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Tytuł:
A comparative analysis of the issue of necessary defense in terms of tort law
Autorzy:
Łubińska, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899541.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
tort law
necessity
necessary defense
comparative analysis
assassination
Opis:
This paper addresses a comparative analysis of the issue of necessary defense in terms of tort law. The concept of indispensable defense is most often associated with criminal law. However, it is not the only branch of law in which it occurs. It is also possible to find it on the grounds of the Civil Code. A necessary defense is one of the main counter-narratives which exclude the unlawfulness of an act. As a matter of fact, acting within the framework of necessary defense, we act according to the rules of law. Nevertheless, it is important to act only within the limits of such defense, because exceeding them excludes the unlawfulness of the act. The subject of this dissertation is to show, compare, and analyze legal regulations defining the right to indispensable defense in Poland and other contemporary countries.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 101; 201-210
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A tourist facility with a ban on children playing: The principle of non-discrimination and the statement of the Bulgarian court
Autorzy:
Yoncheva, Tanya
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52060664.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
discrimination
unequal treatment
law on tourism
anti-discrimination law
Opis:
Recently, both in Bulgaria and abroad, it is increasingly common to find accommodation, restaurants and entertainment facilities that advertise and offer a wide range of services. However, these are not intended for general consumers but only those who have reached maturity (excluding minors and the under-aged). According to press publications hotels and restaurants that pre-select their guests based on their age are mainly concentrated on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and in the mountains or they specialize in spa and balneo procedures. It turns out that consumers find it easier to stay with a pet, albeit at an extra cost, than go on vacation with their teenage children. Such practices adopted by representatives of the tourism industry raise some questions of a moral, ethical and legal nature. The current article traces the development of a specific administrative and judicial proceeding initiated to establish the presence of discrimination against consumers in a tourist facility – a restaurant. An overview of the claims and arguments of the claimant is made as well as an analysis of the reasons and considerations given by the competent administrative and judicial authorities. The author’s opinion on the issue is expressed.
Źródło:
Turyzm; 2024, 34, 1; 159-164
0867-5856
2080-6922
Pojawia się w:
Turyzm
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Abuse of Private Vehicle Strobe Lights and Sirens: Law Enforcement from the Islamic Perspective
Autorzy:
Rahmatullah, Prayudi
Tri Kurnianing Wang, Basthomi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47206703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-03-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
abuse
law enforcement
strobes and sirens
private vehicles
Siyasa Dusturiyah
Opis:
The community continues to be disturbed when strobe lights and sirens are abused. While sirens are used by private vehicles, they cause other drivers to automatically move aside to give way to the oncoming vehicle, strobes or light beams cause other drivers to feel blinded. This study employs a sociological method of empirical legal research. This study aims to examine how law enforcement uses Siyasah Dusturiyah and Law No. 22 of 2009 to target the usage of strobes and sirens on private vehicles. Law enforcement has taken steps to enforce the law on the use of strobes and sirens, including outreach with vehicle communities, based on the findings of the research. In line with Islamic teachings, the community and students have taken into consideration various aspects, particularly when viewed through the lens of Siyasah Dusturiyah. These include highlighting the advantages of promoting legal compliance and awareness as well as enhancing traffic safety and comfort.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2024, 16, 1; 149-161
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Akty typu soft law Prezesa UOKiK i ich wpływ na określenie sytuacji przedsiębiorcy w postępowaniu antymonopolowym
The Soft law acts of the UOKiK President and their impact on determining the situation of an entrepreneur in anti-monopoly proceedings
Autorzy:
Wieczerzyńska, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52089920.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
akty soft law, wytyczne, konkurencja, zaskarżalność aktów soft law
soft law acts, guidelines, competition, challengeability of soft law acts
Opis:
Wraz z przyjęciem acquis communitaire polska administracja została skonfrontowana z dużą liczbą aktów prawa miękkiego wydawanych przez administrację unijną, a także sama zaczęła szeroko z nich korzystać. Systematyczne „utwardzanie” aktów prawa miękkiego powoduje, że instrumenty te wykazują rozbieżność między ich formalnie niewiążącym statusem a faktycznym zamierzonym znaczeniem i skutkami – mają często charakter „ukrytej dyrektywy”, czy nawet bardziej imperatywnego środka, wywierając skutki prawne i określając sytuację prawną np. przedsiębiorców. Dlatego wysuwa się postulat, aby akty typu soft law mogły być poddane autonomicznej kontroli sądowej w zakresie zarówno wykładni, jak i stwierdzenia ich nieważności. Także Prezes UOKiK może wydawać urzędowe wyjaśnienia i wytyczne, które odpowiadają definicji aktów o charakterze soft law. Wytyczne dotyczące ustalania wysokości kar pieniężnych dla przedsiębiorców mają istotny wpływ na określanie sytuacji prawnej przedsiębiorców, a orzecznictwo sądowe w coraz większym stopniu odnosi się bezkrytycznie do określonej w nich metodologii ustalania kar pieniężnych.
With the adoption of the acquis communitaire, the Polish administration was confronted with a large number of soft law acts issued by the EU administration, and began to make extensive use of them itself. The systematic “hardening” of soft law acts causes that these instruments show a discrepancy between their formally non-binding status and the actual intended meaning and effects – they often have the nature of a “hidden directive”, or even a more imperative measure, exerting legal effects and defining the legal situation of e.g. entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is postulated that soft law acts may be subject to autonomous judicial review in terms of both interpretation and annulment. The President of UOKiK may also issue official explanations and guidelines that meet the definition of soft law acts. Guidelines for determining the amount of fines for entrepreneurs have a significant impact on determining the legal situation of entrepreneurs, and judicial decisions increasingly uncritically refer to the methodology of setting fines specified in them.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2024, 18, 3; 83-96
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Algorithmic contracts in the light of selected acts of model contract law
Umowy algorytmiczne w świetle wybranych aktów modelowego prawa umów
Autorzy:
Biczysko-Pudełko, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29519283.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-01-16
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
algorithmic contracts
model law
declaration of intent
umowy algorytmiczne
prawo modelowe
oświadczenie woli
Opis:
Algorithmic contracts are another category of digitally enriched contracts that are increasingly common in commercial practice. Their essence boils down to the determination by an algorithm of the content of the parties’ obligation, whereby the algorithm may act as a ‘negotiator’ or fill in gaps in the content of pre-established contractual terms. The specificity of these contracts has legally significant consequences and raises a number of questions, e.g. whether an algorithm can create the content of a contract and whether it will be legally binding, whether it will be possible to claim a declaration of intent error when the system fails or the algorithm misanalyses data, what if the content of a statement ‘made by an algorithm’ did not match the intention of the person using the algorithm? The purpose of this article will be to answer the above questions by taking into account selected model acts and – as a side note, as it were – to assess the relevance of these acts for the practice of trading and contract law more broadly.
Umowy algorytmiczne stanowią kolejną kategorię umów wzbogaconych cyfrowo, które coraz częściej zawierane są w praktyce obrotu. Ich istota sprowadza się do określania przez algorytm treści zobowiązania stron, przy czym algorytm ten działać może jako ,,negocjator”, bądź uzupełniać luki w treści wcześniej ustalonych warunków umownych. Specyfika tych umów ma swoje prawnie doniosłe konsekwencje i rodzi konieczność poszukiwania odpowiedzi na wiele pytań, tj. m.in. czy algorytm może stworzyć treść umowy i czy będzie ona prawnie wiążąca, czy będzie można powołać się na błąd oświadczenia woli, gdy system zawiedzie lub algorytm źle przeanalizuje dane, co w sytuacji, gdy treść oświadczenia ,,złożonego przez algorytm” nie odpowiadała zamiarowi osoby posługującej się algorytmem? Celem artykułu będzie udzielenie odpowiedzi na powyższe pytania przy uwzględnieniu wybranych aktów prawa modelowego i – niejako pobocznie – ocena znaczenia tychże aktów dla praktyki obrotu i szerzej prawa umów.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2023, 21, 2; 43-58
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Artificial conditions as an abuse of rights in public aid from the Common Agricultural Policy
Autorzy:
Czechowski, Paweł
Niewiadomski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-02-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
artificial conditions
Common Agricultural Policy
abuse of rights
state aid
European finance
agricultural law
Opis:
This article presents an issue related to the creation of artificial conditions in order to obtain financial assistance from the Common Agricultural Policy. The occurrence of artificial conditions has been assessed primarily in terms of the occurrence of the abuse of rights. In this respect, the most relevant judgments of the Court of Justice of the EU have been analysed. The legal possibilities of preventing artificial conditions and protecting the financial interests of the EU are also presented. Additionally, an assessment of the occurrence of artificial conditions in the context of the granting of state aid has been made.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 99; 379-392
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Basic principles of international humanitarian law of armed conflict
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/54816771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-01-03
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
law
armed conflict
principles
humanitarianism
conventions
Opis:
This article presents research on the nature, character and stature of the basic principles of international humanitarian law of armed conflict, an important element of public international law. These principles are: the principle of humanity, the principle of military necessity, the principle of proportionality and the principle of distinction. They are the starting point for the establishment of specific legal norms and the foundation for the construction of various areas of this area of law. In addition, an important immanent/natural feature is their utilitarianism during the course of armed conflicts, where commanders in the reality of armed combat are expected to apply and observe them.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2023, 46(46); 21-31
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Better Regulation Programme’ in the European Union: pros and cons
Autorzy:
Grzeszczak, Robert
Kapica, Kamil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49054034.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
law-making
better regulation
impact assessment
European law
good legislation
European Commission
effectiveness of law
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present the concept of Better Regulation (BetReg), in particular its implementation mechanisms in light of the latest documents of EU bodies and its application in the European Union legislative procedures. It will illustrate both viable aspects and shortcomings of this initiative. The authors argue that the better regulation postulate has a horizontal nature. It is an initiative that brings tangible and noticeable effects; however, it must be applied as an EU legislative standard for the whole EU law: not only for that being designed or amended but also for assessing the existing law in all EU law-making institutions and countries implementing European legislation. A question is raised whether BetReg has a real impact on legislative practice or whether it remains predominantly a postulate. The hypothesis is that BetReg is already a mature project and may significantly improve the legislative environment in the EU. It should be noted that the paper covers only a fraction of the problems, the comprehensive examination of which would allow verification of the hypothesis.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2024, 102; 77-94
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Beyond the courtroom: the evolution of rights-based climate litigation from urgenda to held and its policy impact
Autorzy:
Buszman, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49051414.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
rights-based climate litigation
state responsibility in international law
climate change mitigation
judicial activism
regulation through litigation
Paris Agreement
Opis:
This paper examines the growing trend of employing international and human rights law in domestic climate change lawsuits as a strategic tool for legal action. Using a qualitative and comparative analysis of seminal case law, such as Urgenda Foundation v the Netherlands and R (Friends of the Earth and others) v Heathrow Airport Ltd and Held v State, this paper aims to explain the juridical trajectories and methodologies employed in rights-based climate litigation. The primary objective is to critically evaluate the potential regulatory impact of this emergent jurisprudential paradigm on both domestic legislation and international climate change treaties. The study posits that when traditional enforcement mechanisms enshrined in international environmental law treaties prove ineffective, domestic litigation grounded in human rights claims serve as a catalyst for transformative jurisprudence. This, in turn, can exert substantial pressure on state and non-state actors, compelling them to adopt more strict regulatory measures to mitigate the effects of climate change. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to elucidate the effectiveness and development of rights-based jurisprudence in climate litigation, and second, to assess its potential for influencing the creation of stronger regulatory mechanisms at both state and international levels. The paper argues that when international treaties fail to take adequate climate change action, domestic lawsuits based on human rights claims start to serve as a lever of change, pressuring both state and non-state actors into adopting more ambitious measures. The study underscores the importance of this rights-based approach not merely as a legal strategy but as a multifaceted tool for effectuating systemic regulatory advancements and fostering climate justice.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2024, 102; 56-76
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Breaking the glass ceiling: in search of the role of european company law for women’s empowerment
Autorzy:
Herbet-Homenda, Weronika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
women empowerment
gender equality
gender diversity
company law
board members
quotas
Opis:
Women empowerment agenda plays a crucial law in a global legal debate. Despite years of struggle and undeniable success in several fields, women remain vastly underrepresented in the workforce and business leadership. The areas traditionally associated with gender equality are located within the public law regulations, with the core of labor and social security law. At the same time, it seems that some useful tools can be also provided by private law. Therefore, in the thought of a multi-faced, comprehensive approach, it is worth evaluating the actual and potential law of the European company law regulations. The aim of the article is to present the current legal and research state-of-play, mark the research gaps and formulate hypotheses as to the possible developments in this regard.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 101; 127-135
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Co po „specustawie ukraińskiej”? Uwagi na tle ostatnich nowelizacji w świetle teorii tymczasowej ochrony osób przymusowo migrujących
After the “Special Law for Ukraine”. Remarks on the Latest Amendments in Light of the Theory of Temporary Protection
Autorzy:
Grześkowiak, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51459305.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-08-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
special law for Ukraine
temporary protection
refugees
non-refoulement
specustawa ukraińska
tymczasowa ochrona
ochrona czasowa
uchodźcy
Opis:
The aim of this study is to analyse the envisaged process of phasing out the exceptional provisions of the Polish ‘special law for Ukraine’, introduced in response to the mass influx of war refugees from Ukraine to Poland. As clearly preferred by the Polish legislator, this phase-out is to be achieved through a mass transition from temporary protection to temporary stay permits. The analysis is conducted in light of the theory of temporary protection as formulated in the scholarship. The conclusion is that while transitioning from temporary protection to temporary stay permits is a step in the right direction as regards the legal certainty of status of war refugees, it would be more adequate to permit war refugees to submit asylum applications without the need to effectively give up on their entitlements under the special law.
Celem artykułu jest analiza preferowanej przez ustawodawcę formy wygaszania nadzwyczajnych rozwiązań zawartych w „specustawie ukraińskiej”, w postaci zastąpienia tytułu pobytowego wynikającego z tej ustawy zezwoleniem na pobyt czasowy. Analiza prowadzona jest w świetle ukształtowanej w doktrynie teorii tymczasowej ochrony osób przymusowo migrujących, której implementacją w polskim porządku prawnym stała się specustawa. Dochodzę do wniosku, że mimo że przekształcenie tytułów pobytowych uchodźców wojennych z Ukrainy z ochrony czasowej w zezwolenie na pobyt czasowy uznać można za krok w dobrą stronę z punktu widzenia stabilności sytuacji prawnej uchodźców wojennych, to rozwiązaniem odpowiedniejszym byłoby umożliwienie im składania wniosków o udzielenie ochrony międzynarodowej, bez konieczności jednoczesnej rezygnacji z uprawnień przewidzianych w specustawie na czas postępowania administracyjnego.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2024, 4(80); 193-204
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constitutional rights and obligations of citizens towards the environment under the conditions of sustainable development
Autorzy:
Zębek, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52089861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
human rights, environmental protection law, constitutional obligations of public authorities, sustainable development principle, Agenda 2030
Opis:
The aim of this article is to determine the status of citizen’s rights to ‘a clean environment’ and their obligations towards the environment under sustainable development conditions, considering international and domestic regulations. It analyses three interlinked aspects: human rights to a clean environment, obligations of citizens and public authorities towards the environment, and environmental protection in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Human rights to ‘a clean environment’ are enshrined in the Constitution, drawing on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Rio de Janeiro ‘Environment and Development’ Declaration. These rights are implemented by public authorities through ensuring ecological safety and the useand protection of environmental resources, adhering to the sustainable development principle. In addition every citizen has obligations towards the environment, because he should take care of environmental resources and use them in accordance with the principles of environmental protection law. The analysis of legal doctrine and legislation highlights a clear relationship betweenthe necessity for public authorities to ensure constitutional rights to a ‘clean environment’ and their obligations towards the environment through the protection of environmental resources in line with the sustainable development principle. This entails balancing the human right to a ‘clean environment’ against the environmental right to the continuity and sustainability of resources(natural balance), while also ensuring economic growth. An example of these principles in action is Agenda 2030, currently being implemented in Poland and other EU Member States.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2024, 18, 1 ENG; 118-135
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Copyright Law Aspects of the Electoral Process in Poland
Prawnoautorskie aspekty procesu wyborczego w Polsce
Autorzy:
Zych, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32082542.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
copyright
electoral law
electoral material
work
public use
prawo autorskie
prawo wyborcze
materiał wyborczy
utwór
użytek publiczny
Opis:
In this paper an attempt is made to determine the material, subjective and temporal scope of application of an electoral exception provided for under Art. 31 (3) of the Copyright Law. To this end, normative acts, judicial decisions, and doctrinal views were examined. Also, the author analyses the concept of “election event” and the relevance copyright law has to it. In conclusions, a postulate de lege ferenda is formulated.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba ustalenia zakresu przedmiotowego, podmiotowego i temporalnego zastosowania w procesie wyborczym w Polce wyjątku wynikającego z art. 31 ust. 3 Prawa autorskiego. Dla realizacji tego zamierzenia poddano analizie akty normatywne, orzecznictwo sądowe i poglądy doktryny. Autor analizuje również pojęcie „imprezy wyborczej” i znaczenie, jakie ma dla niej prawo autorskie. W konkluzji formułuje postulat de lege ferenda.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2024, 2(78); 199-209
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Creative law: singers, roles, and legal disputes at the Paris Opéra during the ancien régime
Autorzy:
Salem, Lola
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49061628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-02-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
European history
legal history
administrative law
opera
creativity
performance
Opis:
This article argues that the legal institutions governing the operation of the Paris Opéra since its establishment in 1669 were not merely applied hierarchically from above. To some extent, performers participated in defining the legal terms of the Opéra’s business. Challenging the prevailing creative practice of the time, these performers deployed legal rhetoric particularly in resolving disputes relating to casting. Casting decisions proved particularly salient insofar as the combination of personal prestige and financial success at stake produced both professional competition and social conflict. After demonstrating the main principles at work behind performers’ challenges to the administrative and legal conditions of the Paris Opéra, this article presents a series of case studies that illustrate the ways in which performers attempted to use legal strategies to alter the institutional setting as it related to casting.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 99; 199-210
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Criminal law assessments of the exploitation of prostitution practised by humanoid robots
Autorzy:
Lachowski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52089862.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
law, criminal law, exploitation of prostitution, artificial intelligence, humanoid robots
Opis:
The subject of this study is the criminal law issue of exploiting prostitution practised by humanoid robots. Interest in this issue stems from two main reasons. Firstly, the development of new technologies, including artificial intelligence capable of self-education, analysis of the surrounding reality, and decision-making necessitates the consideration of its legal subjectivity. Secondly, the emergence of brothels employing humanoid robots prompts reflection on the criminal responsibility of those who benefit from the prostitution facilitated by them. This article aims to highlight the phenomenon of using humanoid robots in prostitution, offer a criminal law assessment of such behaviour from the perspective of Polish criminal law, and suggest the direction for the development of domestic criminal law to accommodate this phenomenon in the future. Additionally, it addresses the issue of criminal liability for harm caused by a humanoid robot equipped with artificial intelligence while providing sexual services. The article predominantly employs the dogmatic-legal method, performing an exegesis of the provisions of Article 204 of the Criminal Code in the context of the issue signalled. The analyses have concluded that this norm does not encompass in which the perpetrator facilitates, induces prostitution of a humanoid robot or derives financial benefits from such activities, despite such behaviour being detrimental to morality, the fundamental good protected under Article 204 of the Criminal Code. De lege lata, a humanoid robot may also not be subject to criminal liability if it harms a person using its sexual services, as such an ‘essence’ does not align with the current structure of crime and the concept of criminal punishment. However, the liability of manufacturers or users of such devices is not ruled out. It should be noted that as humanoid robots become more autonomous, holding producers or users criminally liable for damages they cause becomes less justifiable, and the applicability of artificial intelligence liability similar to the criminal liability of legal persons becomes more relevant.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2024, 18, 1 ENG; 1-12
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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