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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 78
Tytuł:
Bezpośredniość zamachu oraz współmierność sposobu obrony – granice obrony koniecznej w najnowszym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego i sądów apelacyjnych
The Directness of Attack and the Commensurateness of the Means of Defense – the Boundaries of Necessary Self-Defense in Current Case Law of the Supreme Court and Appeal Courts
Autorzy:
Grudecki, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035789.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-10
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
criminal law
justification
necessary defence
directness of attack
commensurateness of the means of necessary defence
Opis:
The following article aims at discussing the attributes of the directness of attack and the commensurateness of the means of necessary self-defense, which constitute the most significant, but also the most controversial, prerequisites for the justification of necessary self-defense. The author conducts his study on the basis of selected case law of appeal courts and the Supreme court, dating back four years. In this way, the article allows to delineate the limits of necessary self-defense, as well as present particular cases of exceeding the limits of necessary self-defense.
Źródło:
Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2017, 27, 1; 89-101
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Second-order necessary conditions for discrete inclusions with end point constraints
Autorzy:
Cernea, Aurelian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/729636.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Wydział Matematyki, Informatyki i Ekonometrii
Tematy:
tangent cone
discrete inclusion
necessary optimality conditions
Opis:
We study an optimization problem given by a discrete inclusion with end point constraints. An approach concerning second-order optimality conditions is proposed.
Źródło:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization; 2005, 25, 1; 47-58
1509-9407
Pojawia się w:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Necessary optimality conditions for quasi-singular controls for systems with Caputo fractional derivatives
Autorzy:
Yusubov, Shakir Sh.
Mahmudov, Elimhan N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27321480.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
fractional derivative
fractional optimal control
necessary optimality condition
Opis:
In this paper, we consider an optimal control problem in which a dynamical system is controlled by a nonlinear Caputo fractional state equation. First we get the linearized maximum principle. Further, the concept of a quasi-singular control is introduced and, on this basis, an analogue of the Legendre-Clebsch conditions is obtained. When the analogue of Legendre-Clebsch condition degenerates, a necessary high-order optimality condition is derived. An illustrative example is considered.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2023, 33, 3; 463--496
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the existence of Luenberger reduced order observer
Autorzy:
Kiritsis, Konstadinos H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
Luenberger reduced order observer
necessary and sufficient conditions
Opis:
In this paper the explicit necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Luenberger reduced order observer are established. In particular, it is proven that for the given linear time-invariant system of order n, having p linearly independent out- puts and m inputs, a Luenberger observer of order (n − p) can be constructed if and only if the given system is detectable. Further- more, a procedure is given for the construction of the observer. Our approach is based on the properties of real and polynomial matrices.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2023, 52, 2; 181-198
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A comparative analysis of the issue of necessary defense in terms of tort law
Autorzy:
Łubińska, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899541.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
tort law
necessity
necessary defense
comparative analysis
assassination
Opis:
This paper addresses a comparative analysis of the issue of necessary defense in terms of tort law. The concept of indispensable defense is most often associated with criminal law. However, it is not the only branch of law in which it occurs. It is also possible to find it on the grounds of the Civil Code. A necessary defense is one of the main counter-narratives which exclude the unlawfulness of an act. As a matter of fact, acting within the framework of necessary defense, we act according to the rules of law. Nevertheless, it is important to act only within the limits of such defense, because exceeding them excludes the unlawfulness of the act. The subject of this dissertation is to show, compare, and analyze legal regulations defining the right to indispensable defense in Poland and other contemporary countries.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 101; 201-210
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Normality of the maximum principle for absolutely continuous solutions to Bolza problems under state constraints
Autorzy:
Frankowska, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970777.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
optimal control
maximum principle under state constraints
normal necessary conditions
Opis:
It is well known that for a Bolza optimal control problem under state constraints every local minimizer satisfies a constrained maximum principle which may be degenerate. In the recent years several researchers proposed sufficient conditions for its nondegeneracy, e.g. Arutyanov and Assev (1997), Rampazzo and Vinter (1999, 2000), Galbraith and Vinter (2003). In all these papers the most important assumption links dynamics of a control system with tangent cones to constraints. It is the so called inward pointing condition of control theory that is in the same spirit with the well known Slater and Managasarian-Fromowitz conditions of mathematical programming. We propose here two sufficient conditions for normality when the boundary of constraints is C1 and the end point is free. The first one applies to every nondegenerate maximum principle without any assumptions on the initial state. The second one applies to every maximum principle, but involves an additional assumption on the initial conditions.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2009, 38, 4B; 1327-1340
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reflections on legal taxonomy: the example of iusiurandum
Refleksje na temat taksonomii prawniczej na przykładzie iusiurandum
Autorzy:
Villanueva Martínez, Antonio
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2057182.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-08
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
taxonomy
necessary oath
Roman law
taksonomia
przysięga konieczna
prawo rzymskie
Opis:
Background: This article presents a study on the relationship between taxonomy, used in law textbooks for easier assimilation, and the legal structure of the institutions, based on the particular case of the so-called necessary oath (iusiurandum necessarium) in Roman law, which is presented in sources in a particularly unsystematic and confusing way. The reason for these reflections is determined by the difficulties of understanding the necessary oath that one finds when beginning their studies according to the criteria of doctrinal distinction between the necessary and voluntary oaths. Research propose: The purpose of this article is to determine the relationship between law and taxonomy, and answer the question whether taxonomy serves the purposes of research and application of law or, on the contrary, it is cultivated by the mere scientific inertia coming from the natural sciences. It is a question of gaining a better understanding of the sensitivity of classical jurisprudence, as well as the order of Corpus Iuris Civilis. Methods: The starting point of the article constitute citing different doctrinal opinions concerning the criteria of distinction between the necessary and voluntary oaths in ancient Rome. They are analyzed in the light of the jurisprudential sources, in order to verify their validity. The method is based on the exegetical analysis of these sources. Conclusions: The classification of legal knowledge must be based on both social and legal realities reflected in written laws, regardless of whether they are fitted into easier-to-understand categories.
Przedmiot badań: W niniejszym artykule rozważa się relację między taksonomią stosowaną w podręcznikach prawa rzymskiego w celu łatwiejszego przyswojenia materiału a prawną konstrukcją instytucji. Analizie poddany został przykład tzw. rzymskiej przysięgi koniecznej (iusiurandum necessarium), która w źródłach przedstawiana jest w sposób szczególnie nieusystematyzowany i niejasny. Asumpt do tych rozważań stanowią trudności w zrozumieniu instytucji przysięgi koniecznej, które napotyka się, rozpoczynając badania w oparciu o doktrynalne kryteria rozróżnienia przysięgi koniecznej i dobrowolnej. Cel badawczy: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie relacji między prawem a taksonomią oraz odpowiedź na pytanie, czy taksonomia służy badaniom i stosowaniu prawa, czy też przeciwnie: jest praktykowana jako rezultat zwykłej naukowej inercji, wywodzącej się z nauk przyrodniczych. Celem jest lepsze zrozumienie subtelności klasycznej jurysprudencji, a także struktury Corpus Iuris Civilis. Metoda badawcza: Punkt wyjścia analiz stanowią opinie doktryny, dotyczące kryterium rozróżnienia między przysięgą konieczną i dobrowolną w prawie rzymskim. Kategorie te są następnie analizowane w oparciu o źródła jurysprudencyjne. W ten sposób ważność proponowanych kryteriów rozróżnienia poddawana jest weryfikacji. Metoda opiera się na egzegetycznej analizie źródeł. Wyniki: Klasyfikacja wiedzy prawniczej musi wynikać tak z realiów społecznych, jak i prawnych. Nie może mieć na nią wpływu to, czy te ostatnie, odzwierciedlone w prawach spisanych, dają się dopasować do łatwiejszych do zrozumienia kategorii.
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2021, 120; 119-133
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Shape optimization for dynamic contact problems
Autorzy:
Myśliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/729249.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Wydział Matematyki, Informatyki i Ekonometrii
Tematy:
dynamic unilateral problem
shape optimization
sensitivity analysis
necessary optimality condition
Opis:
The paper deals with shape optimization of dynamic contact problem with Coulomb friction for viscoelastic bodies. The mass nonpenetrability condition is formulated in velocities. The friction coefficient is assumed to be bounded. Using material derivative method as well as the results concerning the regularity of solution to dynamic variational inequality the directional derivative of the cost functional is calculated and the necessary optimality condition is formulated.
Źródło:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization; 2000, 20, 1; 79-91
1509-9407
Pojawia się w:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On a finding the coefficient of one nonlinear wave equation in the mixed problem
Autorzy:
Safarova, Zimrud R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/229359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hyperbolic equation
nonlinear wave equation
optimal control problem
necessary condition
Opis:
The paper is devoted to the finding of the coefficient of one nonlinear wave equation in the mixed problem. The considered problem is reduced to the optimal control problem with proper functional. Differentiability of functional is proved and the necessary optimality conditions are derived in the form of the variational inequality. Existence of the optimal control is proved.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2020, 30, 2; 199-212
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przekroczenie granic obrony koniecznej – w sprawie propozycji nowelizacji art. 25 Kodeksu karnego
Exceeding the boundaries of necessary defense – regarding the petition concerning amendment of Article 25 of the Criminal Code
Autorzy:
Bachmat, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2211992.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
Criminal Code
petition
necessary defense
Kodeks karny
petycja
obrona konieczna
Opis:
The author of the petition postulates the introduction of Article 25 para. 3a of the Criminal Code, in which the privilege of impunity for a person crossing the borders of necessary defense in a situation of defense against an unlawful, direct assault directed at legal rights set out in that regulation, would be guaranteed. It is concluded in the opinion that a more appropriate solution would be to link the non-subject to punishment of persons crossing the boundaries of the necessary defense with a more universal and capacious formula of “justifying the crossing of the limits of necessary defense by the circumstances accompanying the attack.” Thus the petition does not seem to be justified. The mere fact that a person crossing the boundaries of defense necessary would not be subject of the penalty only due to the fact that he/she acts in defense of certain legal rights, made in isolation from other important elements of the incident, reduces the assessment of his/her behavior and may lead to mandatory release from penalties in socially unacceptable cases.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2018, 1(57); 144-154
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analizy semantyczne groźby jako aktu mowy. Ujęcie przeglądowo-krytyczne
Semantic Analyses of Threat as a Speech Act. An Overview and Critical Analysis
Autorzy:
Falana-Jafra, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/35159546.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
threat
criminal speech act
prototypical effects
necessary and sufficient conditions
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present an overview of the semantic analyses of threat understood as a speech act that have been so far conducted in Polish linguistic studies. The overview includes three selected analyses. The first one is based on the idea of necessary and sufficient conditions proposed by Anna Wierzbicka. The second is Joanna Wołoszyn’s work based on a methodology developed in line with structural semantics and attempts to define the terms straszyć (to scare) and grozić (to threaten). The third one is an analysis by Roman Kalisz and Wojciech Kubiński based on prototypical effects in speech acts, meaning that it relies on the methodology of cognitive linguistics. The overview is complemented by a critical analysis focused on identifying the imperfections of all three ideas presented in it and by a presentation of possible and legitimate improvements.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza; 2023, 30, 1; 25-40
1233-8672
2450-4939
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent results on well-posedness and optimal control for a class of generalized fractional Cahn–Hilliard systems
Autorzy:
Colli, Pierluigi
Gilardi, Gianni
Sprekels, Jurgen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970119.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
fractional operators
Cahn-Hilliard system
optimal control
necessary optimality conditions
Opis:
In this paper, we give an overview of results for Cahn–Hilliard systems involving fractional operators that have recently been established by the authors of this note. We address problems concerning existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the solutions to the system equations, and we study optimal control problems for the systems. The well-posedness results are valid for a wide class of fractional operators of spectral type and for the typical double-well nonlinearities appearing in the Cahn–Hilliard system equations, namely the classical differentiable, the logarithmic, and the nondifferentiable double obstacle potentials. While this also applies to the existence of optimal controls in the related optimal control problems, the establishment of first-order necessary optimality conditions requires imposing much stronger assumptions on the admissible class of fractional operators. One main reason for this is the necessity of deriving suitable differentiability properties for the associated control-to-state mapping. Nevertheless, it turns out that also in the singular case of logarithmic potentials, the first-order necessary optimality conditions can be established under suitable assumptions, and a “deep quench” approximation, based on the results derived for logarithmic nonlinearities makes even the case of double obstacle potentials accessible.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2019, 48, 1; 153-197
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Why Austrian Economists Can’t Get No Respect: It Is Political
Autorzy:
Tipler, Frank
Block, Walter
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23050979.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
Tematy:
necessary a posteriori
synthetic a priori
praxeology
Austrian economics
logical positivism
Opis:
Austrians are the Rodney Dangerfields of economics. We can’t get no respect. Why not? On an intellectual level, our adherence for the necessary a posteriori (often termed synthetic a priori) is strongly off putting to the majority of this profession, who are in thrall to logical positivism, which adamantly rejects this type of claim. There are also divergences as regards the causes and cures for the business cycle, anti-trust, market failures such as public goods, externalities and utility. From an economic self-interest level, were this praxeological school ever to take root within the dismal science, thousands of jobs would be lost and salaries would be greatly lowered. It may be that for both of these reasons, Austrianism is deemed a “cult”. We argue that Austrian economics is far more based on modern mathematics and physics than is mainstream economics.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Political Science; 2023, 9, 3; 14-29
2391-3991
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Political Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On singular arcs in nonsmooth optimal control
Autorzy:
Oberle, H. J.
Rosendahl, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/969559.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
nonsmooth optimal control problems
necessary conditions
singular state subarcs
Zermelo's problem
Opis:
In this paper we consider general optimal control problems (OCP) which are characterized by a nonsmooth ordinary state differential equation. However, we allow only mild types of nonsmoothness. More precisely, we assume that the right-hand side of the state equation is piecewise smooth and that the switching points, which separate these pieces, are determined as points, where a state-and possibly control-dependent (smooth) switching function changes sign. For this kind of optimal control problems necessary optimality conditions are developed. Attention is paid to the situation when the switching function vanishes identically along a nontrivial subarc. Such subarcs, which we call singular state subarcs, are investigated with respect to necessary conditions and to junction conditions. In extension to earlier results of the authors, Oberle and Rosendhal (2006), in this paper nonsmooth OCPs are considered with respect to the order of the switching function. Especially, the case of a zero-order switching function is included and examples of order zero, one and two are treated.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2008, 37, 2; 429-450
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variational principles for set-valued mappings with applications to multiobjective optimization
Autorzy:
Bao, T. Q.
Mordukhovich, B. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/970283.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
multiobjective optimization
variational principles
generalized differentiation
necessary optimality and suboptimality conditions
Opis:
This paper primarily concerns the study of general classes of constrained multiobjective optimization problems (including those described via set-valued and vector-valued cost mappings) from the viewpoint of modern variational analysis and generalized differentiation. To proceed, we first establish two variational principles for set-valued mappings, which-being certainly of independent interest-are mainly motivated by applications to multiobjective optimization problems considered in this paper. The first variational principle is a set-valued counterpart of the seminal derivative-free Ekeland variational principle, while the second one is a set-valued extension of the subdifferential principle by Mordukhovich and Wang, formulated via an appropriate subdifferential notion for set-valued mappings with values in partially ordered spaces. Based on these variational principles and corresponding tools of generalized differentiation, we derive new conditions of the coercivity and Palais-Smale types ensuring the existence of optimal solutions to set-valued optimization problems with noncompact feasible sets in infinite dimensions and then obtain necessary optimality and suboptimality conditions for nonsmooth multiobjective optimization problems with general constraints, which are new in both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional settings.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2007, 36, 3; 531-562
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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