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Tytuł:
Behavior of hydraulic fracture propagation in naturally fractured reservoir
Autorzy:
Thiam, M.
Knez, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298641.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
hydrocarbons
Opis:
The natural discontinuity or local separation in the plane, which separates the rock in two or many parts, can provide the permeability for fluid movement as water, oil and gas. In low porosity reservoirs, the natural fracture can store a large quantity of hydrocarbons that can be recovered at very high rates. It play a very important role in the minerals exploitation, especially in the sectors of mining and energy which gave an important boost to humanity through the industrial revolution and its associated benefits. So, it is essential to understand the behavior of natural fractures under the influence of other factors such as hydraulic fractures in reservoirs. This paper takes into consideration three models, analyze their results context and ultimately use of new computer program, developed in The Drilling and Geoengineering Department, to make all the necessary operations for each model and give us the results based on provided data.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2013, 30, 1; 231-240
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Quality of Natural Waters
Autorzy:
Cel, W.
Kujawska, J.
Wasąg, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125154.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
shale gas
hydraulic fracturing
Opis:
Poland, due to the estimated shale gas deposits amounting to 346–768 billion m3 has become one of the most attractive regions for shale gas exploration in Europe. Throughout the period 2010–2015, 72 exploratory drillings were made (as of 4.01.2016), while hydraulic fracturing was carried out 25 times. Employing new drilling and shale gas prospecting technologies raises a question pertaining to their impact on the environment. The number of chemical compounds used (approximately 2000) for the production of new technological fluids may potentially pollute the environment. The fact that the composition of these fluids remains undisclosed hinders the assessment of their impact on the environment and devising optimal methods for managing this type of waste. The presented work indicates the chemical compounds which may infiltrate to groundwater, identified on the basis of technological fluids characteristics, as well as the review of studies pertaining to their impact on potable water carried out in the United States. The study focused on marking heavy metals, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, chlorides and sulphates in the surface waters collected in proximity of Lewino well.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2017, 18, 2; 63-68
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hydraulic fracturing and U.S. water policy
Autorzy:
Burnett, J. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298821.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
water policy
hydraulic fracturing
USA
Opis:
The recent boom in the development of natural gas from shale is a game changer for U.S. domestic energy. Large domestic reserves of shale gas reduce dependency on foreign producers, as is currently the case for crude oil. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that the U.S. contains approximately 500 trillion cubic feet of unproved technically recoverable resources from shale gas. At current rates, that is enough gas from shale alone to supply the entire country for approximately twenty-one years. The large increase in shale gas development has been made possible through the development of two principle technologies: horizontal drilling and high-volume, hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) fluid. Horizontal drilling or directional drilling allows producers to access far more natural gas from relatively thin shale deposits within the earth. HVHF involves injecting a large volume mixture of water, sand, and other chemicals deep into the earth. The high pressure from the fluid causes shale rock formations to fracture so that natural gas can be released and extracted. HVHF fluid is mostly composed of water (generally ninety-eight to ninety-nine percent) and can contain some potentially hazardous (and possibly carcinogenic) chemicals including benzene and lead. The contention over hydraulic fracturing surrounds public fears over contamination of drinking water sources. This sentiment was captured in the anti-fracking film by Josh Fox called Gasland - the film received a 2010 special jury prize for a documentary at the Sundance Film Festival and was nominated by the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2011. According to a recent report from the Natural Resource Defence Council (2012), HVHF fluid can contaminate drinking water on the surface or below the ground surface. Potential surface contamination can occur because of: (1) spills or leaks from storage tanks, valves, or transportation pipes, or (2) mismanagement of fracturing waste or "flowback" fluid which is often stored in surface pits. Contamination to below ground surface can occur due to (1) migration of fluid to neighboring oil or gas wells, (2) improper construction, cementing, and casing of the well, and (3) migration of fluid to other natural fracture networks. In addition to potential contamination, HVHF fluid also requires large volumes of water taken from fresh water sources, and if the water is contaminated it cannot be returned to water bodies without extensive treatment. When a well is injected with HVHF fluid some of it returns to the surface as flowback, but not all fracturing fluid injected into a geologic formation are recovered. If the flowback fluid is contaminated then it may need to be returned underground using a permitted underground injection well. The natural gas industry often claims that there is no evidence of contamination to freshwater aquifers. For example, Rex Tillerson, chief executive of ExxonMobil, offered the following statement at a recent Congressional hearing on drilling: "There have been over a million wells hydraulically fractured in the history of the industry, and there is not one, not one, reported case of a freshwater aquifer having ever been contaminated from hydraulic fracturing. Not one." Urbina (2011) contends that the lack of documented cases exist because the industry often settles suspected cases through lawsuits with private landowners, in which case the details of such cases are sealed from public disclosure. In fact, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1987 Congressional report documented a case of contaminated well water from HVHF fluid in West Virginia. Additionally, a Duke University study found that drinking water methane concentrations were seventeen times higher in active drilling locations. What is unclear in the U.S. at this point is the nation's system of federalism in regulating HVHF. For example, it is not clear what role, if any, the EPA will play in regulating this practice. Much to the ire of environmentalists, the practice of hydraulic fracturing is largely exempt from the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) as superseded by the Environmental Policy Act of 2005. Legislation, dubbed the FRAC (fracturing responsibility and awareness of chemicals) act, was introduced to both houses of Congress to enable the EPA to obtain jurisdiction over hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA; however, to date no major legislation has passed in either house. The EPA's ability to regulate HVHF under the Clean Water Act is limited to the disposal of flowback into surface waters in the U.S. Therefore, the regulation of HVHF has largely been relegated to state and local governments. The EPA historically has granted "primacy" for some states to oversee and regulate the disposal of hazardous waste, such as flowback, into injection wells within their own borders. The problem of course is that some states have not been granted primacy. For example, in the Marcellus shale region Pennsylvania does not have primacy, so the federal government has to sign off on all new injection wells in the state which causes delays and red tape. Further, Pennsylvania does not have many suitable geological formations for injection wells. Therefore, a large portion fracturing waste fluid from Pennsylvania is transported to New York, Ohio, and West Virginia for disposal. A potential problem for the future is that the drilling and fracturing industries are exempt from federal hazardous waste disposal laws, so fracturing waste is being injected into wells with less stringent oversight. Many critics argue that environmental regulations imposed by the federal government would be much stricter than state-level enforcement. Critics have argued that the SDWA provides the EPA with leverage against states' inaction in protecting water sources. In the absence of federal legislation, some fear a "race to the bottom" in which individual states may purposively impose lax environmental regulations to attract natural gas development. The justification for environmental regulations under federal control "reflect commonly understood collective action problems, including negative environmental externalities, resource pooling, the 'race to the bottom,' uniform standards, and the 'NIMBY' (not in my back year) phenomenon." What is clearly needed in this case is a model of "cooperative federalism" in which the federal government offers some guidance in the potential environmental impacts from shale gas development, but leaves regulation to local governments to provide a more comprehensive, protective, and accountable regulation of the industry. The U.S. will likely be the bellwether for other countries as Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland, China, and Australia are participating in discussions regarding the application of hydraulic fracturing to extract their shale gas reserves. How will the policy debate in the U.S. unfold? It is difficult to tell. Perhaps Benkin (1992) states it best: "... the choice ofregulatory forum often seems to determine the outcome of the controversy. That may explain why Americans have traditionally shed so much metaphorical and genuine blood deciding what are essentially jurisdictional disputes between governmental institutions.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2013, 30, 1; 311-313
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computer simulation of the influence of proppant high diameter grains damage on hydraulic fracturing efficiency
Autorzy:
Knez, D.
Ziaja, J.
Piwońska, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299167.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
proppant
computer simulation
Opis:
Throughout the past two decades, there has been a great intensification of research on processes related to hydraulic fracturing. One of the most significant issues is the behavior of proppants under reservoir conditions. It clearly influences the oil production from the stimulated borehole. Quick loss of a fracture conductivity after hydraulic fracturing may be caused by migration of particles into the porous area of the fracture. Another effect is creation of small solid particles as a result of proppant crushing. Mineral sedimentation may occur on grains propping the fracture because of chemical reactions at the area of contact between the proppant and the mixture of reservoir water and the fracturing fluid. The effect of these reactions is changes in the porosity of the proppant package and conductivity of the fracture. The article presents results of a computer simulation of parameter changes of the proppant in reservoir conditions and their influence on oil production. One of paramount factors is proppant grains damage. As a result of a computer simulation, using Fracpro software, the level of decreased conductivity of the fracture was determined. It was also defined that the influence of this phenomenon on lower production in comparison to the situation where proppant damage is not accounted for.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2017, 34, 2; 411-418
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis impact fracturing fluid acidity on structural strength of crosslinked gel complex
Autorzy:
Krzeczek, P.
Karasek, P.
Wojnarowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299086.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
fracturing fluid
linear gel
crosslinking
Opis:
Nowadays hydraulic fracturing is the most commonly used technique to stimulate the productivity of a well. The selection of a proper fracturing fluid is all about choices which strongly influence on effectiveness of the treatment. It should be carefully prepared, supported by lab analysis in order to match fluid to reservoir condition. This article concerns impact of fracturing fluid additives on fluid properties. In the paper crosslinking process has been shown and its importance on conventional reservoir rocks fracturing treatment. Provided lab examination shows fluid pH impact during creation crosslinked gel complex including influence to crosslinking time in the surface condition. The lower linear gel pH caused lower crosslinking time of fracturing fluid.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2017, 34, 2; 385-395
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integrated model of hydraulic fracturing and hydro-carbon production
Autorzy:
Stopa, J.
Wojnarowski, P.
Janiga, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
reservoir simulation
efficiency estimation
Opis:
The dynamics of discovering conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs has significantly dropped down in the World over the last ten years. Resources deposited in reservoirs having poor properties, where the production with economically justified yield is possible after prior enhancement (hydraulic fracturing in particular), become more important. Accordingly, proper designing of development works and hydraulic fracturing are decisive. Author's methodic and software for integrated modeling of hydraulic fracturing and production with the use of a3D fracture model are presented in this paper. This can be used for evaluating the efficiency of the fracturing treatment and its optimization. The results of hydraulic fracturing modeling were implemented in the reservoir simulator with the software written in C++. The designed fracture can be introduced into a numerical grid of a reservoir simulator. This tool can be a choice for a quick variant simulation for the best scenario of reservoir development selection. The practical implementation of this program was presented on the example of a ,tight gas' reservoir.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2014, 31, 1; 49-57
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hydraulic fracturing optimization framework based on PKN and Cinco-Ley methods
Autorzy:
Budzowski, R.
Janiga, D.
Czarnota, R.
Wojnarowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299213.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
optimization
hydraulic fracturing
nature - inspired optimization algorithms
Opis:
In an era of decreasing number of discoveries of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, in the global oil and gas industry we can observe growing interest in unconventional resources. Conducting effective production from this type of reservoirs is associated with carrying out the intensification processes of production, among which hydraulic fracturing is the most popular. Fracturing project design consist of several technological parameters, i.e. the type of fracturing fluid and quantity of proppant, which have a direct impact on the process effectiveness. The actual shape of the fracture is difficult to predict due to the local heterogeneity of the reservoir and the superposition of the phenomena occurring during stimulation treatment. In this paper optimization model was proposed, which allows for selection appropriate parameters of fracturing technology. Developed optimization algorithm is based on two-dimensional PKN fracture model and Cinco-Ley analytical method. Optimization method used in this paper based on nature - inspired algorithms which were compared with gradient method.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2017, 34, 1; 157-167
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An analysis of the influence of fracturing technological parameters on fracture propagation using numerical modeling
Autorzy:
Dudek, J.
Janiga, D.
Wojnarowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298932.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
numerical modeling
GOHFER 3-D
Opis:
Nowadays, hydraulic fracturing is one of the most common treatments for both conventional and unconventional fields, a stimulation technique designed to increase well production through the reduction of flow resistance caused by the drilling process or genuine reservoir properties. In this article the planar, three-dimensional numerical model of hydraulic fracturing treatment is presented. Based on the given model, the influence analysis of the basic technological parameters of the fracturing in a directional well on fracture propagation was conducted. The presented analysis shows the crucial role of numerical modeling in the process of hydraulic fracturing treatment design. The outcomes allowed us to identify the sensitivity of the obtained fracturing effects on the change of the treatment of technical parameters.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2017, 34, 3; 677-690
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Differences between downhole and surface micro-seismic monitoring
Autorzy:
Święch, E.
Wandycz, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/88996.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
Microseismic monitoring
hydraulic fracturing
probability density function
Opis:
The article presents usage of microseismic monitoring for location of microseismic events in polish geological conditions. For location of one synthetic microseismic event, two methods of acquisition were applied: surface and downhole monitoring array. Downhole microseismic monitoring is a technique of recording induced seismicity using receivers placed in the monitoring well near to the treatment well. In case of surface monitoring receivers are placed at the surface. For determination of hypocenter location probability density function was used. Based on provided analysis it is concluded that for polish conditions it is better to use downhole microseismic monitoring. Event located with usage of this technique was located correctly and uncertainty of this location was lower.
Źródło:
Mining Science; 2015, 22; 65-73
2300-9586
2353-5423
Pojawia się w:
Mining Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Non-aqueous fracturing technologies for shale gas recovery
Autorzy:
Rogala, A.
Krzysiek, J.
Bernaciak, M.
Hupka, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
shale gas
hydraulic fracturing
unconventional gas resources
explosive fracturing
Opis:
Fracturing technologies for shale gas production were developed mainly in the USA and are currently being adapted to geological conditions and environmental requirements in other countries. This paper presents literature on theoretical and practical aspects of gas production from shale with the empha-sis placed on alternatives to hydraulic fracturing. Technical and environmental aspects of non-aqueous fracturing technologies are also considered.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2013, 49, 1; 313-322
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of liquid-nitrogen freezing of gas-bearing shale rocks on their compressive strength
Autorzy:
Borek, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/127596.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne
Tematy:
hydraulic fracturing
black shales
freezing
compressive strength
modelling
Opis:
Any definable relation between falling temperature and the compressive strength of shale rocks should provide a useful predictive tool aiding optimization of the results of hydraulic fracturing. In this research, an automeasuring hydraulic press, a thermo-camera and the Fluent ANSYS software were used. The results of laboratory simulations, and the effects of experiments conducted on shale rocks to determine permanent changes in compressive strength, are presented. As both frozen rocks and rocks returned to room temperature show diminished compressive strength. It is suggested that prior freezing of rocks can increase the efficiency of fracturing.
Źródło:
Mineralogia; 2018, 49, 1/4; 7-16
1899-8291
1899-8526
Pojawia się w:
Mineralogia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An analysis of fluids after hydraulic fracturing in the aspect of their further use or neutralization
Autorzy:
Jamrozik, A.
Gonet, A.
Czekaj, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
drilling
hydraulic fracturing
environmental protection
management flowback water
Opis:
Today’s ecological policy focuses on preventing anthropogenic environmental hazards. A large share of activities are oriented to the precise recognition of hazards and use of solutions thanks to which the negative environmental effects of mining activity can be considerably reduced. Issues related to the recovery of water after hydraulic fracturing with emphasis on the possible utilization and management of fluids after hydraulic fracturing in Polish conditions are discussed in view of the respective law.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2013, 30, 3; 369-384
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aktualne możliwości komputerowej symulacji szczelinowania hydraulicznego w złożach
New possibilities of hydraulic fracturing simulation
Autorzy:
Wojnarowski, P.
Stopa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298721.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
szczelinowanie hydrauliczne
symulacja numeryczna
hydraulic fracturing
numerical simulations
Opis:
Celem pracy jest analiza aktualnych tendencji światowych w modelowaniu komputerowym zabiegów szczelinowania hydraulicznego a także ocena możliwości technicznych i przydatności wybranych symulatorów szczelinowania do projektowania zabiegów w różnych warunkach geologicznych, w tym dla złóż niekonwencjonalnych. W ramach pracy dokonano oceny przydatności oprogramowania GOHFER oraz Meyer Fracturing (MFrac i MShale) do prac projektowych zabiegu szczelinowania hydraulicznego, optymalizacji parametrów technologicznych oraz prognozowania produkcji. W tym celu wykonano testowe obliczenia symulacyjne z wykorzystaniem tych narzędzi.
The aim of work is analysis of world tendency in hydraulic fracturing modeling in different geological conditions including unconventional resources. The GOHFER and Meyer Fracturing software were analyzed. Hydraulic fracturing simulations for shale gas reservoir were performed for analysis of software capabilities.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2012, 29, 1; 337-345
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oil production technology for unconventional reservoirs
Autorzy:
Stopa, J.
Czarnota, R.
Wojnarowski, P.
Janiga, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/299263.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
unconventional oil reservoirs
method of exploitation
hydraulic fracturing
Opis:
Interest in the subject related to the oil production from unco nventional hydrocarbons has increased in recent years. Operation of such reservoirs requires the use of the state-of-the-art technology. Definitely, drilling horizontal and multilateral wells in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing and acidizing meet that requirement. This paper discusses the most important from the author’s view issues, including art ificial lift systems, connected with oil production from unconventional reservoirs around the world and its applica bility for Polish hydrocarbons reservoir.
Źródło:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2015, 32, 3; 581-587
2299-4157
2300-7052
Pojawia się w:
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hydraulic fracturing technology in rock burst hazard controlling
Autorzy:
Karkocha, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89022.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
underground mining
rock burst
crump prevention
hydraulic fracturing
Opis:
All methods of rock burst hazard evaluation and control are classified as rock burst prevention. The prevention methods can be divided in two general categories – the passive (non-active) and active ones. Active methods of rock burst prevention focus generally on reducing of stress level in the area of its concentration through controlled tremors and rock bursts by blasting works. Among the active methods the hydraulic fracturing can be noted. Traditional hydraulic fracturing techniques generally form main hydraulic cracks. However, when we combine hydraulic fracturing with blasting we might obtain much better results. For example, the hydraulic crack range becomes wider than by using only conventional methods. In coal seams it is possible to increase permeability which makes gas drainage to be more effective. It is because water shockwaves and bubble pulsations induced by the explosion, cause a high strain rate in the rock mass surrounding the bore hole. When hydraulic fracturing is used, a micro seismic event takes place. This is why micro seismic technologies are used to monitor the range of hydraulic fracturing process. This article is only mentioning the issue which in the Author opinion, deserves more attention.
Źródło:
Mining Science; 2015, 22, Special Issue 2; 15-21
2300-9586
2353-5423
Pojawia się w:
Mining Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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