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    Wyświetlanie 1-19 z 19
    Tytuł:
    Ethical threats and safeguards. The case of statutory auditors in the Gdansk region
    Autorzy:
    Kotyla, Cyryl
    Hyży, Maciej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1917400.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-21
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Księgowych w Polsce
    Tematy:
    auditors’ ethics
    safeguards
    public interest
    independence
    impartiality
    Opis:
    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify ethical threats faced by Polish statutory auditors in their professional work and the methods of counteracting these threats, i.e., safeguards ensuring compliance with ethical principles of statutory auditors. Methodology/Approach: Survey research was conducted among 45 statutory auditors from the Regional Branch of the Polish Chamber of Statutory Auditors in Gdansk with the aim of identifying the types of ethical threats and safeguards in the practice of Polish statutory auditors. Findings: Based on the research, it was found that among all types of ethical threats indicated in the survey, statutory auditors indicated the risk of familiarity as the type with which they most often deal. The risk of intimidation was ranked second on the list of threats. When it comes to safeguards used by the audited auditors, they primarily indicated two types, i.e., principles and procedures that enable the identification of interest and business relationship between the firm, the personnel and the client, as well as rotating senior assurance team personnel. Originality/Value: Our study fills the gap in the Polish literature in the field of research on the types of ethical threats in the work of statutory auditors and the safeguards they use. We have audited the occurrence of individual types of ethical threats and assessed which of them appear most often in the practice of statutory auditors, threatening the ethical attitudes of statutory auditors. Our study also enriches the literature by presenting the types of security used by Polish statutory auditors to comply with ethical principles
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości; 2021, 45(2); 121-144
    1641-4381
    2391-677X
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Synthesis and Evaluation Analysis of the Indicator Information in Nuclear Safeguards Applications by Computing With Words
    Autorzy:
    Liu, J.
    Ruan, D.
    Carchon, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/908042.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2002
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
    Tematy:
    fizyka
    safeguards
    computing with words
    decision-making
    physical model
    Opis:
    This paper aims at the handling and treatment of nuclear safeguard relevant information by using a linguistic assessment approach. This is based on a hierarchical analysis of a State's nuclear activities in a multi-layer structure of the evaluation model. After a hierarchical analysis of the State's nuclear activities on the basis of the IAEA Physical Model, the addressed objective is divided into several less complex levels. The overall evaluation can be obtained step by step from those lower levels. Special emphasis is put on the synthesis and evaluation analysis of the Physical Model indicator information. Accordingly, the aggregation process with the consideration of the different kinds of qualitative criteria is in focus. Especially, the symbolic approach is considered by the direct computation on linguistic values instead of the approximation approach using the associated membership function. In this framework, several kinds of ordinal linguistic aggregation operators are presented and analyzed. The application of these linguistic aggregation operators to the combination of the Physical Model indicator information is provided. An example is given to support and clarify the mathematical formalism.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2002, 12, 3; 449-462
    1641-876X
    2083-8492
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    235U isotopic characterization of natural and enriched uranium materials by using multigroup analysis (MGA) method at a defined geometry using different absorbers and collimators
    Autorzy:
    Yücel, H.
    Yeltepe, E.
    Yüksel, A. Ö.
    Dikmen, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146510.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    nuclear safeguards
    enrichment measurements
    uranium
    multigroup analysis
    enrichment meter principle
    Opis:
    Characterization of nuclear materials is an important topic within the context of nuclear safeguards, homeland security and nuclear forensics. This paper deals with the performance of multigroup gamma-ray analysis (MGA) method using the X- and γ-rays in the 80–130 keV region and enrichment meter principle (EMP) based on the analysis of 185.7 keV peak for a certain geometry using different absorbers and collimators. The results from MGA and those of EMP are compared. In particular, the effect of aluminum/lead absorbers and lead collimator on the enrichment determination of 235U in natural and low enriched samples is investigated in a given source- -detector geometry. The optimum diameter/height ratio for the Pb-collimator is found to be Dc/Hc = 1.4–1.6 in the chosen geometry. In order to simulate the container walls, ten different thicknesses of Al-absorbers of 141 to 840 mg·cm–2 and six different thicknesses of Pb-absorbers of 1120–7367 mg·cm–2 are interposed between sample and detector. The calibration coefficients (% enrichment/cps) are calculated for each geometry. The comparison of the MGA and EMP methods shows that the enrichment meter principle provides more accurate and precise results for 235U abundance than those of MGA method at the chosen geometrical conditions. The present results suggest that a two-step procedure should be used in analyses of uranium enrichment. Firstly MGA method can be applied in situ and then EMP method can be used at a defined geometry in laboratory.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2015, 60, No. 3, part 2; 615-620
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nuclear and radiation safety and security
    Autorzy:
    Niewodniczański, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146522.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    nuclear safety
    nuclear security
    radiation protection
    safety
    security culture
    safeguards
    Opis:
    All applications of nuclear materials as well as of any sources of ionizing radiation are accompanied by a risk of radioactive contamination of the environment or unnecessary overexposure of workers and the general public. Such an incident may result from malfunctioning of devices (radiation sources, shields, monitoring systems etc.) or a diversion from accepted procedures; it may be also intentional (sabotage or terrorist actions). All such incidents may be harmful for the victims, but they also may ruin the image of a given technology, irrespectively of the country or institution where it has occurred. Safe, secure, peaceful and efficient use of nuclear energy as well as of any source of ionizing radiation requires sustainable tools, including infrastructure that provides legal, regulatory, technological, human and industrial support for that programme. Therefore, the measures assuring radiation and nuclear safety and security, including physical protection of nuclear materials and radioactive sources, originate from internationally established and controlled principles on which obligatory national regulations are based. Evolution of technologies and changes of global or regional political situation may lead to new threats which creates a need to introduce new legal and institutional instruments, both national and international. Poland seems to be well situated in the present nuclear and radiation safety and security system.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2008, 53, suppl. 2; 5-10
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Refusal to adjourn a hearing due to the defender’s being ill vs. execution of the right of defence - comments on Article 378a § 1 of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure
    Autorzy:
    Ignasiak, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1595884.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    principle of the right of defence
    procedural safeguards
    adjournment of the term of a hearing
    Opis:
    The object of this paper constitutes the issue regarding the principle of the right of defence in Polish criminal proceedings in the context of the new regulation included in Article 378a par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which came into effect on 5 October 2019 (as a result of the entry into force of the Act of 19 July 2019 amending the Act on the Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts, Dz.U. (Journal of Laws) of 2019 item 1694). To be precise, the court’s refusal to take into consideration the defender’s motion for adjournment of the term of a hearing due to his or her illness confirmed with a sick leave issued by a pathologist. The aim of this study was to draw attention to the questionable character of the afore- mentioned Article in terms of the procedural safeguards of the accused. The paper presents the circumstances, as well as the state of proceedings, indicating the evidence of violation of the principle of the right of defence in criminal proceedings by improper application of Arti¬cle 378a par. 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. A formal-dogmatic method has been used. Furthermore, the author’s intention was to present the irrationality of the Polish legisla¬tor introducing solutions contrary to the model of criminal procedure, including, in particu- lar, violation of the constitutionally guaranteed rights of the accused.
    Źródło:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2020, 30, 2; 21-33
    2083-4373
    2545-3181
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    New challenges of the IFAC International Code of Ethics. The case of the Republic of North Macedonia
    Autorzy:
    Malchev, Bojan
    Bozhinovska-Lazarevska, Zorica
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1917404.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-21
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Księgowych w Polsce
    Tematy:
    Code of Ethics
    International Federation of Accountants
    Principles of Ethical Behavior
    Threats to Fundamental Principles
    Safeguards
    Opis:
    Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to provide empirical evidence on certified auditors’ perceptions in the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) about the new IFAC International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Methodology/approach: A survey was conducted by distributing a questionnaire to the certified auditors in RNM, and the answers were then analyzed. Findings: The results indicate that the observance of the Code of Ethics affects the quality of audit engagements in domestic practice. The majority of practitioners believe that the fundamental principles are sufficiently clearly elaborated and can provide an appropriate basis for ethical conduct. The principle of objectivity is most exposed to threats, while the most common threat is familiarity. Safeguards created by the profession, the law, and regulations are more effective in addressing threats. Finally, practitioners agree that the innovations brought by the new Code of Ethics represent a significant benefit to the auditors’ mission to preserve and strengthen their independence. Research implications/limitations: The research provides empirical evidence of ethical behavior in domestic audit practice, but no similar research has been done before to make a comparative analysis. Originality/value: This research is the first of this type in RNM and fills the research gap in the field of ethical behavior in the domestic audit practice.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości; 2021, 45(2); 145-160
    1641-4381
    2391-677X
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Competence of Common Courts in Poland in Competition Matters
    Autorzy:
    Stawicki, Aleksander
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530071.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-03-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    antitrust proceedings
    competition
    judicial review
    National Competition Authority
    fines
    due course of law
    procedural safeguards
    procedural infringements
    Opis:
    The main aim of this article is to present current judicial practice, concerning hearing cases stemming from appeals of Polish Competition Authority decisions. The relevant court tends to review the cases only on merits, omitting to address procedural infringements, clearly stated by the parties in appeals. In author’s opinion this common practice does not have a legal leg to stand on. Author analyses relevant laws and precedents pointing out, that full review of the decision is Court’s duty, which could not be neglected. Furthermore, according to ECHR rulings procedural guaranties should be assured on high level, especially in matters, where quasi-criminal fines are concerned. As a legal practitioner Author perceives possible crippling effect on effectiveness, assuming that the Court would have to review all steps of the proceedings before Competition Authority. So in conclusion Author proposes a compromise solution asserting, that the Court should at least address all procedural infringement counts stated in appeal.
    Cet article vise essentiellement à présenter la pratique judiciaire actuelle pour ce qui est de connaître les affaires résultant d’un recours contre les décisions de l’autorité polonaise de concurrence. Le juge compétent pour ces affaires fait preuve d’une tendance à en connaître exclusivement le fond sans considérer les violations de procédure soulevées expressément dans les recours des parties. L’auteur est d’avis que cette pratique juridictionnelle est dépourvue de fondements juridiques. Il analyse les textes appropriés et l’acquis de la jurisprudence pour montrer qu’un contrôle complet de la décision est une obligation du juge, qui ne saurait être négligée. En plus de cela, conformément à la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, un niveau élevé de garanties procédurales doit être assuré, notamment dans les affaires susceptibles de sanctions quasi-pénales. L’auteur, qui est un praticien, y voit le risque potentiel de compromettre l’efficience de la procédure, en admettant que le juge soit amené à contrôler toutes les étapes de la procédure avant l’autorité de concurrence. Pour conclure, l’auteur propose une solution de compromis qui admettrait que le juge devrait au moins se prononcer sur les exceptions procédurales soulevées dans le recours.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(6); 57-71
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The current condition and future of the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine
    Stan obecny i przyszłość Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”
    Autorzy:
    Malik, Jarosław
    Kucharz, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173175.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    safeguards and accessibility
    Crystal Caves
    mining shafts
    target model
    zabezpieczania i udostępnianie
    Groty Kryształowe
    górnicze szyby
    model docelowy
    Opis:
    The article focuses on matters related to the operation of the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine, outlining its activity in 2021 as well as the plans for the years to come. It describes the securing and accessibility activities carried out by the company. In terms of tourism, this is being reintroduced after the pandemic restrictions. It also contains a concise synthesis of the implemented protective measures aimed to limit the natural hazards and to ensure the safety of persons who remain in the underground excavations through proenvironmental measures. The article also presents the activities of the mine for the subsequent years of its functioning.
    Artykuł przybliża zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”, omawiając działalność w 2021 r. i plany na kolejne lata. Opisano działania przedsiębiorstwa związane z zabezpieczaniem i udostępnianiem kopalni. W zakresie ruchu turystycznego trwa jego odbudowa po ograniczeniach pandemicznych. W zarysie przedstawiono zadania zabezpieczające służące ograniczaniu zagrożeń naturalnych i zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa ludzi przebywających w wyrobiskach podziemnych oraz działania proekologiczne. Omówiono również działania kopalni planowane na kolejne lata jej funkcjonowania.
    Źródło:
    Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering; 2022, 60, 1; 33-40
    2450-7326
    2449-6421
    Pojawia się w:
    Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Stan obecny i przyszłość Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”
    The current condition and future of the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine
    Autorzy:
    Malik, Jarosław
    Kucharz, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173174.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    zabezpieczania i udostępnianie
    Groty Kryształowe
    górnicze szyby
    model docelowy
    safeguards and accessibility
    Crystal Caves
    mining shafts
    target model
    Opis:
    Artykuł przybliża zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem Kopalni Soli „Wieliczka”, omawiając działalność w 2021 r. i plany na kolejne lata. Opisano działania przedsiębiorstwa związane z zabezpieczaniem i udostępnianiem kopalni. W zakresie ruchu turystycznego trwa jego odbudowa po ograniczeniach pandemicznych. W zarysie przedstawiono zadania zabezpieczające służące ograniczaniu zagrożeń naturalnych i zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa ludzi przebywających w wyrobiskach podziemnych oraz działania proekologiczne. Omówiono również działania kopalni planowane na kolejne lata jej funkcjonowania.
    The article focuses on matters related to the operation of the “Wieliczka” Salt Mine, outlining its activity in 2021 as well as the plans for the years to come. It describes the securing and accessibility activities carried out by the company. In terms of tourism, this is being reintroduced after the pandemic restrictions. It also contains a concise synthesis of the implemented protective measures aimed to limit the natural hazards and to ensure the safety of persons who remain in the underground excavations through proenvironmental measures. The article also presents the activities of the mine for the subsequent years of its functioning.
    Źródło:
    Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering; 2022, 60, 1; 41-48
    2450-7326
    2449-6421
    Pojawia się w:
    Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Redukcja hałasu emitowanego przez wyrzutnie powietrza turbosprężarek
    Reducing noise emitted by air chutes of turbochargers
    Autorzy:
    Pierchała, M
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/179535.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    redukcja hałasu
    wyrzutnie powietrza
    zabezpieczenia przeciwhałasowe
    mechaniczne uszkodzenia słuchu
    noise reduction
    air chutes
    anti-noise safeguards
    mechanical hearing injury
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono kwestię redukcji hałasu źródeł, gdzie poziom emitowanego dźwięku bliski jest granicy, po przekroczeniu której istnieje możliwość mechanicznego uszkodzenia słuchu. Przedstawione zostały podstawowe problemy związane z projektowaniem zabezpieczeń przeciwhałasowych, na podstawie wyników badań źródła dźwięku, jakim jest wyrzutnia powietrza turbosprężarek. Opisano koncepcję redukcji hałasu, w której podkreślono, ze dzięki prowadzeniu prac badawczych możliwe jest ograniczenie emisji dźwięku nawet w przypadkach skrajnie trudnych.
    This article presents the problem of reducing noise so loud it is close to being mechanically harmful for hearing. It discusses basic problems related to designing noise countermeasures on the basis of research on air chutes of a turbocharger treated as a source of noise. This article also presents a concept of noise reduction, which underlines the possibility research contributing to a reduction in noise even m extremely tough conditions.
    Źródło:
    Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka; 2014, 10; 18-23
    0137-7043
    Pojawia się w:
    Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Harmonization of the Ukrainian Legislation with the Legislation of the European Union with Regard to Trade Defence
    Autorzy:
    Iuliia, Lokshyna,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902382.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-03-08
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    harmonization
    trade defence
    antidumping measures
    countervailing measures
    safeguards
    European Union
    Ukraine
    harmonizacja
    obrona handlu
    środki antydumpingowe
    środki antysubsydyjne
    gwarancje
    Unia Europejska
    Ukraina
    Opis:
    The issue of the necessity of approximation, adaptation or harmonization of the Ukrainian legislation with the EU legislation has been tackled by a number of scholars in Ukraine. A number of normative documents also paid considerable attention to this issue in general. However, there is still an issue of defining the most suitable term which would better purpose bringing legislation into conformity with the requirements of the EU. According to some scholars the notion “harmonization” could better reflect this process. This view is also shared by the author of this article. The article also discusses the importance and the need to pass new draft laws in the field of trade defence in Ukraine, in particular, regarding anti-dumping, countervailing measures and safeguards. Since some of the new articles correspond to similar provisions in the EU directives, this is viewed as an important step to harmonize the Ukrainian legislation with the legislation of the European Union in this sphere.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2019, 82; 174-188
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fishing expeditions and subsequent electronic searches in the light of the principle of proportionality of inspections in competition law cases in Europe
    Autorzy:
    Michałek, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530178.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    Fishing expeditions
    subsequent electronic searches
    principle of proportionality
    procedural safeguards of undertakings
    competition law's inspections
    powers of inspections, judicial review
    Opis:
    Inspections carried out in competition law cases are undoubtedly an effective instrument of competition law enforcement since they constitute an efficient means to obtain relevant evidence. Nevertheless, this institution often leads to a serious interference with the sphere of an undertaking’s rights, in particular the right to defence. Several problems can be observed when it comes to the conduct of inspections in the framework of competition law in Europe. These relate, inter alia, to the right to defence, including the privilege against self-incrimination and legal professional privilege, right to privacy, right to an effective remedy and the principle of proportionality. Most of these questions are common to various European states since they emerge at the level of the European Union, in old and new EU Member States (such as Poland) as well as in countries outside the EU (Switzerland). This paper focuses on the questions of fishing expeditions and subsequent electronic searches. They are analysed mostly in the light of the principle of proportionality. The paper presents selected controversies and developments in relation to the powers of inspection granted to competition authorities as well as procedural safeguards available to undertakings.
    Les inspections menées dans les affaires du droit de la concurrence sont sans aucun doute un instrument efficace de l'application du droit de la concurrence, car ils constituent un moyen fructueux d'obtenir des preuves pertinents. Néanmoins, cette institution mène souvent à une grave ingérence dans la sphère des droits des entreprises, en particulier le droit de la défense. Plusieurs problèmes peuvent être observés par rapport à la conduite des inspections dans le cadre du droit de la concurrence en Europe. Ceux-ci concernent, inter alia, le droit de la défense, y compris la protection contre l'auto-incrimination et le secret professionnel, le droit à la vie privée, droit à un recours effectif et le principe de proportionnalité. La plupart de ces questions sont communes à plusieurs pays européens, car ils émergent au niveau de l'Union européenne, dans les anciens et les nouveaux États membres de l'UE (comme la Pologne) ainsi que dans les pays extérieurs à l'UE (Suisse). Cet article se concentre sur les questions des “fishing expeditions” et des recherches électroniques ultérieures qui sont analysés à la lumière du principe de proportionnalité. Ce texte présente controverses et les développements sélectionnés concernant les pouvoirs d'inspection conférés aux autorités de la concurrence ainsi que des garanties procédurales offertes aux entreprises.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2014, 7(10); 129-157
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Badania nieniszczące - weryfikacja materiałów jądrowych
    Non destructive Analysis – verification of Nuclear Materials
    Autorzy:
    Rzymkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/214674.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    badania nieniszczące
    pomiar promieniowania gamma
    analizator wielokanałowy
    wypalone paliwo
    system zabezpieczeń MAEA
    non destructive analysis
    gamma ray measurement
    multichannel analyser
    irradiated fuel
    IAEA safeguards
    Opis:
    W opracowaniu przedstawiono systemy pomiarowe stosowane do weryfikacji materiałów jądrowych w systemie zabezpieczeń.
    The study presents measuring systems used for verification of nuclear materials in the Safeguards.
    Źródło:
    Postępy Techniki Jądrowej; 2020, 1; 21-30
    0551-6846
    Pojawia się w:
    Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Badania niszczące i wspomaganie weryfikacji materiałów jądrowych
    Destructive analysis and supporting systems for verification of nuclea materials
    Autorzy:
    Rzymkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200638.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    badania niszczące
    promieniowanie gamma
    analizator wielokanałowy
    wypalone paliwo
    system zabezpieczeń MAEA
    systemy monitorujące
    destructive analysis
    gamma ray
    multichannel analyser
    spent nuclear fuel
    IAEA safeguards
    monitoring systems
    Opis:
    W opracowaniu przedstawiono systemy pomiarowe i wspomagające stosowane do weryfikacji materiałów jądrowych w systemie Zabezpieczeń. Opisano metody pobierania próbek do badań niszczących oraz metody ich analizy. Omówiono systemy wspomagające obserwacyjno-rejestrujące i systemy zamykania – plombowania.
    The study presents the measurement and support systems used for verifcation nuclear materials in the Safeguards system. Methods of sampling for destructive testing and methods of their analysis are described. Supporting systems monitoring and surveillance as well as sealing systems are discussed.
    Źródło:
    Postępy Techniki Jądrowej; 2023, 1; 25--32
    0551-6846
    Pojawia się w:
    Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    What Do Limitation Periods for Sanctions in Antitrust Matters Really Limit?
    Autorzy:
    Blažo, Ondrej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530322.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011-11-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition law
    antitrust procedure
    sanctions
    administrative responsibility
    Slovakia
    EU law
    limitation period
    criminal law
    private enforcement
    legal certainty
    safeguards
    powers of competition authority
    European Commission
    Opis:
    Limitation periods represent a legal safeguard for a person who has once broken the law in order not to be put at risk of sanctions and other legal liabilities for an indefinite amount of time. By contrast, public interest can sometimes require that a person who has committed a serious breach of law cannot benefit from limitation periods and that it is necessary to declare that the law had indeed been infringed and that legal liability shall be expected irrespective of the passage of time. This article aims to answer the question whether limitation periods for sanctions attached to competition restricting practices by Slovak competition law also limit the powers of its competition authority to declare the illegality of illicit behaviour or to prohibit it. Although this question can arise, and has done so already, as a defence in antitrust proceedings, as well as the fact that an answer to this question can potentially, as well as actually, affect rights of undertakings which have broken competition rules, Slovak jurisprudence cannot be seen as explicit in answering this question.
    Les délais de prescription représentent une garantie juridique pour éviter que celui qui a violé la loi soit pour toujours exposé à la contrainte d’une sanction ou d’un autre type de responsabilté juridique. Toutefois, dans certains cas, il est dans l’intérêt public que la personne qui a gravement enfreint la loi ne puisse pas bénéficier du délai de prescription et qu’il soit possible de constater la violation du droit et d’engager la responsabilité juridique. Le présent article essaie de répondre à la question fondamentale, celle de savoir si les délais de prescription prévus, dans le droit slovaque actuel, pour infliger des sanctions pour accords limitant la concurrence ou pour abus de position dominante sont, également, en situation de limiter la compétence de l’autorité slovaque de la concurrence de constater l’illégalité d’une démarche d’une entreprise ou sa compétence d’interdire une telle démarche. Même si cette question peut être posée, ou a déjà été posée, en défense contre les démarches anti-cartel et la réponse à la question peut, potentiellement mais aussi réellement, avoir une influence sur les droits de l’entreprise qui a violé les règles de concurrence, la jurisprudence slovaque donne une réponse claire à cette question.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(7); 79-103
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kształtowanie się koncepcji kar dodatkowych w prawie karnym w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Formation of the Concept of Supplementary Penalties in Criminal Law in the Period of the Second Polish Republic
    Autorzy:
    Melezini, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621388.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    II Rzeczpospolita Polska, kary dodatkowe, skutki skazania, kary za- sadnicze, środki zabezpieczające, skazania
    Second Polish Republic, supplementary penalties, consequences of convic- tion, basic penalties, safeguards, sentencing
    Opis:
    The subject matter of this document is the formation of the concept of supplementary penalties in the criminal law in the period of the Second Polish Republic. The article presents the birth of the concept of supplementary penalties in Polish criminal law science, which was formed in the early 20th century against a background of criticism regarding the institution of legal consequences of conviction and efforts to grant judges more discretion with regard to sentencing. The article contains a broad presentation of the views on criminal law doctrine concerning the need to break-away from the automatic consequences of conviction and to introduce supplementary penalties. The article also presents discussion on the final model of supplementary penalties that took place during the works of the Codification Committee and describes the normative form of supplementary penalties in the Penal Code of 1932. It was concluded that the replacement of legal consequences of conviction with supplementary penalties was an expression of the idea of progress in Polish criminal law.
    Źródło:
    Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2015, 14, 2; 113-125
    1732-9132
    2719-9991
    Pojawia się w:
    Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Consumer protection and safeguards: proper information on the geographical origin of ingredients. The case of olive oils
    Tutela e salvaguardia del consumatore: una corretta informazione sulla provenienza geografica degli ingredienti. Il caso dell’olio d’oliva
    Autorzy:
    Martínez Gutiérrez, Ángel
    Vázquez Ruano, Trinidad
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2040668.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    indicazioni geografiche qualificate
    tutela del consumatore
    salvaguardia del consumatore
    olio d’oliva
    qualified geographic names
    consumer protection
    consumer safeguards
    olive oils
    kwalifikowane oznaczenia geograficzne
    ochrona konsumentów
    bezpieczeństwo konsumentów
    oliwa z oliwek
    Opis:
    Since the nineties of the previous century, qualified geographic names have been covered by a harmonised EU-wide protection system whose main feature is the recognition of exclusive rights. Such rights are generally parallel to those deriving from the registration of a brand. Accordingly, they are not solely protected by the measures provided in the rules on unfair competition but also by a EU protection system based on granting the group of traders that had sought and obtained recognition of the protected designation of origin or geographical indication a monopoly over the use of a given geographic name and the possibility to seek remedy against any unlawful use of it. In this sense, the information provided generally benefits the market as well as merchants and consumers.
    Fin dagli anni novanta del secolo scorso, le indicazioni geografiche qualificate sono incluse in un sistema di protezione armonizzato a livello di UE, la cui caratteristica principale è il riconoscimento dei diritti esclusivi. Tali diritti sono generalmente equivalenti (analoghi) alla registrazione di un marchio. Pertanto, esse sono tutelate non solo dalle misure previste dalla disciplina sulla concorrenza sleale, ma anche da un sistema di tutela comunitario che concede a un raggruppamento di operatori economici, che avevano chiesto e ottenuto la denominazione di origine protetta o l’indicazione geografica protetta, un monopolio per una determinata indicazione geografica e la possibilità di porre rimedio a qualsiasi uso illecito della stessa. In questo senso, le informazioni fornite vanno generalmente a vantaggio del mercato, dei commercianti e dei consumatori.
    Od lat 90. ubiegłego wieku kwalifikowane oznaczenia geograficzne objęte są zharmonizowanym systemem ochrony obowiązującym w całej Unii Europejskiej. Główną cechą tego systemu jest uznawanie praw wyłącznych. Prawa te są zasadniczo równorzędne tym, które wynikają z rejestracji marki. Tym samym nie są one chronione wyłącznie środkami przewidzianymi w regulacjach dotyczących nieuczciwej konkurencji, ale podlegają również unijnemu systemowi ochrony polegającemu na przyznaniu grupie przedsiębiorców, którzy ubiegali się o uznanie chronionej nazwy pochodzenia lub chronionego oznaczenia geograficznego i je uzyskali, wyłączności na stosowanie danego oznaczenia geograficznego oraz możliwości podjęcia środków zaradczych w przypadku jego bezprawnego użycia. W tym sensie dostarczane informacje są ogólnie korzystne dla rynku, jak również dla handlowców i konsumentów.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Prawa Rolnego; 2021, 2(29); 313-329
    1897-7626
    2719-7026
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Directive (EU) 2019/1 as Another Brick into Empowerment of Slovak Market Regulator
    Autorzy:
    Kováčiková, Hana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159130.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-12
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition law
    Antimonopoly Office
    safeguards
    principle of good
    administration
    right to the defence
    right to be heard
    right to access the file
    conflict of interest
    effectivity
    enforcement
    avoidance of responsibility
    Opis:
    The paper analyses the legal challenges brought to the Slovak competition law by Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market. The author selected particular issues from Slovak competition law and compares the state-of-the-art national situation with corresponding parts of this harmonising act. In the paper, specific attention will be given to compliance with safeguards, to the regulation of conflict of interest, to the examination of the effectiveness of enforcement, and to the possibilities of undertakings to avoid their responsibility for the breach of competition law. As the Member States have time for the transposition until 4 February 2021, this paper may initiate the debate on what to improve in Slovak legislation to achieve the goals set in this Directive.
    L’article analyse les défis juridiques qui ont été soumis au droit slovaque de la concurrence par la directive (UE) 1/2019 afin d’habiliter les autorités de concurrence des États membres à mieux faire respecter les règles et à assurer le bon fonctionnement du marché intérieur. L’auteur a choisi des questions particulières du droit slovaque de la concurrence et il compare la situation nationale actuelle avec les éléments correspondants de la présente loi d’harmonisation. Dans cet article, une attention particulière est accordée au respect des garanties, à la réglementation des conflits d’intérêts, à l’examen de l’efficacité de l’application et à la possibilité pour les entreprises d’éviter leur responsabilité en cas de violation du droit de la concurrence. Du fait que les États membres ont jusqu’au 4 février 2021 pour transposer la directive, le présent article peut lancer le débat sur les améliorations à apporter à la legislation slovaque pour concrétiser les objectifs fixés dans cette directive.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2019, 12, 20; 149-172
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The System of Justice: European Safeguards
    Autorzy:
    Hanna, Machińska,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/903072.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-05-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    independence of judiciary
    preservation of the rule of law
    European safeguards of the system of justice
    respect for human rights
    niezależność wymiaru sprawiedliwości
    zachowanie rządów prawa
    europejskie zabezpieczenie systemu wymiaru sprawiedliwości
    poszanowanie rządów prawa
    Opis:
    The rule of law, human rights, and democracy are the three pillars of functioning of the European states. The concept of the rule of law is very deeply rooted in the idea of the European integration since 1949 when the Council of Europe was established. The rule of law is understood as: respect for the separation of powers, duty for the executive power to respect law, observance of the rule of the compliance with the law, respect for legal certainty and the principle of res iudicata, maintenance of judicial control of the executive power, exercise of the right to court ,guarantee of a fair trial and existence of an effective appeals remedy. In many countries rule of law are in danger. That is why European safeguards plays an important role.European safeguards means different instruments in form of monitoring reports of the Council of Europe institutions , opinion of the Venice Commission, fact finding missions etc. which creates a critical illustration of the situation of the member states. The EU law creates the legal procedures based on the art. 7 of the EU Treaty as well as on the art. 258 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the EU which effectively can stop rule of law backsliding in the EU countries. On the side of the member states of the EU the preliminary ruling procedure can effectively stopped the violation of the EU law and principles. European safeguards are not limited to the European institutions. The UN reports on democracy, rule of law and human rights contribute fundamentally to the proper implementation of these principles. In order to respect fully the rule of law, democracy and human rights a closer cooperation and a better coherence is needed. The way how the violation of the rule of law, democracy and human rights were limited in Poland shows the importance and effectiveness of the European the European safeguards.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 107-116
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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