Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:

Tropy. Korzenie paradygmatu poszlakowego
The trails - the roots of the circumstantial paradigm

Autorzy:

Ginzburg, Carlo

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691260.pdf

Data publikacji:

2006

Wydawca:

Copernicus Center Press

Tematy:

circumstantial paradigm
reasoning
circumstantial reasoning
trace reasoning
Morelli method
rationalism
irrationalism

Opis:

The circumstantial reasoning is a common and widely used way of acquiring inferences based on a very limited number of premises. This paradigm emerged as an epistemological model at the end of the 19th century but has not yet received any systematic theoretical treatment. The paradigm became famous as the 'Morelli method' utilized by the historians of art to identify the authorship of various pieces of art, paintings in particular. The method allows the identification based on the investigation of certain features that are unnoticeable to the majority of observers. The same procedure seems to be operational among hunters who are capable of reconstructing the behavior as well as the species of an animal with the help of residual traces left in the surroundings. Also, it has its importance in medicine. The trace reasoning is essentially different in its methodology from that of the contemporary natural sciences within the Galilean paradigm. The difference consists in the radical importance of an individual as an individual as opposed to common regularities in nature studied by the natural sciences. Thus the circumstantial reasoning bears distinctively anthropocentric character. The theoretical analysis of this kind of reasoning may be helpful to overcome the tension between rationalism and irrationalism.

Źródło:

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2006, 39; 8-65
0867-8286
2451-0602

Pojawia się w:

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:

Henkin semantics for reasoning with natural language

Autorzy:

Hahn, M.
Richter, F.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103815.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN

Tematy:

Henkin semantics
reasoning
reducing higher-order reasoning
first-order reasoning

Opis:

The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.

Źródło:

Journal of Language Modelling; 2015, 3, 2; 513-568
2299-856X
2299-8470

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Language Modelling

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:

Stereotypes inhibition in syllogistic reasoning. Changes related to age and time measurement repetition during study

Autorzy:

Zając-Lamparska, Ludmiła
Trempała, Janusz
Mrówka, Aleksandra

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178413.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy

Tematy:

age stereotypes
cognitive ageing
dual-reasoning theory
syllogistic reasoning

Opis:

The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis saying that older people on average achieve a lower level of performance than younger at solving syllogisms which contain stereotypical knowledge about aging, and to decide whether the nature of the changes taking place during the test (under the influence of exercise) corresponds to a greater extent to the assumptions of the disuse hypothesis (greater gradient of improvement in elderly subjects), or to the assumptions about age-related decline of developmental plasticity (gradient greater of improvement in the young). Generalizing the empirical findings, we can say that, compared with younger people a slowdown in the syllogistic reasoning does not characterize cognitive functioning of people in late adulthood. They can solve syllogisms just as quickly as younger subjects. However, they respond more slowly when the tasks are subject to stereotypical content and less accurately when the conclusions of syllogisms are false. The analysis of differences and patterns of changes in the speed and correctness of responses during the test of syllogistic reasoning in the age groups leads to ambiguous statements about the expected influence of the age of life in the improvement of performance of tasks under the influence of measurement repetition (practice). We came to the conclusion that in the search for a model of study, which separates from each other the effects of age (macro-developmental changes) and repetition of measurements during the test (micro-developmental changes) probably more useful is a flowchart of tasks’ exposure and comparison of the changes/differences related to age and measurement time. Thus, such studies require an increase of the number of measurements/tasks during the test.

Źródło:

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne; 2013, XVIII, 4; 469-485
1642-1043

Pojawia się w:

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:

The Quality of deductive Reasoning in Inferring Words from Context: Comparison of the Performance of Standard and Talented 9–10 Year Old Pupils

Autorzy:

Kovalčíková, Iveta
Ropovik, Ivan
Ferjencik, Jan
Bobakova, Monika
Slavkovská, Miriam
Filičková, Marta

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/507139.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie

Tematy:

deductive reasoning
hypothetical reasoning
deductive inference
decoding words in context.

Opis:

The primary intention of the presented paper is to contribute to the understanding of 1. what deductive-hypothetical reasoning is and 2. what deductive inference is, manifested in the ability to decode and learn words from context. The WCT - WORD CONTEXT TEST (D-KEFS; Delis, Kaplan & Kramer, 2001) was used for measuring the two dependent variables (level of hypothetical thinking and ability to infer the meaning of words from context). This test is a separate part of the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System test battery (D-KEFS; Delis, Kaplan & Kramer, 2001). On the basis of the results obtained in the process of the administration of the tool on a sample of 9–10 year-old pupils attending standard schools and pupils educated in classes for the gifted, we explore the level of hypothetical-deductive thinking in both groups of pupils. We use the obtained data to make the following analysis of the relationship between a pupil’s intelligence and: a) level of hypothetical reasoning; and b) level of ability to infer the meaning of words from context among standard pupils; analysis of differences in: a) level of hypothetical reasoning; and b) level of ability to infer the meaning of words in context between gifted pupils and standard pupils.

Źródło:

Journal of Preschool and Elementary School Education; 2014, 6; 41 - 66
2084-7998

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Preschool and Elementary School Education

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:

Reasoning algorithm for a creative decision support system integrating inference and machine learning

Autorzy:

Wilk-Kolodziejczyk, D.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/305355.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH

Tematy:

reasoning algorithm
inferential theory of learning
decision support
rule induction
logic of plausible reasoning

Opis:

In this paper a reasoning algorithm for a creative decision support system is proposed. It allows to integrate inference and machine learning algorithms. Execution of learning algorithm is automatic because it is formalized as aplying a complex inference rule, which generates intrinsically new knowledge using the facts stored already in the knowledge base as training data. This new knowledge may be used in the same inference chain to derive a decision. Such a solution makes the reasoning process more creative and allows to continue resoning in cases when the knowledge base does not have appropriate knowledge explicit encoded. In the paper appropriate knowledge representation and infeence model are proposed. Experimental verification is performed on a decision support system in a casting domain.

Źródło:

Computer Science; 2017, 18 (3); 317-338
1508-2806
2300-7036

Pojawia się w:

Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:

The Concept of a Knowledge Base to Aid in Cost Estimating of Sports Facilities

Autorzy:

Radziejowska, Aleksandra
Zima, Krzysztof

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/683547.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Tematy:

CBR, reasoning based on cases, costing

Opis:

Background. Reasoning based on cases is one of the heuristic techniques which is used in making right decisions in complex situations. Inference systems typically use previously acquired knowledge which is the basis for creating tools to represent and process information. So far, there has been a wide variety of solutions developed to make inference in conditions of incomplete knowledge, but this process appears in very few studies related to civil engineering.Research aims. This article will provide a concept of the model of knowledge base and a method of describing sports facilities. The cost estimation model will be based on the prices of the integrated works which, being based on the indicated system, will allow to create the module supporting cost and tender calculations. Methodology. The authors present the main assumptions of the concept of estimating the costs of sports facilities with the use of the system of inference on the basis of cases (CBR – Case-Based Reasoning).Key findings. The indicated method is designed to improve the accuracy of estimating the costs of planned sports investments and improve the decision-making process at the planning stage.

Źródło:

International Journal of Contemporary Management; 2015, 14, 3
2449-8920

Pojawia się w:

International Journal of Contemporary Management

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:

How Does One Learn? Is There a Method?

Autorzy:

Hilcenko, Christine

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042846.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-11-05

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Rzeszowski

Tematy:

knowledge
learning
rationality
reflection
intuition
reasoning

Opis:

The definition of learning is to gain or acquire knowledge of or skill in (something) by study, experience, or being taught. We discuss here the different methods of learning in traditional and modern societies. We conclude that what we have learned to date is negligible compare to what remains to learn.

Źródło:

Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science; 2020, 11, 1(31); 61-63
2719-6550

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:

Expert system approach in designing knowladge-based controller

Autorzy:

Ptasznik, P.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1813975.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej

Tematy:

nonlinear control
expert systems
reasoning
Al

Opis:

In this article the knowledge-based control approach will be proposed for nonlinear systems. Firstly some basic concepts from the artificial intelligence will be defined, then the expert system design process will be introduced and finally a practical example will be discussed. The principle of this method is to support the controller with the human-like reasoning to determine the appropriate control mode and to estimate unknown parameters. Note that this is the heuristic approach, hence neither optimal steering, nor stability is guaranteed.

Źródło:

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały; 2013, 69, 33; 540--549
1733-0718

Pojawia się w:

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:

Język, logika a rozumowanie – teoria reguł czy modele umysłowe?
Language, logic and reasoning - rules theory or mental models

Autorzy:

Białek, Michał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139494.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

reasoning
logic
mental models
rules theory

Opis:

In present research there was shown the issue of connection between reasoning and logical competence. The point of view of rules theory and mental models theory concerning discussed range of problems was presented and subsequently the prediction of rules theory was verified. The results of the survey conducted on 70 people: 37 students of philosophy and 33 students of other courses at University of Lodz let us reject rules theory as a predictive to the proceedings of reasoning process and induce to accept an alternative theory explaining the proceedings of the discussed process. The adduced research proved that the level of logical competence does not differentiate the surveyed with respect to the level of reasoning’s correctness and it does not influence the constancy of selection of the reasoning’s patterns.

Źródło:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 2008, 12; 45-54
2353-4842

Pojawia się w:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:

Rozumowanie przez analogie oparte na materiale geometrycznym u uczniów niewidomych
Analogical reasoning based on geometric material in blind pupils

Autorzy:

Kucharczyk, Izabella

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1371475.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-01-07

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

analogical reasoning
blind pupils
geometric analogies

Opis:

Analogical reasoning constitutes one of the ways the blind get to know the world; it enriches information and influences thinking. The purpose of the article is the presentation of results of research on reasoning using geometric analogies in blind pupils aged 10, 12 and 14. The study encompassed a group of 63 blind pupils and 63 seeing pupils. The study used the twelve series B matrices from the Progressive Matrices of John C. Raven. A detailed analysis of the dependencies between the variables permitted the determination of differences between groups of pupils in terms of reasoning using geometric analogies.

Źródło:

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej; 2018, 21; 227-245
2300-391X

Pojawia się w:

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:

Moral orientation from the psychological perspective − an aspect of moral reasoning

Autorzy:

Babinčák, Peter
Križalkovičová, Dominika
Ráczová, Beáta

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2148577.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum

Tematy:

moral orientation
moral reasoning
psychological perspective

Opis:

The issue of morality does not represent a dominant topic of the current psychological research, although the interest of predominantly social psychologist in understanding the processes that are behind reasoning of people with respect to moral issues and explaining moral or immoral behaviour can not be denied. The submitted study presents a brief introduction of basic psychological concepts dealing with morality emphasizing the specific notion of moral orientation. The orientation to justice or to care when solving moral dilemmas is known in literature under the term the moral orientation. Gilligan can see the cause of differences in moral orientation in gender differences acquired during the process of socialization. A psychological approach provides many useful explanation of how thinking of people with respect to moral issues is pursued. The actual psychology of morality is mainly based on cognitivistic theories coming out of conceptions of Piaget and Kohlberg. They interconnected approaches isolated and focused on intentions by that time and emphasized importance of a constitutional conditioning of moral judgment. The attention was aimed to judgment processes having an adequate level of cognitive development as an indispensable (even if not sufficient) condition. An important contribution of cognitivists is based also on a rich professional discussion that they invoked. Supporters of cognitivistic scheme “neo-kohlbergians” or its criticisers revise and amend the basic Kohlberg`s model in such aspects as relativizing of a primary role of cognitions as a sole aspect of the moral decision making, emphasize the significance of concept, situations, type of solved dilemma, influence of conventions, point out the differences in solving hypothetical dilemmas and dilemmas of everyday life etc.

Źródło:

Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2008, 2(2); 91-98
1898-8431

Pojawia się w:

Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:

Moral orientation from the psychological perspective -- an aspect of moral reasoning

Autorzy:

Babinčák, Peter
Križalkovičová, Dominika
Ráczová, Beáta

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141797.pdf

Data publikacji:

2009

Wydawca:

Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum

Tematy:

moral orientation
moral reasoning
psychological perspective

Opis:

The issue of morality does not represent a dominant topic of the current psychological research, although the interest of predominantly social psychologist in understanding the processes that are behind reasoning of people with respect to moral issues and explaining moral or immoral behaviour can not be denied. The submitted study presents a brief introduction of basic psychological concepts dealing with morality emphasizing the specific notion of moral orientation. The orientation to justice or to care when solving moral dilemmas is known in literature under the term the moral orientation. Gilligan can see the cause of differences in moral orientation in gender differences acquired during the process of socialization. A psychological approach provides many useful explanation of how thinking of people with respect to moral issues is pursued. The actual psychology of morality is mainly based on cognitivistic theories coming out of conceptions of Piaget and Kohlberg. They interconnected approaches isolated and focused on intentions by that time and emphasized importance of a constitutional conditioning of moral judgment. The attention was aimed to judgment processes having an adequate level of cognitive development as an indispensable (even if not sufficient) condition. An important contribution of cognitivists is based also on a rich professional discussion that they invoked. Supporters of cognitivistic scheme “neokohlbergians” or its criticisers revise and amend the basic Kohlberg`s model in such aspects as relativizing of a primary role of cognitions as a sole aspect of the moral decision making, emphasize the significance of concept, situations, type of solved dilemma, influence of conventions, point out the differences in solving hypothetical dilemmas and dilemmas of everyday life etc.

Źródło:

Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2009, 3(3); 365-374
1898-8431

Pojawia się w:

Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:

Analysis of students’ solutions to geometry questions forming a bundle

Autorzy:

Czajkowska, Monika
Zambrowska, Małgorzata

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748904.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne

Tematy:

geometry
mathematical reasoning
upper secondary school

Opis:

One of the main goals of mathematical education is to develop the skills for problem solving as well as skills that help carry out mathematical reasoning and argumentation.Geometric problems play here a special role. These require the person solving them to act with an inquiry attitude and a ‘specific vision’. The ‘specific vision’ is the ability one can manipulate with geometric objects in ones’ mind and perceive, separate and focus on the important information only. However, it is not enough to “see” it is also necessary to know how to interpret what is being seen. Although many researchers have dealt with the problem and many establishments have been made in this scope, the question of how to develop the skills of the “specific vision” stays still open.Herein article presents the research results which aimed at, among others, verification to what degree the combination of geometry problems formed into a bundle helps the secondary school students ‘notice’ and understand the presented situation and as a consequence to find the answer to few questions about this situation. We wanted to establish whether such an organised educational environment entails students natural thinking over the subsequent bundle of problems solved, or maybe makes them return to questions already solved, or by the usage of knowledge acquired helps students to find the problem solution for the next question or a correction for the committed mistakes. The analysis was based on some results coming from the survey School of Independent Thinking conducted by the Institute for Educational Research in 2011.

Źródło:

Didactica Mathematicae; 2016, 38
2353-0960

Pojawia się w:

Didactica Mathematicae

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:

Exploitation Policy in the Aspect of Industry 4.0 Concept – Overview of Selected Research

Autorzy:

Timofiejczuk, A.
Brodny, J.
Loska, A.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2065017.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

STE GROUP

Tematy:

maintenance
context based reasoning
OEE
taxonomy methods

Opis:

The article is a review of completed research on developed and implemented innovative and technologically advanced technical systems. According to the Industry 4.0 concept they can have a significant impact on the efficiency of production processes and product development. In this perspective, the key aspect seems to be maintenance management of technical systems, realized both in the operate phase as well as during service and repair works. There were discussed research results of authors and developed application solutions supporting decision-making processes, in terms of three main periods of realization of exploitation processes: short, medium and long-term.

Źródło:

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering; 2018, 1, 1; 353--359
2545-2827

Pojawia się w:

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:

Agents modeling experience applied to control of semi-continuous production process

Autorzy:

Rojek, G.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/305558.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH

Tematy:

agent technology
industrial control
case-based reasoning

Opis:

The lack of proper analytical models of some production processes prevents us from obtaining proper values of process parameters by simply computing optimal values. Possible solutions of control problems in such areas of industrial processes can be found using certain methods from the domain of artificial intelligence: neural networks, fuzzy logic, expert systems, or evolutionary algorithms. Presented in this work, a solution to such a control problem is an alternative approach that combines control of the industrial process with learning based on production results. By formulating the main assumptions of the proposed methodology, decision processes of a human operator using his experience are taken into consideration. The researched model of using and gathering experience of human beings is designed with the contribution of agent technology. The presented solution of the control problem coincides with case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology.

Źródło:

Computer Science; 2014, 15 (4); 411-439
1508-2806
2300-7036

Pojawia się w:

Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 16.

Tytuł:

Imposing Restrictions on Density Functions Utilised in Computing With Words

Autorzy:

Gemeinder, M.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/908038.pdf

Data publikacji:

2002

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza

Tematy:

informatyka
computing with words
approximate reasoning
resemblance

Opis:

Applying the generalised extension principle within the area of Computing with Words typically leads to complex maximisation problems. If distributed quantities--such as, e.g., size distributions within human populations--are considered, density functions representing these distributions become involved. Very often the optimising density functions do not resemble those found in nature; for instance, an optimising density function could consist of two single Dirac pulses positioned near the opposite bounds of the interval limiting the possible values of the quantity considered. Therefore, in this article, density functions with certain shapes which enable us to overcome this lack of resemblance are considered. Furthermore, some considerations on solving the resulting maximisation problems are reported.

Źródło:

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2002, 12, 3; 383-390
1641-876X
2083-8492

Pojawia się w:

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 17.

Tytuł:

Obraz pojęcia ciągłości – wyniki badania przeprowadzonego wśród studentów
Image of a concept of continuous function – results of a questionnaire-based survey of university students

Autorzy:

Borkowicz, Barbara

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1789254.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-12-31

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie

Tematy:

concept of continuity
reasoning
way of understanding

Opis:

This article addresses the issue of university students' images of the concept of continuity. The aim of the reported study was learn how the students understand continuity of a function and what kind of difficulties they experience when dealing with this concept. The author hopes that this report will help academic teachers to better understand students and their mistakes, and hence will facilitate academic teaching.

Źródło:

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Mathematicae Pertinentia; 2020, 12; 89-107
2080-9751
2450-341X

Pojawia się w:

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Mathematicae Pertinentia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 18.

Tytuł:

The Effects of Gender on the Ethical Decision-making of Teachers, Doctors and Lawyers

Autorzy:

Gierczyk, Marcin
Harrison, Tom

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1967789.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-03-31

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

ethical reasoning
ethical dilemmas
professional practice
gender

Opis:

The article presents the statistical findings of a study that investigated the effects of gender on the ethical decision-making of professionals. Ethical dilemmas were presented to 1,809 teachers, doctors and lawyers in the form of a questionnaire. The individuals were asked to choose a course of action and provide reasons for their choice. What was of particular interest was how the professionals prioritised different moral theories in their decision-making; namely, whether the reasons they gave were deontological, consequential or virtue ethical in nature. The findings are significant for those seeking to revise and improve professional ethical education and practice.

Źródło:

The New Educational Review; 2019, 55; 147-159
1732-6729

Pojawia się w:

The New Educational Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 19.

Tytuł:

The Heuristic Aspects of Reasoning by Analogy
Heurystyczne aspekty rozumowania przez analogię

Autorzy:

Sołtys, Andrzej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/560704.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne i Drukarnia w Sandomierzu

Tematy:

analogy
heuristics
reasoning
structure
analogia
heureza
rozumowanie
struktura

Opis:

Analogy as a structure of thinking and analogy as a type of reasoning are differentiated in science. In practice, however, reasoning by analogy depends on analogical thinking. Analogical thinking is a heuristic aspect of reasoning by analogy. Analogous thinking gives reasoning a creative character. This study shows the genetic relationship between reasoning by analogy and heuristic thinking. We reconstructed basic the heuristic structure, which is the foundation of reasoning by analogy. The semantic character of this structure allows us, by reasoning by analogy, to gradually move from ambiguity to an increasing determination of the system based on the target – the goal, based on his partial resemblance to the arrangement – the source. The author of this work analyzes the classic model of heuristic thinking used in reasoning by analogy.
W nauce odróżnia się analogię jako strukturę myślenia i analogię jako pewien typ ro-zumowania. W praktyce jednak analogiczne myślenie i rozumowanie wzajemnie współza-leżą od siebie. Analogiczne myślenie jest heurystycznym aspektem rozumowania przez analogię. Analogiczne myślenie przydaje temu rozumowaniu twórczego charakteru. W pracy pokazano genetyczną zależność rozumowania przez analogię od heurystycznego myślenia. Zrekonstruowano podstawową heurystyczną strukturę, na której nabudowuje się rozumowanie przez analogię. Semantyczny charakter tej struktury umożliwia, w rozumowaniu przez analogię, stopniowe przechodzenie od nieokreśloności, do coraz pełniejszej determinacji treściowej układu – celu, na podstawie jego częściowego podobieństwa do układu – źródła. Autor niniejszej pracy poddaje analizie klasyczny model heurystycznego myślenia, stosowany w rozumowaniu przez analogię.

Źródło:

Studia Sandomierskie. Teologia-Filozofia-Historia; 2016, 23; 231-239
0208-7626

Pojawia się w:

Studia Sandomierskie. Teologia-Filozofia-Historia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 20.

Tytuł:

Specifics of Argumentation in Judicial Practice in Ukraine

Autorzy:

Kistianyk, Volodymyr

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931340.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

court
argumentation
reasoning
judiciary
rhetoric
logic
induction
deduction

Opis:

In the context of reforming the legal system of Ukraine, the issue of judicial argumentation, which is developing in modern law schools, is necessary in current conditions of law enforcement process. In this regard, there is a need to outline the problematic aspects of the use of argumentation in the Ukrainian judicial system. This article is devoted to some features of the argumentation contained in decisions of Ukrainian courts. The article describes typical problems that occur during judicial argumentation, which hinder quality of justice. The author analyzes the logical approach to judicial argumentation, argumentation based on principles, the rhetorical approach and inductive as well as deductive argumentation during proceedings in Ukrainian courts. These are some of the most widely used approaches in judicial argumentation. The article provides some recommendations that can improve argumentation in Ukrainian judicial practice. These problems can be solved by improving the level of legal culture, increasing the education of litigants and by using other methods.

Źródło:

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 3(27); 37-49
1643-6911

Pojawia się w:

Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 21.

Tytuł:

Teaching Statistics in the Background of Teaching Mathematics

Autorzy:

Felda, Darjo
Bon Klanjšček, Mirjam

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1998216.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017-06-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

teaching statistics
mathematics
problem-solving approach
statistical reasoning.

Opis:

In math classes solving statistical tasks by using procedures which the student learned by heart is usually used. The authors, thus encouraged learning and teaching statistics on the basis of realistic problems and problem situations, so that the student gets to know statistical concepts within the experience of resolving a real-life problem situation. With this approach to learning and teaching statistics, students acquired a better knowledge and were able to grasp, interpret and make critical evaluations of the statistical information, which was confirmed by the experiment that involved 269 first-grade high school students.

Źródło:

The New Educational Review; 2017, 48; 65-75
1732-6729

Pojawia się w:

The New Educational Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 22.

Tytuł:

Third Mode of Thinking

Autorzy:

Kaczmarek, Bożydar L.J.
Stencel, Marcin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1969294.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

problem-solving
mental schemas
abstract reasoning
bounded thinking

Opis:

A number of studies show that both children and adults exhibit difficulties with problem-solving tasks. In fact, only one-third of adults reach the formal operational stage. Coaching such tasks in everybody’s language proves to be helpful only if the situation described is close to life events. The presented study confirmed the improvement in the thematic version of the Wason Test both in pupils and university students, albeit being far from spectacular. The authors suggest distinguishing a bounded type of thinking characterized by highly schematic, mechanistic, and automated thinking. They argue that it results both in educational and everyday failures.

Źródło:

The New Educational Review; 2018, 53; 285-295
1732-6729

Pojawia się w:

The New Educational Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 23.

Tytuł:

The Use of Automatic Communication System on Example of a Conversation Between M/V Corvus J and M/V Baltic Ace

Autorzy:

Wójcik, A.
Banaś, P.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320512.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne

Tematy:

collision
automatic communication
reasoning mechanism
knowledge base electromagnetic

Opis:

Article presents the applications designed to perform automatic communication as a support for navigators steering their ships. Authors took into consideration the conversation between navigators in the collision situation that occurred at North Sea basin. The performed incorrect communication has been presented and alternative to it has been proposed. The results of simulation made with use of the prototype of automatic communication and negotiation system has been shown.
W artykule zaprezentowano aplikację utworzoną z zamiarem realizacji automatycznej konwersacji dla wspomagania nawigatorów kierujących statkami. Autorzy uwzględnili rozmowę między nawigatorami w sytuacji kolizji, która zdarzyła się na Morzu Północnym. Zaprezentowano niepoprawną komunikację pomiędzy statkami a także propozycję alternatywnej. Przedstawiono też wynik zasymulowanej komunikacji wykonanej z użyciem prototypu systemu automatycznej komunikacji i negocjacji.

Źródło:

Annual of Navigation; 2018, 25; 267-274
1640-8632

Pojawia się w:

Annual of Navigation

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 24.

Tytuł:

New Approach Towards Position Fixing

Autorzy:

Filipowicz, W.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320811.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010

Wydawca:

Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne

Tematy:

position fixing
mathematical theory of evidence
fuzzy reasoning

Opis:

Navigation aids indications, measured distances and bearings are random values governed by various distributions, normal characteristic is widely assumed. Navigation handbooks read that mean error of bearing taken with radar is within a given range, distance error is within certain percentage of an obtained value. It is also known that measurements taken to different landmarks can be subjectively evaluated therefore diversified. All the mentioned factors are to be taken into account once vessel position is being fixed. In order to include them into a calculation scheme one has to engage new ideas and use different approaches. Mathematical Theory of Evidence extended for fuzzy environment proved to be universal platform for wide variety of new solutions in navigation.

Źródło:

Annual of Navigation; 2010, 16; 41-53
1640-8632

Pojawia się w:

Annual of Navigation

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 25.

Tytuł:

Temporal knowledge and temporal reasoning systems

Autorzy:

Mach-Król, Maria

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/432186.pdf

Data publikacji:

2013

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

Tematy:

temporal reasoning
time
temporal intelligent systems
economic environment

Opis:

The paper is devoted to a problem of temporal reasoning for (among others) managerial tasks. It shows the complexity of economic environment, which leads to representational problems. Next the features of a temporal reasoning systems are pointed out, and finally one of such systems – a PROTON one – is presented and critically discussed.

Źródło:

Informatyka Ekonomiczna; 2013, 1(27); 46-55
1507-3858

Pojawia się w:

Informatyka Ekonomiczna

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 26.

Tytuł:

Religijność a rozwój rozumowania moralnego w okresie adolescencji

Autorzy:

Czyżowska, Dorota
Mikołajewska, Kamila

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/637563.pdf

Data publikacji:

2012

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Tematy:

adolescence
centrality of religiosity
development of moral reasoning

Opis:

The aim of the presented study was to explore the relationship between religiosity and moral development during adolescence. We were interested if the centrality of religiosity (that is, the position of an individual’s religious construct system in personality [Huber, 2003] is related to moral reasoning and decision making in moral dilemmas. It was assumed that the system of religious constructs can function in both heterogeneous or autonomous ways, and we asked if the type of religious motivation is associated with specific features of moral thinking, and thereby with moral development. 112 Polish students (aged 15–18) from Catholic and non-Catholic high schools completed two questionnaires: Polish versions of Huber’s Centrality of Religiosity Scale and the Rest’s Defining Issues Test. The results indicated that there is the relationship between (a) global centrality and second stage (pre-conventional level) and fourth stage (conventional level) of moral development; (b) five dimensions of religiosity and stages of moral development.

Źródło:

Psychologia Rozwojowa; 2012, 17, 2; 55-70
1895-6297
2084-3879

Pojawia się w:

Psychologia Rozwojowa

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 27.

Tytuł:

Between philosophical heights and practical necessities. Some remarks on the idea of applied ethics

Autorzy:

Sójka, Jacek

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653127.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

applied ethics
ethical reasoning
morality
public dialogue
pragmatism

Opis:

For many people the expression “applied ethics” sounds like a pleonasm. They tend to claim that ethics by its very nature is about practical matters. It deals with human actions and their motivations and there is no need to create an additional discipline with special practical bias. However, at least since the 1970s, there has been a growing movement of applied ethics which resulted not only in the increase of enrolment to the academic courses but also in the demand for consulting services in this field. And yet the question still remains to what extent applied ethics inherits philosophical tradition and style of thinking. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the applied ethics is a continuation of philosophical inquiry in the way adjusted well to the demands of the pluralistic and democratic societies.

Źródło:

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2017, 20, 5; 7-20
1899-2226
2353-4869

Pojawia się w:

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 28.

Tytuł:

Komputerowo wspomagane oszacowanie kosztów obróbki skrawaniem z wykorzystaniem zasobów danych firmy
Computer aided estimation of machining costs taking advantage of data resources of a company

Autorzy:

Marowski, W.
Linkiewicz, G.
Filipek, A.
Makowski, J.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/209861.pdf

Data publikacji:

2007

Wydawca:

Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego

Tematy:

obróbka metali
koszty
analiza kosztów
case-based reasoning

Opis:

Zasoby danych firmy powinny zawierać informacje o projektowanych w przeszłości procesach obróbki skrawaniem. Informacje takie mogą być wykorzystywane do przyspieszenia i poprawy dokładności szacowania kosztów aktualnie projektowanych procesów obróbki. Można w tym celu użyć aplikacji relacyjnej bazy danych oraz techniki case-based reasoning. Tego rodzaju podejście jest omawiane w niniejszej pracy. Przedstawiono w niej zastosowaną strukturę przechowywania danych procesów obróbki oraz zasadnicze koncepcje ukształtowania interfejsu użytkownika aplikacji. Zaproponowano również sposób określania kryteriów podobieństwa przypadku aktualnego oraz przypadków zrealizowanych w przeszłości i odnalezionych w bazie danych.
Data resources of the company should contain information about machining processes designed in the past. That information can be used to improve cost estimations for currently planned machining processes. The relational database application and case-based reasoning technique can be applied for that purpose. This approach is described in the paper. The data structure and basic concepts of the user interface are proposed. Some suggestions concerning formulating of similarity criteria for the current case and cases retrieved from the database are also presented.

Źródło:

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej; 2007, 56, sp.1; 139-148
1234-5865

Pojawia się w:

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 29.

Tytuł:

Badania naukowe w dziedzinie architektury, czyli wciąż niewykorzystany potencjał
Scientific research in architecture; thus, still unexploited potential

Autorzy:

Malec, Tomasz Eugeniusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38137135.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021

Wydawca:

Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna w Katowicach

Tematy:

architektura
badania naukowe
rozumowanie
architecture
scientific research
reasoning

Opis:

Architektura jest dziedziną nauki i sztuki, w której badania naukowe prowadzące do rozwoju naszej wiedzy powinny odgrywać zasadniczą rolę. Im większa wiedza o otaczającym nas świecie i o nas samych, tym jesteśmy w stanie zaprojektować lepsze obiekty budowlane. Badania naukowe mogą więc być związane ze wszystkimi aspektami projektowania budynków, budowli i krajobrazu, projektowania wnętrz, projektowania detali architektonicznych, wznoszenia obiektów budowlanych i zagospodarowania terenu, funkcjonowania budynków, budowli i terenu obecnie, lub w przeszłości, renowacji, konserwacji, przebudowy i rozbudowy istniejących obiektów budowlanych, etc. Istotą tych badań jest właśnie zdobywanie nowej wiedzy i poszerzanie naszych horyzontów myślowych, co jest możliwe tylko i wyłącznie po zmianie stereotypowego podejścia do poszczególnych problemów architektonicznych. Niniejszy artykuł, którego głównym celem jest nawiązanie dyskursu naukowego, dotyczącego powyższej tematyki, przedstawia nowoczesną, proekologiczną koncepcję badań naukowych w dziedzinie architektury wraz z obrazem związanych z nią kontrowersji.
Architecture is a field of science and art in which research leading to the advancement of our knowledge should play an essential role. The more we know about the world around us and about ourselves, the better building structures we are able to design. Scientific research can, therefore, be related to all aspects of building, structure and landscape design, interior design, designing architectural details, erection of buildings and land development, functioning of buildings, structures and land now or in the past, renovation, maintenance, reconstruction and expansion of existing facilities construction, etc. The essence of the above-mentioned research is, precisely, the acquisition of new knowledge and broadening our mental horizons, which is possible only and exclusively if we stop the stereotypical approach to particular architectural problems. This article, the purpose of which is to establish a scientific discourse on the subject, presents a modern, pro-ecological concept of scientific research in the field of architecture along with the related controversy.

Źródło:

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach; 2021, 13; 47-54
2082-7016
2450-5552

Pojawia się w:

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 30.

Tytuł:

Związek między rozwojem myślenia moralnego a tendencją do zachowań agresywnych w sytuacjach trudnych w okresie dorastania

Autorzy:

Czyżowska, Dorota
Oleszkowicz, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/637063.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Tematy:

aggression, development of moral reasoning, sense of responsibility

Opis:

The relationship between the development of moral reasoning and the tendency towards aggressive behaviour in difficult situations during adolescenceThe focus of this research was to establish the relationship between the development of moral reasoning and the tendency towards aggressive behaviour. Gender differences and the notion of responsibility were also considered in the research and the questions were constructed accordingly. Three different questionnaires were used in investigations: Defining Issues Test (DIT), Coping in Difficult Social Situations and Sense of Responsibility Scale. 136 subjects, age 15–19 years old (93 girls and 43 boys) participated in the research.  Results from the study show that moral reasoning is a major infl uencing factor in aggressive behaviour and this can be used to predict potential aggressive behaviour in adolescents. The study also showed that the relationship between development of moral reasoning and aggressive behaviour is moderated by the sense of the responsibility, as the sense of the responsibility clearly limits tendency towards aggressive behaviour. Genders differences also affected both the tendency towards aggressive behaviours, along with the relation between aggressive behaviour and sense of the responsibility. The study showed that sense of responsibility playing a larger role in boys.

Źródło:

Psychologia Rozwojowa; 2010, 15, 2
1895-6297
2084-3879

Pojawia się w:

Psychologia Rozwojowa

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 31.

Tytuł:

A multi-case-based assembly management method for the shipbuilding industry

Autorzy:

Iwańkowicz, Remigiusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1551812.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021

Wydawca:

Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa

Tematy:

assembly management
shipbuilding
case-based reasoning
fuzzy classification

Opis:

This article describes a method for planning the assembly of ship hulls that focuses on a welding sequence, takes into account subassembly processes and makes use of a previously built database of structures. Different degrees of similarity between structures are taken into account. The described research led to the development of an intelligent hybrid sequencing method for structure assembly that uses fuzzy clustering, case-based reasoning and evolutionary optimization. The method is called ‘Multi-case-Based Assembly Planning (MBAP)’. The method is developed to provide satisfactory solutions with low user effort. The analyses carried out show that the calculations are highly timeefficient. The developed evolutionary algorithm converges on sub-optimal solutions. The MBAP method can be directly implemented by any shipbuilder that assembles hulls. Apart from this, fuzzy clustering integrated with case-based reasoning can be applied in practice. The integration of fuzzy clustering and case-based reasoning has been taken to a level higher than previously described in the literature.

Źródło:

Polish Maritime Research; 2021, 2; 27-35
1233-2585

Pojawia się w:

Polish Maritime Research

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 32.

Tytuł:

Applicability of published experimental works as a knowledge source in recommendation of gold ore processing workflows

Autorzy:

Rintala, L.
Aromaa, J.
Forsen, O.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109780.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej

Tematy:

gold ore
leaching
case-based reasoning
process development

Opis:

The experimental work is the most time consuming and expensive part of the process design. A case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology can be used to assist in the process design. Auric Adviser is a CBR system under development for recommendation of gold ore processing workflows. In Auric Adviser the knowledge in gold ore processing is represented in two models. The first model holds the knowledge needed to recommend process chains already used in industry. The second knowledge model is intended to recommend the most efficient unit processes based on research results. The objective of this study was to analyse the information richness of journal articles and other publications concerning single process steps of gold extraction. The aim was to study the applicability of these publications as a source for the second Auric Adviser knowledge model. In this study, 25 publications concerning leaching of gold were analysed and information was extracted in a case base. The case base was taken as either a process or experimental description with clearly defined differences to other descriptions. In total, 218 cases that described results of gold leaching were extracted from the sources. The analysis of descriptions showed that the knowledge necessary for design the second Auric Adviser model can be elicited from journal articles and other publications concerning single process steps. The trends in the case description were that the gold content and process outcome were usually well described. Nevertheless, the information richness varied in descriptions of raw materials, experimental arrangements but the results were often missing details. The incompleteness of information causes challenges in the process comparison although it does not prevent the CBR system to work.

Źródło:

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2015, 51, 2; 707-717
1643-1049
2084-4735

Pojawia się w:

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 33.

Tytuł:

Foundational Certification of Code Transformations Using Automatic Differentiation

Autorzy:

Tadjouddine, E. M.
Lv, W.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/305770.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH

Tematy:

relational Hoare logic
abductive reasoning
certification
automatic differentiation

Opis:

Automatic Differentiation (AD) is concerned with the semantics augmentation of an input program representing a function to form a transformed program that computes the function’s derivatives. To ensure the correctness of the AD transformed code (particularly for safety-critical applications), we aim at certifying the algebraic manipulations at the heart of the AD process. We have considered a WHILE-language, and have shown how such proofs can be constructed by using appropriate relational Hoare logic. In particular, we have shown how such inference rules can be constructed for both the forward- and reverse-mode AD by using an abductive logical reasoning.

Źródło:

Computer Science; 2014, 15 (2); 215-236
1508-2806
2300-7036

Pojawia się w:

Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 34.

Tytuł:

Ideology in Modern Russian Constitutional Practice

Autorzy:

Rudt, Yulia

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/685824.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Constitutional court
constitutional reasoning
formalism
legal positivism
Russian constitution

Opis:

The article focuses on Russian constitutional ideology with overview of its historical preconditions and analysis of recent significant cases of the Russian Constitutional Court. There is a discussion of gay activist Alekseyev’s case and “foreign agents’ law” case in constitutional practice as most significant examples of positivistic way of legal reasoning. The paper argues that legal positivism through its form – legal formalism is the main ideology in the modern constitutional practice in Russia. This ideology is based on the assumption that constitutional justice can find social truth. German positivistic and Soviet Marxist views have strongly determined the modern Russian constitutional discourse.

Źródło:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2019, 89; 161-177
0208-6069
2450-2782

Pojawia się w:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 35.

Tytuł:

Mathematical theory of evidence in maritime traffic engineering

Autorzy:

Filipowicz, W.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/248099.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych

Tematy:

sea transport
fuzziness
evidential theory
Dempster-Shafer fuzzy reasoning

Opis:

Nowadays operator at maritime traffic monitoring station is assumed to have access to a great amount of data. Information come from different sources and the data are generated by multiple of sensors. Multiple sources of data create challenge regarding data association. The challenge is met by data fusion. By means of fusion, different sources of information are combined to arrive at proper final decision. Ship's presence within a confined area defines a non-empty bounded closed interval. It can be denoted by the earliest and latest bounds of the closed time interval at a given possibility level. To assess situation within any confined region one should take into account total of safety factors of all ships present within forecast imprecise slots of time. Safety factors enable vessels' classification regarding potential consequences of an accident. In general approach environmentally dangerous freight and huge tonnage increase the factor. Safety factors are treated as fuzzy, imprecise values. Small ranges of values are assigned to small craft without dangerous cargo. The largest intervals are reserved for huge crude carriers. Associated data enable the VTS operator to approximate congestion for each restricted and considered as important areas. To forecast and assess situation within such areas all ships are to be identified and classified. The process usually involves uncertainty, ambiguity and partiality in available evidence. The new AIS technology itself causes ambiguity with respect to identification of crafts. Published statistics point at incorrect data transferred in the system. Therefore partial evidence is to be taken into account while identifying objects. Dempster-Shafer reasoning is helpful when combining evidence in order to refine objects. Situation in which one spotted new target and tries to find out what ship this could be is considered. Fuzzy evidence embraced within frame of discernment and related to this identification case will be assumed.

Źródło:

Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 3; 129-137
1231-4005
2354-0133

Pojawia się w:

Journal of KONES

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 36.

Tytuł:

Likelihood Ratio in Evidential Evaluation of Polygraph Examination

Autorzy:

Konieczny, Jerzy
Wolańska-Nowak, Paulina

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374979.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019

Wydawca:

Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie

Tematy:

argumentation
comparison question techniques
evidential reasoning
generalisations
evidential weight

Opis:

The starting point of the paper is the observation that the likelihood ratio (LR) is not used in the evaluation practice of — so important in the field of internal security — polygraph examinations. Meanwhile, LR is the only scientifically justifiable parameter that shows the evidential weight of particular evidence. The authors present theoretical attempts to use LR for evidential assessment of the polygraph examinations value and subject them to criticism. The main objective of the paper is to present the LR calculation procedure in the context of interpretation of a polygraph examination result treated as evaluative expertise. The following assumptions are made: the analysis includes only comparison question techniques; examination results enable to include a relevant subject only in one of the three categories: deception indicated, no deception indicated, inconclusive; there are various ways to assign LR; in the course of LR assignment, the arbitrary adoption of the values of some variables is admissible. Several examples of LR calculations are presented in different tactical configurations of polygraph examinations. The significance of including the inconclusive results in the examination technique characteristics is analysed. The possibility of applying the cumulative LR is indicated, however, leaving this question open. Consequences of the LR application in the interpretation of polygraph examinations are also presented as an argument in the criminal analysis. Conclusions show that treating polygraph examinations as evaluative expertise opens a new perspective on this method of forensic identification and deserves to be continued; however, the issue of the evidential use of polygraph examination results, in the light of the evaluation made with the use of the Bayesian approach, requires a number of further discussions among lawyers and scientists.

Źródło:

Internal Security; 2019, 11(1); 95-112
2080-5268

Pojawia się w:

Internal Security

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 37.

Tytuł:

Fuzzy reasoning system design and assessment of load-bearing endoprostheses and their fabrication processes
System wnioskowania rozmytego dla projektowania i oceny endoprotez przenoszących obciążenie oraz procesu ich produkcji

Autorzy:

Sobieszczyk, S.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354288.pdf

Data publikacji:

2012

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN

Tematy:

wnioskowanie rozmyte
endoprotezy
biomechanika
biomateriały
biomaterials
fuzzy reasoning
prediction

Opis:

Five attempts of an application of a fuzzy reasoning approach to problems encountered in biomechanics and engineering of biomaterials are presented. They include: (A) assessment of maximum contact stress acting on endoprosthesis, (B) design of sintering plan to obtain a porous/scaffold implant, (C) design of oxidation plan to obtain nanotubular oxide structure on the Ti alloy, (D) and (E) design of deposition of hydroxyapatite coating on the Ti alloy. The fuzzy reasoning system is shown to well predict: the maximum contact stress estimation on acetabular surface of the load-bearing hip joint endoprosthesis for chosen and given Wiberg's angle values and patient's body weight; the optimal geometry of scaffold's architecture; the geometry of TiO2 nanotubular layer on titanium surface and directions of the adjustment of fabrication conditions; the ratio of Ca/P and the coating crystallinity; effects of control factors (sintering temperature and content of ZnO) on mechanical properties of BHA-ZnO composite. A small deviation of the predicted values from those obtained in the course of experiments can be decreased by improvement of the proposed fuzzy model i.e. adjusting fuzzy membership functions of input and output variables.
Zaproponowano pięć zastosowań podejścia rozumowania rozmytego do rozwiązania problemów w dziedzinie biomechaniki oraz inżynierii biomateriałów. Obejmują one: (A) oszacowanie maksymalnych naprężeń kontaktowych działających na endoprotezę, (B) zaprojektowanie procesu spiekania dla otrzymania porowatego implantu, (C) opracowanie planu utleniania w celu otrzymania struktury nanorurkowej na stopach Ti, (D) oraz (E) zaprojektowanie osadzania powłoki hydroksyapatytowej na stopach Ti. System wnioskowania rozmytego umożliwił poprawne oszacowanie: maksymalnych naprężeń kontaktowych na powierzchnię panewki w endoprotezie stawu biodrowego przenoszącej obciążenia dla wybranych wartości kata Wiberg'a oraz masy ciała pacjenta; optymalną geometrię architektury rusztowania implantu; optymalną geometrię nanorurkowej warstwy tlenku TiO2 na powierzchni tytanu oraz optymalizację warunków procesu jej wytwarzania; stosunek molowy Ca/P oraz krystaliczność powłoki; wpływ określonych czynników (temperatura spiekania oraz zawartość ZnO) na włsności mechaniczne kompozytu BHA-ZnO. Zauważono niewielkie odchyłki przewidywanych wartości od parametrów uzyskanych w trakcie przeprowadzania eksperymentów, które mogą zostać zmniejszone poprzez odpowiednie dostrojenie modelu rozmytego, np. poprzez regulację rozmytych funkcji przynależności dla zmiennych wejściowych i wyjściowych.

Źródło:

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2012, 57, 3; 760-766
1733-3490

Pojawia się w:

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 38.

Tytuł:

Płeć, wiek, wykształcenie oraz pełnione role a rozwój myślenia moralnego odwołującego się do troski i odpowiedzialności

Autorzy:

Czyżowska, Dorota

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/637181.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Tematy:

moral reasoning, the ethic of care, gender, role taking

Opis:

Gender, education, role taking and care-based moral developmentIn her analysis of moral reasoning C. Gilligan (1892) has indentified two moral orientations: first, the morality of justice, which is more representative of men’s ethical judgements and the the ethic of care, which is more representtive of women’s ethical judgments. The purpose of this study was to examine the links among gender, education, marriage and parental roles and care-based moral reasoning. The participants were 71 women and 51 men. They ranged in age from 20 to 83 years. The Ethic of Care Interview (Skoe, 1993) was used to assess level of moral reasoning. I found no significant outcome differences between women’s and men’s adult levels of moral development. No significant relationships were found between marriage and parental roles and care-based moral reasoning. For women, education was correlated with moral development. There were significant differences in moral development between female students and women with secondary and high education.There were no significant findings for men.

Źródło:

Psychologia Rozwojowa; 2008, 13, 1
1895-6297
2084-3879

Pojawia się w:

Psychologia Rozwojowa

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 39.

Tytuł:

Wspólna struktura ludzkich dociekań w pragmatyce komunikacji prawniczej
The common structure of human inquiry in the pragmatics of legal communication

Autorzy:

Osiejewicz, Joanna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/555423.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-09-23

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Lingwistyki Stosowanej

Tematy:

legal communication;
experimental logic;
legal analysis;
legal reasoning;
pragmatics

Opis:

A lawyer who wants to go beyond matrix thinking must develop some mental and practical agility. Understanding and applying John Dewey's experimental logic allows this agility to be achieved. His concept of experimental logic assumes that creativity and subjectivity are the foundation of the functioning of a complex system of legal institutions. Dewey introduces the concept of a common structure or pattern of human inquiry, which remains largely the same regardless of the issue to which it is applied. The pragmatic pattern of legal reasoning is therefore based on a more general pattern of human reasoning. The purpose of the article is to discuss this concept and to present its assumptions in relation to legal reasoning and legal communication.

Źródło:

Applied Linguistics Papers; 2019, 26/3; 51-61
2544-9354

Pojawia się w:

Applied Linguistics Papers

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 40.

Tytuł:

On Nonfoundational Reasoning

Autorzy:

Brożek, Bartosz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691114.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Copernicus Center Press

Tematy:

nonfoundational reasoning
foundationalism
hermeneutics
belief revision
coherence
defeasible logic

Opis:

The goal of the paper is to describe the role and structure of nonfoundational reasoning, i.e. a kind of argumentation that meets the revisability, the feedback, the background stability and the disputability conditions. I begin by observing that any nonfoundational reasoning has two components: the deductive and the hermeneutic. Next, against the background of Gadamer’s insightful, although somewhat vague, observations I attempt to uncover aspects of the hermeneutic component. I then proceed to reconstruct nonfoundational argumentation with the help of formal theory of belief revision, defeasible logic, and logical conception of coherence. Finally, I argue that nonfoundational reasoning is the backbone of both scientific endeavours and philosophical inquiry.

Źródło:

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2014, 56; 5-32
0867-8286
2451-0602

Pojawia się w:

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 41.

Tytuł:

Codification and Legal Sources in the Albanian Legal System: Comparative Approach to Legal Systems

Autorzy:

Olldashi, Enkeleda

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036947.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house

Tematy:

codification process
legal system
legal reasoning
sources of law

Opis:

The civil law system entered the codification path during the 19th century, enabling the creation of uniformity, such as drafting a civil code and building a new (national) identity. The structure of the code suggests that it provides a comprehensive, internally coherent set of rules for private law. The adopted civil codes secure lawyers a systematic and coherent foundation for the legal system and legal reasoning. Codification allowed laws to be in an easily identified document easily. Traditionally, the civil law system has been subject to several codification and consolidation processes during different periods in time, influenced from political, social or economic reforms. In Albania after the proclamation of the Monarchy, work began on the preparation of various codes, with the crucial one being the Civil Code. The first Albanian Civil Code entered in force on the 1st of April 1929. This process was the first step for the Albanian Legislator to compare the secularity of the European legal framework to that of the Ottoman Empire. In 1991, the end of the communist era in Albania was marked by bringing the transformation of the economy into a market-oriented system and the creation of a legal system that protected the right of private property. The Albanian system as a continental system has developed a system based on systematic approach to laws, a procedure known as dogmatic approach. It has created an internal system of laws based on generally codified norms and principles. The purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of political, social or economic reforms in the codification process and the nature of legal sources in Albania.

Źródło:

Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2018, 17; 36-45
2079-3715
2309-1088

Pojawia się w:

Academicus International Scientific Journal

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 42.

Tytuł:

Oceny moralne w rozumowaniu sędziowskim
Moral assessments in judicial reasoning

Autorzy:

Chirkowska-Smolak, Teresa
Smolak, Marek

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693762.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

moral judgement
moral competences
moral reasoning
judicial reasoning
the psychology of morality
ocena moralna
kompetencje moralne
rozumowanie moralne
rozumowanie sędziowskie
psychologia moralności

Opis:

There are two questions posed in this text: (i) does the formulation of moral assessments by judges require from them any special moral competences and (ii) does the moral reasoning have a character of rational reasoning. Answering the first question we claim that when it comes to formulating moral assessments, judges do not have any special moral competences to adjudicate in difficult moral dilemmas. Thus there is no reason to state that moral thinking experiments which are an inseparable element of a judge’s reasoning process, allow to adopt a thesis that the reasoning of judges is morally better or more moral than the reasoning of other entities operating in the public sphere. Answering the second question, we believe that since people are generally unaware of what influences their moral judgements, it may also be so that the judges may not know what makes them adopt and pursue certain moral judgements, when they believe, erroneously, that their decisions have been rationally made. Intuition plays an important role in the making of moral judgements, also when it comes to the legal profession, since the latter are expected to base their attitudes on rational reasoning and an objective consideration of differing arguments.
W artykule stawiamy dwa pytania: czy formułowanie przez sędziów ocen moralnych wymaga od nich posiadania szczególnych kompetencji moralnych oraz czy rozumowanie moralne ma charakter rozumowania racjonalnego? Odpowiadając na pierwsze pytanie, uważamy, że w sytuacji formułowania ocen moralnych sędziowie nie posiadają jakichś szczególnych kompetencji moralnych do rozstrzygania dylematów moralnych. Nie ma podstaw, by sądzić, że moralne eksperymenty myślowe, które nieodłącznie pojawiają się w pracy umysłowej sędziego, pozwalają przyjąć, iż rozumowanie sędziów jest bardziej moralne/ lepsze moralnie aniżeli rozumowanie innych podmiotów działających w sferze publicznej. Odpowiadając na drugie pytanie, uważamy, że skoro zazwyczaj ludzie są nieświadomi tego, co wpływa na ich oceny moralne, można przyjąć, że również sędziowie mogą być nieświadomi tego, co powoduje ich osądy moralne, błędnie przy tym przyjmując, że racjonalnie podejmują decyzje. Intuicje pełnią ważną rolę w dokonywaniu ocen moralnych również w przypadku osób wykonujących zawody prawnicze, od których to oczekuje się, by opierały się na racjonalnym rozumowaniu oraz obiektywnym rozpatrywaniu różnych argumentów.

Źródło:

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2017, 79, 2; 31-46
0035-9629
2543-9170

Pojawia się w:

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 43.

Tytuł:

Rozumowanie prawnicze jako rozumowanie praktyczne w świetle nowej teorii prawa naturalnego Johna M. Finnisa
Legal Reasoning as Practical Reasoning in John M. Finnis’ New Natural Law Theory

Autorzy:

Sopiński, Michał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531548.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-01-01

Wydawca:

Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR

Tematy:

John M. Finnis
prawo naturalne
rozumowanie prawnicze
rozumowanie praktyczne
Ronald Dworkin
jedyna właściwa odpowiedź
natural law
legal reasoning
practical reasoning
one right answer

Opis:

Artykuł prezentuje rozumowanie praktyczne w świetle nowej teorii prawa naturalnego Johna M. Finnisa. Teorię Johna M. Finnisa można nazwać nową teorią prawa naturalnego, ponieważ jego poglądy były kształtowane zarówno przez św. Tomasza z Akwinu, jak też częściowo były zainspirowane nowym jego odczytaniem przez Germaina Griseza. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest analiza koncepcji rozumowania prawniczego jako rozumowania praktycznego, będącej w zamiarze Johna M. Finnisa przede wszystkim mocną krytyką teorii Ronalda Dworkina opartej na założeniu istnienia jednej właściwej odpowiedzi. Według autora tego artykułu, krytyczne podejście Johna M. Finnisa do teorii Ronalda Dworkina prowadzi jego koncepcję rozumowania prawniczego – sformułowaną na fundamencie prawa naturalnego – do stopniowego rozszerzenia o aspekty pozytywistyczne (zbliżenie z poglądami Josepha Raza) oraz aspekty instytucjonalne (zbliżenie z poglądami Neila MacCormicka). Dlatego też teoria rozumowania prawniczego Finnisa wydaje się być modelowym przykładem zbliżenia prawa naturalnego i pozytywizmu prawniczego we współczesnej filozofii prawa.
This paper presents practical reasoning in the light of John M. Finnis’ new natural law theory. Finnis’ views were shaped by Aquinas’ thoughts on natural law but he was also strongly inspired by Germain Grisez’ new approach, so his theory could be named a new natural law theory. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of legal reasoning as practical reasoning, which Finnis intended mainly as a strong critique of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of legal reasoning based on the concept of the one right answer. According to the author of this paper, Finnis’ critical approach to Dworkin leads to a gradual extension of the former’s concept of legal reasoning to include positivistic aspects (rapprochement with Joseph Raz’ views) and institutional aspects (rapprochement with Neil MacCormick’s views). Therefore, Finnis’ theory of legal reasoning seems to be a model example of the rapprochement between natural law and legal positivism in contemporary philosophy of law.

Źródło:

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2020, 1(22); 84-98
2082-3304

Pojawia się w:

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 44.

Tytuł:

Why Legal Reasoning has to be Unique

Autorzy:

Koszowski, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684942.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

law
legal
lawyers
reason
reasoning
thinking
inference
peculiarity
specific
features

Opis:

This article addresses the issue of the uniqueness of legal reasoning and, specifically, the author advances the thesis that what makes legal reasoning different from the reasoning  employed in demonstrative and empirical sciences and matters of everyday life is not the actual form (scheme) of this reasoning but the legal milieu. Thus, he tries to demonstrate that some features of law – such as its normative and prescriptive nature, difficulties with the verification of its content on empirical grounds, its limitations stemming from the physical world and dependence on humans and their minds, as well as the ‘unspecialized’ character of law agents and the extraordinary role of authority – influence legal reasoning as well. At the same time these features also allow this reasoning to be unique, despite its adoption of forms of inference that are present elsewhere.

Źródło:

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2017, 7; 325-342
2450-0976

Pojawia się w:

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 45.

Tytuł:

Knowledge representation and their applying to fixture design

Autorzy:

Nekrassov, G.
Portjanski, L.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1429178.pdf

Data publikacji:

2008

Wydawca:

Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych

Tematy:

CAD
technological equipments
knowledge base
case based reasoning
neural networks

Opis:

The aim is to develop an integrated design space for CAD of technological equipments. The model of the design environment is represented as a two-level hierarchical decision-making system. The proposed environment provides support for creating and manipulating 3D models of technological equipment and their components, calculating functional and structural properties and the evaluation criteria, and for determining the rules to control the design process for optimizing the portfolio of interdependent projects of technological equipments. As examples the design of workholder is considered. The computer aided workholder design system is created on Case Based Reasoning, in which the attributes of the workpiece and structure of workholder as case index code are designed for the retrieve of the similar cases, and the structure and hierarchical relation of case library are stored. The structure of case storage (database and knowledge base) for general workholders selected as an object for mining and sampling of the developed software are worked out. It is offered to apply a method of neural networks to realization procedure of forecasting of decisions. The considered algorithms of knowledge extraction are realized by development of invariant nucleus design space.

Źródło:

Journal of Machine Engineering; 2008, 8, 4; 99-110
1895-7595
2391-8071

Pojawia się w:

Journal of Machine Engineering

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 46.

Tytuł:

Beginnings of Human Reasoning: Manifestations of Induction, Deduction and Abduction in Hominid Activities

Autorzy:

Ratajczyk, Dawid

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008834.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017-10-13

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

Tematy:

reasoning
evolution
induction
deduction
abduction
hominids
hunter-gatherers
social interactions

Opis:

Reasoning is a significant feature of humans and it might be one of the main reasons for their evolutionary success. Reasoning is a broad concept and can be divided into types (according to a classification system). Logical classifications propose to distinguish inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning.I try to investigate at which point of human evolution particular types of reasoning arose and why. The study presents deliberation on changes in human lifestyle and their impact on reasoning. It also presents possible hominid activities, which evidence usage of different types of reasoning at different stages of human evolution. Early stages (passive scavengers) suggest no need for creative reasoning. It seems induction was sufficient for hominids to perform their activities. However, some strategies of food foraging applied by hunter-gatherers suggest the usage of abductive reasoning. Social interactions need transitive reasoning to occur and this is an indication of deductive reasoning. I put forward a hypothesis that abduction is necessary to create beliefs, so the ability to abduct arose when humans started to consider afterlife at the latest. I also suggest that abductive reasoning is one of the newest achievements in human evolution.

Źródło:

Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu; 2017, 10, 1
2082-7083

Pojawia się w:

Studia z kognitywistyki i filozofii umysłu

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 47.

Tytuł:

Koncepcja presupozycji rozumowań prawniczych Jerzego Wróblewskiego – próba obrony
The concept of presupposition of legal understanding Jerzy Wróblewski – attempt to defend

Autorzy:

Tomza, Anna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2057198.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-19

Wydawca:

Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe

Tematy:

legal reasoning
presuppositions
operative interpretation
rozumowania prawnicze
presupozycje
wykładnia operatywna

Opis:

Przedmiot badań: Rozumowania prawnicze stanowią tak ciekawe, jak i skomplikowane zagadnienia teorii prawa. To dział nauki, który w swych rozważaniach musi sięgać do ustaleń nauk takich, jak logika i lingwistyka, skąd rozumowania się wywodzą. Występujące w logice i lingwistyce presupozycje są tego najlepszym przykładem. Ich analiza ma swoje miejsce w prawie, choć dotąd podejmowana była niezwykle rzadko. W aktualnym dyskursie prawniczym presupozycje odżywają. Ze względu na ich liczne właściwości, przełamujące sfery językowe, prawnicy poszukują dla nich miejsca w rozumowaniach prawniczych. Czynią to w oparciu o ustalenia nauk logicznych i lingwistycznych, zapominając o istnieniu koncepcji presupozycji rozumowań prawniczych Jerzego Wróblewskiego. Przedmiotem badań jest analiza tej nieco zapomnianej koncepcji polskiego teoretyka prawa. Cel badawczy: Jerzy Wróblewski w oparciu o istniejące koncepcje presupozycji wnioskowania pragmatycznego zaproponował własną, zmodyfikowaną wersję „presupozycji rozumowań prawniczych”, którą, jego zdaniem, można wykorzystywać w konstruowaniu teorii rozumowań prawniczych. Koncepcja Wróblewskiego nie przyjęła się ani w środowisku teoretyków, ani praktyków prawa. Większość badaczy ją skrytykowała. Celem artykułu jest próba obrony koncepcji presupozycji rozumowań prawniczych Wróblewskiego. Metoda badawcza: Za metodę badawczą przyjmuje się analizę językowo-logiczną wybranych koncepcji. Dokonując analizy językowej, ustala się prawidłowe rozumienie zaproponowanych terminów. Zestawiając logicznie istniejące dotąd koncepcje, poszukuje się tez, które bronią koncepcji J. Wróblewskiego przed postawionymi zarzutami. Wyniki: Analiza koncepcji Wróblewskiego doprowadza do ustalenia argumentów częściowo odpierających dotychczasową krytykę. W pracy prezentuje się także sprzeczności pojęciowe zawarte w koncepcji, które wymagają doprecyzowania w dalszych badaniach.
Background: Legal reasoning is as interesting and compiled as the problem of legal theory. It is a branch of science which in its deliberations must refer to the findings of sciences such as logic and linguistics, where the reasoning comes from. The presuppositions present in logic and linguistics are the best example of this. Their analysis takes place in the law, although so far it has been undertaken extremely rarely. In the current legal discourse, presuppositions are revived. Due to their numerous linguistic-breaking properties, lawyers look for a place for them in legal reasoning. They do so based on the findings of logical and linguistic sciences, forgetting the existence of the concept of presupposition of Jerzy Wróblewski’s legal reasoning. The subject of the research is the analysis of this somewhat forgotten concept of the Polish legal theorist. Research purpose: Jerzy Wróblewski, based on the existing concepts of the presupposition of pragmatic inference, proposed his own, modified version of the “presupposition of legal reasoning”, which, in his opinion, can be used in constructing the theory of legal reasoning. Wróblewski’s concept did not catch on in the circles of theoreticians or practitioners of law. Most researchers have criticized her. The aim of the article is an attempt to defend the concept of presupposition of legal reasoning against the criticism that has been raised so far. Methods: the research method is a linguistic and logical analysis of selected concepts. By making a linguistic analysis, the correct understanding of the proposed terms is established. By logical juxtaposing the existing concepts, one seeks to defend Wróblewski’s concepts against the critical remarks. Conclusions: an analysis of Wróblewski’s concept leads to the establishment of arguments that partially counteract the previous criticism. The work also presents conceptual contradictions contained in the concept, which require clarification in further research.

Źródło:

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2021, 121; 125-141
0081-6841

Pojawia się w:

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 48.

Tytuł:

Intelligence and parallel versus sequential organization of information processing in analogical reasoning

Autorzy:

Orzechowski, Jarosław
Nęcka, Edward

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419420.pdf

Data publikacji:

2011-11-01

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN

Tematy:

intelligence
analogical reasoning
parallel processing
sequential processing
attention
working memory

Opis:

The construct of the organization of information processing (OIP) has been adopted as a possible cognitive mechanism responsible for human intelligent functioning. Participants (N = 77) were asked to solve an analogical reasoning task, a test of divided attention, a working memory capacity test, and Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices as a standard test of general fl uid intelligence. On the basis of the chronometric analysis of their performance in the analogy task, participants were divided into those preferring to use parallel or sequential modes of organization of information processing. It appeared that intelligent people using the parallel mode of processing obtained the best results in the analogical reasoning test. Other subgroups did not differ substantially from one another. It also appeared that intelligent people using the parallel mode of processing performed equally well regardless of their attentional resources and working memory capacity, whereas people using the sequential mode of processing were much more dependent on these basic cognitive limitations. A compensatory mechanism is suggested in order to account for this data: the parallel mode of processing probably helps to compensate for defi cient attention or impaired working memory, whereas the sequential mode cannot act in a compensatory way.

Źródło:

Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies); 2011, 49, 5; 41-53
0081-685X

Pojawia się w:

Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies)

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 49.

Tytuł:

Application of deontic logic in role-based access control

Autorzy:

Kołaczek, G.

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907988.pdf

Data publikacji:

2002

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza

Tematy:

informatyka
formal logic
access control
RBAC
system security
reasoning automation

Opis:

The paper presents a short overview of the foundations of the Role-Based Access Control Modal Model and its properties. In particular, the translation of these model formulae to the first-order logic formulae in a form of Horn's clauses is analysed. The automation of processes and mechanisms related to access control on the basis of logical automated reasoning and the PROLOG language are described.

Źródło:

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2002, 12, 2; 269-275
1641-876X
2083-8492

Pojawia się w:

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 50.

Tytuł:

Kilka uwag o formalizacji wnioskowań w trybie analogia legis i a contrario
A few comments on the formalization of legal reasonings under analogy legis and a contrario

Autorzy:

Malinowski, Andrzej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531650.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017-06-01

Wydawca:

Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR

Tematy:

formalizacja
wnioskowanie prawnicze
analogia legis
a contrario
formalization
legal reasoning

Opis:

Artykuł ukazuje niektóre problemy związane z formalizacją wnioskowań prawniczych w trybie analogia legis oraz w trybie a contrario, a także omawia wybrane, charakterystyczne propozycje w tym zakresie. Budowane sformalizowane modele są oparte na pojęciach logiki monotonicznej oraz logik niemonotonicznych. Modele te mają głównie charakter poglądowy i posiadają ograniczoną moc wyjaśniającą. Ich niezawodność może być uzyskana tylko przy spełnieniu pewnych dodatkowych warunków.
The paper shows some of the problems related to the formalization of legal reasonings under analogia legis and a contrario, and discusses some of the specific proposals in this regard. Built formal models are based on the concept of monotonic logic and nonmonotonic logic. These models are mainly illustrative and have limited explanatory power. Their reliability can only be achieved under certain additional conditions.

Źródło:

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2017, 2(15); 26-37
2082-3304

Pojawia się w:

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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