distinction between 'temporal delimitation' and process conclusion'. The latter implies the first one, but this relation doesn't function „the other way round".
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2003, 30; 123-129
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspektualność i consecutio temporum w języku niderlandzkim i polskim
Aspectuality and consecutio temporum in Polish and Dutch
Autorzy:
Flor-Górecka, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1879572.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
aspekt
aspektualność
consecutio temporum
czasy gramatyczne
następstwo czasów
aspect
aspectuality
tenses
sequence of tenses
Opis:
Język niderlandzki, stający się coraz bardziej popularnym językiem obcym w Polsce, należy do języków germańskich, które są temporalne. Język polski należy do języków słowiańskich, które są aspektualne. W języku polskim istnieją trzy czasy gramatyczne: czas teraźniejszy, przeszły i przyszły, czasownik zasadniczo może być dokonany bądź niedokonany. W języku niderlandzkim istnieje według tradycyjnego ujęcia osiem czasów, cztery z nich są voltooid, czyli przedstawiające sytuację bądź akcję jako zakończoną, i cztery – onvoltooid, przedstawiające sytuację bądź akcję w czasie jej trwania. Aspekt jako obowiązkowa kategoria morfologiczna nie istnieje. To, czy czasownik w danym zdaniu jest dokonany czy też nie, zależy od innych części zdania.
In Poland, Dutch is becoming gradually a popular foreign language. It belongs to the Germanic languages, which have a verbal system with tenses. Polish is a Slavonic language with an aspectual verb system. In Polish there are 3 grammatical tenses: present tense, future tense and past tense. Polish verbs can be used in a perfective and an imperfective aspect. In Dutch we have 8 tenses. Four of them are voltooid (perfect) describing the situation or action as completed and the other four are onvoltooid (imperfect), they describe the situation or action as continuous or progressive. As all Germanic languages, Dutch lost aspect as an obligatory grammatical category. The perfective and imperfective aspect of the verb depends on other parts of the sentence.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2016, 64, 6; 7-30
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Complessità del sistema dei tempi passati: italiano e bulgaro a confronto
Complexity of the System of Past Tenses: Comparison of Italian and Bulgarian
Autorzy:
Vargolomova, Diana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/34655801.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
complexity
past tenses
Bulgarian
Italian
complessità
tempi passati
informazione non testimoniale
bulgaro
italiano
Opis:
Comparative studies of complexity have recently provoked the growing interest of linguists. In this paper, we compare the grammatical structures for the expression of past actions in Italian and in Bulgarian, based on the theories of linguistic complexity. The linguistic structures’ complexity is generally examined from two main points of view: 1) absolute complexity and 2) user or relative complexity. The research on absolute complexity aims to measure linguistic structures with objective criteria, while the studies based on the second meaning of the term investigate the subjective perception of individuals speaking or studying one or more languages; this latter approach is related primarily to language teaching. Even if each individual study generally favours only one of the two perspectives, we believe the correlations between the degree of structural complexity and the difficulties for the user should be considered and measured. The proposed analysis, consequently, is based on the comparison between the grammatical structures for the expression of the past but also involves an empirical study on the translation work from Italian into Bulgarian. Contrastive work consists in the isolation and measurement of units, such as the number of tenses, modes, and rules in the two languages, and is based on the students’ translation practices in Italian philology at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski and the difficulties they experience when translating the past tenses.
Gli studi comparativi sulla complessità negli ultimi tempi suscitano sempre di più l’interesse anche dei linguisti. Nel presente intervento si cerca di confrontare i mezzi grammaticali per l’espressione di azioni passate in italiano e in bulgaro, partendo proprio dalle teorie sulla complessità linguistica. La complessità delle strutture linguistiche generalmente viene esaminata da due principali punti di vista: 1) complessità assoluta o complessità delle strutture; e 2) complessità per l’utente o relativa. La ricerca sulla complessità assoluta si propone l’obiettivo di misurare strutture linguistiche con criteri oggettivi, mentre lo studio che parte dalla seconda accezione del termine indaga la percezione soggettiva di chi parla o studia una o più lingue riguardo le dette strutture, approccio legato soprattutto alla glottodidattica. Anche se generalmente ogni studio concreto predilige solo una delle due prospettive, noi riteniamo che le correlazioni tra il grado di complessità strutturale e le difficoltà per l’utente debbano essere analizzate e misurate. L’analisi proposta, di conseguenza, parte dal confronto tra le strutture per l’espressione del passato e si concretizza nel lavoro di traduzione dall’italiano in bulgaro. Il lavoro contrastivo isola e misura unità come il numero dei tempi e dei modi nelle due lingue, il numero delle regole, ecc. La parte sulla complessità relativa si basa sulle ore di traduzione per gli studenti di filologia italiana presso l’Università di Sofia “San Clemente d’Ocrida” e sulle difficoltà che loro sperimentano nella resa dei tempi passati.
Źródło:
Italica Wratislaviensia; 2023, 14.2; 51-69
2084-4514
Pojawia się w:
Italica Wratislaviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constructing catalogue of temporal situations
Autorzy:
Koseska-Toszewa, Violetta
Mazurkiewicz, Antoni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/677143.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Sentences
tenses
states
events
time flow
Petri nets
modality
Opis:
Constructing catalogue of temporal situationsThe paper is aiming to create a common basis for description, comparing, and analysis natural languages. As a subject of comparison we have chosen temporal structures of some languages. For such a choice there exists a perfect tool, describing basic temporal phenomena, namely an ordering of states and events in time, certainty and uncertainty, independency of histories of separate objects, necessity and possibility. This tool is supported by the Petri nets formalism, which seems to be well suited for expressing the above mentioned phenomena. Petri nets are built form three primitive notions: of states, of events that begin or end the states, and so-called flow relation indicating succession of states and events. This simple constituents give rise to many possibilities of representing temporal phenomena; it turns out that such representations are sufficient for many (clearly, not necessarily all) temporal situations appearing in natural languages.In description formalisms used till now there is no possibility of expressing such reality phenomena as temporal dependencies in compound statement, or combination of temporality and modality. Moreover, using these formalisms one cannot distinguish between two different sources of uncertainty of the speaker while describing the reality: one, due to the lack of knowledge of the speaker what is going on in outside world, the second, due to objective impossibility of foreseen ways in which some conflict situations will be (or already have been) resolved. Petri net formalism seems to be perfectly suited for such differentiations.There are two main description principles that encompassed this paper. First, that assigns meaning to names of grammatical structures in different languages may lead to misunderstanding. Two grammatical structures with apparently close names may describe different reality. Additionally, some grammatical terms used in one language may be absent and not understandable in the other. It leads to assign meanings to situations, rather than to linguistic forms used for their expression. The second principle is limit the discussed issues to such a piece of reality that can be possible for precise description. The third is to avoid introducing such information to the described reality that is not explicitly mentioned by linguistic means. The authors try to following these principles in the present paper.The paper is organized as follows. First, some samples of situations related to present tense are given together with examples of their expressions in four languages: English, (as a reference language) and three Slavic languages, representing South slavonic languages (Bulgarian), West slavonic languages (Polish), and East slavonic languages (Russian). Within the same framework the next parts of the paper are constructed, supplying samples of using Past tenses and, finally, future tenses and modalities.The formal tools for description purposes are introduced stepwise, according to needs caused be the described reality. There are mainly Petri nets, equipped additionally with inscriptions or labeling in order to keep proper assignations of description units to described objects.
Źródło:
Cognitive Studies; 2010, 10
2392-2397
Pojawia się w:
Cognitive Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
L’uso dei tempi e dei modi, traduzione delle espressioni fisse, idiomatiche e metaforiche e cambiamenti dei costrutti frasali nella versione polacca de «I dodici abati di Challant». Come superare i limiti di un sistema linguistico
The use of tenses and moods, translation of fixed expressions, idioms, metaphorical phrasal constructs and changes in the Polish version of 'I dodici abati di Challant'. How to overcome the limitations of a linguistic system?
Autorzy:
Salmeri, Claudio
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051087.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Polish and Italian grammar
tenses
moods
syntax
idiomatic and metaphoric expressions
translation
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of a novel written in Italian by Laura Mancinelli, 'The Twelve Abbots of Challant', and its translation into Polish prepared by Maciej Brzozowski. Focusing on a few examples, such as the use of grammatical tenses and moods, differences in the syntax, and the problems of translating idiomatic and metaphoric expressions, the paper aims to compare the author’s style with that of the translator. The task undertaken by the translator seems very hard indeed from the very beginning due to considerable differences between the Italian and Polish languages in the use of tenses and moods. While the Italian grammar uses four moods, eight simple and seven compound tenses, the frugal Polish grammar makes with just three modes, one compound and three simple tenses. The discussion will clearly illustrate that thanks to some modifications it was possible to translate and preserve the meaning and the spirit of the Italian grammar and style.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2013, 40, 3; 81-94
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La linguistique peut-elle sortir de son état pré-galiléen ?
How can linguistics get out of its pre-Galilean state?
Autorzy:
Desclés, Jean-Pierre
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31341185.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-10
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Operators
Categorical grammars
Tenses, aspects and modalities
Mathematization of linguistic concepts
Types of Church
Combinatorial logic
Opis:
The future of linguistics implies a better definition of concepts, especially in the semantic analysis. The notion of operator plays an important role in several areas of linguistics, for instance categorical grammars and representations of the meanings of grammatical categories. The general topology makes it possible to mathematize the grammatical concepts (time, aspects, modalities, enunciative operations) by means of operators. Curry’s Combinatorial Logic is an adequate formalism for composing and transforming operators at different levels of analysis that connect the semiotic expressions of languages (the observables) with their semantico-cognitive interpretations. The article refers to many studies that develop the points discussed.
Źródło:
Neophilologica; 2021, 33; 1-23
0208-5550
2353-088X
Pojawia się w:
Neophilologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La questione del doppio ausiliare nelle grammatiche italiane per stranieri
Autorzy:
Grochowska-Reiter, Anna
Słapek, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2084322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
auxiliary verbs
compound tenses in Italian
Italian grammar
teaching grammar
teaching Italian as a foreign language
czasowniki posiłkowe
czasy złożone w języku włoskim
gramatyka włoska
nauczanie gramatyki
nauczanie języka włoskiego jako obcego
Opis:
In this article, we attempt to examine how the issue of double‑auxiliary verbs, that is, verbs that can be conjugated – in compound tenses – with both avere and essere as auxiliaries, are presented in Italian grammar books for foreign language learners. We will focus in particular on 1) verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive (e.g., ho cominciato un nuovo lavoro vs le vacanze sono cominciate); 2) verbs expressing atmospheric phenomenon (ha/è nevicato); 3) verbs of movement (e.g., sono volato a Roma vs ho volato diverse volte); 4) verbs that use two auxiliaries indifferently (e.g., ha/è assomigliato); and 5) verbs that change meaning depending on the auxiliary verb used in the compound tense (e.g., ho calzato gli sci vs è calzato a pennello). Our analysis is carried out on 19 grammar textbooks for Italian language referring to the CEFR, highlighting some weaknesses regarding the presentation of the rules for double‑auxiliary verbs, such as the total omission of this issue, a certain selectivity and/or disorder, as well as terminological inconsistencies. In our conclusions, we propose some solutions that may help to systematize the rules regarding double‑auxiliary verbs in Italian.
Celem artykułu jest analiza gramatyk języka włoskiego dla obcokrajowców pod względem reguł, jakie formułują w kwestii podwójnego czasownika posiłkowego (czasowników, które w czasach złożonych występują z oboma czasownikami posiłkowymi, avere i essere). Omówione zostaną przede wszystkim: 1) czasowniki, które mogą być użyte jako przechodnie i nieprzechodnie (np. ho cominciato un nuovo lavoro vs le vacanze sono cominciate); 2) czasowniki określające zjawiska atmosferyczne (np. ha/è nevicato); 3) czasowniki wyrażające ruch (np. sono volato a Roma vs ho volato diverse volte); 4) czasowniki, dla których wybór czasownika posiłkowego jest dowolny (np. ha/è assomigliato) lub 5) czasowniki, które zmieniają znaczenie w zależności od czasownika posiłkowego użytego w czasie złożonym (np. ho calzato gli sci vs è calzato a pennello). Analizie poddano 19 gramatyk języka włoskiego nawiązujących do ESOKJ, ukazując pewne ich mankamenty, np. brak reguł dotyczących danego zjawiska, wybiórcze i niesystematyczne omówienie problemu, brak precyzji terminologicznej. W konkluzjach zaproponowano kilka rozwiązań, które pomogą usystematyzować reguły dotyczące podwójnego czasownika posiłkowego w języku włoskim.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny; 2021, 1; 89-109
0023-5911
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Quelle rupture dans l’imparfait de rupture ?
Autorzy:
Górnikiewicz, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/638113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
imparfait, rupture, temporal reference, French past tenses
Opis:
This article proposes a short analysis regarding the reference of the term de rupture used to name one of the rather atypical uses of the French past tense the imparfait. The author shows that the aforementioned term shouldn’t be considered as a generic one and describes all uses of the French past tense imparfait in which the receiver is directed to see the process as completed and / or having a different temporal reference. The term de rupture, even if its meaning changes depending on the approach chosen, is specialized as a parameter which enables us to distinct two major values of this unusual use of the imparfait. Actually, the latter is described nowadays most commonly as imparfait narratif and is considered as a carrier of various meaning effects.
Źródło:
Romanica Cracoviensia; 2014, 14, 1
2084-3917
Pojawia się w:
Romanica Cracoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Order of Emergence of the Morphological Markers of Temporal Expression in the Croatian EFL Learners’ Longitudinal Speech Production Data
Autorzy:
Semren, Mirjana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/555461.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Lingwistyki Stosowanej
Tematy:
morphological markers
order of emergence
grammatical morphemes
verb tenses
obligatory occasion analysis
Opis:
This study addresses the acquisition of the morphological markers of temporal expression in the interlanguage of Croatian primary school learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). The acquisition of morphological markers was documented regarding the order of emergence of nine grammatical morphemes. The emergence of these morphemes was examined following the obligatory occasion analysis (R. Brown 1973) which identified the obligatory contexts for each morpheme and the number of their correct suppliance. The order of emergence was obtained by the group score method (H.C. Dulay/ M.K. Burt 1974) according to which the morphemes were ranked in decreasing order of accuracy. Additionally, the study documented the order of emergence of four verb tenses. The data collection period comprised three generations of Grade 8 learners thus yielding a total of 56 transcribed recordings. The learners’ language samples were gathered via task-based activities. Although the findings displayed discrepancies in the ranking orders obtained for different generations of Grade 8 learners, the Spearman rank order correlations suggest that there seems to be a homogeneous order of emergence across three generations of the eighth graders. The results revealed not only that Present Continuous emerged after Simple Present but also showed that Present Perfect emerged after Simple Past.
Źródło:
Applied Linguistics Papers; 2018, 25/2; 89-106
2544-9354
Pojawia się w:
Applied Linguistics Papers
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
¿Es aspectual o temporal el carácter de la oposición imperfectivo /perfectivo?
Has the imperfective / perfective opposition got an aspectual or temporal character?
Autorzy:
Pawlak, Aneta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1052730.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-03-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Imperfective /perfective opposition
aspect
Spanish tenses
Pretérito Indefinido
Pretérito Imperfecto
Opis:
In this article, we present a short historical summary of the following terms: the aspect and the imperfective /perfective opposition to answer the question if the imperfective /perfective opposition has an aspectual or temporal character. We distinguish two types of the aforementioned opposition: the temporal imperfective /perfective opposition expressed by the Spanish tenses Pretérito Indefinido / Pretérito Imperfecto that is characterized by the property of [± temporal delimitation]; and the aspectual imperfective /perfective opposition recognizable in the aspectual system of the Slavonic languages that is characterized by the property of [± conclusion of the process].
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2007, 34; 101-106
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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