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Wyszukujesz frazę "substitution" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Legitimacy and potential savings in automatic substitution of biological products in Poland, the example of insulin
Autorzy:
Wąż, Piotr
Gruchała, Katarzyna A.
Zimmermann, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895667.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-10-31
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:
biologics
biosimilars
substitution
Opis:
Currently in Poland there is no regulation aiming at framing the complexity of substitution process arising at pharmacy level. In practice such process exists in variety type of products, both generic and biological scope. Lack of integrity in terms of this process between authorised medical professions who held it, might lead to further costs both for the health care system and patients. The aim of the study is to explain, that the economic advantage, which very often is the result of performed substitution process, in some types of products such as bio-logical ones, should be preceded with the decision of the treating physi-cian. Only then, in the cooperation between persons prescribing and dispensing certain medicinal product the process of substitution may fully use its potential of money saving along with the control over a certain patient. The study brings the yet unknown classification of dif-ferences in costs between actually performed automatic substitution of products containing human insulin in the pharmacy setting in Poland in four year period in five Voivodeships.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2018, 75, 5; 1255-1263
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Knowledge and attitude of community pharmacy employees towards an automatic drug substitution of generics and biosimilars
Autorzy:
Łukasik, Zuzanna M.
Nowicki, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895482.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-10-31
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:
biosimilars
pharmacist
follow-on biologics
generic substitution
automatic therapeutic substitution
Opis:
Rationale: In recent years many patent protections of original biopharmaceuticals have expired and biosimilar medicines are being developed and are entering the pharmaceutical market. Polish legal framework does not narrow down automatic therapeutic substitution (ATS) of biopharmaceuticals at the pharmacy level. The aim was to assess the awareness of Polish community pharmacy employees and their attitude towards ATS of generics and biosimilar medicines. Methods: A self-designed online questionnaire consisting of 27 questions addressing ATS of generics and biopharmaceuticals was created. The survey respondents were approached personally at local pharmacies, via pharmacy managers, chain pharmacy owners and Chambers of Apothecaries. Data collected was entered into descriptive statistics tool provided by the survey hosting server. Simultaneously a printed survey dedicated to patients was created to asses patterns of behaviour related to ATS. Results: According to Polish community pharmacy employees the main reason for ATS was price competitiveness, unavailability of the reference drug and patient’s wish. 7.3% of respondents have ever taken part in any drug safety monitoring program. 9.1% of pharmacy technicians and 46.8% masters of pharmacy claimed to have considerable knowledge about biosimilar drugs and evaluated biosimilars as carrying a higher risk of adverse events than generics. 17.2% would offer a substitution of a biopharmaceutical. 33.3% of patients did not tell their prescribing doctor about the ATS. Conclusions: There is strong need of establishing explicit legislation regulating ATS between reference biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars. Introduction of the framework should be simultaneously accompanied by shared trainings for medical professionals participating in the pharmacotherapy.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2018, 75, 5; 1247-1254
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimal ordering quantities for substitutable items under joint replenishment with cost of substitution
Autorzy:
Mishra, V. K.
Shanker, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/406577.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
inventory
substitutable item
joint replenishment
cost of substitution
critical substitution rate
Opis:
An inventory system of two mutually substitutable items has been studied where an item is out of stock, demand for it is met by the other item and any part of demand not met due to unavailability of the other item is lost. In the event of substitution, there is an additional cost of substitution involved for each unit of the substituted item. The demands are assumed to be deterministic and constant. Items are ordered jointly in each ordering cycle, in order to take advantage of joint replenishment. The problem is formulated and a solution procedure is suggested to determine the optimal ordering quantities that minimize the total inventory cost. The critical value of the substitution rate is defined to help in deciding the optimal value of decision parameters. Extensive numerical experimentation is carried out, which shows that prior knowledge of the critical value of the substitution rate helps to minimize the total inventory cost. Sensitivity analysis is carried out for the improvement in the optimal total cost with substitution as compared to the case without substitution to draw insights into the behaviour of the model.
Źródło:
Operations Research and Decisions; 2017, 27, 1; 77-104
2081-8858
2391-6060
Pojawia się w:
Operations Research and Decisions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Composite collagen-calcium phosphate hydrogels for bone substitution
Autorzy:
Douglas, T. E. L.
Gkioni, C.
Jansen, J. A.
Leeuwenburgh, S. C. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/283747.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Polskie Towarzystwo Biominerałów
Tematy:
hydrogels
bone substitution
collagen
Źródło:
Engineering of Biomaterials; 2009, 12, no. 89-91; 28-29
1429-7248
Pojawia się w:
Engineering of Biomaterials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dealing with hypodysfibrinogenemia during pregnancy with a successful outcome
Autorzy:
Faflik, Zuzanna
Witkowski, Michał
Witkowska, Magdalena
Smolewski, Piotr
Robak, Tadeusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2047810.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-08
Wydawca:
Medical Education
Tematy:
hypodysfibrinogenemia
pregnancy
fibrynogen
substitution
Opis:
Background: Fibrinogen is a protein playing pleiotropic role in human body. It is engaged in maintaining hemostasis. Congenital fibrinogen disorders comprise quantitative and qualitative fibrinogen anomalies. The symptoms range from bleeding, thrombosis to asymptomatic at all what is the most common case. Hypodysfibrinogenemia with lower level of fibrinogen of reduced activity, is the least common of all congenital fibrinogen disorders. Case report: A 31-year-old woman was reported at the 21 weeks of gestation, suffered from genital tract bleeding and there was a history of stillbirth. Clinical examination with no pathology, however laboratory tests revealed coagulation abnormalities due to prolonged thrombin test, decreased protein S and lower fibrinogen level (70 mg/dl). Autoimmune diseases were excluded and the diagnosis was widened with rotational thromboelastometry and genetic test for hypodysfibrinogenemia. The patient was treated with fibrinogen substitution and prophylactic dose of heparin throughout pregnancy and 2 weeks following labour. At 39 week of gestation Caesarean section was done, with no complications. Results: Genetic test revealed heterozygous mutation in fibrinogen gamma gene confirming hypodysfibrinogenemia. Due to bleeding manifestation in this patient of congenital fibrinogen disorders, fibrinogen substitution was implemented with heparin as a paranticoagulant prophylaxis, what turned out to be successful and enabled the patient to maintain the pregnancy. Conclusions: As hypodysfibrinogenemia symptoms are diverse the management is difficult and each patient’s therapy should be planned separately. Pregnancy may be the first time when congenital fibrinogen disorders reveal and it is especially challenging to prevent from obstetrical complications.
Źródło:
OncoReview; 2021, 11, 4; 102-105
2450-6125
Pojawia się w:
OncoReview
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nukleofilowe podstawienie wodoru w nitroarenach. Proces analogiczny i komplementarny do podstawienia elektrofilowego
Nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in nitroarenes. An alogous and complementary process to electrophilic substitution
Autorzy:
Mąkosza, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171966.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
Tematy:
podstawienie elektrofilowe
podstawienie nukleofilowe
pierścienie aromatyczne
nitroarenes
nucleophilic substitution
oxidation
vicarious substitution
Opis:
Nucleophiles add to electron-deficient arenes, also those containing halogens, initially in positions occupied by hydrogen to form óH adducts. This addition is faster than addition in similarly activated positions occupied by halogens. Formation of the óH adducts is a reversible process, thus they dissociate and slower addition in positions occupied by halogens results in formation of óH adducts followed by fast departure of X– to form products of nucleophilic substitution of halogen, SNAr. In the review it is shown that there are a few ways for fast further conversion of initially formed óH adducts into products of nucleopilic substitution of hydrogen such as oxidative substitution, vicarious substitution, etc. Since formation of óH adducts is faster than óH adducts and the former undergo fast transformations into products of nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen we should accept than this is the major, primary reaction whereas conventional nucleophilic substitution of halogens, SNAr reaction “ipso” substitution is just a secondary process. In modern textbooks only SNAr reactions are discussed whereas nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen is not mentioned, thus it is necessary to introduce proper corrections in textbooks and teaching of this chapter of chemistry of arenes.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2011, 65, 9-10; 795-819
0043-5104
2300-0295
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Chemiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legal and economic identification and assessment of pharmacy substitution in narrow therapeutic index drugs, on the example of epileptic medications in Poland
Autorzy:
Zimmermann, Agnieszka
Gruchała, Katarzyna
Wąż, Piotr
Kawczak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895513.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:
pharmacy substitution
carbamazepine
pharmacy law
Opis:
Currently in Poland there is neither regulation aiming at framing the complexity of substitution process arising at pharmacy level, nor further guidelines depending on drug category. FDA describes a narrow therapeutic index drug (NTI) in the 21 Code of Federal Regulations 320.33(c) and highlights that safe and effective use of such drug products require careful titration and patient monitoring. In major therapeutic areas disadvantages of the generic substitution are irrelevant or minor in comparison to the economic benefit. In epilepsy, a number of experts and professional bodies have recommended caution with generic substitution of drugs used in this condition. Aim of the study is to legally and economically identify and assess drug sub-stitution occurrence in Polish background among selected narrow therapeutic index drugs used in epilepsy. Paper is divided into two sections: first is retrospective based and tackles the data received from the National Health Fund; whereas second section takes under consideration questionnaire based results gained during medical history being collect-ed with the patients. Basing on most commonly substituted substance in epilepsy: carbamazepine, the maximum single difference in cost in substitution at the pharmacy was identified around the level of 1.7 PLN, and maximum extra pay at the same level. Ob-served/reported changes, ADRs, discomfort were provided based on the question-naire. The study highlights the necessity of planning process and evaluation of cur-rent market regulations.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2018, 75, 6; 1447-1458
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis of diphenylphosphinic acid esters
Autorzy:
Korzeniowska, Ewelina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/763978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
diphenylphosphinic acid esters, substitution reaction
Opis:
The development of new methods for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds is still an important part of organic chemistry due to the high demand for these compounds in organic synthesis as well as in asymmetric catalysis. Most of the methods for the synthesis of these compounds include the reactivity of the phosphorus atom, which depending on the structure might exhibit both electrophilic and nucleophilic properties. Herein, I will present the results concerning synthesis of diphenylphosphinic acid esters.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio AA – Chemia; 2017, 72, 1
2083-358X
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio AA – Chemia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Resistance to leaf rust (Puccina recondita f.sp.tritici) at the seedling stage among single D-genome substitution lines of triticale presto
Autorzy:
Woś, H.
Strzembicka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2198871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-06-23
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
leaf rust
resistance
substitution
triticale
wheat
Opis:
There were performed tests on a set of twenty single substitutions of the D-genome chromosomes from various bread wheats into winter triticale Presto, a set of seven disomic addition lines of chromosomes from winter rye Dańkowskie Zlote to winter wheat Grana, and all parental forms to study on the chromosome location of major genes that are resposible for seedling stage resistance to Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici in triticale. For each line, seedlings developed to two-leaf stage were exposured to four pathotypes of the pathogen predominant in Poland to test them in the greenhouse conditions. There were high resistance among the substitution lines of Presto, 1D(1A), 4D(4R), and 5D(5R) suggesting that chromosomes introduced from the D-genome carried resistance genes. Among the addition lines, GH2R was highly resistant. Resistance to rust at seedlings stage of Presto lines of D- genome and addition lines Grana (wheat) / Dankowskie Zlote (rye) shows that chromosome 2R is responsible for the resistance to the disease.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2005, 51; 43-47
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A policy view: gaps and weaknesses of substitution between biological products in law and economics dimension: the example of insulin
Autorzy:
Gruchała, Katarzyna A.
Waz, Piotr
Kawczak, Piotr
Zimmermann, Agnieszka
Wolnik, Bogumił
Baczek, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895366.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-31
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:
insulin
biosimilars
substitution
drug policy
legilation
Opis:
The purpose of the study is to analyze the act of substitution between biological products. Diabetes mellitus notes the greatest increase in the projected causes of deaths globally till 2030. The proper drug substitution process may help to increase the control over the disease management. In this paper authors try to identify and explain the challenges for the health policies and legislations in emerging markets and low- and middle-income countries. Analysis of retrospective data covering prescribed-dispensed insulin products was performed. The study is based on the law and economics approach with the application of the planning theory and modeling. The study shows the scope of substitution process of insulin and highlights the necessity of univocal legal approach profiled for this therapy area. Prognosis of created base model indicates at constant presence of substitution process of insulin. Substitution is to bring financial savings for patients, it is yet however unknown whether savings arising from the act of purchase will still have positive impact on undertaken therapy process in long-term period. These findings may inform about important factors and how emerging markets and low- and middle-income countries can increase progress of the substitution process.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research; 2018, 75, 4; 1003-1015
0001-6837
2353-5288
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Data-oriented parsing with discontinuous constituents and function tags
Autorzy:
van Cranenburgh, A.
Scha, R.
Bod, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103879.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
discontinuous constituents
statistical parsing
tree-substitution grammar
Opis:
Statistical parsers are effective but are typically limited to producing projective dependencies or constituents. On the other hand, linguistically rich parsers recognize non-local relations and analyze both form and function phenomena but rely on extensive manual grammar engineering. We combine advantages of the two by building a statistical parser that produces richer analyses. We investigate new techniques to implement treebank-based parsers that allow for discontinuous constituents. We present two systems. One system is based on a Linear Context-Free Rewriting System (LCFRS), while using a Probabilistic Discontinuous Tree-Substitution Grammar (PDTSG) to improve disambiguation performance. Another system encodes discontinuities in the labels of phrase-structure trees, allowing for efficient context-free grammar parsing. The two systems demonstrate that tree fragments as used in treesubstitution grammar improve disambiguation performance Chile capturing non-local relations on an as-needed basis. Additionally, we present results for models that produce function tags, resulting in a more linguistically adequate model of the data. We report substantial accuracy improvements in discontinuous parsing for German, English, and Dutch, including results on spoken Dutch.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2016, 4, 1; 57-111
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Weak uniform normal structure in direct sum spaces
Autorzy:
Domínguez Benavides, Tomás
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1293037.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
normal structure
Orlicz sequence spaces
substitution norm
Opis:
The weak normal structure coefficient WCS(X) is computed or bounded when X is a finite or infinite direct sum of reflexive Banach spaces with a monotone norm.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1992, 103, 3; 283-290
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of d(r) substitutions on plant dry matter and root size in hexaploid triticale
Autorzy:
Oracka, Teresa
Łapiński, Bogusław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2198995.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-12-22
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
chromosome substitution
root system
rye
triticale
wheat
Opis:
Two sets of disomic substitution lines, derived from the cultivars ‘Presto’ and ‘Rhino’ of triticale, with rye chromosome pairs replaced by their wheat D-genome homoeologues, were tested in hydroponic culture. The size of root system (dry matter, length, number of seminal and adventitious roots) was investigated together with total plant dry matter. The results were influenced mainly by the growth stage and interaction between homoeology group of exchanged chromosomes and varietal background. In relation to the controls (unchanged cultivars), only the ‘Rhino’ 2D(2R) showed a significant increase of plant dry matter. No significant negative effect on plant mass was stated for the 3D(3R) in ‘Presto’ and the both 1D(1R) substitutions. Tolerance of the 4D(4R), and 5D(5R) disomic substitutions was poor; 7D(7R) was absent as not able to survive. The majority of changes noticed for the root system parameters were parallel to the changes in plant dry matter. Besides, some effects specific to root system were found in adult plants. Relationships are discussed between the obtained results and the earlier ones on disomic rye additions to hexaploid wheat.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2005, 52; 15-27
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bytová náhrada a vypratanie bytu v Slovenskej republike
Flat replacement and eviction in Slovak Republic
Autorzy:
Molnar, Peter
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158765.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
termination of residential lease
substitution of flat
eviction
Opis:
Author of the paper discusses the flat replacement, in particular on procedural aspects of the issue at the stage of execution – eviction in Slovak republic. Concludes the inadequacy and lack of clarity of the legislation, especially in addressing the possible expiration of right of substitute housing. Author sets out the requirement for a clear division of responsibilities between the general court and execution authorities.
Źródło:
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2014, 2(8); 143-151
1730-0266
Pojawia się w:
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Analysis of Students’ Knowledge in Spelling: A Case of a Technical University in Ghana
Autorzy:
Atatsi, Eli Ayawo
Amoakohene, Benjamin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513808.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-30
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej. Language and Society Research Committee
Tematy:
Spelling errors
Transposition errors
Insertion errors
Substitution errors
Opis:
High proficiency level in spelling is considered to be an important literally skill writers need to be able to establish shared meaning with their readers. However, the Applied Linguistic literature reveals that spelling errors dominantly plaque the essays of students who speak English as Second Language (ESL). In lieu with this, this study sheds light on students’ knowledge in spelling in a Technical University in Ghana. The participants for the study involve 275 students who were randomly selected from three academic levels. The random sampling procedure was further used by the researchers to select 30 English words out of 50 words that have been compiled by the Communicative Skills Unit as the most consistent misspelled words in the written English essays of students of the Technical University over a period of four years. The respondents were further tested on how well they could spell those words. The findings confirm three main types of spelling errors: “insertion errors”, “substitution errors” and “transposition errors”. The findings further reveal that the students’ inability to correctly spell most of the words that were dictated to them is a result of their unfamiliarity with the words, their inability to account for the right pronunciation associated with those words that were dictated to them as well as the failure of students to edit their work after the spelling exercise. It is also confirmed that the academic levels of the students do not have a significant influence on their performance in the spelling.
Źródło:
Language, Discourse & Society; 2019, 7, 1; 239-257
2239-4192
Pojawia się w:
Language, Discourse & Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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