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Tytuł:
Ekskomunika. Rys historyczno-kanoniczny
EXCOMMUNICATION. HISTORICAL AND CANON LAW OUTLINE
Autorzy:
Terpin, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/490136.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Teologiczno-Pastoralny im. św. bpa Józefa Sebastiana Pelczara
Tematy:
excommunication
penalties in Church
censures
medicinal penalties
ekskomunika
kary kościelne
cenzury
kary lecznicze
Opis:
The first mentions of excommunication can be found in The Bible and in the teaching of Fathers of the Church. From the beginning, excommunication was the most severe sanction of all the penalties in canon law. Excommunication excluded one from community of the faithful, but did not brake all of ties. There was always a possibility of reconciliation with God and the Church. Over time excommunication was being used more often and more offenses were sanctioned with excommunication. This kind of penalty was either latae sententiae or ferendae sententae. Many popes created more and more regulations concerning excommunication. All of them were compiled in Gratian’s Decretum and Decrets of pope Gregory IX. One of the most important regulation of excommunication was promulgated by pope Martin V apostolic constitution Ad evitanda (1418). It introduces the distinction of excommunicated person into vitandi et tolrati. The Code of Canon Law (1917) changed the situation of excommunicated persons, but this punishment still remained the most severed sanction in canon law.
Źródło:
Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej; 2014, 21; 447-468
1234-8880
Pojawia się w:
Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sankcje w postaci kar pieniężnych
Administrative pecuniary penalties
Autorzy:
Wierzbowski, Marek
Żywicka, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409362.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
financial administrative penalties
discretion
administrative law
Opis:
Over the several decades of her scientific activity, Professor Teresa Rabska played an outstanding role in the formation of Polish administrative law, particularly during the political and economic transformations of the late 1980s, when Prof. Rabska was actively involved in the field. Within public economic law, the role of the state and its tools for influencing the economy have evolved fundamentally. In this area, the administrative sanctions with which administrative bodies were equipped have developed profoundly and taken on an important function. Undoubtedly, the European Union plays a significant role in the development of administrative penalties. Penalties are imposed in the form of administrative decisions, issued according to procedures governed by the Code of Administrative Procedure. This Code and other laws enumerate the prerequisites for assessing a penalty. Among these, the omission of the element of guilt must be a cause for concern. Consequently, particularly in the case of penalties imposed on individuals, the penalty may be imposed on a person to whom no fault can be attributed in the violation of the law that caused the punishment. The system of fines thus arouses great dissatisfaction among market participants. An analysis of the system of administrative penalties in Poland raises the issue of harmonizing solutions on the scale of the European Union, as it is expected that penalties should be of similar size in all member states. However, the statutory enshrinement of high penalties in the current legislation does not prejudge the practice of imposing them. Given the smaller revenues generated in Poland, the penalties imposed should be proportionately lower. Moreover, the law does not categorically require the imposition of high penalties. The legislation often uses the word “may,” from which some people draw conclusions about the imposition of penalties under administrative discretion, which is not legitimate.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2023, 4 (44); 39-52
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porównanie kar za wykroczenia drogowe w Polsce i w Niemczech
Comparison of penalties for traffic offenses in Poland and Germany
Autorzy:
Jaśkiewicz, M.
Jurecki, R.
Stokłosa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310224.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
kary za wykroczenia drogowe
kara finansowa
punkty karne
penalties for traffic offenses
penalty points
financial penalties
Opis:
W pracy przedstawione zostaną kary za wykroczenia drogowe w Polsce i w Niemczech. Pokazano wybrane zestawienie kar za takie same wykroczenia drogowe w obu krajach. Przedstawiono zarówno kary finansowe jak również kary w postaci punktów karnych.
There are presented in the paper the penalties for traffic offenses in Poland and Germany. The selected breakdown of penalties for the same traffic offenses in both countries is shown in this paper. There are presented financial penalties as well as penalties in the form of penalty points.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2014, 15, 5; 66-68
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kara grzywny za przestępstwo lub wykroczenie skarbowe a sankcje prawa finansowego – problem podwójnego „karania” deliktów skarbowych
An amercement for a fiscal offence or transgression and the sanctions of financial law – the issue of double „punishment” of fiscal delicts
Autorzy:
Zubrzycki, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/527754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
amercement for fiscal delicts
tax
penalties crossing
Opis:
The article is dedicated to the problem of crossing fiscal criminal liability regime and the consequences resulting from applying proper regulations of financial law that provide for imposing so-called tax penalties. These “crossings” may be considered, among other things, as breaking the “ne bis in idem” rule or the constitutional principle of proportionality of country’s reaction to violation of legal obligation. The essence of tax penalties, their level of accumulation with amercement for fiscal delicts and constitutional requirements for acceptance of such crossings in light of the foregoing reference norms are discussed. Moreover, judicatory’s way of viewing this problem (expressed in the form of most widely commented court decisions) together with ideas on how to “solve” these crossings are also included.
Źródło:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 4; 65-85
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Criteria set out in CIC c. 874 § 1, 4°-5° and the validity of admission to the munus of sponsor
Autorzy:
Jakubiak, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086067.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
baptism
parents
penalties
sponsors
Chrzest
rodzice
kary
chrzestni
Opis:
A person to be baptized should, insofar as possible, be given a sponsor who – before being admitted to undertaking the office – must satisfy the criteria specified in CIC c. 874. Among them are the requirement of being free from any canonical penalty, according to the law imposed or declared, and not being the father or mother of the one to be baptised. Unfortunately, neither the doctrine nor the discipline of the Latin Church explicitly state whether non-compliance with the requirements set out in CIC c. 874 § 1, 4°-5° affects the validity or only liceity of acquiring the sponsor’s munus. Given this lack, the author of this article has set himself the goal of answering this doubt.
Źródło:
Prawo Kanoniczne; 2020, 63, 2; 31-48
2353-8104
Pojawia się w:
Prawo Kanoniczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zabezpieczenie wykonania obowiązków publicznoprawnych wynikających ze stosunku administracyjnoprawnego
Legal security for the performance of public law obligations from the administrative and legal relationship
Autorzy:
Staniszewska, Lucyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-08-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
administrative enforcement
administrative pecuniary penalties
administrative non-pecuniary penalties
administrative and legal relationship
securing the performance of administrative and legal obligations
Opis:
This article deals with the issue of securing the performance of the content of an administrative-legal relationship. The purpose of the discussion is to indicate what measures are provided for in the normative acts, as well as what measures are postulated in the doctrine. The article discusses the differences and similarities between the legal means of securing the performance of public-law obligations, as well as recognizing the basic problems that can be encountered when using these instruments and when assessing their effectiveness and efficiency. Administration is faced with a huge number of tasks. They are carried out in various legal forms, often there are imperative forms. The effect of the administra-tion’s actions are then orders and prohibitions of specific behavior addressed to those administrated. They result from administrative acts or normative acts. The state implements its goals and tasks primarily by means of administrative and legal orders and prohibitions, in order for them to be really effective, they must be secured by coercion or sanctions. In public law, the application of legal regulations results from the will of the competent state authorities, and the addressees of the actions of these entities cannot protect themselves from the consequences (consequences) of their adoption or violation. The multiplicity of these instruments is not an obstacle to achieving the goal of safeguarding compliance with administrative law; on the contrary, their richness makes the system more flexible and facilitates the choice of the best measure to se-cure the norm, and on the other hand, to be proportionate and fair in its application. The analysis of the legal problems is preceded by an explanation of the key terms: “administrative-legal relationship”, “administrative sanction” and “administrative lia-bility”, which allow the purpose and functions of individual legal instruments to be described. The article also discusses the objectives of administrative enforcement and administrative sanctions, as well as the problem of compliance of administrative sanctions with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and international acts.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2022, 2 (38); 85-108
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Okoliczności obciążające i łagodzące jako dyrektywy wymiaru kary
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances as Directives of Imposing of Penalties
Autorzy:
Gądzik, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32443786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Tematy:
imposing of penalties
aggravating circumstances
mitigating circumstances
directives of imposing of penalties
wymiar kary
okoliczności obciążające
okoliczności łagodzące
dyrektywy wymiaru kary
Opis:
Artykuł odnosi się do wykładni i znaczenia okoliczności obciążających i łagodzących, wpływających na sądowy wymiar kary. Okoliczności te zostały wprowadzone do Kodeksu karnego na gruncie nowelizacji powyższej ustawy z 7 lipca 2022 r., obejmującej istotne zmiany w zakresie katalogu kar, jak i dyrektyw jej wymiaru. Zagadnienie to jest nie tylko przedmiotem naukowej dyskusji wśród przedstawicieli doktryny prawa karnego materialnego, ale ponadto stanowi problem praktyczny, istotny z punktu widzenia odpowiedniego wymiaru kary. W tekście odniesiono się do wszystkich okoliczności wymienionych w art. 53 § 2a i 2b Kodeksu karnego, a także wyjaśniono konsekwencje ich zbiegu z odpowiadającymi im co do treści znamionami czynów zabronionych lub podstaw nadzwyczajnego wymiaru kary.
The article refers to the interpretation and importance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances affecting the judicial penalty. These circumstances were introduced into Polish Penal Code on the basis of the amendment Act of 7 July 2022, which includes significant changes in the catalog of penalties and its assessment directives. This issue is not only the subject of scientific discussion among representatives of the doctrine of substantive criminal law, but also constitutes a practical problem, important from the point of view of the appropriate imposing of penalties. The text refers to all the circumstances listed in Article 53 § 2a and 2b of the Penal Code, as well as the consequences of their combination with the corresponding content of prohibited acts or grounds for extraordinary punishment.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego; 2024, 19, 21 (1); 85-103
2719-3128
2719-7336
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The study of the sobriety of employees as one of the key elements of safety
Autorzy:
Jędrzejas, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1177352.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
alcohol dependence
alcohol problems
breathalyser
harmful drinking
penalties
sobriety
Opis:
Safety at the workplace is one of the key aspects that affects both the employee and the employer. Despite the passage of time, this unusually expanded subject does not lose its significance and its social status influences the creation of a culture of work safety. It is aimed not only at removing threats or creating security procedures, but also changing the beliefs, attitudes and behavior of employees. This last element is extremely important to be able to adapt employees to today's European security standards. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of the sobriety of employees as an aspect of safety in the workplace, which not only affects their health and life, but also reduces quality and productivity at the same time undermining the credibility of the company.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2018, 104; 215-226
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Administracyjne kary pieniężne w ustawie o produktach kosmetycznych a dyrektywy wymiaru kary z art. 189d Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego
The financial penalties in the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018 vs. the directives on the penalties under the Administrative Code
Autorzy:
Żywicka, Agnieszka
Wierzbowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409223.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
administrative law
cosmetic products
market supervision
financial administrative penalties
Opis:
Within the legal system applicable in the Republic of Poland, it is the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018 that regulates the supervision and supervisory measures in the market for such products. The domestic scheme of market supervision in respect of cosmetic products involves the competencies of the State Sanitary Inspectorate and the Trade Inspectorate. These bodies have been equipped with supervisory measures in the form of administrative sanctions, the most severe of which are financial administrative penalties imposed on business entities under their administrative criminal liability. The ratio legis of this legislative act is based on the premise that the appropriate level of protection of public interest (consumer health and life protection) may be best achieved through the preventive and repressive character of fines. The article substantiates the claim that effective supervision (which provides an appropriate level of consumer health and life protection) determines that supervisory bodies employ financial administrative penalties in judicial matters only if the directives on the penalty extent are understood correctly. This article constitutes a dogmatic and legal analysis of the statutory premises which determine the extent of financial administrative penalties imposed by supervisory bodies (the so-called ‘directives on the penalty extent’) on entrepreneurs within the cosmetics industry under the scheme stipulated in the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018. The article aims to present how these premises are understood and applied in judicial matters by the State Sanitary Inspectorate and the Trade Inspectorate. It is the correct understanding and application of these premises (directives) for the extent of financial administrative penalties that result in the appropriate behaviour on the part of the entrepreneur during the course of the proceedings. This, in turn, is a direct consequence of the extent and severity of the administrative monetary penalty, as it has a preventive and repressive function.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2022, 3 (39); 39-62
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadnienie przedawnienia administracyjnych kar pieniężnych na przykładzie Prawa energetycznego
The Matter of Limitation Period of Administrative Penalties by the Example of Energy Law
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518757.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Tematy:
limitation period
administrative penalties
reform
energy law
transitional period
Opis:
The limitation period plays a crucial role in any legal system. It is commonly used in the fields of criminal and civil law. As for the administrative law, the regulation was introduced partially and in an inconsistent way. The Polish Constitutional Court pointed out, that one cannot claim its right or even expectative for setting up the limitation period in the field of administrative law. Nonetheless, once introduced in the legal system, the limitation period has to fulfill the require- ments resulting from the Constitution. As for the energy law, the limitation period was introduced in 2015 by providing the reference to the provisions of Tax Code. However, the reference to the provisions of Tax Code concerning the limitation period were partially removed just one year later. The reform of Administrative Procedure Code introducing inter alia the rules for the limitation period of impos- ing and executing administrative penalties, was supposed to provide the general provisions applicable to all persons and legal entities. Nevertheless, due to the inconsistent regulations contained in multiple legal acts, such as the Energy Act, the usage of limitation period still casts doubt.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2018, 5 (49); 62-76
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sankcje podatkowe, a sankcje karne – kumulacja, czy alternatywa? Analiza porównawcza
Tax and criminal penalties – to be applied jointly or to preclude each other? Comparative analysis
Autorzy:
Gryziak, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1775087.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-10-28
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Podatkowych Modzelewski i wspólnicy
Tematy:
sankcje podatkowe
sankcje karne
zasada ne bis in idem
prawa człowieka
tax penalties
criminal penalties
ne bis in idem principle
human rights
Opis:
W Polsce obserwuje się proces co raz częstszego ustanawiania sankcji podatkowych, chociaż nie jest skorelowany z nim postulowany w doktrynie proces depenalizacji prawa podatkowego. W konsekwencji co raz więcej uchybień obowiązkom prawnopodatkowym będzie jednocześnie wypełniać hipotezy sankcji podatkowej i karnej. Odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obie te sankcje mogą być jednocześnie stosowane, poszukiwano poprzez analizę prawnoporównawczą w obszarze zastosowania Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. Wynika z niej, że ze względu na tożsamość funkcji pełnionych przez sankcje podatkowe i karne, nie mogą być one stosowane równolegle. Zważywszy na zasadę proporcjonalności oraz funkcje sankcji podatkowych postuluje się preferowanie stosowania sankcji podatkowych zamiast sankcji karnych.
In Poland tax penalties are applied more and more often. However, there is no parallel process of decriminalisation of tax law. Hence, more and more often breaches of tax duties will fall under both tax and criminal penalties. Therefore, there is a question whether both these penalties could be applied jointly or, otherwise, one of them should preclude the other. The answer was sought through comparative analysis within the jurisdiction of ECHR. The result is that tax and criminal penalties pursue the same aim and, therefore, may not be applied jointly. Taking into consideration the principle of proportionality and the purposes of tax penalties it is desirable that tax penalties were preferred over criminal ones.
Źródło:
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych; 2020, 10(290); 13-21
1427-2008
2449-7584
Pojawia się w:
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rodzaje oraz wymiar kar orzekanych przez sądy wobec skazywanych kobiet w latach 1977-1980
Penalties imposed on women by the courts in 1917-1980
Autorzy:
Błachut, Janina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699082.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
rodzaje kar
wymiar kar
orzekanie kar
dane statystyczne
types of penalties
penalty amount
imposing penalties
prison sentences
types of crime
statistic data
Opis:
     The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
           The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 87-102
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Miarkowanie kary umownej w Kodeksie cywilnym i wybranych aktach modelowego prawa umów
Reduction the Specified Sum to Reasonable Amount in “Contractual Penalties Clauses” in Polish Civil Code and Selected Model Acts of Contract Law
Autorzy:
Juranek, Alexander Martin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Tematy:
contractual penalties
reduction
Polish law
model law
European law
harmonisation
Opis:
This article aims synthetically to refer to discussion between Polish academiclawyers about the controversies regarding to reduction of a specified sum in “agreed or stipulated payment for non-performance” in art. 484 § 2 of Polish Civil Code. These conclusions, resulting from the analysis of Polish private law - will be referring to the same reduction-clause in three selected acts of contracts model law: UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, the Principles of European Contract Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference. The last part of this article contains the conclusions de lege ferenda from comparative analysis.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2020, 3(59); 47-63
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Administrative Monetary Penalties During a Pandemic Covid-2019 in Poland. Selected Aspects
Administracyjne kary pieniężne podczas pandemii w Polsce. Wybrane aspekty
Autorzy:
Hoffmann, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2047800.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
monetary penalties
Covid-19
public administration
kary finansowe
administracja publiczna
Opis:
The article discusses administrative fines imposed in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. The form and rules of their imposition allow us to assume that the pragmatics of their imposition was flawed from the very beginning of the pandemic. This is confirmed by the judgments of administrative courts which question the financial penalties in question.
Artykuł dotyczy pieniężnych kar administracyjnych nakładanych w związku z pandemią Covid-19. Forma i zasady ich nakładania pozwalają przypuszczać, że pragmatyka ich nakładania była wadliwa i niezgodna z Konstytucją. Potwierdzają to wyroki sądów administracyjnych, kwestionujących przedmiotowe kary pieniężne.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2022, 2(66); 337-351
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucje realnego zbiegu przestępstw w znowelizowanym kodeksie karnym
Autorzy:
Sławomir, Żółtek,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/903098.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
actual concurrence of offences
aggregation of penalties
course of offences
Opis:
This article is dedicated to the amended regulations of Chapter IX of the Penal Code concerning the concurrence of offences and aggregation of penalties and penal measures. The problem of the new definition of actual concurrence is presented and discussed while contrasting it with the concept of apparent concurrence in this respect. Within the framework of changes to the aggregation of penalties, wider attention is given to the new model of aggregation of penalties which takes into consideration the previously imposed cases of aggregation of penalties, exceptions to it, and also directives on sentencing. It was noted „course of offences” changes based on introducing the premise of „in a similar manner” in place of „similar manner of committing” an offence that constitute the course and also the stipulations added to art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code that „the court shall impose one penalty on the basis of the provision whose attributes each of these offences”.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 159-173
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Środki zabezpieczające w tureckim prawie karnym
Autorzy:
Ínci, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1361852.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-30
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
: preventive measures
penalties
Turkish law
środki zabezpieczające
kary
prawo tureckie
Opis:
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera omówienie zarówno ogólnej konstrukcji normatywnej, jak i analizę przepisów odnoszących się do poszczególnych postaci środków zabezpieczających na tle regulacji pozostałych sankcji zawartych w obowiązującym, tureckim kodeksie karnym z dnia 26 września 2004 r. Odwołano się w tym zakresie również do innych tureckich aktów prawnych, w tym do konstytucji tego państwa z 1982 r., poprzednio obowiązującego kodeksu karnego z 1926 r. oraz ustawy o ochronie dzieci z 2005 r. Publikacja zawiera również wskazanie uregulowań karnych innych państw, na których pośrednio wzorowano się, tworząc tureckie przepisy o środkach zabezpieczających, zagadnienie ogólnych zasad, którym podporządkowane jest orzekanie środków zabezpieczających w tureckim kodeksie karnym, przedstawienie różnic pomiędzy karami a środkami zabezpieczającymi, interpretację poszczególnych uregulo wań poświęconych tym sankcjom oraz kształtujące się na tej podstawie wnioski, które mogą mieć istotne znaczenie dla polskiej nauki prawa karnego w omawianym zakresie.
This article discusses the general normative structure as well as the analysis of the regulations concerning particular preventive measures at the background of the other regulations concerning particular sanctions included in the existing Turkish Criminal Code dated 26th September 2004. Other Turkish legal acts, including the Turkish constitution of 1982, the previous Criminal Code of 1926 and the Children Protection Act of 2005, have also been referenced in this article. The publication also contains the indication of criminal legislation of other countries which, indirectly, served as reference for the Turkish regulations concerning the preventive measures, the aspect of the general rules to which the ordering of preventive measures in the Turkish criminal code is subordinate, presenting the differences between penalties and preventive measures, the interpretation of particular sanctions and the resulting conclusions, which can be crucial to the Polish criminal law studies.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2019, 13, 1; 192-211
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Główne kierunki nowelizacji kodeksu karnego w drodze ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. oraz ustaw z dnia 11 marca 2016 r.
Autorzy:
Małgorzata, Król-Bogomilska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
amendments
penalties
conditional suspension of execution of custodial sentences
fines
Opis:
This article contains a presentation of all the main amendments to the Penal Code introduced by the Act of February 20, 2015 amending the Act on Penal Code and certain other acts of law (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 396). Most of the provisions of this Act entered into force on July 1, 2015. The change of the criminal law carried out by this Act provides the most extensive amendments to the Penal Code of 1997 from the time of its adoption. The reform of the criminal law was decided due to the defectiveness of practice. At the stage of preparatory works, an emphasis was put on the abuse of custodial sentences with a conditional suspension of their execution, a low rate of individual fines and a too infrequent use of fines and penalties of restriction of liberty. Also, a defective practice was underlined referring to determining the length of a penalty period involving deprivation of liberty at an excessive level in the case of applying conditional suspension of its execution (when the courts determined the term of imprisonment sentences at the level which is much higher than if this sentence was awarded without a conditional suspension of its execution). An emphasis was also put on the presence of high levels of prison population, a high percentage of those serving prison sentences and the existence of a large group of approx. 70 000 people waiting to undergo imprisonment. Most of the changes introduced by this Act refer to penalties. The main changes include creating a broader possibility of applying non-custodial measures. Also, a novelty is an introduction of the possibility of combining the penalty of restriction of liberty with the penalty of imprisonment (which is often referred to as a so-called “mixed punishment”). A number of changes concerning the rules of application of probation measures was introduced. When it comes to conditional suspension of punishment, the possibility of conditional suspension of the penalty of restriction of liberty or an independent fine was excluded; moreover, the possibility of applying this institution was limited – as a rule – only to custodial sentences with a maximum term of imprisonment of one year. In the summary description of the changes to the Penal Code in the article it was emphasized that the far-reaching changes which were introduced were justified mainly by ad-hoc practical considerations. It was considered that the amendments to the Penal Code follow the erroneous – from the point of view of rationality – trend of attempting to solve the current problems of practice by introducing substantive changes. The article also presents subsequent changes to the Penal Code resulting from two acts enacted on the day of March 11, 2016 (Journal of Laws of 2016, item 428) and Journal of Laws of 2016, item 437). The changes referring to the regulations amended or introduced by the act which was discussed in the article were indicated. These changes consist, e.g. in eliminating the new form of execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty associated with the use of an electronic surveillance system and in repealing Article 59a giving rise to the discontinuation of criminal proceedings against the perpetrator, who, prior to the start of the trial in the first instance, repaired the damage or compensated the harm caused, as well as in repealing Article 60a on the so-called “plea-bargaining”.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 7-24
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakazana reklama aptek
Prohibited pharmacy advertising
Autorzy:
Samulska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/956559.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim
Tematy:
zakazana reklama aptek
apteki
farmaceuci
kary za naruszenie zakazu reklamy
Prohibited advertising of pharmacies
pharmacies
penalties for violation of the advertising ban
penalties
admitted advertising
Opis:
Article on Prohibited advertising of pharmacies is aimed at analyzing the legal provisions regarding the title of play. In accordance with the instruction of art. 94a paragraph 1, para. 2 and par. 3 of the Act of 6 September 2001. Pharmaceutical Law, advertising of pharmacies and pharmacy points and their activities is prohibited. It is not advertising information about the location and working hours of the pharmacy or pharmacy point. Due to the fact that the above‑mentioned regulation raised and continues to be controversial from the very beginning, the analysis of this provision was made in the light of the judicial decisions. The scope of allowed advertising for pharmacies shaped on the basis of court decisions was considered. The concept of pharmacies and a pharmacy point as well as the method and form of prohibited pharmacy advertising are discussed. The object of the interest was also the objective of prohibiting the advertising of pharmacies, as well as the penalties provided for violating the prohibition in question. The relationship between duties imposed on pharmacists and the imposed advertising ban on pharmacies was indicated. De lege ferenda views were formulated in this topic.
Źródło:
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa; 2018, 4; 35-50
2543-6961
Pojawia się w:
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new method for searching optimal path on a raster plane including cost of direction changes
Autorzy:
Szłapczyński, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259541.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
navigation
optimal route
turn penalties
Lee's algorithm
vave propagation
raster charts
Opis:
The article introduces a new algorithm for finding optimal routes on raster planes. This method takes advantage of the new data structure and results in minimizing the number of direction changes within a route. It has linear time and space complexities and is sufficiently fast to perform real-time routing on the raster grids. Both the algorithm and its data structure are presented in detail in the paper. Possible applications of this method are also discussed.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2005, 3; 27-31
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kształtowanie się koncepcji kar dodatkowych w prawie karnym w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Formation of the Concept of Supplementary Penalties in Criminal Law in the Period of the Second Polish Republic
Autorzy:
Melezini, Mirosława
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621388.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
II Rzeczpospolita Polska, kary dodatkowe, skutki skazania, kary za- sadnicze, środki zabezpieczające, skazania
Second Polish Republic, supplementary penalties, consequences of convic- tion, basic penalties, safeguards, sentencing
Opis:
The subject matter of this document is the formation of the concept of supplementary penalties in the criminal law in the period of the Second Polish Republic. The article presents the birth of the concept of supplementary penalties in Polish criminal law science, which was formed in the early 20th century against a background of criticism regarding the institution of legal consequences of conviction and efforts to grant judges more discretion with regard to sentencing. The article contains a broad presentation of the views on criminal law doctrine concerning the need to break-away from the automatic consequences of conviction and to introduce supplementary penalties. The article also presents discussion on the final model of supplementary penalties that took place during the works of the Codification Committee and describes the normative form of supplementary penalties in the Penal Code of 1932. It was concluded that the replacement of legal consequences of conviction with supplementary penalties was an expression of the idea of progress in Polish criminal law.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2015, 14, 2; 113-125
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porównanie kar za wykroczenia drogowe w wybranych krajach europejskich
Analysis of selected issues of traffic law in selected European countries
Autorzy:
Dyraga, S.
Jaśkiewicz, M.
Poliak, M.
Więckowski, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310869.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
przepisy ruchu drogowego
wykroczenie drogowe
kary za wykroczenia drogowe
kara finansowa
punkty karne
road traffic regulations
traffic offense
penalties for traffic offenses
penalty points
financial penalties
Opis:
W pracy została przedstawiona analiza prawa o ruchu drogowym w wybranych państwach Europy (Polska, Niemcy, Wielka Brytania i Węgry). Przedstawiono i porównano kary za wykroczenia drogowe w poszczególnych państwach. Dokonano ich zestawienia i omówienia.
The article discusses selected issues of traffic law in the following countries: Poland, United Kingdom, Germany and Hungary. It was Presented and are compared penalties for traffic offenses in Poland, Great Britain, Germany and Hungary.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2017, 18, 9; 47-51
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System środków penalnych w projekcie kodeksu wykroczeń
The System of Penal Measures in the Draft of the Transgressions Code
Autorzy:
Szumski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699036.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
środki penalne
kary
środki karne
kodeks wykroczeń
penal measures
penalties
Transgressions Code
Opis:
This paper discusses and appraises changes in the system of penal measures in the draft of the Transgressions Code, and to some extent also in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties. A great variety of problems are discussed: the author concentrates on a broad definition of a penal measure, treating as such measure each legal reaction to the fact of transgression, made by a competent agency upon identification of the perpetrator. The discussion concentrates on the draft’s division into penalties and penal measures. Also discussed are other reactions included in the code that can be applied to the perpetrator but do not belong to either of the above two categories. The autor carries out a critical analysis of the solutions concerning penalties, penal measures, alternatives to punishment, and the main  directives as to the severity of penal measures. Taken into account in the analysis have been, on the one hand, the praiseworthy regulations, most of which result from acceptance by authors of the draft of postulates, made for a long time by the doctrine and aimed toward the   rationalization and humanization of Polish law on transgressions. On the other hand, the analysis paints out those solutions which the author finds to be redundant or improperly formulated With respect to reactions that are termed “penalties” the author declares himself a resolved opponent of arrest: in his opinion, that penalty should not be imposed on perpetrators of the pettiest transgressions, the more so as some of the offences specified in the draft code are not threatened with deprivation of liberty at all. Here, the practice of deciding in cases of transgressions is brought to mind where arrest was usually imposed for disturbances of public order or peace committed by intoxicated persons; most of such perpetrators were alcoholics, and  their short-term imprisonment was in fact a specific preventive measure. The author also expresses his support of the renouncement of the institution of conditional suspention of the penalty of arrest (should even arrest be preserved in the future code): in practice, instead of limiting the use of arrest, that institution was treated as a self-standing reaction, a substitute for the penal measures not involving deprivation of liberty. On the other hand, the author praises the elimination from the draft of the penalty of limitation of liberty which fails to come up to expectations as an alternative to arrest and only causes serious problems with its execution. As regards, further, the penalty of fines ‒ the basic reaction towards perpetrators of transgressions ‒ the author considers the pros and cons and declarls himself in favor of the system of daily rates. Aware of the controversial nature of this suggestion, he justifies it mainly with the need for the unification of the system of imposition of fines in penal law and the  law on transgressions. The author praises the solution where only the court is empowered to impose arrest in default of paying a fine. In principle, he also praises the way this sphere ‒ the main weak point of decisions in cases of transgressions so far ‒ has been regulated in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties. Here, arrest as a substitute for fines is treated as the last resort, and many solutions are Offerd to cause the payment of a fine; fines can even be defanted on if then cannot be paid for reasons beyond the convicted person’s control, and it proves impossible or inexpedient to carry out that penalty in another way. The author believes, however, that some of the solutions suggested in the draft of the Code of the Execution of Penalties have not been formulated with sufficient precision. As far as penal measures are concerned ‒ under the draft of the Transgressions Code, they include with deawal of a driving license, forfeiture of property, and payment to the injured person or for a public purpose ‒ the author criticizes mainly the limited possibilities of their application as self-standing measures: they can only be applied in the case of renouncement of inflicting a punishment. This solution is in fact a preservation of the possibility, criticized by scientific community, of the accumulation of different penal measures, and leads to unnecessary aggravation of punishment. On the other hand, the author praises many other novel solutions related to penal measures, including in particular a considerable mitigation of the statutory application of a most annoying withdrawal of a driving license; in his opinion, however, that ban should be optional and not obligatory. The author also praises the regulation of forfeiture of propesty, mainly because of the ban on its application if the decision to impose it were out of proportion with the seriousness of the transgression. Besides, the author fully approves of the renunciation of the former additional penalty, the “ban on pursuit of definite activity or performance of functions requiring a license”, and also of the labelling measure of publication of the sentence. In the sphere of general directives of the imposition of penal measures, the draft is based on the concept which combines elements of just retribution (proportional to guilt) and special prevention. The former directive is to define the maximum degree of severity of reaction under penal law, while the latter should influence the choice and extent of the penal measure applied. Unlike the draft of the Penal Code, the draft of the Transgressions Code does not include the directive of general prevention. The present author praises this omission and supports the opinion, popular in scientific community, that general prevention should be included in the statutory sanctions while its aims can be achieved within the directive of just retribution. With respect to the latter, the author argues that reaction of penal law should be commensurate not only with the guilt but also with the seriousness of the act; he also stresses that compensation for the damages done to the injured person should become an integral part of just retribution, and acquire an important position in the future Transgressions Code. Further discussion concerns alternatives to punishment, that is: (1) renunciaton of inflicting punishment, and (2) refusal to start proceedings before the boards for the adjudication of transgressions where the case is referred to other agencies (e.g. place of employment or school) for application of so-callcd educational measures. Under the draft, renunciation of inflicting punishment may consist both in a complete renunciation of applying any penal measure, and in rcnunciation of imposing a penalty which is combined with the application of another penal measure. In the author’s opinion; this solution has to be modified. The very name of the institution concerned here can hardly be squared with the  possibility of applying a penal measure, often one ‒ e.g. withdrawal of a driving license ‒ that is actually more severe than a penalty such as a small fine. For this reason, the author’s suggestion aims at a situation where renunciation of inflicting punishment would consist only in abandonment of the application of any measures whatever. Instead, the possibilities of application of self-standing penal measures should be much extended and regulated by separate provisions. The other of the above-mentioned institutions, whose regulation violates the principle of definiteness of reaction under penal law, should be eliminated altogether. What also speaks for this solution is the fact that the institution concerned is based on a belief in the effectiveness of educational actions which has not been verified empirically; moreover, its application may expose the offender to consequences more severe (e.g. dismissal from work) than those resulting from proceedings before the beards for the adjudication of transgressions. In the final part of the paper, the author comments on the general conception of the Polish reform of broadly conceived penal law. He proclaims himself in favor of the opinion, found in literature, that Polish law has to be amended radically (based on the suggestions contained in the draft), and that the work on its codification have to proceed parallel to its amendment; they must also be given sufficient time to be completed.  
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1994, XX; 53-78
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kary i nagrody stosowane przez rodziców a samoocena młodzieży
Rewards and penalties used by parents and self-esteem of youth
Autorzy:
Kuźmik, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1387900.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
kary
nagrody
rodzina
samoocena
poczucie własnej wartości
penalties
rewards
family
self-esteem
Opis:
Samoocena jest jedną z podstawowych potrzeb każdej jednostki. Może być również cennym zasobem pozwalającym jednostce na samorealizację. Celem badań było przedstawienie związków między samooceną oraz poszczególnymi karami i nagrodami. Analiza odpowiedzi udzielonych przez gimnazjalistów w kwestionariuszu ankiety wskazuje na ważną rolę wzmocnień pozytywnych w kształtowaniu poczucia własnej wartości tej grupy respondentów.
Self-esteem is one of elementary needs of each individual. It can be also a precious resource, that allows self-realization. The main goal of research was to present relations between selfesteem and specific penalties and rewards. Analysis of answers granted by respondents in questionary shows significant meaning of positive reinforcments in shaping high self-esteem in tested group.
Źródło:
Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe; 2017, 2; 197-208
2451-1420
Pojawia się w:
Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
IL RECLAMO E LA MEDIAZIONE TRIBUTARIA DOPO LA RIFORMA: PROFILI RICOSTRUTTIVI E RISVOLTI APPLICATIVI – PARTE SECONDA
THE TAX COMPLAINT AND MEDIATION AFTER THE REFORMATION: RECONSTRUCTIVE PROFILES AND APPLICATIONS – PART TWO
Autorzy:
Parente, Salvatore Antonello
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/546612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:
Procedural aspects of the complaint
advanced mode of complaint/mediation
reduction of penalties
Opis:
Alongside the expansion of subjective assumptions, required for the experiment of complaint/ mediation, the real innovation is the broadening of the audience of those who can speak about it: tax agencies and any other body levying entity (for example, local authorities), whose decision was the subject of appeal. While tax agencies, given the considerable size, shall examine the complaint through facilities other than those that materially have issued actionable measures, for the other institutions, whose acts are subject to the remedy, the identification of the subject responsible for dealing with complaints is left to the internal organisation of each: this entails, especially for those of limited size, significant difficulties in identifying, within the organization, a different subject and autonomous, it can act as a mediator. Compared to the original formulation of the norm, whose wording seemed to distinguish the claim from the action, the technique of drafting the novel seems much more consistent, where remedies to concerns raised by the previous version: reformed text, the appeal also produces the effect of a complaint and may contain a proposal for mediation with restatement of the amount of the claim; in the former, on the other hand, it highlighted a duplication, since it is necessary to those who intend to institute proceedings, to present preliminarily claim, that, after 90 days, turned into action, producing the effects of such an act. The second paragraph of article 17 bis, confirming an earlier regulatory intervention, shared by constitutional jurisprudence, sanctioned on admissibility the failure to follow the procedure: the complaint/appeal, ritually notified financial administration, gives life to the mediation process, which is to end in the next 90 days, regardless of the presence of a proposal. The reform did not vary the methods of refinement of complaint/mediation: even in the current regime, the mediation agreement related to disputes concerning an act to impose taxes or levying studies with payment of the full amount or the first installment, to be carried out within 20 days after the date of signature; except for disputes concerning tax refunds and the land on which the mediation is concluded with the mere signing of agreement as a result of the agreement, the taxpayer may be treated to favor concerning the extent of administrative penalties, which apply in an amount equal to thirty-five per cent of the statutory minimum made by edict. Regarding the application in time, the new provisions on the procedure for complaint/mediation shall be applicable as from 1 January 2016.
Źródło:
Civitas et Lex; 2017, 2(14); 36-52
2392-0300
Pojawia się w:
Civitas et Lex
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawa państw europejskich kobiecym okiem widziane Uwagi Teofili Konstancji z Radziwiłłów Morawskiej w diariuszu podróży z lat 1773—1774
The rights of European states in the eyes of a woman Remarks by Teofila Konstancja Morawska née Radziwiłł in her travel diary from 1773—1774
Autorzy:
Mikołajczyk, Marian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782476.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
travel
history of law
history of state systems
customs controls
enforcement of penalties
Opis:
Teofila Konstancja Morawska came from a powerful Lithuanian family of Radziwiłł dukes. However, her husband, Ignacy Feliks Morawski, was a much lower ranked nobleman. In 1773, Teofila Morawska and a small group of her companions set off on a journey through Europe. The route of this journey led through Prussia and other German countries, France, Switzerland, and finally numerous Italian countries. The return journey led, among others, through Austria and the Czech lands. The result of this journey was a diary written by Morawska, in which she described not only the landscapes and monuments visited, but also events connected with the law of the countries where she was allowed to stay. The observations made by her concern the systems of states, administrative regulations, especially those directly affecting travellers, customs and passport regulations, as well as court law. The traveller was particularly interested in the execution of sentences, she described prisons and places of execution. The observations recorded in the diary are usually precise and do not contain gross errors. The traveller above all recorded what she saw or heard, but from time to time she also added her own comments. Some of these remarks may indicate that the traveller was no stranger to the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Źródło:
Z Dziejów Prawa; 2019, 12; 203-226
1898-6986
2353-9879
Pojawia się w:
Z Dziejów Prawa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-25 z 86

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