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Tytuł:
Powiat i gmina jako współgospodarze miejsca publicznego. Konstrukcja prawnoustrojowa, formy prawne współdziałania i kierunki reformowania układu jednostek samorządu lokalnego w Polsce
County and municipality as co-owners of public space. System and legal construct, legal frame of participation and directions of reforms in local government units in Poland
Autorzy:
Tusiński, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
local government
local administration
local activity
Opis:
In the 1990s in Poland a reform of local administration was implemented. As a result of this reform, territorial division of the country was from now on of a three-stage nature, with local government units on each of the mentioned stages. Local government encompasses municipalities and counties, whereas regional government encompasses voivodeships. Local government in general is nonhierarchical as each unit’s independence is protected by law. By introducing such a division into two levels of local government an inefficient, problematic and halting local development system was created, through which the managing of local public space became scattered. Its structure goes against the Polish and the European tradition of forming local government, as well as against currents in local government changes in modern European countries. The system was criticized even before its final implementation. Numerous empirical studies and systemic-legal analysis prove its irrationality. Over 15 years of functioning of said division point to the need of another reform.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica; 2015, 15; 15-52
2081-3333
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local Debt and the Development of Municipal Infrastructure. The Case of Małopolska
Autorzy:
Owsiak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18105079.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
local debt
fiscal rules
local development
local government
local infrastructure
Opis:
Theoretical background: The contemporary approach to public debt is multi-faceted. Debt incurred to finance current expenses is assessed differently than debt financing capital expenditure. This distinction is also important from the point of view of local authorities as part of their budgetary policy. Each decision related to incurring a debt has not only financial consequences, but is also made in the political and image context. It is worth noting that the current research on debt insufficiently emphasizes its direct impact on the socio-economic development of a given local government unit, devoting much more attention to the impact of debt on the condition of public finances. In the case of the first stream of research, significant discrepancies should be noted with regard to the selection of optimal indicators for measuring the impact of debt on local development. Therefore, one should agree that local development is conditioned by a whole group of factors dependent and independent of local authorities. The article attempts to verify several indicators of the development of infrastructure partially financed with debt. Purpose of the article: Against this background, the subject of this study is to identify the policy of incurring debt by local government units in Poland in the longer term, to determine the degree of diversification of this policy, as well as, and perhaps above all, to link this policy with development processes. In order to avoid a superficial approach to such outlined issues, the scope of observation was limited to the communes of the Małopolska Voivodeship. Such an approach also made it possible to take into account a longer period of observation of the surveyed communes (2010–2020). Research methods: Out of the total number of 179 communes existing in Małopolska, 11 urban communes (the whole group due to their limited number), 20 rural communes and 20 urban-rural communes were randomly selected for the study. The basic criterion for assessing the policy of municipalities in relation to local debt was the ratio of total debt per capita to total revenue per capita. This indicator allows to determine the level of debt burden on communes’ revenue. Next, the total impact of variables characterizing the budgetary policy of the commune was examined, such as: a) own revenue per capita, b) investment expenditure per capita, c) non-recoverable property expenditure per capita (mainly from the European Union), d) debt per capita, on selected indicators of the development of municipal infrastructure of the commune, affecting the quality of life of the commune’s inhabitants. Progress in the development of infrastructure improves the conditions for conducting business activity of private enterprises, including the location of new entities, which may result in an increase in the commune’s own revenue. The study used a multiple correlation coefficient, the value of which was calculated in each distinguished cluster of communes. The obtained results allowed to assess how the level of indebtedness of communes influenced the socio-economic development of these units. Main findings: The conducted analysis made it possible to determine the degree of restrictiveness carried out by the authorities of the analyzed municipalities of Małopolska. The level of the multiple correlation coefficient calculated for municipalities between the explanatory variables characterizing the budgetary policy of municipalities (investment expenditure per capita, debt per capita, non-refundable property expenditure per capita and the dependent variable own revenue per capita) proves a fairly strong relationship between the analyzed variables. On the other hand, in rural communes with a low restrictive budget policy (with a high debt ratio), the total impact of the indicated variables on the level of infrastructure development is generally stronger than in communes with a more disciplined budget policy (with a lower debt level). In the case of urban-rural communes with a low-restrictive budget policy (high debt ratio), the total impact of the analyzed variables on the level of infrastructure development in a commune is generally stronger than in communes with a more disciplined budget policy (with a lower level of debt).
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2022, 56, 4; 107-133
0459-9586
2449-8513
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Partnerstwo lokalne – istota i znaczenie na przykładzie lokalnych grup działania
The nature and importance of local partnership – the example of local action groups
Autorzy:
Kalisiak-Mędelska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434858.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
local partnership
local government
local action groups
Opis:
The subject of the article are local action groups as an example of local partnerships in Poland. Local action groups are not a new solution used to support the local development. The article is divided into three parts: first – the importance of local partnerships, second − local action groups as an expression of local partnership and third − functioning of local action groups in the Lodz Voivodeship.
Źródło:
Biblioteka Regionalisty; 2013, 13; 73-96
2081-4461
Pojawia się w:
Biblioteka Regionalisty
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reshaping local borders in Europe today. A critical reflection founded on an analysis of the case of Finland
Autorzy:
Xavier, Albacete
Joan, Tort
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2046850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-04-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Amalgamation
local reform
Finnish local administration
local policy
Opis:
In Europe, the amalgamation of local authorities is currently used to optimize public resources. Although amalgamation involves several advantages, it needs to fulfil three conditions to be considered successful. First, address local preferences and needs; second, be fair, transparent and accessible to citizens; and third, be a compromise between central and local political elites. In the current paper the fulfilling of these three conditions is analysed using the comprehensive, bottom-up, Finnish reform introduced during the period of 2008-2013. The findings conclude that while the Finnish local reform plan has been successful in reaching a compromise between local and central governments, it has failed insofar as it has not fulfilled the condition of making the process fair, transparent and accessible to citizens. Furthermore, whether the amalgamation has allowed local government to address citizens' preferences and needs in a meaningful and responsive way has yet to be demonstrated.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2017, 21, 1; 19-24
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local GIS: development and assessment of the geoportal for local governments and local communities. Case study of a small town in Poland
Autorzy:
Medolińska, Katarzyna
Gołębiowska, Izabela
Karsznia, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2108272.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-01-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Local GIS
geoportal
local governments
local level administration
Opis:
Of the numerous applications of GIS, administration and public services count among the main fields of application. They are both the users and the owners of the largest amount of spatial data. Portals for higher authorities have been the subject of extensive discussions, but the development and possible use of GIS systems in the form of geoportals at local levels still seems to have been insufficiently discussed. This article presents the process of designing and developing a portal for the lowest authorities - local authorities and the local community. A small town in Poland, Sokółka, was assumed as the study area. The concept development was preceded by, among others: recognition of the needs of an administrative unit in conducting spatial policy; establishment of the objectives, functionalities and assumptions of the designed GIS; a SWOT analysis of the designed geoportal; and an analysis of data resources. Pilot implementation was completed with an evaluation of the geoportal encompassing various groups of potential users.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2017, 21, 4; 160-167
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Commune government as a creator of local relations - the local innovation context
Samorząd gminy jako kreator lokalnych relacji - kontekst lokalnej innowacyjności
Autorzy:
Zwolińska-Ligaj, M.A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
local investment
communal government
local relation
innovation
local innovation
local action group
Opis:
Subject and purpose of work: The objective of the study is to characterise the status and nature of local authorities' relations with local communities and to assess the importance of local relations in the process of strengthening local innovation. Materials and methods: The survey method was employed in the research and a questionnaire was sent to heads of communes /mayors via electronic means. The research material consisted of 105 questionnaire forms. Results: There is a perceived imbalance in the development of interactions with social and economic actors to the disadvantage of interactions with economic sector representatives. Increasing local innovation rooted in the economic dimension of the development processes of the analysed local systems has been revealed to be of a relatively lesser importance. Local Action Groups are a major contributor to the development and innovation process, mainly in the social dimension. Local relations are not perceived by the representatives of local authorities as particularly important factors of regional innovation. Conclusions: The analysis of the local systems revealed a need to increase the scale of activity of local government representatives as part of developing relations with the economic sector. Opportunities should be sought arising from building local partnerships aimed at the implementation of pro-innovative, multi-stakeholder projects, which will have a greater capacity to influence local development processes.
Źródło:
Economic and Regional Studies; 2019, 12, 4; 387-400
2083-3725
2451-182X
Pojawia się w:
Economic and Regional Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Komunikowanie marki – jak treści kulturowe stają się markowe
Brand communication – how cultural content becomes branded
Autorzy:
Nijander-Dudzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2118820.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
local brand
local politics
urban politics
local government
Opis:
Creating local brand is a complex socio-cultural process in which many different local actors participate. The activity of self-government authorities is not necessary at the stage of constructing the local brand. The role of self-government consist rather in “lifting”, strengthening and “expanding” the local brand. These activities go beyond the narrowly defined brand promotion. The task of self-government authorities is not only the outdoor advertising of the town. They should also make the right selection of contents that could be communicate to internal (residents) and external recipients. To properly select these cultural elements, local authorities need to constantly communicate with another local actors. Proper selection of brand elements and good communication of the brand leads to the improvement of the external image of the town and to strengthening the social ties within the town. The article is an attempt to identify the content of a town brand communicated by the local authorities of Przemyśl and Sanok. It contains an analysis of the socio-cultural sources and conditions for selecting those values and symbols that local authorities decide to “lift”, “emphasize” and “expand”. The analysis uses elements of the concept of A. Kłoskowska and V. Turner.
Źródło:
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne; 2018, 33; 129-144
1230-2392
Pojawia się w:
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Local Government Party in Poland? Casus of National League Association
Autorzy:
Szczepański, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197894.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
local government party
right-wing
local elections
local government
Opis:
The purpose of this paper was to present ideas related to the creation of a self-government party in Poland, bringing together representatives of local authorities, community activists and all those for whom the idea of local self-government built „from the bottom up” was close to their hearts. The idea of creating a local government party appeared several times in discussions of members of Liga Krajowa association, which was an active entity on the political scene, a member of Electoral Action Solidarity of the Right, from the list of which League had its parliamentary representation. These concepts first appeared at the basis of the association's formation and then had a close connection with its further presence on the political scene. The local government party was supposed to be an electoral platform with a specific right-wing and centre-right political orientation, as well as to be the most important support for representatives of local authorities, but all efforts in this regard failed.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2023, 1(52); 123-131
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samodzielność dochodowa jako determinanta zdolności kredytowej jednostki samorządu terytorialnego
Revenue autonomy as a determinant of the creditworthiness of a local government unit
Autorzy:
Budzeń, Daniel
Głębski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
local finances
local government units
income autonomy
local debt
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship between non-returnable sources of financing for local development and the ability to repay and service the debt by local government units in Poland. The formulated research problem becomes particularly important in the situation of limiting the level of own-source revenues (reduction of income independence) due to the influence of external factors, independent from local authorities. The research was carried out on the entire population of local government units in Poland, considering their statutory types, municipalities, powiats, cities with powiat status, and voivodeships. The existence of a strong correlation between own-source revenues and the operating surplus was confirmed. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to assess creditworthiness, taking into account own-source revenue and the operating surplus.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2021, 4(68); 85-105
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola samorządów w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa kulturowego na przykładzie Łodzi
Autorzy:
Wilk-Woś, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
local government
local community
cultural security
local identity
Lodz
Opis:
Local governments play an important role in creating cultural security, both by protecting monuments, as well as by building and developing local identity. Local government should involve the local community in its activities, because only cooperation between local authorities and residents creates appropriate conditions for the development of local identity.
Źródło:
Historia i Polityka; 2019, 27 (34); 131-146
1899-5160
2391-7652
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samorządowcy czy dziennikarze? Komunikowanie w społeczności lokalnej
Autorzy:
Kępa-Mętrak, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/643251.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
journalism
local government
local media
Opis:
Communication on the local government level may take place in different ways, using different channels. One of them is the press that is either created by local governments or through their order. The authoress has attempted to show this press from the media perspective. Analysing the selected titles, she has tried to show its content both from the sender’s and the recipient’s point of view. The linking of the content and the ways of its transmission turned out to be particularly interesting, and so – the possibility of the impact on the recipient, in combination with the editorial teams’ characteristics. The local government press came into being even before the first local elections in 1990. Then it seemed that it would not play a significant role in the entire press system. Over the time, it turned out that it had been developing dynamically, increasing the number of its titles every year. It has existed up till now to the disappointment of many circles. The publishing activity of local governments usually livens up during the election. It is obvious that the existing borough leaders, mayors, starosts want to present their achievements, to show the residents that they keep their promises. A large proportion of them do it very effectively, as evidenced by the elections won in subsequent terms. In shaping their own image and the image of local governments that they lead, they are helped by the appointed press spokesmen who used to be regional or local media journalists, or the workers subordinated to cultural institutions or local governments. It might seem that most reliable success would be guaranteed by professionals – editors who have many years’ work experience. However, it appears that such a simple relationship does not exist. The analysis of the content of messages indicates the selective information to recipients about local matters, mainly about the activities of the authorities. The overall image of the district, county, province emerging from the published material is definitely positive. One should not expect another vision if the press, in its assumptions, is designed to promote the region, county and province.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prasoznawcze; 2012, 55, 3; 9-23
0555-0025
2084-3836
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prasoznawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of local activity groups in social and economic development communes
Autorzy:
Szymańska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1831420.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska
Tematy:
Local Activity Group
local strategies
Opis:
Polish accession to the European Union has set many challenges facing the country in a variety of ways: social, economic and political. It created a chance of getting financial support for rural development. The chance of growth among local communities depends on the capacity to self-organize their efforts and making creative collective activity. The activities of local authorities dependents on people, their ideas and the way in which they understand the goal of the local authority, so the level of social capital may significantly influence the pattern of local social politics. This article aims to highlight the role of the Local Activity Group (LAG) in the social and economic communities implementing the Common Strategy of the Local Development.
Źródło:
Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka; 2013, 3, 6; 35-44
2084-6495
Pojawia się w:
Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samorząd terytorialny w warunkach governance i sieci
Local government in the conditions of governance and network
Autorzy:
Podgórniak-Krzykacz, Aldona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434848.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
local government
local governance
network
Opis:
The article takes the issue of local government evolution under the influence of local governance and networked governance conceptions. Its purpose is to determine the changes in local government in respect of: functions, methods to provide the public services and relationships with citizens. Research shows that Polish municipalities have numerous functional relations with external parties. Still, local leaders do not accept network in the local policy.
Źródło:
Biblioteka Regionalisty; 2013, 13; 167-178
2081-4461
Pojawia się w:
Biblioteka Regionalisty
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cooperation between local authorities and non-governmental oraganisations for the benefit of local development
Współpraca jednostek samorządu terytorialnego i oraganizacji pozarządowych na rzecz rozwoju lokalnego
Autorzy:
Cyburt, A.
Hołownia, P.
Kuźmicki, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051932.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
cooperation
local authority
non-governmental organization
local development
local community
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present forms of cooperation between local authorities and non-governmental organisations, taking into consideration the model of cooperation between public administration and NGOs and legal aspects.The research part of the article is based on the secondary data from “Barometr Współpracy 2009” (Cooperation Barometer 2009) report and the research results from the authors’ analysis of the selected examples of good practices of cooperation undertaken by the units of territorial self-government in the Lublin Province. The forms of cooperation and the amount of public funds devoted to the activities of the non-governmental organisations have been analysed. Moreover, the examples of cooperation realized by self-governments in the Lublin Province have been provided. The present analysis has demonstrated that the development of cross-sectoral cooperation requires more commitment from its partners. The parties should adjust the model solutions to existing possibilities and local resources. The creation of an appropriate model of cooperation between local authorities and nongovernmental organisations is a positive example of creativity, activity and development of both types of sectors, which will unquestionably be appreciated by local communities.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie form współpracy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego i organizacji pozarządowych z uwzględnieniem modelu współpracy administracji publicznej i organizacji pozarządowych oraz aspektów prawnych. W części badawczej wykorzystano zarówno dane wtórne pochodzące z Raportu „Barometr współpracy 2009” oraz wyniki badań własnych związanych z analizą wybranych przykładów dobrych praktyk współpracy podjętej przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w województwie lubelskim. Dokonano analizy form kooperacji oraz wielkości środków publicznych przeznaczonych na wydatki związane z finansowaniem działalności organizacji pozarządowych. Odniesiono się do przykładów współpracy zrealizowanych przez samorządy z województwa lubelskiego.Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że zagadnienie budowania współpracy międzysektorowej wymaga większego zaangażowania partnerów w tym zakresie. Powinni oni modelowe rozwiązania dostosowywać do istniejących potencjałów i zasobów lokalnych. Wypracowanie właściwego modelu współpracy jednostki samorządowej i organizacji pozarządowej stanowi pozytywny przejaw kreatywności, aktywności i rozwoju obu sektorów, który z pewnością docenią społeczności lokalne.
Źródło:
Economic and Regional Studies; 2016, 09, 3; 47-58
2083-3725
2451-182X
Pojawia się w:
Economic and Regional Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Level of Political Party Activity: Study of the Elections of Presidents in Cities with Poviat Rights of the Silesian Voivodeship in 2002-2018
Autorzy:
Kaczmarczyk, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
local elections
local politics
political parties
Opis:
Since 2002 in Poland voters in the local government elections can directly elect the head of the rural municipality, mayor and city president. Local elections, in Polish conditions, are treated as an arena favourable for local committees, often non-party. However, it should be noted that many analyses show that the higher the level of self-government, the more important the committees of political parties are. The increase in the participation of political parties in the election competition is also noticeable in medium and large cities. The author decided to check whether the cities with poviat status of the Silesian Voivodeship favour party committees or rather a committee unrelated to any political parties. For this purpose, the participation and effectiveness of these committees in local elections of cities presidents with poviat rights of the Silesian Voivodeship in 2002-2018 was analysed. The study confirmed that the level of politicization in elections is increasing, however, the effectiveness of party committees in the election of city presidents is lower than the effectiveness of local committees. In addition, political parties are more active and influential in larger cities.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2022, 30, 1; 35-48
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transformations of tourism in the Colca Valley – new actors and new patterns of local development
Autorzy:
Lisocka-Jaegermann, Bogumiła
Wołoszczak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030331.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
tourism
local development
local actors
empowerment
Opis:
The article presents history and dynamics of tourist movement in the Colca Valley. Analyzing results of field research conducted in 2003 and 2007 the authors describe main changes in the attitudes of local inhabitants and authorities towards tourism and identify their character. Tourist activities based on the Colca Canyon natural attractions, remaining under total control of external tour operators since the eighties and perceived as a burden in the area, are seen now as a possible important factor of local development. New bottom-up initiatives are spreading in the Colca localities supported by NGOs and a public development program. Patterns of more sustainable tourism emerge and local culture is turning into an important element of the Colca tourist product.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2008, 13; 219-229
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Śródmieście – to centrum miasta? Przykłady miast Subregionu Centralnego – Zabrza, Bytomia i Gliwic
Is Downtown the City Center? Examples of Central Subregion Cities – Zabrze, Bytom and Gliwice
Autorzy:
Sekuła, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2021436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Downtown
local development policy
local problems
Źródło:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN; 2018, 184; 284-296
0079-3507
Pojawia się w:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moje, nasze, czyje? – postrzeganie miasta jako dobra wspólnego
Mine, Ours, Whose? – The Perception of a City as Commons
Autorzy:
Sobol, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2021450.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Commons
local development
local self-government
Źródło:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN; 2018, 184; 275-283
0079-3507
Pojawia się w:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cosmopolitans of small fatherlands
Autorzy:
Swianiewicz, Paweł
Lackowska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-06-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
metropolitan area
territorial identity
local government
local elections
local politics
Opis:
The paper investigates into the specific features of the residents living in the metropolitan areas (MAs) in Poland. Basing on the statistical data and survey conducted in the two Polish MAs we draw conclusions on the spatial and political behaviour of metropolitan residents and on their territorial identity. The results show that a fair share of metropolitan residents live in a scale wider then their home municipality. Moreover some citizens (especially those who migrated to suburbs recently and those with higher education) reveal stronger spatial identity with the whole metropolitan area then with their home municipality. Delocalisation is also reflected in the lack of interest in municipal politics and low trust in suburb municipal politicians, while their interest in general politics remains on a high level.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2008, 13; 197-208
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Władza lokalna – od „małego państwa” do pola społecznego
LOCAL GOVERNMENT – FROM THE “SMALL STATE” TO THE SOCIAL FIELD
Autorzy:
Nijander-Dudzińska, Agata
Wojakowski, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
SOCIAL FIELDS
POWER RELATIONS
LOCAL COMMUNITY
Opis:
This article comprises a sketch of the most important perspectives on local government. Among other things, it also aims to present the unique nature of government at the mezzo-social level. Here the concepts of political governing are considered as a social relationship and social resource; proposed, too, is the application of the category of the social field in the analysis of local government. Such social fields are characterized by both relations and resources associated with power when viewed from the standpoint of actions and structures. A separate aspect making itself known in the field of political power is its manifestations and influences.
Źródło:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2011, 6; 109-132
2084-4409
Pojawia się w:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors contributing to municipal splits in Slovenia
Autorzy:
Bačlija Brajnik, Irena
Lavtar, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1069049.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Fragmentation
municipal splits
local self-government reform
local referendum
local finances
Opis:
Slovenian communities were eager to re-establish autonomous local governments after the introduction of democracy. These newly established municipalities corresponded territorially to the previous regime’s local communities; however, only 194 municipalities were formed from over 1,200 communities. Some municipalities comprised a cluster of communities, some of which later became proponents of splits, due to the sense that they were being neglected by the rest of the municipality and in the hope of receiving more funds as separate municipalities. Although stricter criteria for establishing municipalities were imposed and the scope of formal initiators was narrowed to limit the splits, the proponents found loopholes in the form of political patrons (deputies) and, as a last resort, sought justice from the constitutional court. The splits occurred in both underdeveloped and developed municipalities. The breakaway municipalities were not more developed than the mother municipality; about a third were less developed. There were no clear financial advantages in creating separate municipalities.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2021, 25, 1; 54-61
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samodzielność dochodowa jednostek samorządu terytorialnego – aspekty teoretyczne
Revenue autonomy of local government units: theoretical aspects
Autorzy:
Szołno-Koguc, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2196943.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
local government in Poland
local government units
local finance
revenue autonomy
Opis:
The article provides an analysis of the essence, scope and basic determinants of the revenue autonomy of local government units in Poland. The considerations are theoretical, based on a critical review of the relevant literature and on the analysis of the most important legal acts determining the Polish legal and financial system of local government. What is worth emphasizing is that autonomy is the paramount value of local government. In accordance with Polish constitutional law, local government bodies participate in the exercise of public authority, perform public tasks in their own name and under their own responsibility, and require autonomy that is subject to judicial protection. The autonomy of local government units is a complex and multifaceted issue. It can and should be considered with regard to legal, organizational, political, property, economic and financial aspects. Financial autonomy, especially in terms of revenues, plays a significant role in activities and development prospects of local government units.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2021, 1(65); 9-20
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Znaczenie podatków majątkowych w dochodach miast regionu Nowej Anglii
Autorzy:
Szczepkowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630038.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Property tax, Local finance, Local government
Opis:
The aim of this article is to delineate the role of property taxes in local government revenues in New England in the USA. In the paper I analyse the data from: Boston, Providence, Bridgeport, Manchester, Portland and Burlington. The article consists of three parts. The first part of the study describes local government in the US. The second part of the article shows structure of local government revenues. Finally, in connection with observed relations in revenues structure in New England's cities, the author discusses popular single tax theory.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2016, 2; 91-104
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samorząd terytorialny w Federacji Rosyjskiej
Autorzy:
Zieliński, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630124.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Local government, Local government reform, Democracy
Opis:
The paper is a contribution to the in-depth research on the Russian local selfgovernment. The Author describes the process of formation and constitutional position of local self-government in the Russian Federation. He emphasizes that the process, at its initial stage at present, is related to the ongoing administrative reforms of the country and the creation of a single and effectively enforced nationwide legal area. He indicates the dilemmas both in the area of the material basis of existence of local self-government and its competences. The Author determines stages of self-government formation. Basing on normative solutions, he presents tasks of the Russian local self-government, its structure and authorities. He pays particular attention to the forms of citizens' direct participation in the management of local affairs.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2016, 1; 111-137
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
DETERMINANTY AUTONOMII DOCHODOWEJ SAMORZĄDU TERYTORIALNEGO W POLSCE
Determinants of the revenue autonomy of the local government in Poland
Autorzy:
Poniatowicz, Marzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950640.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
local government
decentralization
local financial autonomy
Opis:
Financial aspect remains a key aspect of decentralization from the point of view of local self-government, and a kind of test illustrating the nature and scope of the processes of decentralization is the category of financial independence of local governmental units, referred to in Anglo-Saxon literature as local financial autonomy. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the essence and the key role of this category in terms of the local financial system, as well as the identification and evaluation of key determinants limiting the scope of the revenue autonomy of local government in Poland. The most important determinants are stated as follows: limited stability and performance of self-government units, excessively limited range of local taxation powers, frequent practice of imposing additional tasks to the regional and local authorities without appropriate financial compensation, dominance of income transfer in the system of local government finances, dysfunctional income equalisation system of local government, restrictive system of rationing local deficit and debt, excessive politicisation of the local government.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2015, 1(22); 11-30
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Internetowy serwis samorządowy – ewolucja przekazu w okresie „mobilnej zmiany”
Internet Local Government Service – The Evolution of Communication During the Mobile Change
Autorzy:
Kowalik, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/967705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
local government
internet
local government media
Opis:
The Internet is changing not only the functioning of the commercial media, but also local government media (issued, created by local governments, understood as offices, and not social organizations, local, etc.). The opportunity has arisen for municipalities to expand their communication with residents, tourists, investors through publications on their websites. They need to adapt to network media. To do this, local governments are creating their own editorial teams to prepare content to meet the needs of their customers, who are increasingly using mobile devices. Based on my own research I have tried to identify the environment of the media of local governments, what content they prefer (agenda topics), the tasks to be fulfilled by a municipal, urban contemporary website, and who creates it. An important element is preparing media for mobile devices, the use of which has a strong upward trend.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica; 2015, 28, 2
1505-9057
2353-1908
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Satisfaction from the Actions of the Local Governments
Autorzy:
Alberski, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514802.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
2018 local government election
local government
executive bodies of local government
Opis:
In the article two main issues are depicted: the evaluation of activities of voyts, mayors and also the evaluation of local government activities. In a research conducted from the end of 2018 until the beginning of 2019 we decided to verify 3 hypotheses. First one was: confidence towards the local government results from positive evaluations of voyts and mayors activities. The results were compared with the data from previous research. The second hypothesis assumes, that positive evaluation of local government activities is not connected to the activities of single executive body, but is connected to how the whole system of local government works. Third one, however, assumes that local government on the level of voivodeship is rated lower than city (commune) government. Relatively high level of satisfaction about the activities of voyts and mayors, that were recorded in 2012 research not only remained but even increased. This is the factor that strengthens confidence in local government and favors their positive evaluation. Also voivodeship governments are positively evaluated by the surveyed, however, the level of satisfaction is lower than those of other local authorities.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2019, 25; 37-52
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local Tax Competition in Poland?
Autorzy:
Swianiewicz, Paweł
Łukomska, Julita
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Tax competition
local taxes
tax policy
local government
local finance
yardstick competition
Opis:
The concept of tax competition has been successfully applied in an analysis conducted in several European countries, but so far it has not been systematically tested either in Poland or in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There are two types of competition discussed in the article: classic competition for mobile tax base and ‘yardstick competition’, in which local politicians compete for political capital being related to the comparison of tax rates with neighbouring municipalities. It is expected that in Poland the ‘yardstick competition’ is more important from the classic competition for the mobile tax base.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2016, 20, 3; 37-43
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekonomiczno-finansowe instrumenty gospodarczego rozwoju lokalnego
Financial tools of local economic development
Autorzy:
Zawora, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-18
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydział Ekonomii
Tematy:
local development
tools to support local development
municipal government
local government investments
Opis:
Law states that the most important tasks related to the development of the particular re-gion are performed by the municipality. This article aims to identify tools at the disposal of municipal government in the process of local development, particularly financial methods of promoting the economic growth. The analysis includes polish communities by characterizing the range of investment activities carried out by these units. Municipalities and cities with poviat status had the largest share in realization of the investment of local government (in total over 70%). Most of funds for investments were dispensed in the budgets of municipalities in 2009–2011. The level of government investment decreased significantly since 2012
Źródło:
Przedsiębiorstwo i Region; 2016, 8; 76-87
2080-458X
Pojawia się w:
Przedsiębiorstwo i Region
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Municipal splits and hidden amalgamations in Hungary
Autorzy:
Dobos, Gábor
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1069063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Local government
municipal split
local reform
Hungary
Opis:
In 1990, a decentralized local government system was introduced in Hungary. One of the main issues of the system was fragmentation at local level. This paper examines the attempts made by the central government to deal with this issue in the last thirty years. First, the study analyses the municipal splits and maps the dynamics, the reasons, and the environmental and political factors affecting these secessions. Second, it examines the government’s attempts at reform to reduce the effects of fragmentation. The paper argues that the Fidesz-KDNP electoral victory in 2010 was a milestone in the handling of territorial issues: municipal splits became virtually impossible with the new regulation of the secession process, and de facto territorial consolidation reform was carried out through alteration of the local electoral system and functional rescaling and merging of the mayors’ offices.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2021, 25, 1; 37-45
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nonpartisan Electoral Committees in Local Government Elections in Poland in 2018
Autorzy:
Czyżniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1977311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
local governments
local elections
Polska
nonpartisan committees
Opis:
The article presents the result of quantitative research on local government elections in Poland carried out on October 21 and November 4, 2018. Its goal is to examine the proportions of lists registered by political parties and nonpartisan electoral committees and the mandates they have obtained. This proportion shows the degree of presence of political parties in local governments of various levels and sizes. The data were selected so that all provinces in Poland were examined (16), a number of districts were randomly selected (in provinces with less than 20 districts, data from half districts were examined, in provinces with over 20 districts, from one third). Within the selected districts, all communes were examined. The quantitative research shows that local governments elected in 2018 are not political only in small and medium-sized communes, in which the councils are made up mostly of councilors who were candidates from nonpartisan committees.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 4 (48); 617-631
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ROLA MIKROREGIONALNYCH PORTALI INTERNETOWYCH W SAMORZĄDOWYCH KAMPANIACH WYBORCZYCH 2010–2014
THE ROLE OF MICRO-REGIONAL WEB PORTALS IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS 2010–2014
Autorzy:
Kornacka - Grzonka, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513227.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
local media, local elections, Poland, electoral campaigns
Opis:
Local media, including local websites, play an extremely important role during the local elections. This article reflects issues related to the evolution of the role of micro-portals during the electoral campaigns of 2010 and 2014. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis of selected private micro-portals was carried out. It was found that they undergo dynamic transformations in the construction and offered functionality and increasingly mobilize their audience. In addition, they are characterized by constant restraint regarding the coverage of controversial issues related to the election campaign. The functions of the microregion portals dynamically have changed, which indicates the existence of different types of approach to the situation of the local elections. Thus there is no single dominant type of activity of sites in relation to the situation of the elections at the local level.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2017, 15, 1; 117-130 (14)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Influence of the National Political Scene on the Behavior of Local Politicians and Voters in Polish Local Elections in 2018
Autorzy:
Kozierska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
local elections
national arena
local arena
voters
Opis:
Polish local elections in 2018, many months before their commencement, became one of the main elements of the political discourse. Due to the specificity of the electoral calendar, for the first time since the parliamentary and presidential elections in 2015, voters had to assess the actions taken by the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) in the electoral act. Of course, this could only happen indirectly, precisely through local elections, which due to their specificity, are not able to fully reflect the balance of powers that operates on the national arena. However, also in this way voters could refer to national events. Expressing support for them by voting on PiS, or by showing negations of their actions by voting for groups remaining in opposition. The aim of the paper is to check whether, in the perception of voters, events on the national political arena determine the behavior of two types of participants in local elections: local politicians and voters.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2019, 23; 5-21
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Partnerstwo lokalne w ekonomii społecznej jako nowy paradygmat budowania spójności społecznej
Autorzy:
Łojko, Majka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630499.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
local partnership, social economy, local self-government
Opis:
The social economy has been trying to recognize its partnering role by the public and business sectors over recent years. The results are visible in the increasing use of its instruments in policy implemented by both the government and the regional authorities. The essence of local partnership is one of the key issues inherent in the new paradigm of building social cohesion and is a tool for a new economic and social order. The task of local partnership, understood as a kind of relationship between public entities, business and non-governmental organizations based on the principles of dialogue, reciprocity and equivalence, is to combine knowledge, experience and initiatives of various people and institutions in solving social problems.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2018, 2; 39-57
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Main Fields of Research on the Problems of Family Violence in a Local Community
Autorzy:
Jarosz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43079350.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
family violence
local community
prevention
local diagnosis
Opis:
The main goal of the presented article is to form basic aims of research on the problems of family violence in the local community. In order to do so, an analysis of various international and national documents has been made as they are sources of standards applicable to local research on family violence. Adopting the perspective of the social sector as an essential one to counteract the phenomenon, and at the same time, to carry out research on the problem, four basic aims of research were suggested by the author: establishing the picture of the problem of family violence, working out the context of its incidence, recognizing and monitoring the possibility to reduce it in a local environment and the assessment of the effectiveness of applied solutions, programmes and means.
Źródło:
The New Educational Review; 2007, 13; 63-68
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:
The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lokalna i ponadlokalne polityki rozwoju lokalnego – istota, rodzaje i spójność
Local and Supra-local Policies of Local Development – the Essence, Types and Cohesion
Autorzy:
Sztando, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832312.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-30
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
układ lokalny
rozwój lokalny
lokalna polityka rozwoju lokalnego
ponadlokalne polityki rozwoju lokalnego
local system
local development
local policy of local development
supra-local policies of local development
Opis:
Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne prace poświęcone mu koncentrują się na jego celach, czynnikach, stymulowaniu go i na jego pomiarze. Mimo to, jak dotąd, niewiele uwagi poświęcono pojęciu polityki rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonej przez władze lokalne. Kategorii polityk rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonych przez władze ponadlokalne w ogóle nie formułowano i nie omawiano. Polityki takie są jednak prowadzone w Polsce i za granicą, a ich znaczenie rośnie. Istnieje zatem potrzeba ich definiowania i charakteryzowania dla budowy aparatu pojęciowego wykorzystywanego w dyskursie naukowym, w praktyce projektowania i aplikacji tych polityk oraz w dydaktyce. Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycję wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) oraz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.
The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2017, 45, 1; 25-52
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How not to stimulate local development. Syndromes of failures in the absorption of exogenous factors in local development governance based on the example of Polish small towns
Autorzy:
Sztando, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/582314.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
municipality
local authorities
local development (LD)
local development governance (LDG)
small town
exogenous factors of local development
Polska
Opis:
The absorption of exogenous factors represents one of the main components of local development governance (LDG). Today, in many countries, it is facilitated by numerous supra-local determinants. It primarily refers to these countries where local governments take advantage of the financial support of the EU. This absorption, however, experiences occasional failures which have various reasons and effects. The article presents the results of research in this subject matter conducted in Poland. They were carried out in two phases. The first covered participant observations performed in the period 2000-2014 in 61 Polish municipalities, aimed at the identification of the a.n. failures characteristics and their typical patterns. The second focused on determining the prevalence and reasons for these patterns occurrence in local development governance of Polish small towns. Long personal interviews, conducted in 2014 with the mayors of 46 such towns, were used in its course. The article is concluded with recommendations related to the improvement of local and supra-local governance of local development and focused on the reduction of the number and consequences of absorption failures.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2017, 476; 49-69
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local government in the local economy
Samorząd terytorialny w gospodarce lokalnej
Autorzy:
Hajduga, Piotr
Łuczyszyn, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434813.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
local government
local economy
local development
local development policy
samorząd lokalny
gospodarka lokalna
rozwój lokalny
polityka rozwoju lokalnego
Opis:
Today, local government must not only create the appropriate conditions and climate for the implementation of the tasks imposed on it, but must also be an economic entity actively participating in managing the local economy. In light of analyses of the average local government’s scope of activities, it is clear that there is an increasing lack of complementarity in strategic decisions, and growing disparities or errors of local authorities, which become barriers to local development. This fact often leads to economic and social stagnation. Frequently the effectiveness of local government structures does not go hand in hand with economic rationality, which attracts social criticism. Under these conditions, the role of local government should change in local economy management with a focus on, among others, creative capital, whose task will be to expand the impact of the local economy on other areas. In addition, local government makes the local development policy more flexible, in particular the social policy towards strengthening local communities.
Samorząd terytorialny musi aktualnie nie tylko stwarzać odpowiednie warunki do wykonywania nałożonych na niego zadań, ale także być podmiotem gospodarczym aktywnie uczestniczącym w zarządzaniu lokalną gospodarką. Z analiz zakresu działań przeciętnego samorządu wynika brak komplementarności w decyzjach strategicznych między poszczególnymi jednostkami (gminami, powiatmi, województwami), a także zwiększające się dysproporcje w poziomie dochodów obywateli lub błędy władz lokalnych, które stają się barierami w rozwoju lokalnym. Często prowadzi to do stagnacji gospodarczej i społecznej. Niejednokrotnie skuteczność struktur samorządowych nie idzie w parze z racjonalnością gospodarczą, co wywołuje krytykę społeczną. W tych warunkach rola samorządu w zarządzaniu lokalną gospodarką powinna się zmienić –– powinna ona uwzględniać m.in. kapitał kreatywny, którego zadaniem będzie zwiększenie wpływu lokalnej gospodarki na inne obszary. Ponadto samorządy powinny prowadzić elastyczną lokalną politykę rozwoju, głównie politykę społeczną, w celu wzmocnienia lokalnych społeczności.
Źródło:
Biblioteka Regionalisty; 2019, 19; 66-75
2081-4461
Pojawia się w:
Biblioteka Regionalisty
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ethical and political dilemmas of local self-government in Poland in the course of systemic transformations (1990–2018)
Autorzy:
Kasiński, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653162.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
local self-government
local democracy
democratic responsibility
local self-government representation
local government unit executive body
European Charter of Local Self-Government
Opis:
The study presents critical reflections on the course and results of Polish local self-government reforms from March 1990, when after 40 years of the system of territorial soviets (national councils), self-government was reintroduced into communes, until January 2018, when an attempt to improve the systemic institutions of self-government in communes, poviats and voivodships was once again revisited. The author points out significant discrepancies between the basic ethical and political values of local self-government, i.e. democracy, independence and efficiency, and the changing content of self-government systemic laws as well as the practice of local authorities’ operations, and formulates proposals aimed at repairing Polish local self-government by adjusting its organisation and functioning to the principles resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the European Charter of Local Self-Government. He considers as the most important the elimination of pathological phenomena of simulated local democracy which include: a drastically low turnout in elections and referenda, the disappearance of democratic responsibility of local self-government bodies, and the autonomy of the directly elected executive body of the commune from the influence of the local representation. From this point of view, he positively assesses the new regulations, strengthening the guarantee of transparency of operations carried out by local self-government bodies and control rights of councillors, as well as expanding the catalogue of initiative, consultative and control powers of citizens. He points out, however, that ensuring real democracy in of the local authorities requires a deeper reconstruction of the principles of self-government, the election process, and strengthening the role of representation in creating and enforcing the responsibility of executive bodies.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2018, 21, 7; 7-26
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Planowanie finansowe w zarządzaniu długiem samorządowym - analiza dynamiczna na przykładzie województw samorządowych
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Local government, Local government finance, Debt management
Opis:
The article describes the role financial planning, in particular the role of multiannual financial forecasts, in the debt management process in the local government units. Theoretical and methodological considerations are supplemented by study of changes in budget categories related to local government debt, which took place between the multiannual financial forecasts prepared for the years 2013 and 2014. The analysis was performed for all units in general and more specifically for the voivodships. The article postulates that local authorities should ensure greater accuracy and continuity of their financial plans
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2016, 2; 105-116
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local spectrum and Kaplanskys theorem on algebraic operators
Autorzy:
Drissi, Driss
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/966011.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
local spectral radius
local spectrum
algebraic operators
Opis:
Using elementary arguments we improve former results of P. Vrbová concerning local spectrum. As a consequence, we obtain a new proof of Kaplansky’s theorem on algebraic operators on a Banach space.
Źródło:
Colloquium Mathematicum; 1998, 75, 2; 159-165
0010-1354
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium Mathematicum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wrocław Civic Budget. Social Innovation Adapted in Polish Local Government
Autorzy:
Madej, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1977313.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
local government
participatory budgeting
local participation
Wrocław
Opis:
The paper explores Wrocław Civic Budget in the context of procedures and impact. It reviews various data to present different aspects of this process: number of projects submitted and implemented, citizens’ participation in the selection process, geographical distribution of the implemented projects and their contents, showing the significant fall in the citizens’ interest in the process after two years of its implementation. The paper aims to analyze whether the project in its current form actually succeeds in activating the citizens’ and involving them in the local decision-making on one hand, and changing the city on the other. The effectiveness of participatory budgeting in Wrocław is explored, considering such criteria as reliability, impact, activation and innovativeness. The data reveal both the successes and drawbacks of Wrocław Civic Budget, allowing for presentation of recommendations.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 4 (48); 583-603
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Participatory Budget as a Tool for Local Community Development in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Zapara, Svitlana
Rohovenko, Oleh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/451957.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
Tematy:
participatory budget
local self-government
local budget
Opis:
The sustainable development of the local self-government institute in modern democracies, the introduction of the principles of subsidiarity, regionalization and decentralization show a clear need for implementing the systemic reforms aimed at strengthening local initiatives in Ukraine. Therefore, there is a need to increase the role of self-governing structures, to grapple for the ways of adaptating governance at the regional level to the long-standing European traditions of democratic governance, and to address the procedural issues of the power distribution, transfer and delegation, in particular the formation and distribution of local budgets. One of the most effective tools to enhance local communities is a participatory budget, the implementation of which in Ukraine is gaining momentum and needs to be analyzed, and to be supported upon its successful realization. This article focuses on the analysis of the implementation of participatory budget as an instrument of the local community development in Ukraine in the case of the city of Sumy
Źródło:
Journal of Modern Science; 2017, 32, 1; 285-303
1734-2031
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Modern Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dawna leksyka Ciechanowca i okolicznych wsi
Autorzy:
Maryniakowa, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/676811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Ciechanowiec
local dialect
dictionary of local dialect
Opis:
Former lexis of Ciechanowiec and surrounding villagesIntroduction includes: a) the synthetic approach to the history of micro-regions – geographic location, ethnic and confessional composition, Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture, Krzysztof Kluk – a priest, an eighteenth-century naturalist who was born and settled here; b) a description of the microtoponimy of Ciechanowiec; c) a description of the local dialect; d) a list of place names; e) a dialect dictionary in alphabetical order; f) a list of proverbs and phraseological saings. In the dictionary part there is lexical material no longer used today, or so we hear rarely, usually at home, in the family. Using it is subject to certain factors: age of the caller, the themes of conversation, particular emotional situation or the other. The entries record not only the meaning of the word, but also the diversity of phonetic, inflectional, peculiar grammatical forms. The usual entry articles are examples of the use of the word in context, and often phrases and proverbs. Ранее употребляемая лексика города Цехановец и окрестных деревеньВступительная часть исследования состоит из: а) синтетического подхода к истории микрорайона – географическое положение, этнический и религиозный состав, краткий очерк истории Сельскохозяйственного музея имени священника и биолога Кшиштофа Kлюка, родившегося и работавшего в Цехановце в XVIII столетии; б) описания микротопонимии города Цехановец; в) описания местного говора; г) списка географических названий; д) словаря местного диалекта; е) списка пословиц и фразеологических оборотов. В словарь включены лексемы сегодня уже не употребляемые или употребляемые редко, как правило, дома, в семейном кругу. Примнение этой лексики обусловлено некоторыми факторами: возраст собеседника, тема разговора, особое эмоциональное состояние и др. Словарная статья отражает значение лексемы, разнообразие фонетических и морфологических форм, примеры использования слов в контексте.
Źródło:
Acta Baltico-Slavica; 2012, 36
2392-2389
0065-1044
Pojawia się w:
Acta Baltico-Slavica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka lokalna gminy Uniejów – wybrane aspekty teoretyczne i praktyczne
Politics local municipality Uniejów – some aspects of theory and practice
Autorzy:
Kulawiak, Anita
Smętkiewicz, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
rozwój lokalny
Uniejów
polityka lokalna
władze samorządowe
local politics
local authorities
local development
Opis:
W artykule omówiono sposób (metodę) prowadzenia przez władze samorządowe polityki lokalnej w małym mieście na przykładzie Uniejowa. Charakterystyki tego zagadnienia dokonano w oparciu o zaprezentowany przez J. Regulskiego schemat kreowania w mieście polityki lokalnej. Tym samym autorki skoncentrowały się przede wszystkim na identyfikacji wizji i celów prowadzonej w Uniejowie polityki lokalnej, przedstawieniu przyjętej przez władze lokalne strategii, w tym etapów jej powstawania i zastosowanych narzędzi oraz analizie podjętych działań, które w założeniu służą realizacji przyjętej wizji rozwoju. Ponadto, w artykule podjęto badania społeczne, których celem była identyfikacja i ocena stopnia zadowolenia mieszkańców miasta oraz odwiedzających go turystów z prowadzonej przez władze polityki lokalnej.
The article discusses the way (method) carried out by the local authorities in local politics in a small town on the example of Uniejów. The characteristics of this problem is based on the scheme presented by J. Regulski creation in local politics. Thus, the author focused primarily on the identification of vision and goals pursued in Uniejow local politics, the presentation adopted by the local authority strategies, including the stages of its formation and the tools used and the analysis of the action taken in assuming pursue the adopted vision of development. In addition, the article discusses the social studies whose objective was to identify and assess the degree of satisfaction of residents and tourists from visiting him pursued by the authorities of local politics.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2016, 24
1508-1117
2353-4826
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problemy efektywnego zarządzania długiem samorządowym
Problems of effective local government debt management
Autorzy:
Otczyk, Grzegorz
Felis, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
local government
budget deficit
local government debt
effectiveness of debt management
local development
Opis:
The article presents the issues of effective management of local government debt. Local government debt can be seen as an effect of accumulated budget inequality. The considerations in the article concern the analysis of the sources of financing the activities of local government units and the effectiveness of their use in the context of maintaining an appropriate level of liquidity and meeting statutory standards. For this purpose, financial data of local government units for the years 2010–2020 were examined. The study was enriched with the results of research on the budget policy of municipalities on which the authors worked in previous years. It made it possible to trace the tendencies in the field of debt policy in local government units and to establish the challenges faced by representatives of local government authorities.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2021, 4(68); 171-194
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Referendum lokalne w Polsce - ale jakie?
Local referendum in Poland - but what?
Autorzy:
Cieśliński, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/546511.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:
democracy
direct democracy
political participation
the local community
local referendum
local authority
the activity of the local community
Opis:
The theme of the article is to check whether in democratic Poland, the institution of local referendum an import role in the life of the local community. This form of political participation is a "tool" of the legal expression of political decisions by the local communities. Mainly explain, you model a local referendum in Poland is functional or dysfunctional - almost, in the bodies responsible for referendum process from the moment of submission of the application until the end of voting and perhaps in the political apathy of local communities?
Źródło:
Civitas et Lex; 2016, 3(11); 28 - 37
2392-0300
Pojawia się w:
Civitas et Lex
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interests of territorial self-governments in shaping local development on the example of tourism economy in Poland - selected aspects
Autorzy:
Grabowska, A.
Krakowiak-Drzewiecka, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108356.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
commune
local self-government
local development region
tourism
Opis:
Communes in Poland are entities that act on market, have defined resources at their disposal, are independent, which is legally guaranteed, and are also responsible for their decisions. Moreover, they compete with each other for various forms of capital. Their effectiveness in management and rationality of undertaken actions are essential as they can reach a specific (desired) market position. In this paper, the assumption was made that relationships of entities interested in activities of commune can have a diversified nature (not necessarily favorable from the point of view of their goals and interests), and the power of their influence may significantly facilitate or impede management in a commune and thereby influence the effectiveness of its activity. In the present conditions of commune functioning, the ability to recognize the interests of particular entities related by market relationships with the commune may guarantee and, in the case of a lack of this ability, may limit the accomplishment of interests of a commune as a collective. The reflections presented in this paper include broadly understood interests of local self-governments. This area is multi-dimensional and poorly recognized, which inspires us to make an attempt to create the system of notions. This attempt has been undertaken in further part of the paper. This constitutes an introduction to direct studies on the problems of interests of local self-government on the example of tourism economics.
Źródło:
Managerial Economics; 2014, 15, 1; 29-41
1898-1143
Pojawia się w:
Managerial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Participatory Budget – An Effective Tool for Social Participation and Building Local Identity. A Case Study of the City of Lodz
Autorzy:
Ślebocka, Magdalena
Kilanowski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033964.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
participatory budget
social participation
local development
local government
Opis:
The aim of the article: The main aim of the article is to present the essence and significance the institution of civic budget as a tool not only allowing citizens to actively participate in the process of deciding about the directions of spending public funds, but also a tool to determine the directions of social expectations, the essence and importance of social participation. Hypothesis: The hypothesis accepted in the study stipulates that the growing popularity of the civic budget makes it an effective tool for social participation. Methodology: The study was based on a literature review, legal acts, information on the functioning of the civic budget in Lodz as well as a questionnaire conducted among the city residents. Results of the research: The civic budget in Lodz has been functioning for eight years, and during this time it has been constantly contributing to the idea of citizen involvement in the decision-making process. Although the budget procedure itself is undergoing numerous corrections and transformations, as the ongoing political, social and macroeconomic changes must be taken into account, it is still a basic tool enabling active participation and involvement of citizens. The matters it concerns are important to the community, and the civic budget offers an opportunity to express their opinions on key issues. The conducted survey indicates that Lodz is a positive example of using the participatory budget mechanism in the city management process. The sustained high (on a Polish scale) turnout confirms the inhabitants’ interest and willingness to change the public space, thus positively influencing the building of a sense of local community.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2021, 4, 32; 129-151
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Entrepreneurial Activities of Communes in Creation of Competitive Advantages at Regional Investment Markets – Evidence from Poland
Autorzy:
Pilewicz, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/438654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
benchmarking
competitive advantage
competitiveness
local administration
local development
Opis:
The objective of this paper is to present examples of local regions represented by Polish communes that demonstrate entrepreneurial activities within competition for investors, tourists, and inhabitants at regional investment markets. I will present local regions of different location, size, functional type, and potential investment attractiveness that were the best in their class within the research sample studied. I decided to perform multilayer research on 50 communes in Poland using electronic audit research method, mystery client research method, and benchmarking of communes within their subpopulation types. Within the research 10 communes that are the best in their class have been selected. Identified activities of the best in class communes are presented and enable to form recommendations of applicable character for local regions aiming to improve their competitiveness in attraction, and retention of investors, tourists, and inhabitants.
Źródło:
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego; 2016, 30, 2; 108-121
2080-1653
Pojawia się w:
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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