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Tytuł:
Multi-Objective Optimization of Squeeze Casting Process using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization
Autorzy:
Patel, G. C. M.
Krishna, P.
Vundavilli, P. R.
Parappagoudar, M. B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting process
multi-objective optimization
genetic algorithm
squeeze casting
prasowanie stopu
optymalizacja wielokryterialna
algorytm genetyczny
Opis:
The near net shaped manufacturing ability of squeeze casting process requiresto set the process variable combinations at their optimal levels to obtain both aesthetic appearance and internal soundness of the cast parts. The aesthetic and internal soundness of cast parts deal with surface roughness and tensile strength those can readily put the part in service without the requirement of costly secondary manufacturing processes (like polishing, shot blasting, plating, hear treatment etc.). It is difficult to determine the levels of the process variable (that is, pressure duration, squeeze pressure, pouring temperature and die temperature) combinations for extreme values of the responses (that is, surface roughness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) due to conflicting requirements. In the present manuscript, three population based search and optimization methods, namely genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization based on crowding distance (MOPSO-CD) methods have been used to optimize multiple outputs simultaneously. Further, validation test has been conducted for the optimal casting conditions suggested by GA, PSO and MOPSO-CD. The results showed that PSO outperformed GA with regard to computation time.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 172-186
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Processing of Porous NiTi Preforms for NiTi/Mg Composites
Autorzy:
Kucharczyk, A.
Naplocha, K.
Tomanik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352563.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metal matrix composite
magnesium
nitinol
SHS
squeeze casting
Opis:
NiTi alloys are successfully used in engineering and medical applications because of their properties, such as shape memory effect, superelasticity or mechanical strength. A composite with Mg matrix, due to its vibration damping properties, can be characterized by low weight and good vibration damping properties. In this study, a combination of two techniques was used for successful fabrication of Mg composite reinforced by NiTi alloy preform. The porous preforms synthesized by Self-propagating Hightemperature Synthesis (SHS) from elemental powders were subsequently infiltrated with Mg by squeeze casting. The effects were examined with scanning electron microscope with EDS detector, X-ray diffraction and microindentation. The inspection has shown well-connected matrix and reinforcement; no reaction at the interface and open porosities fully infiltrated by liquid Mg. Moreover, analysis of samples’ fracture has exhibited that crack propagates inside the Mg matrix and there is no detachment of reinforcement.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 2; 747-752
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of porosity of AlZn5Mg castings made by squeeze casting technology
Autorzy:
Boroń, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/105746.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Centrum Badań i Innowacji Pro-Akademia
Tematy:
squeeze casting
AlZn5Mg
porosity
prasowanie
odlew
porowatość
Opis:
The paper shows the results of research aimed to assess the impact of high squeeze pressure on the porosity of AlZn5Mg alloy castings, including its distribution in slab-type castings with dimensions of 25 x 100 x 200 mm. The research was carried out on castings made by two methods: squeeze casting and gravity casting. The pressing was conducted at a pressure of 100 MPa at an initial mould temperature of 200°C. The research identified the middle and outer parts of the casting. Experimental research was preceded by numerical simulation of the casting solidification, then a porosity assessment was carried out using the hydrostatic weighing method, which was supplemented by structural observations. The results of the research showed a two-fold decrease in the porosity in the middle part of the casting which is most exposed to the occurrence of shrinkage voids formed in the final clotting phase. Structural tests revealed the occurrence of dispersed porosity in castings, mainly of shrinkage and / or shrinkage-gas origin. The impact of pressure of 100 MPa during solidification caused fragmentation of the primary structure of castings, which resulted in a higher grain density.
Źródło:
Acta Innovations; 2019, 32; 12-19
2300-5599
Pojawia się w:
Acta Innovations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Pressure on the Crystallisation of AlSi7Mg Alloy
Autorzy:
Pastirčák, R.
Ščury, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting
heat transfer coefficient
heat flux
Al alloys
mechanical properties
Opis:
This paper deals with influencing the crystallisation of Al alloys by a direct squeeze casting method. The effects of changed cooling rates of the casting is evaluated using a heat transfer coefficient at different casting conditions. The experimental results obtained by temperature measurement of the casting and the mould were used to predict the casting and mould surface temperatures using regression curves. The measured temperatures in the sub-surface layers were used to determine the amount of heat transferred from the casting to the mould. The amount of transferred heat increased 20-fold due to the effect of pressure. We also evaluated the effect of the acting pressure on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy used. The process parameters were varied in the experiment.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 4; 2193-2198
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany w mikrostrukturze stopu PA9 pod wpływem ciśnienia prasowania
Changes in the microstructure of PA9 alloy under the effect of squeeze pressure
Autorzy:
Reguła, T.
Dudek, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/391698.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Odlewnictwa
Tematy:
stop aluminium
PA9
squeeze casting
ciśnienie prasowania
mikrostruktura
aluminium alloy
squeeze pressure
microstructure
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu ciśnienia zewnętrznego - wywieranego na metal w procesie prasowania w stanie ciekłym (squeeze casting), na strukturę stopu PA9. Próbki do badań uzyskano na drodze odlewania badanego stopu PA9 do formy metalowej pod zróżnicowanym ciśnieniem, odpowiednio 0,1 (atmosferyczne), 75 i 150 MPa, wykorzystując maszynę squeeze casting firmy UBE VSC 500. Zaobserwowano znaczący wpływ ciśnienia na średni rozmiar ziarna oraz inne charakterystyki mikrostrukturalne, co świadczy o celowości stosowania metod ciekło-fazowych z wykorzystaniem ciśnienia zewnętrznego w aspekcie podniesienia jakości wytwarzanych odlewów.
This paper presents the results of research on an impact of external pressure applied in the squeeze casting process on the structure of PA9 alloy. Samples for the research were obtained by casting the tested PA9 alloy into a die under a varying pressure of 0.1 (atmospheric), 75 and 150 MPa, using an UBE VSC 500 squeeze casting machine. A significant effect of pressure on the average grain size and other microstructural characteristics was stated, proving the usefulness of liquid-phase methods using external pressure in the improvement of casting quality.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa; 2012, 52, 4; 105-112
1899-2439
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Technological Parameters on the AlSi12 Alloy Microstructure During Crystallization Under Pressure
Autorzy:
Pastirčák, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting
heat transfer
pressure
aluminium alloy
wyciskanie
wymiana ciepła
nacisk
stop aluminium
Opis:
The paper deals with the impact of technological parameters on the heat transfer coefficient and microstructure in AlSi12 alloy using squeeze casting technology. The casting with crystallization under pressure was used, specifically direct squeeze casting method. The goal was to affect crystallization by pressure with a value 100 and 150 MPa. The pressure applied to the melt causes a significant increase of the coefficient of heat transfer between the melt and the mold. There is an increase in heat flow by approximately 50% and the heat transfer coefficient of up to 100 fold, depending on the casting conditions. The change in cooling rate influences the morphology of the silicon particles and intermetallic phases. A change of excluded needles to a rod-shaped geometries with significantly shorter length occurs when used gravity casting method. By using the pressure of 150 MPa during the crystallization process, in the structure can be observed an irregular silica particles, but the size does not exceed 25 microns.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 2; 75-78
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact Strength of Composite Materials Based on EN AC-44200 Matrix Reinforced with Al2O3 Particles
Autorzy:
Kurzawa, A.
Kaczmar, J. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382466.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
composites
squeeze casting
aluminum
tensile strength
impact strength
kompozyty
odlewy
aluminium
wytrzymałość na rozciąganie
Opis:
The paper presents the results of research of impact strength of aluminum alloy EN AC-44200 based composite materials reinforced with alumina particles. The research was carried out applying the materials produced by the pressure infiltration method of ceramic preforms made of Al2O3 particles of 3-6mum with the liquid EN AC-44200 Al alloy. The research was aimed at determining the composite resistance to dynamic loads, taking into account the volume of reinforcing particles (from 10 to 40% by volume) at an ambient of 23°C and at elevated temperatures to a maximum of 300°C. The results of this study were referred to the unreinforced matrix EN AC-44200 and to its hardness and tensile strength. Based on microscopic studies, an analysis and description of crack mechanics of the tested materials were performed. Structural analysis of a fracture surface, material structures under the crack surfaces of the matrix and cracking of the reinforcing particles were performed.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 3; 73-78
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Casting Wall Thickness on Crystallisation Under Pressure
Autorzy:
Pastirčák, R.
Ščury, J.
Brůna, M.
Bolibruchová, D.
Jakubski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting
AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy
AlSi12 alloy
pressure
wall thickness
Opis:
The paper deals with squeeze casting technology. For this research a direct squeeze casting method has been chosen. The influence of process parameters variation (casting temperature, mold temperature, pressure) on mechanical properties and structure will be observed. The thicknesses of the individual walls were selected based on the use of preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers (STN ISO 17) with the sequence of 3.15, 4.00, 5.00, 6.00 and 8.00 mm. The width of each wall was 22 mm with a length of 100 mm. As an experimental material was chosen the AlSi12 and AlSi7Mg0.3 alloys. The mechanical properties (UTS, E) for individual casting parameters and their individual areas of different thicknesses were evaluated. In the structure the influence of pressure on the change of the eutectic morphology, the change of the volume of eutectic and the primary alpha phase, the effect of the pressure on the more fine-grain and the regularization of the structure were evaluated.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 4; 1889-1893
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of squeeze parameters and modification of AlSi7Mg alloy
Autorzy:
Zyska, A.
Konopka, Z.
Łągiewka, M.
Nadolski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381007.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
mechanical properties
Al alloy
squeeze casting technology
modification
właściwości mechaniczne
stop Al
technologia prasowania
modyfikacja
Opis:
The paper present the examination results concerning mechanical properties of castings made of AlSi7MG alloy in correlation both with the most significant squeeze casting parameters and with the modification treatment. Experiments were planned and held according to the 23 factorial design. The regression equations describing the influence of the squeeze pressure, the mould temperature, and the quantity of strontium modifier on the strength and elongation of the examined alloy were obtained. It was found that the main factor controlling the strength increase is the squeeze pressure, while the plasticity (A5) of the alloy is affected most advantageously by modification. The application of modification treatment in squeeze casting technology enables for production of the slab-type castings made of AlSi7Mg alloy exhibiting strength at the level of 230 MPa and elongation exceeding 14%.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 2; 113-116
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ ciśnienia prasowania na charakterystyki mikrostrukturalne stopu AlSi7Mg
Effect of squeeze pressure on microstructural characteristics of the AISi7Mg alloy
Autorzy:
Reguła, T.
Sobczak, J. J.
Morgiel, J.
Dudek, P.
Długosz, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/391564.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Odlewnictwa
Tematy:
ciśnienie zewnętrzne
proces prasowania w staniem ciekłym
badania twardości
metody ciekło-fazowe
external pressure
squeeze castring process
squeeze casting
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badania wpływu ciśnienia zewnętrznego, wywieranego na metal w procesie prasowania w stanie ciekłym (squeeze casting), na strukturę stopu AISi7Mg. Otrzymane rezultaty uzupełniono testami zwartości strukturalnej oraz badaniami twardości. Próbki do badań uzyskano na drodze odlewania badanego stopu AISi7Mg do formy metalowej pod zróżnicowanym ciśnieniem, odpowiednio 0,1 (atmosferyczne), 75 i 150 MPa, wykorzystując prasę hydrauliczną typu PHM 160c. Zaobserwowano znaczący wpływ ciśnienia na średni rozmiar ziarna, a także na poziom twardości próbek, co świadczy o celowości stosowania metod ciekło-fazowych z wykorzystaniem ciśnienia zewnętrznego w aspekcie podniesienia właściwości wytwarzanych odlewów.
The paper presents the results of studies on the effect of external pressure, applied on metal during squeeze casting process, on the structure of AISi7Mg alloy. The obtained results were completed with examinations of structure compactness and hardness tests. The specimens for tests were obtained by casting the tested AISi7Mg alloy to a die under different pressures, i.e. 0.1 (atmoshpheric pressure), and 75 and 150 MPa, using a hydraulic press of PHM 160c type. A significant effect of pressure on the average grain size and hardness of the samples was stressed, thus demonstrating the usefulness of liquid-phase methods with application of external pressure in improvement of the properties of castings produced.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa; 2011, 51, 1; 5-14
1899-2439
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Manufacturing of Al Alloy Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced with MAX Phases
Autorzy:
Dmitruk, A.
Naplocha, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
MAX phase
SHS synthesis
microwave
porous structure
squeeze casting
faza MAX
synteza SHS
mikrofala
struktura porowata
Opis:
A method for manufacturing of Al-Si alloy (EN AC-44200) matrix composite materials reinforced with MAX type phases in Ti-Al-C systems was developed. The MAX phases were synthesized using the Self-propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) method in its microwave assisted mode to allow Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 to be created in the form of spatial structures with open porosity. Obtained structures were subjected to the squeeze casting infiltration in order to create a composite material. Microstructures of the produced materials were observed by the means of optical and SEM microscopies. The applied infiltration process allows forming of homogeneous materials with a negligible residual porosity. The obtained composite materials possess no visible defects or discontinuities in the structure, which could fundamentally deteriorate their performance and mechanical properties. The produced composites, together with the reference sample of a sole matrix material, were subjected to mechanical properties tests: nanohardness or hardness (HV) and instrumental modulus of longitudinal elasticity (EIT).
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 2; 198-202
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porous ceramic preforms dedicated for local reinforcement subjected to the squeeze casting infiltration process
Porowate kształtki ceramiczne przeznaczone do lokalnego zbrojenia odlewów sposobem infiltracji ciśnieniowej
Autorzy:
Dudek, P.
Darłak, P.
Długosz, P.
Fajkiel, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
metal matrix composites
squeeze casting
infiltration process
kompozyty metalowo-ceramiczne
prasowanie w stanie ciekłym
infiltracja ciśnieniowa
Opis:
An attempt was made to obtain ceramic preforms with different contributions of porosity. Compressive strength tests were carried out to estimate the ability of ceramic preforms to be utilised in the process of squeeze casting for the fabricating of metal matrix composites. The achieved ceramic preforms were subjected to the squeeze infiltration process, and materials with much higher mechanical properties relative to monolithic materials were obtained.
Podjęto próbę uzyskania preform ceramicznych o różnym stopniu porowatości. Przeprowadzono badania ich wytrzymałości na ściskanie w celu określenia możliwości ich zastosowania w procesie otrzymywania kompozytów metalowo-ceramicznych technologią prasowania w stanie ciekłym. Otrzymane preformy poddano infiltracji ciśnieniowej i otrzymano kompozyty o znacząco wyższych właściwościach wytrzymałościowych w stosunku do odlewów monolitycznych.
Źródło:
Problemy Eksploatacji; 2015, 3; 75-82
1232-9312
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Eksploatacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effects of Pressure During the Crystallization on Properties of the AlSi12 Alloy
Autorzy:
Pastirčák, R.
Ščury, J.
Moravec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting
pressure
aluminium alloy
mechanical properties
microstructure
metoda prasowania stopu
nacisk
stop aluminium
właściwości mechaniczne
mikrostruktura
Opis:
The paper deals with the impact of technological parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure in AlSi12 alloy using squeeze casting technology. The casting with crystallization under pressure was used, specifically direct squeeze casting method. The goal was to affect crystallization by pressure with a value 100 and 150 MPa. From the experiments we can conclude that operating pressure of 100 MPa is sufficient to influence the structural characteristics of the alloy AlSi12. The change in cooling rate influences the morphology of the silicon particles and intermetallic phases. A change of excluded needles to a rod-shaped geometries with significantly shorter length occurs when used gravity casting method. At a pressure of 100 MPa was increased of tensile strength on average of 20%. At a pressure of 150 MPa was increased of tensile strength on average of 30%. During the experiment it was also observed, that increasing difference between the casting temperature and the mold temperature leads to increase of mechanical properties.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 3; 103-106
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Utilization of heat treatment aimed to spheroidization of eutectic silicon for silumin castings produced by squeeze casting
Autorzy:
Vanko, B.
Stanček, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382481.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
obróbka cieplna
prasowanie stopu
stop aluminium
heat treatment
silicon spheroidization treatment
direct squeeze casting
hypoeutectic aluminium alloy
Opis:
This paper describes the possibility of using very short periods of solution annealing in the heat treatment of unmodified hypoeutectic silumin alloy AlSi7Mg0,3 casted by method of casting with crystallization under pressure with forced convection (direct squeeze casting process). Castings prepared at different casting parameters were subjected to special heat treatment called SST (Silicon Spheroidization Treatment), which were originally used only for the modified silumin alloys to spheroidization of eutectic silicon. Temperature holding time in solution annealing of T6 heat treatment is limited in the SST process to only a few minutes. It was studied the effect of casting parameters and periods of solution annealing on ultimate strength, yield strength, and especially ductility that in the unmodified silumin alloy castings is relatively low.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2012, 12, 1; 111-114
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Influence of Different Wall Thicknesses of the Casting in the Direct Squeeze Casting
Autorzy:
Pastirčák, R.
Brůna, M.
Bolibruchová, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381032.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
squeeze casting
wall thickness
mechanical properties
structure
aluminium alloy
odlew
grubość ścianki
właściwości mechaniczne
struktura
stop aluminium
Opis:
The paper deals with squeeze casting technology. For this research a direct squeeze casting method has been chosen. As an experimental material, the AlSi12 and AlSi7Mg0.3 alloys were used. The influence of process parameters variation (pouring temperature, mold temperature) on mechanical properties and structure will be observed. For the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy, a pressure of 30 MPa was used and for the AlSi12 alloy 50 MPa. The thicknesses of the individual walls were selected based on the use of preferred numbers and series of preferred numbers (STN ISO 17) with the sequence of 3.15 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6.3 mm and 8 mm. The width of each wall was 22 mm and length 100 mm. The mechanical properties (Rm, A5) for individual casting parameters and their individual areas of different thicknesses were evaluated. For the AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy, the percentage increase of the tensile strength was up to 37% and the elongation by 400% (at the 8 mm thickness of the casting). For the AlSi12 alloy, the strength increased from 8 to 20% and the tensile strength increased from 5 to 85%. The minimum thickness of the wall to influence the casting properties by pressure was set to 5 mm (based on the used casting parameters). Due to the effect of the pressure during crystallization, a considerable refinement and uniformity of the casting structure occured, also a reduction in the size of the eutectic silicate-eliminated needles was observed.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2019, 1; 19-24
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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