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Tytuł:
Ekskomunika. Rys historyczno-kanoniczny
EXCOMMUNICATION. HISTORICAL AND CANON LAW OUTLINE
Autorzy:
Terpin, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/490136.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Teologiczno-Pastoralny im. św. bpa Józefa Sebastiana Pelczara
Tematy:
excommunication
penalties in Church
censures
medicinal penalties
ekskomunika
kary kościelne
cenzury
kary lecznicze
Opis:
The first mentions of excommunication can be found in The Bible and in the teaching of Fathers of the Church. From the beginning, excommunication was the most severe sanction of all the penalties in canon law. Excommunication excluded one from community of the faithful, but did not brake all of ties. There was always a possibility of reconciliation with God and the Church. Over time excommunication was being used more often and more offenses were sanctioned with excommunication. This kind of penalty was either latae sententiae or ferendae sententae. Many popes created more and more regulations concerning excommunication. All of them were compiled in Gratian’s Decretum and Decrets of pope Gregory IX. One of the most important regulation of excommunication was promulgated by pope Martin V apostolic constitution Ad evitanda (1418). It introduces the distinction of excommunicated person into vitandi et tolrati. The Code of Canon Law (1917) changed the situation of excommunicated persons, but this punishment still remained the most severed sanction in canon law.
Źródło:
Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej; 2014, 21; 447-468
1234-8880
Pojawia się w:
Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sankcje w postaci kar pieniężnych
Administrative pecuniary penalties
Autorzy:
Wierzbowski, Marek
Żywicka, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409362.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
financial administrative penalties
discretion
administrative law
Opis:
Over the several decades of her scientific activity, Professor Teresa Rabska played an outstanding role in the formation of Polish administrative law, particularly during the political and economic transformations of the late 1980s, when Prof. Rabska was actively involved in the field. Within public economic law, the role of the state and its tools for influencing the economy have evolved fundamentally. In this area, the administrative sanctions with which administrative bodies were equipped have developed profoundly and taken on an important function. Undoubtedly, the European Union plays a significant role in the development of administrative penalties. Penalties are imposed in the form of administrative decisions, issued according to procedures governed by the Code of Administrative Procedure. This Code and other laws enumerate the prerequisites for assessing a penalty. Among these, the omission of the element of guilt must be a cause for concern. Consequently, particularly in the case of penalties imposed on individuals, the penalty may be imposed on a person to whom no fault can be attributed in the violation of the law that caused the punishment. The system of fines thus arouses great dissatisfaction among market participants. An analysis of the system of administrative penalties in Poland raises the issue of harmonizing solutions on the scale of the European Union, as it is expected that penalties should be of similar size in all member states. However, the statutory enshrinement of high penalties in the current legislation does not prejudge the practice of imposing them. Given the smaller revenues generated in Poland, the penalties imposed should be proportionately lower. Moreover, the law does not categorically require the imposition of high penalties. The legislation often uses the word “may,” from which some people draw conclusions about the imposition of penalties under administrative discretion, which is not legitimate.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2023, 4 (44); 39-52
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Porównanie kar za wykroczenia drogowe w Polsce i w Niemczech
Comparison of penalties for traffic offenses in Poland and Germany
Autorzy:
Jaśkiewicz, M.
Jurecki, R.
Stokłosa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310224.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
kary za wykroczenia drogowe
kara finansowa
punkty karne
penalties for traffic offenses
penalty points
financial penalties
Opis:
W pracy przedstawione zostaną kary za wykroczenia drogowe w Polsce i w Niemczech. Pokazano wybrane zestawienie kar za takie same wykroczenia drogowe w obu krajach. Przedstawiono zarówno kary finansowe jak również kary w postaci punktów karnych.
There are presented in the paper the penalties for traffic offenses in Poland and Germany. The selected breakdown of penalties for the same traffic offenses in both countries is shown in this paper. There are presented financial penalties as well as penalties in the form of penalty points.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2014, 15, 5; 66-68
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kara grzywny za przestępstwo lub wykroczenie skarbowe a sankcje prawa finansowego – problem podwójnego „karania” deliktów skarbowych
An amercement for a fiscal offence or transgression and the sanctions of financial law – the issue of double „punishment” of fiscal delicts
Autorzy:
Zubrzycki, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/527754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
amercement for fiscal delicts
tax
penalties crossing
Opis:
The article is dedicated to the problem of crossing fiscal criminal liability regime and the consequences resulting from applying proper regulations of financial law that provide for imposing so-called tax penalties. These “crossings” may be considered, among other things, as breaking the “ne bis in idem” rule or the constitutional principle of proportionality of country’s reaction to violation of legal obligation. The essence of tax penalties, their level of accumulation with amercement for fiscal delicts and constitutional requirements for acceptance of such crossings in light of the foregoing reference norms are discussed. Moreover, judicatory’s way of viewing this problem (expressed in the form of most widely commented court decisions) together with ideas on how to “solve” these crossings are also included.
Źródło:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo; 2014, 4; 65-85
1643-8299
2451-0858
Pojawia się w:
Państwo i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Criteria set out in CIC c. 874 § 1, 4°-5° and the validity of admission to the munus of sponsor
Autorzy:
Jakubiak, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086067.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
baptism
parents
penalties
sponsors
Chrzest
rodzice
kary
chrzestni
Opis:
A person to be baptized should, insofar as possible, be given a sponsor who – before being admitted to undertaking the office – must satisfy the criteria specified in CIC c. 874. Among them are the requirement of being free from any canonical penalty, according to the law imposed or declared, and not being the father or mother of the one to be baptised. Unfortunately, neither the doctrine nor the discipline of the Latin Church explicitly state whether non-compliance with the requirements set out in CIC c. 874 § 1, 4°-5° affects the validity or only liceity of acquiring the sponsor’s munus. Given this lack, the author of this article has set himself the goal of answering this doubt.
Źródło:
Prawo Kanoniczne; 2020, 63, 2; 31-48
2353-8104
Pojawia się w:
Prawo Kanoniczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zabezpieczenie wykonania obowiązków publicznoprawnych wynikających ze stosunku administracyjnoprawnego
Legal security for the performance of public law obligations from the administrative and legal relationship
Autorzy:
Staniszewska, Lucyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-08-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
administrative enforcement
administrative pecuniary penalties
administrative non-pecuniary penalties
administrative and legal relationship
securing the performance of administrative and legal obligations
Opis:
This article deals with the issue of securing the performance of the content of an administrative-legal relationship. The purpose of the discussion is to indicate what measures are provided for in the normative acts, as well as what measures are postulated in the doctrine. The article discusses the differences and similarities between the legal means of securing the performance of public-law obligations, as well as recognizing the basic problems that can be encountered when using these instruments and when assessing their effectiveness and efficiency. Administration is faced with a huge number of tasks. They are carried out in various legal forms, often there are imperative forms. The effect of the administra-tion’s actions are then orders and prohibitions of specific behavior addressed to those administrated. They result from administrative acts or normative acts. The state implements its goals and tasks primarily by means of administrative and legal orders and prohibitions, in order for them to be really effective, they must be secured by coercion or sanctions. In public law, the application of legal regulations results from the will of the competent state authorities, and the addressees of the actions of these entities cannot protect themselves from the consequences (consequences) of their adoption or violation. The multiplicity of these instruments is not an obstacle to achieving the goal of safeguarding compliance with administrative law; on the contrary, their richness makes the system more flexible and facilitates the choice of the best measure to se-cure the norm, and on the other hand, to be proportionate and fair in its application. The analysis of the legal problems is preceded by an explanation of the key terms: “administrative-legal relationship”, “administrative sanction” and “administrative lia-bility”, which allow the purpose and functions of individual legal instruments to be described. The article also discusses the objectives of administrative enforcement and administrative sanctions, as well as the problem of compliance of administrative sanctions with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and international acts.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2022, 2 (38); 85-108
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Okoliczności obciążające i łagodzące jako dyrektywy wymiaru kary
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances as Directives of Imposing of Penalties
Autorzy:
Gądzik, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32443786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Tematy:
imposing of penalties
aggravating circumstances
mitigating circumstances
directives of imposing of penalties
wymiar kary
okoliczności obciążające
okoliczności łagodzące
dyrektywy wymiaru kary
Opis:
Artykuł odnosi się do wykładni i znaczenia okoliczności obciążających i łagodzących, wpływających na sądowy wymiar kary. Okoliczności te zostały wprowadzone do Kodeksu karnego na gruncie nowelizacji powyższej ustawy z 7 lipca 2022 r., obejmującej istotne zmiany w zakresie katalogu kar, jak i dyrektyw jej wymiaru. Zagadnienie to jest nie tylko przedmiotem naukowej dyskusji wśród przedstawicieli doktryny prawa karnego materialnego, ale ponadto stanowi problem praktyczny, istotny z punktu widzenia odpowiedniego wymiaru kary. W tekście odniesiono się do wszystkich okoliczności wymienionych w art. 53 § 2a i 2b Kodeksu karnego, a także wyjaśniono konsekwencje ich zbiegu z odpowiadającymi im co do treści znamionami czynów zabronionych lub podstaw nadzwyczajnego wymiaru kary.
The article refers to the interpretation and importance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances affecting the judicial penalty. These circumstances were introduced into Polish Penal Code on the basis of the amendment Act of 7 July 2022, which includes significant changes in the catalog of penalties and its assessment directives. This issue is not only the subject of scientific discussion among representatives of the doctrine of substantive criminal law, but also constitutes a practical problem, important from the point of view of the appropriate imposing of penalties. The text refers to all the circumstances listed in Article 53 § 2a and 2b of the Penal Code, as well as the consequences of their combination with the corresponding content of prohibited acts or grounds for extraordinary punishment.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego; 2024, 19, 21 (1); 85-103
2719-3128
2719-7336
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The study of the sobriety of employees as one of the key elements of safety
Autorzy:
Jędrzejas, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1177352.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
alcohol dependence
alcohol problems
breathalyser
harmful drinking
penalties
sobriety
Opis:
Safety at the workplace is one of the key aspects that affects both the employee and the employer. Despite the passage of time, this unusually expanded subject does not lose its significance and its social status influences the creation of a culture of work safety. It is aimed not only at removing threats or creating security procedures, but also changing the beliefs, attitudes and behavior of employees. This last element is extremely important to be able to adapt employees to today's European security standards. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of the sobriety of employees as an aspect of safety in the workplace, which not only affects their health and life, but also reduces quality and productivity at the same time undermining the credibility of the company.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2018, 104; 215-226
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Administracyjne kary pieniężne w ustawie o produktach kosmetycznych a dyrektywy wymiaru kary z art. 189d Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego
The financial penalties in the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018 vs. the directives on the penalties under the Administrative Code
Autorzy:
Żywicka, Agnieszka
Wierzbowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409223.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
administrative law
cosmetic products
market supervision
financial administrative penalties
Opis:
Within the legal system applicable in the Republic of Poland, it is the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018 that regulates the supervision and supervisory measures in the market for such products. The domestic scheme of market supervision in respect of cosmetic products involves the competencies of the State Sanitary Inspectorate and the Trade Inspectorate. These bodies have been equipped with supervisory measures in the form of administrative sanctions, the most severe of which are financial administrative penalties imposed on business entities under their administrative criminal liability. The ratio legis of this legislative act is based on the premise that the appropriate level of protection of public interest (consumer health and life protection) may be best achieved through the preventive and repressive character of fines. The article substantiates the claim that effective supervision (which provides an appropriate level of consumer health and life protection) determines that supervisory bodies employ financial administrative penalties in judicial matters only if the directives on the penalty extent are understood correctly. This article constitutes a dogmatic and legal analysis of the statutory premises which determine the extent of financial administrative penalties imposed by supervisory bodies (the so-called ‘directives on the penalty extent’) on entrepreneurs within the cosmetics industry under the scheme stipulated in the Act on cosmetic products of 4 October 2018. The article aims to present how these premises are understood and applied in judicial matters by the State Sanitary Inspectorate and the Trade Inspectorate. It is the correct understanding and application of these premises (directives) for the extent of financial administrative penalties that result in the appropriate behaviour on the part of the entrepreneur during the course of the proceedings. This, in turn, is a direct consequence of the extent and severity of the administrative monetary penalty, as it has a preventive and repressive function.
Źródło:
Studia Prawa Publicznego; 2022, 3 (39); 39-62
2300-3936
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawa Publicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadnienie przedawnienia administracyjnych kar pieniężnych na przykładzie Prawa energetycznego
The Matter of Limitation Period of Administrative Penalties by the Example of Energy Law
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518757.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Tematy:
limitation period
administrative penalties
reform
energy law
transitional period
Opis:
The limitation period plays a crucial role in any legal system. It is commonly used in the fields of criminal and civil law. As for the administrative law, the regulation was introduced partially and in an inconsistent way. The Polish Constitutional Court pointed out, that one cannot claim its right or even expectative for setting up the limitation period in the field of administrative law. Nonetheless, once introduced in the legal system, the limitation period has to fulfill the require- ments resulting from the Constitution. As for the energy law, the limitation period was introduced in 2015 by providing the reference to the provisions of Tax Code. However, the reference to the provisions of Tax Code concerning the limitation period were partially removed just one year later. The reform of Administrative Procedure Code introducing inter alia the rules for the limitation period of impos- ing and executing administrative penalties, was supposed to provide the general provisions applicable to all persons and legal entities. Nevertheless, due to the inconsistent regulations contained in multiple legal acts, such as the Energy Act, the usage of limitation period still casts doubt.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2018, 5 (49); 62-76
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sankcje podatkowe, a sankcje karne – kumulacja, czy alternatywa? Analiza porównawcza
Tax and criminal penalties – to be applied jointly or to preclude each other? Comparative analysis
Autorzy:
Gryziak, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1775087.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-10-28
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Podatkowych Modzelewski i wspólnicy
Tematy:
sankcje podatkowe
sankcje karne
zasada ne bis in idem
prawa człowieka
tax penalties
criminal penalties
ne bis in idem principle
human rights
Opis:
W Polsce obserwuje się proces co raz częstszego ustanawiania sankcji podatkowych, chociaż nie jest skorelowany z nim postulowany w doktrynie proces depenalizacji prawa podatkowego. W konsekwencji co raz więcej uchybień obowiązkom prawnopodatkowym będzie jednocześnie wypełniać hipotezy sankcji podatkowej i karnej. Odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obie te sankcje mogą być jednocześnie stosowane, poszukiwano poprzez analizę prawnoporównawczą w obszarze zastosowania Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. Wynika z niej, że ze względu na tożsamość funkcji pełnionych przez sankcje podatkowe i karne, nie mogą być one stosowane równolegle. Zważywszy na zasadę proporcjonalności oraz funkcje sankcji podatkowych postuluje się preferowanie stosowania sankcji podatkowych zamiast sankcji karnych.
In Poland tax penalties are applied more and more often. However, there is no parallel process of decriminalisation of tax law. Hence, more and more often breaches of tax duties will fall under both tax and criminal penalties. Therefore, there is a question whether both these penalties could be applied jointly or, otherwise, one of them should preclude the other. The answer was sought through comparative analysis within the jurisdiction of ECHR. The result is that tax and criminal penalties pursue the same aim and, therefore, may not be applied jointly. Taking into consideration the principle of proportionality and the purposes of tax penalties it is desirable that tax penalties were preferred over criminal ones.
Źródło:
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych; 2020, 10(290); 13-21
1427-2008
2449-7584
Pojawia się w:
Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rodzaje oraz wymiar kar orzekanych przez sądy wobec skazywanych kobiet w latach 1977-1980
Penalties imposed on women by the courts in 1917-1980
Autorzy:
Błachut, Janina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699082.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
rodzaje kar
wymiar kar
orzekanie kar
dane statystyczne
types of penalties
penalty amount
imposing penalties
prison sentences
types of crime
statistic data
Opis:
     The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
           The general picture of sentences pronounced by the courts is affected by the visible differences in the structure of offences comitted by men and women.           Prison sentences (the decisive factor in severity of sentence) are less frequently imposed on women. This is not the case, however, with regard to all offences. There are also situations where prison sentences are imposed more often on women than on men. Equally frequently, and sometimes even more often, women are sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment, that is, to terms of morethan three years.           Suspended prison sentences are commoner among women than among men. But this is not the predominant type of sentence in all types of crime. For sometimes it is less frequent than limitation of liberty, and fines. In cases of suspended prison sentences, women are more likely than men to get sentences of less than a year's duration.             Women are more likely than men to receive sentences consisting of a fine plus imprisonment. This is a consequence of the kind of offence they commit. Generally the fine is in the order of from 5,000 to 10,000 zlotys. The lowest fines are imposed on women more often than on men.            The lowest sentences of limitation of liberty are imposed more often on women than on men. In both groups, the sentences range mostly from six months to a year. True, there are certain types of crime where maximum prison sentences are imposed on women more often than on men, but generally speaking the opposite is usually the case.           Women, rather  than men, are more likely to be given the lowest fines (imposed as independent penalties); more rarely, with the exception of a few types of ,crime, are they given the heaviest fines.          It should be noted that as regards crimes against the family and the care of children (Art. 184, Art. 186), severer penalties are imposed against women, They are more frequently given higher fines along with terms of imprisonment, and also longer sentences of limitation of liberty.        Greater leniency in the sentences imposed on women (a trend mentioned in many criminological studies) is indicated by the higher frequency of sentences that do not include imprisonment, although this trend as regards leniency is not always borne out by the severity of the sentences imposed.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 87-102
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Miarkowanie kary umownej w Kodeksie cywilnym i wybranych aktach modelowego prawa umów
Reduction the Specified Sum to Reasonable Amount in “Contractual Penalties Clauses” in Polish Civil Code and Selected Model Acts of Contract Law
Autorzy:
Juranek, Alexander Martin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Fundacja Utriusque Iuris
Tematy:
contractual penalties
reduction
Polish law
model law
European law
harmonisation
Opis:
This article aims synthetically to refer to discussion between Polish academiclawyers about the controversies regarding to reduction of a specified sum in “agreed or stipulated payment for non-performance” in art. 484 § 2 of Polish Civil Code. These conclusions, resulting from the analysis of Polish private law - will be referring to the same reduction-clause in three selected acts of contracts model law: UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, the Principles of European Contract Law and the Draft Common Frame of Reference. The last part of this article contains the conclusions de lege ferenda from comparative analysis.
Źródło:
Forum Prawnicze; 2020, 3(59); 47-63
2081-688X
Pojawia się w:
Forum Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Administrative Monetary Penalties During a Pandemic Covid-2019 in Poland. Selected Aspects
Administracyjne kary pieniężne podczas pandemii w Polsce. Wybrane aspekty
Autorzy:
Hoffmann, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2047800.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
monetary penalties
Covid-19
public administration
kary finansowe
administracja publiczna
Opis:
The article discusses administrative fines imposed in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. The form and rules of their imposition allow us to assume that the pragmatics of their imposition was flawed from the very beginning of the pandemic. This is confirmed by the judgments of administrative courts which question the financial penalties in question.
Artykuł dotyczy pieniężnych kar administracyjnych nakładanych w związku z pandemią Covid-19. Forma i zasady ich nakładania pozwalają przypuszczać, że pragmatyka ich nakładania była wadliwa i niezgodna z Konstytucją. Potwierdzają to wyroki sądów administracyjnych, kwestionujących przedmiotowe kary pieniężne.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2022, 2(66); 337-351
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucje realnego zbiegu przestępstw w znowelizowanym kodeksie karnym
Autorzy:
Sławomir, Żółtek,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/903098.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
actual concurrence of offences
aggregation of penalties
course of offences
Opis:
This article is dedicated to the amended regulations of Chapter IX of the Penal Code concerning the concurrence of offences and aggregation of penalties and penal measures. The problem of the new definition of actual concurrence is presented and discussed while contrasting it with the concept of apparent concurrence in this respect. Within the framework of changes to the aggregation of penalties, wider attention is given to the new model of aggregation of penalties which takes into consideration the previously imposed cases of aggregation of penalties, exceptions to it, and also directives on sentencing. It was noted „course of offences” changes based on introducing the premise of „in a similar manner” in place of „similar manner of committing” an offence that constitute the course and also the stipulations added to art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code that „the court shall impose one penalty on the basis of the provision whose attributes each of these offences”.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 159-173
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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