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Wyszukujesz frazę "river navigation" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
The using of radar by sea-river ships in inland navigation on lower part of Odra River
Autorzy:
Galor, W.
Galor, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244100.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
inland transport
sea-river navigation
radar
Opis:
The sea-river navigation consists on ships manoeuvring on inland waters to ports, which are situated sometimes a few hundredths kilometres inside to land. On polish waters, the sea-river shipping is possible mainly on Odra, Wisła and Warta rivers. Such shipping is much advanced on water areas of Swinoujscie, Police and Szczecin ports. The leading of safely navigation requires first of all the high accuracy ship's positioning to avoid the contact with fixed objects and other ships. Therefore, the requirements for position accuracy are much stricter than those in open sea and offshore navigation. The radar is one of the basic devices, which facilitates safe navigation in various conditions-especially in reduced visibility. The basic information for the navigator is presented on the display screen. Presently, the display commonly used on board sea-going ships and other sailing craft is the type ,,P" display (PPI-Plan Position Indicator). The exploitation restrictions of radar can caused some problems in detection, discrimination and presenting of situation during navigation on inland water areas. There is possibility to shipping of sea-river ships to the ports in lower part of Odra river. The paper presents some problems of using the radar in inland navigation on these area. The results of real research will be showed.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 2; 69-75
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Criterion of Safety Navigation Assessment in Sea-River Shipping
Autorzy:
Galor, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Sea-River Navigation
Safety Navigation Assessment
Sea-River Shipping
Inland Waterways
Inland Navigation
Under Keel Clearance (UKC)
Safety Parameters
Pilot Navigation
Opis:
Sea–river ships can connect the area inside of land with oversea places without of indirect trans- shipment. In many cases the sea-river ships move on waterways (natural and artificial) inside of land for hundreds kilometres. Navigation in inland waters has to meet the same requirements as those for pilot navigation. This is due to the relations between the ship size and other objects on water area. These ones caused the navigation more hard then on open seas. The paper presents the criterion of safety assessment of navigation during sea-river ships manoeuvring ship in inland waters.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 4; 381-384
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Electronic Reporting of Ships in the RIS System
Autorzy:
Lisaj, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
river information service (RIS)
Inland Navigation
Sea-River Navigation
Electronic Reporting
Inland Vessel Traffic
Environment Protection
data transmission
Navigational Information
Opis:
This article presents the principles of data transmission and processing in a module of duplex transmission of messages as required by ship reporting in the RIS (River Information Services) system. Technical specification of messages intended for ship commanders is analyzed. Data standards in harmonized River Information Services on inland waterways are presented. Furthermore, the analysis covers message structures, encrypting in XML format for electronic reporting by ships. Finally, the author evaluates the advantages of introducing the RIS system for the safety of inland vessel traffic and the effect of the system on environmental protection.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 2; 127-130
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czechosłowacka żegluga na Odrze w latach 1947-1957. Część I.
The Czechoslovak Navigation on the Oder River in the Years 1947–1957. Part 1
Autorzy:
Techman, Ryszard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
Czechoslovak navigation
Oder navigation
river navigation
Czechoslovakia (the Czechoslovak Republic)
the Oder
żegluga czechosłowacka
żegluga odrzańska
żegluga śródlądowa
Czechosłowacja
Odra
Opis:
Artykuł dotyczy żeglugi na Odrze, która po II wojnie światowej była ważnym szlakiem dla czechosłowackiego handlu. Zaprezentowano w nim negocjacje handlowe pomiędzy rządami polskim i czechosłowackim zakończone podpisaniem traktatu o transporcie. Zgodnie z jego postanowieniami we Wrocławiu powstała spółka zajmująca się transportem towarów, zarządzaniem stocznią. W tekście omówiono również pozycję, jaką zajmowała na polskim rynku, strukturę organizacyjną oraz skład osobowy.
After the Second World War the Czechoslovak Government attached importance to the navigation on the Oder River, which – in addition to the Elbe and the Danube – was to be an important route for international trade of the country. The trade negotiations with Poland, which had the whole navigable length of the river, were crowned with signing the Transportation Treaty on July 1st. It vested the Republic of Czechoslovakia with special powers in the Szczecin Harbour (free of duty zone) and a privileged position in the river and sea navigation. Following the stipulations of the Transportation Treaty there was another contract signed on May 12th, 1948 in Wrocław, an agreement to create a limited liability company, the Czechoslovak Oder Navigation Company (CSPO), which dealt with freight transport of merchandise goods on the Oder and its tributaries, as well as on the (German) canals connected to it; the Company also managed a shipyard and auxiliary workshops to repair its own shipping. The article presents the creation of the CSPO, its position in the Polish legal system, its inner structure, size and staff, organisational changes, rules of cooperation with the Polish Oder carrier, i.e. the legal, organisational and personnel conditions of the functioning of a foreign ship owner, against the background of developing the transport function of the Oder in the Polish-Czechoslovak relations.
Źródło:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski; 2018, 1; 145-167
0552-4245
2353-3021
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Traffic engineering methods solutions of problems concerning ship’s manoeuvres and sailing on the large rivers of Central America
Autorzy:
Kowalski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
ocean going ships river’s navigation
manoeuvres
traffic engineering
sea transport safety
navigational practice
Opis:
The paper introduces some aspects of maximum size ocean going ship’s safety during the sailing on Central American rivers. Based on solution of above problems, presented necessary hydrographical information concerning River Orinoco, Mississippi, Rio Magdalena and the most biggest of the World – Amazon River. Solutions of several river’s navigational and manoeuvres problems suggested by Traffic Engineering have also been presented. Independently, there are suggestions concerning improvements of the sea transport safety in the river’s estuary.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2013, 33 (105); 57-61
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Method of the assessment of the river craft technical condition on the basis of the microstatistics
Autorzy:
Arefyev, I.B.
Volovik, А. V.
Klavdiev, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359830.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
reliability
navigation
weather
river boat
operation
Opis:
One of the major problems of transport systems is the movement organization without catastrophes. It is particularly important for the rolling stock of the river fleet. In this paper, the authors propose the evaluation method of the technical condition of inland waterway vessels on the statistics of accidents and disasters of previous navigation. The method is based on the statistics for the “small samples”.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2014, 37 (109); 5-9
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determinants and directions of change in the European river cruise market
Autorzy:
Mańkowska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135507.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
cruise tourism
inland navigation
river cruise
European river cruise market
demand changes
supply changes
Opis:
The European river cruise market is the leading cruise market in the world and is also one of the fastest growing tourism segments in Europe. However, the demand structure of the European river cruise market has seen significant changes over recent years, and the aim of the studies described in this article was to identify the determinant factors and the ensuing changes in supply and demand within this market. The primary trend observed was a shift in demand, as the share of tourists from outside Europe has been growing with the share of Europeans (to date, the main group of customers) shrinking. These changes are attributable to social, economic, political, and technical factors that have resulted, in particular, in changes in river cruise passengers’ preferences, which in turn have led to specific reactions by river cruise operators. The analyses have shown that river cruise passengers, who are seem increasingly interested in being educated about the local culture, traditions, ecology, wildlife, arts, foods, and history, expect that the river cruise offer will be extended to include new destinations. They also expect an extended offer of wellness-related services and more active river cruises, as well as high-quality passenger space on board ship. In response, European river cruise operators have developed a cruise network and a fleet of river cruise vessels based on these emerging river cruise markets and increased the diversity and comprehensiveness of their offered services. The evolution of the European river cruise market will also constitute a challenge for emerging river cruise destinations, which will need to meet the changing expectations of both passengers and operators.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2019, 59 (131); 83-91
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of e-Navigation strategies for RIS centres supporting inland navigation
Autorzy:
Lisaj, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117161.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
inland Navigation
e-Navigation
e-Navigation srategy
maritime navigation cloud
river information service (RIS)
multi-functional communication system
implementation of e-Navigation strategy
inland ECDIS
Opis:
The article presents at e-Navigation strategy and implementation plan for RIS centres supporting inland navigation. The author describes the RIS centre system architecture and modules collaborating in the process of data transmission based on e-Navigation technologies. The functional requirements of e-Navigation strategies for distress communications procedures and ensuring the safety of inland navigation in compliance with the EU directives are described. The components of e-Navigation, which integrate state-of-the-art satellite and terrestrial radio communications systems in the process of effective and efficient management of navigational data transmission, are presented. The feasibility of implementation of e-Navigation strategies for the Multifunctional Communication System integrating digital and analog data processing systems in maritime and inland navigation are analysed. A technological model of the Maritime Navigation Cloud supporting data exchange in the e-Navigation system is put forward.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 1; 145-149
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maritime Communications in RIS System for Inland Navigation
Autorzy:
Lisaj, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116297.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Inland Navigation
maritime communication
river information service (RIS)
Odra River
GMDSS
VHF Communication
Inland Shipping
Radiocommunication
Opis:
The article presents the VHF communications system architecture for inland navigation within the area of operation of the RIS-PL Centre. The author has described the communication system modules used in the RIS on the Lower Oder stretch and presented the relevant equipment specification. The present condition of the system has been described, taking into consideration the location of its components, both in the field and in the environment, of key importance for VHF communication. The feasibility of implementation of GMDSS subsystems for integrated navigational data transmission in maritime and inland navigation at the RIS-PL Centre has been discussed.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 2; 287-291
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sea-river shipping in Polish inland waters
Autorzy:
Galor, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135354.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
sea-river shipping
inland waters
navigation
transshipment
routes
risk of damage
Opis:
In many cases, sea ships are required to call at ports situated several hundred kilometers inland, including several different types of ship (freight, passenger, recreational). The main benefit of sea-river navigation is that ships may enter inland and carry cargo to the ports of other countries without their cargo having to be transferred several times. This method significantly reduces the risk of damage to the cargo and also lowers transport costs. An important element in sea-river shipping which is showing an increasing trend is that of passenger shipping (cruisers). This article analyzes the current situation of this type of navigation in Poland. Several examples of shipping routes on inland waters are presented.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2017, 50 (122); 84-90
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kraków – miasto portowe nad Wisłą
Cracow: a port city on the Wisla river
Autorzy:
Włodarczyk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna w Katowicach
Tematy:
Kraków
Wisła
port rzeczny
stopień wodny
żegluga
stocznia
bulwary
river port
sluice
navigation
shipyard
riverbanks
Opis:
Wisła w Krakowie to rzeka żeglowna. Sięgając do historii była najważniejszą drogą komunikacji. Ujście Wisły do Bałtyku zapewniało bezpośredni kontakt z morzem, a tym samym powiązania handlowe bez ograniczeń, z całym światem. Flisacy i włóczykije1 prowadzili barki zwane galarami, co stanowiło ważny element ekonomii i pejzażu miasta. W granicach państwa przed II wojną światową Wisła była powiązana kanałami i rzekami tak z Bałtykiem, jak i z Morzem Czarnym. Zrealizowano częściowo port rzeczny w „Płaszowie”. W Krakowie przed II wojna światową zwodowano dwa pierwsze polskie statki – monitory rzeczne. W okresie budowy Nowej Huty powstał port rzeczny „Kujawy”. W obecnym planowaniu nie myśli się jednak o funkcji portowej miasta i wykorzystaniu nadbrzeży Wisły jako przestrzeni publicznej miasta, a potrzebne jest długofalowe planowanie.
The Wisła in Kraków is a navigable river. If we look back in time has always been the largest river in Poland and the Baltic estuary gave travellers a direct connection to the see and, ipso facto, the possibility of opening trade routs with the whole world. Raftsments and bargees were and important factor in the city’s economi and landscape. Wisła in Poland before the IIWW was connected (by way of rivers and canals) to both the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The “Płaszów” river port was partly build befor the IWW. Two river monitors were bulid as the first ships build in a Polish shipyard. In Nowa Huta decided to build a second river port, the “Kujawy” port to material suplly and also be a dock for yachts. There is no trace of ideas reffering to Kraków as a port city in the present development plans. The river can still be saved as a navigable and as a public space but need the complete long-term planning.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach; 2015, 7; 25-32
2082-7016
2450-5552
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
À propos de la liberté de navigation sur les fleuves internationaux: L’Affaire de l’Oder devant la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
The freedom of navigation on international rivers. The Oder case before the Permanent Court of International Justice
Autorzy:
Gadkowski, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962348.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
law of international watercourses
navigation on international rivers
International Commission of the River Oder
Treaty of Versailles
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present the issue of the freedom of navigation on international rivers in the context of the Oder case brought before the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1929 – a case of utmost importance for the development of the law of international watercourses and contemporary international law applicable to water resources. The author analyses the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles which declared the Oder to be an international river and put it under the jurisdiction of an international commission. The territorial jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder was disputed between Poland and Germany, leading to the aforementioned proceedings before the PCIJ. The author presents the arguments put forward by both parties, the legal context of the case – in particular the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and of the Barcelona Convention – and analyses the Court’s judgment. An analysis of the judgment is carried out, having recourse to the main concepts of the law of international watercourses.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2013, 2; 247-265
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling the hydrodynamic interactions between the river morphology and navigation channel operations
Autorzy:
Badawy, Neveen Abdel-Mageed
El-Hazek, Alaa N.
Elsersawy, Hossam Mohamed
Mohammed, Ebtesam Rezk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048502.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
Tematy:
adaptive hydraulics (ADH) model
draw down
navigation channel
the Nile River
restricted waterway
return flow
shear stress
Opis:
The Nile River is the main route for inland navigation in Egypt. The vessels navigating through inland waterways generate complex physical forces that need to be studied extensively. Quantifying the effects of vessels sailing along a waterway is a complex problem because the river flow is unsteady and the river bathymetry is irregular. This paper aims to investigate the hydrodynamic effects resulting from the movement of vessels such as return currents around the vessel, the draw down of the water surface, under keel clearance, and the shear stress induced by vessels operating in the Nile River. Modeling such effects has been performed by applied the two-dimensional ADH (adaptive hydraulics) model to a river reach for different navigation channel operation scenarios. The obtained results show that the draw down heights, the water fluctuation, and the shear stress magnitude are larger when the river cross sectionals are narrow and the shallow water depths. These river sections are considered more disposed to bed erosion and it is morphologically unsafe. The section having the narrowest width and the lowest depth was associated with the largest drawdown percentages of 98.3% and 87.3% in one-way and two-way scenarios. While the section having the widest width and the largest depth was associated with the least drawdown percentages of 48.5% and 51.9% in one-way and two-way scenarios. The section having the narrowest width and the lowest depth was associated with the largest fluctuations of 22.0 cm and 41.9 cm in one-way and two-way scenarios. While the section having the widest width and the largest depth was associated with the least fluctuations of 0.6 cm and 1.8 cm in one-way and two-way scenarios. The section having the narrowest width and the lowest depth was the worst section for under keel clearance of 5.0 cm and 33.3 cm in one-way and two-way scenarios. While the section having the widest width and the largest depth was the best section, where its clearance values were 183.2 cm and 155.0 cm in one-way and two-way scenarios. It is concluded that a numerical model is a valuable tool for predicting and quantifying the hydrodynamic effects of vessels moving through a two-dimensional flow field and can be used to evaluate different scenarios that are difficult to measure in the field or a physical model. Also, it provides visualization products that help us understand the complicated forces produced by vessels moving in a navigation channel.
Źródło:
Journal of Water and Land Development; 2021, 51; 1-10
1429-7426
2083-4535
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Water and Land Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wstępne analizy parametrów projektowych statków rzeka - morze z uwzględnieniem rejonu pływania
Preliminary Analyses of Selected Design Parameters of the River - Sea Vessel Considering the Navigation Region
Autorzy:
Wilpiszewski, W.
Abramowski, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/360581.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
statek rzeczno-morski
rejon żeglugi
parametry projektowe
EXPLO-SHIP 2006
river-sea vessel
navigation region
design parameters
Opis:
Dokonano analizy statków rzeka - morze zbudowanych w ostatnich 15 latach, zwracając uwagę na wpływ rejonu pływania na wybrane parametry projektowe. Przedstawione zależności pokazują aktualne trendy w projektowaniu statków tego typu, jak i niewielkie możliwości zmian przy doborze podstawowych parametrów statku. W analizie dążono do określenia możliwości zmian projektowych dla statków rzeka - morze, w związku ze wzrostem zapotrzebowania na tego typu transport i koniecznej optymalizacji rozwiązań projektowych.
The analysis of the river-sea ships built over the past 15 years has been made; selected design parameters of the navigation region have been taken into particular consideration. The presented functions demonstrate the general trend of building this type of vessel and limited possibilities in changing the main dimensions, such as: length, beam, height and draught. The aim of this paper is to determine the possibilities of design changes for river-sea ships as there is a growing interest in this kind of transport.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2006, 11 (83); 375-384
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Channel Utilization in South Louisiana Using AIS Data, 2011-2012
Autorzy:
Kaiser, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116917.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
South Louisiana
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
navigation channel
offshore industry
Mississippi River
channel utilization
statistical analyse
statistical study
Opis:
South Louisiana is undergoing rapid land loss and the construction and utilization of navigation channels by the offshore oil and gas industry, the commercial fishing industry, the oil refining industry, and freight shippers is one cause. A network of natural and man-made navigation channels support commerce and industry throughout the region, but no quantitative information is available on the users of the channels and their contribution to land loss. The purpose of this note is to characterize utilization across eight channels in South Louisiana using data from the Automatic Identification System. Approximately 125,000 vessels used the channels over a two year period between 2011-2012. The Mississippi River was the most heavily utilized channel with an average of 345 vessels per week across the report zone, followed by Bayou Lafourche and Sabine Pass with about 195 vessels per week. The oil refining industry was the primary user of the Calcasieu and Sabine Pass channels while the freight industry was the primary user of the Mississippi River. The offshore oil and gas industry were the primary users of Bayou Lafourche, the Houma Navigation Canal, the Atchafalaya River and Freshwater Bayou.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2014, 8 no. 4; 515-522
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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