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Tytuł:
Etyczne aspekty zróżnicowania dochodów
Ethical aspects of income differentiation
Autorzy:
Wyżnikiewicz, Bohdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/652672.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
income distribution
income inequality
top income
Opis:
Personal income differentiation (inequality) is widely observed. Various historical and cultural factors are responsible for this phenomenon. In the longer run, these factors lead to a log-normal distribution of income with country-specific parameters. Ethical aspects of income differentiation are discussed in this paper. The starting point for the discussion is a diagnosis of income differentiation in Poland and European Union countries based on statistical data. Another discussed issue is ethical dilemmas resulting from income inequalities. Special attention is paid to the relationship between income differentiation and economic growth. The ethical aspects of the ratio between lower and upper income in corporations are also discussed. The conclusion is that income differentiation and its change may influence economic growth in different ways. Extremely high income differentiation may lead to negative effects and is ethically doubtful.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2019, 22, 3; 75-85
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wzrost gospodarczy a optymalne zróżnicowanie dochodów w USA i Szwecji
Economic Growth and the Optimal Inequality of Income in the US and Sweden
Autorzy:
Pawlak, Witold
Sztaudynger, Jan Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-05-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
income inequality
economic growth
optimal inequality
Opis:
Inequality of incomes is one of the significant factors forming the social capital. Two views dominate among economists dealing with the influence of inequality of income on economic growth. On the one hand, a too low inequality of income does not motivate people to increase the labour productivity. A low inequality of income might result from an extended social care system and overloading GDP with social transfers. A good example of it may be a situation when the unemployed refuses to accept a job offer and prefers the unemployment benefit rather to a slightly higher salary. Moreover, a lack of incentives for the employee who fails to acknowledge the economic sense of increasing the productivity of his work might lead to the slower growth of economy. On the other hand, a contrary view suggests that an increase of the inequality of income has a negative impact on the economy. The accumulation of wealth by a small number of citizens raises doubts about good use of that wealth for investments necessary for the growth of the economy. An excessive inequality of income is confronted with disapproval of the significant part of society and regarded as unfair and unjustified. It may also increase the crime level and decrease the trust and, more generally, lead to the weakening of social capital. The arguments above lead to a hypothesis that the influence of the inequality of income on the growth of the economy has a non-linear character. We confirmed this hypothesis in growth models of the US and Swedish economies. We assess the historically optimal inequality of income measured by the Gini coefficient at 46% and 24% for the US and Sweden respectively. The optimal inequality of income in Poland was assessed previously at 29%. The dissimilarities may result from the cultural differences, educational level differences, ethnic differences and differences in diligence.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2008, 11, 1
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
income inequality
inequality aversion
estimation
income distribution
Opis:
Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker?s or a society?s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ?, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ? an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ? from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households? disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ? belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint ?mid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of ?mid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998?2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality?development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The ?augmented? inequality?development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2020, 15, 3; 391-417
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Universal basic income. Theory and practice
Autorzy:
Misztal, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108303.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
universal income
income inequality
economic policy
Opis:
A universal basic income is financial income agreed to all members of society without the need to provide work. The right to this income and its level are universal and independent of the size and structure of the household. In addition, a universal income is paid regardless of the income of the citizens from other sources. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of a universal basic income, with a particular emphasis on the origin and results of introducing this instrument. In the text, research methods are used based on literature studies in macroeconomics and economic policies as well as statistical and descriptive methods based on the data published by international economic institutions (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank).
Źródło:
Managerial Economics; 2018, 19, 1; 103-116
1898-1143
Pojawia się w:
Managerial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic growth and the optimal inequality of income
Autorzy:
Sztaudynger, Jan Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
income inequality
economic growth
optimal inequality
Opis:
Inequality of income is one of the significant factors forming social capital. Two views dominate among economists dealing with the influence of income inequality on economic growth. On the one hand, a too low level of income inequality does not motivate people to increase their labour productivity. Low inequality of income might result from an extended social care system and a GDP burdened with social transfers. A good example may be a situation when an unemployed person refuses to accept a job offer and prefers unemployment benefits to a slightly higher salary. Moreover, a lack of incentives for an employee who fails to acknowledge the economic sense of increasing the productivity of his or her work might lead to a slower growth of the economy. On the other hand, a contrary view suggests that an increase in inequality of income has a negative impact on the economy. The accumulation of wealth by a small number of citizens raises doubts about the good use of that wealth for the investments necessary for the growth of the economy. Excessive inequality of income is confronted with the disapproval of a significant part of society and is regarded as unfair and unjustified. It may also increase the crime rate, decrease trust and, more generally, lead to the weakening of social capital. The arguments presented above lead to the hypothesis that the influence of income inequality on the growth of the economy has a non-linear, parabolic character. We have confirmed this hypothesis in growth models of the US and Swedish economies. We assess the historically optimal inequality of income measured by the Gini coefficient at 46% and 24% for the US and Sweden, respectively. The optimal inequality of income for Poland was assessed previously at 29%. The dissimilarities may result from differences in culture, society, educational level and diligence.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2018, 21, 8; 89-99
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nierówności dochodowe w kontekście kryzysu finansowego
Income Inequality in a Context of Financial Crisis
Неравенство дохолов в контексте финансового кризиса
Autorzy:
Jabłoński, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/548517.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
nierówności dochodowe
kryzysy
income inequality
crisis
Opis:
W artykule podjęto próbę zaprezentowania skutków kryzysu finansowego z 2007 roku dla nierówności w krajach na różnym poziomie rozwoju ekonomicznego. Artykuł składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części. W pierwszej części uwagę zwrócono na rozstrzygnięcia teoretyczne i wyniki badań empirycznych w zakresie wpływu z jednej strony cyklu koniunkturalnego, z drugiej zaś kryzysów na nierówności. Następnie przedstawiono wpływ kryzysu 2007–2008 na zróżnicowania dochodowe wewnątrz krajów w oparciu o wyniki badań OECD z lat 2008, 2011 i 2013. Artykuł zamyka podsumowanie i wnioski z prowadzonych rozważań.
The article is an attempt to present the outcomes of financial crises on income inequality in countries at various stages of economic development. Article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the theoretical and empirical research on implications of conjuncture fluctuations and crises itself for income inequality. The second part refers to discretion of income inequality change during and after the financial crises 2007–2008 within the OECD countries. last part of the article is the conclusion that sums up the issues analyzed in the text.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2016, 47; 115-126
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of microfinance on income inequality: Perspective of developing countries
Autorzy:
Mahmoud Ali, Israa Ali
Ghoneim, Hebatallah
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522284.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Developing countries
Income inequality
Microcredit
Microfinance
Opis:
Aim/purpose – Studying the impact of microfinance on income inequality from a macro- -economic perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional regression analysis is used to measure the effect of microfinance on the Gini index in a sample of 30 developing countries from across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. A set of control variables are added to the model including: inflation, educational attainment, democracy, population growth, percentage of arable land to strengthen the model’s reliability. Findings – Results indicate that neither a positive nor a negative impact of microfinance on Gini index could be significantly proved for the sample countries. Research implications/limitations – Due to lack of data availability, research is conducted on a small sample of 30 countries. Therefore, to obtain more generalisable results, it is recommended for future research to use a larger sample. Originality/value/contribution – Microfinance is becoming a focal issue in alleviating poverty and inequality, and this paper’s main contribution is that it explores this matter from a macro-economic perspective by looking at the holistic impact of microcredit on a sample of developing countries. Hence, the paper provides further investigation and suggestions for a better implementation of microfinance policies.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2019, 35; 40-62
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gender differences in income distributions in Poland
Różnice w rozkładach dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce
Autorzy:
Włodarczyk, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913224.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
nierówności dochodowe
nierówność płci
income inequality
gender inequality
Opis:
The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy opisowej rozkładów dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nierówności w grupie osób o najwyższych dochodach. Analizę oparto o bazę danych opracowaną przez Radę Monitoringu Społecznego (w ramach projektu Diagnoza Społeczna). W latach 2003–2015 jedno z pytań zadawanych respondentom dotyczyło indywidualnego miesięcznego dochodu netto z ostatnich trzech miesięcy. W celu zmniejszenia wpływu różnic związanych z momentem wchodzenia na rynek pracy i przechodzenia na emeryturę analizę ograniczono do osób w wieku 25–60 lat. W analizie rozkładów dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce wykorzystano m.in. standardowe miary, takie jak średni dochód lub mediana dochodu oraz wskaźniki oparte na tych miarach, jak również współczynniki Giniego, Theila oraz entropii. Poza tym wykorzystano jądrowe estymatory gęstości i przedstawiono wyniki estymacji regresji kwantylowej pokazującej różnice dochodowe między kobietami i mężczyznami w różnych grupach dochodowych. Następnie dokonano porównania między podpróbami kobiet i mężczyzn uzyskujących najwyższe dochody (przyjęto próg 3% dla każdej płci). Przedstawiono również udział kobiet w grupie osób o najwyższych dochodach. Przeprowadzona analiza ujawniła m.in. zróżnicowanie dynamiki dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn, co stanowi argument za uwzględnieniem w analizie nierówności dochodowych także czynników cyklicznych, które mogą odmiennie oddziaływać na obie płci.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2020, 63; 210-232
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality in Israel between 2003 and 2014
Autorzy:
Tzarfati, Beny
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/692539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
income inequality
distribution of income
Gini index
Israel
Opis:
Inequality in the distribution of income in the population is an important economic indicator. Today, economic inequality receives considerable attention due to the book of Thomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century. The tremendous media coverage of the topic also attracted the attention of the world leaders. In many countries, the topic of inequality in income distribution was defined as a national challenge and was found at the top of the priorities of many important organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These organizations treat income distribution as the top priority because they see the problem to be a threat to the continuation of the existence of the global economic system [Piketty and Qian 2009]. This paper aims to describe the distribution of income in Israel and provide solutions for a more equal distribution of income.
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2017, 2, 1; 19-25
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
People’s Evaluations of Income Inequality and the Gini Coefficient Different in Details, Similar in Patterns
Autorzy:
Jancewicz, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-08-22
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
income inequality
inequality
transfer principle
inequality perception
multidimensional scaling
Opis:
Recent studies suggest that the Gini coefficient’s and people’s evaluations of income inequality differ. Thus, we risk adopting policies that decrease the coefficient but not the inequality people see. This article argues that the coefficient does reflect people’s perception of inequality, at least in relation to the criticised Pigou-Dalton Transfer Principle stating that inequality falls whenever a person with higher income gives a small part of it to a person with lower income. Results from a questionnaire experiment where 105 WUT students evaluated inequality of different income distributions confirm that answers strictly following the principle are rare (around 3% of the sample). However, the average correlation between respondents’ and Gini’s evaluations was relatively high (0.693). Furthermore, when respondents’ evaluations were averaged, the correlation jumped to 0.954. An MDS analysis confirms that while these evaluations differed in details, the pattern common to respondents’ evaluations was in line with the Gini coefficient.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2019, 207, 3; 289-304
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality of households in Poland: A subgroup decomposition of generalized entropy measures
Nierówności dochodowe gospodarstw domowych w Polsce: dekompozycja miar uogólnionej entropii
Autorzy:
Muszyńska, Joanna
Wędrowska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424900.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
income inequality
General Entropy measures
decomposition
Opis:
A formula of measures applied to assess the level of income inequality results from the intellectual basis on which this approach is founded. Our paper focuses on Generalized Entropy measures. The aim of our paper is two-fold. Firstly, it aims at presenting GE measures and discussing their properties, especially the property of additive decomposition. Secondly, the empirical aim is to assess the level of income inequality in Poland and to indicate its main determinants. In the study we use microdata obtained from EU-SILC that cover information about incomes received by individual household members in 2016. Five factors are chosen as the possible drivers of income inequality. The study proves the characteristics related to human capital are the most influential factors of income variability between households. The characteristics describing the composition of the household contribute to the overall level of inequality to a smaller extent.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2018, 22, 4; 43-64
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality in China 1952-2017: persistence and main determinants
Autorzy:
Skare, Marinko
Gil-Alana, Luis A.
Claudio-Quiroga, Gloria
Pržiklas Družeta, Romina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19233721.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
China
income inequality
fractional integration
persistence
economic growth
Opis:
Research background: China's economic growth, however remarkable, is due to the Harrod-Domar nature of economic growth and, therefore, limited. The main limitation lies in the extension of the neoclassical growth model and the government need to decrease regional disparities using new migration, urbanization and social policy. Purpose of the article: It is the rising regional disparity in the total factor productivity to cause the income inequality increase (measured by GINI index) in China from 1952-2017. Our paper brings new insight into the main inequality determinants and causes in China, using a fractional integration modeling framework. Methods: Using fractional integration, we find total factor productivity (TFP), real gross domestic product per capita and growth and expenditures for the social safety net and employment effort to have a statistically significant impact on GINI. Income inequality in China is of a persistent nature with the effects of the shocks affecting the GINI index enduring over time. Findings & value added: The results of this study highlight the importance for model/policy changes by the policy makers and practitioners in China to deal with the inequality issue. This involves improving the growth model through innovation and technological advancement, relaxing TFP dependence on the physical inputs (labor and capital) to reduce income inequality.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2021, 12, 4; 863-888
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regional economic integration and its impact on income distribution and the poverty level: The case of the WAEMU zone
Autorzy:
Yameogo, ClaIre E. W.
Omojolaibi, Joseph A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15803879.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
economic integration
poverty
income inequality
remittances
WAEMU
PMG
Opis:
This study investigated the influence of regional economic integration (REI) on poverty reduction and the revenue distribution in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) over the period 1994–2018. The second generation panel unit root tests and the Westerlund panel cointegration test were employed for preliminary analysis. The elasticities of the variables were investigated using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach. The results showed that REI reduced income inequality and increased the poverty rate. Moreover, the causal relationship revealed the presence of a bidirectional relationship between REI and poverty. The feedback causal effect operated between REI and remittances, while unidirectional causality runs from REI to income inequality, from economic growth per capita to income inequality, from remittances to poverty, from the control of corruption to income inequality, and from remittances to economic growth. Consequently, the study recommends an easing of governmental regional integration restrictions and provision of subsidies that help to increase the volume of trade and financial development while reducing poverty in the union.
Źródło:
Quaestiones Geographicae; 2022, 41, 2; 21-35
0137-477X
2081-6383
Pojawia się w:
Quaestiones Geographicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of Income Inequality and the Poverty Rate in Poland, by Region and Family Type
Autorzy:
Jędrzejczak, Alina
Kubacki, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
income inequality
poverty
variance estimation
small area statistics
Opis:
High income inequality can be a source of serious socio-economic problems, such as increasing poverty, social stratification and polarization. Periods of pronounced economic growth or recession may impact different groups of earners differently. Growth may not be shared equally and economic crises may further widen gaps between the wealthiest and poorest sectors. Poverty affects all ages but children are disproportionately affected by it. The reliable inequality and poverty analysis of both total population of households and subpopulations by various family types can be a helpful piece of information for economists and social policy makers. The main objective of the paper was to present some income inequality and poverty estimates with the application to the Polish data coming from the Household Budget Survey. Besides direct estimation methods, the model based approach was taken into regard. Standard errors of estimates were also considered in the paper.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2014, 15, 3; 359-378
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Income Inequality on Health Status in a Selection of Middle and Low Income Countries
Autorzy:
Hajebi, Elnaz
Razmi, Mohammad Javad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517331.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
public health
income inequality
life expectancy
economic development
Opis:
The relationship between the public health status and income inequality has been taken into consideration in the last two decades. One of the important questions in this regard is that whether the changes in income inequality will lead to changes in health indicators or not. To answer this question, life expectancy is used as a health indicator and the Gini coefficient is used as an income inequality indicator. In this study, the relationship between income inequality and the public health has been investigated by panel data in Eviews software during 2000–2011 in 65 low-and middle-income countries. By using panel data and considering fixed effects and heterogeneity of sections, the relationship between income inequality and public health status is a significant negative relationship.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2014, 9, 4; 133-152
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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