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    Wyświetlanie 1-17 z 17
    Tytuł:
    COVID-19 and the drug situation in Lithuania
    Autorzy:
    Pridotkienė, Evelina
    Gedminienė, Rūta
    Povilanskienė, Rasa
    Rašimaitė, Brigita
    Stifanovičiūtė, Viktorija
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2195712.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-05-27
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
    Tematy:
    COVID-19 pandemic
    psychoactive substance use
    drug prevention
    drug treatment
    drug supply
    Lithuania
    Opis:
    The application of restrictive public health measures because of COVID-19 has affected all areas of life, including drug use, drug market, and the response of law enforcement and health, education, and social care institutions to the drug phenomenon. In Lithuania students who used psychoactive substances irregularly were more likely to reduce the use of these substances or abstained during quarantine. However, those who used these substances regularly increased the use during quarantine. The provision of harm reduction services was not interrupted, but the package of health services was reduced. There were disruptions in the number of clients entering treatment. Participation in the Early Intervention Programme in Lithuania for young people who are experimenting with alcohol or drugs increased but did not reach the pre-pandemic level. The pandemic also affected workplace-based prevention. The drug market situation remained stable, although the number of the quantities seized indicated some annual variations, caused by changes in supply and demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2022, 12, 1; 28-41
    2084-0497
    2451-2249
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in Europe
    Autorzy:
    Pirona, Alessandro
    Matias, João
    Montanari, Linda
    Skarupova, Katerina
    Ferri, Marica
    Giraudon, Isabelle
    Mounteney, Jane
    Sleiman, Sandrine
    Natoniewska, Katarzyna
    Guarita, Bruno
    Vandam, Liesbeth
    Surmont, Tim
    Griffiths, Paul
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2195717.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-05-27
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
    Tematy:
    COVID-19
    drugs
    drug markets
    drug use
    pandemic
    drug-related harms
    drug treatment
    harm reduction
    opioid agonist treatment
    Opis:
    Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the way we live, with European countries having to introduce unprecedented measures to protect public health. As with all areas of life, drug consumption, related harms and drug markets have been impacted, as have the drug services established to respond to drug-related problems. Since the start of the pandemic in March 2020, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction instigated three rapid assessment studies to identify the initial impact and implications of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in the community and in prisons. Findings from these studies revealed that the pandemic and associated health prevention measures implemented by the countries impacted drug markets and use differently depending on the different periods and events throughout the pandemic, but also according to particular drugs or user characteristics. Most drug services remained operational throughout the pandemic in order to assure continuity of care. This was achieved by innovation and adaptation of their services, especially during the different lockdown periods. Thus, the results from these rapid assessments provide a glimpse into new developments in the drugs field across European countries emerging both during and in response to the pandemic, and which could have important implications for the future.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2022, 12, 1; 4-7
    2084-0497
    2451-2249
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed substance use patterns, drug market and drug response in Poland?
    Autorzy:
    Malczewski, Artur
    Kidawa, Michał
    Dalmata, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2195710.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-05-27
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
    Tematy:
    Covid-19
    drug use patterns
    drugs market
    new psychoactive substances
    drug treatment
    Polska
    Opis:
    The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence of substance use. Moreover, the analysis will focus on the impact of the pandemic on the drug market and drug-related crime in Poland. The tested hypothesis assumes that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of substance use and the related problems, and that the availability of drugs decreased. The data presented and processed for the purposes of this publication come from the monitoring of drugs and drug addiction and from different studies from 2020 to 2022. The analyses presented in the article do not show an increase in the use of psychoactive substances during the pandemic; furthermore, it is possible to indicate a decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 2020. It seems that the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a large impact on the availability and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The analysis of the drug market during the pandemic COVID-19 did not show a fall in the availability of drugs at the national level.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2022, 12, 1; 42-58
    2084-0497
    2451-2249
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wykonywanie środków zabezpieczających na podstawie przepisów kodeksu karnego wykonawczego
    Performance of protective measures under the provisions of executive penal code
    Autorzy:
    Ożóg-Wróbel, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806849.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-11-16
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    organ of executive proceedings
    protective measures
    manager of another facility
    provided for in Executive Penal Code
    closed psychiatric facility
    drug treatment
    outpatient
    facility
    zakład zamknity psychiatryczny
    Opis:
    Artykuł podejmuje problematykę dotyczącą wykonywania środków zabezpieczających na podstawie przepisów kodeksu karnego wykonawczego. Przede wszystkim w opracowaniu przedstawiono uprawnienia i obowiązki jednego z organów postępowania karnego wykonawczego ujętego w art. 2 pkt 5 k.k.w. – czyli osoby kierującej innym zakładem przewidzianym w przepisach prawa karnego wykonawczego. Podmiot ten jest odpowiedzialny w szczególności za wykonywanie środków zabezpieczających orzeczonych wyrokiem karnym. Zagadnienia te są aktualne w świetle rozważań doktrynalnych, rozwiązań prawnych, a także z praktycznego punktu widzenia, albowiem zasadniczo to właśnie działania podejmowane przez ten organ postępowania wykonawczego warunkują skuteczne i prawidłowe wykonanie wyroku, którym orzeczono wobec sprawcy środek zabezpieczający. Przedmiotem opracowania jest przede wszystkim analiza kompetencji przyznanych osobie kierującej innym zakładem, o jakim mowa w k.k.w,. związanych z przyjęciem sprawcy do zakładu i realizacji orzeczenia o zastosowaniu wobec niego środków zabezpieczających oraz dotyczących kontroli pomieszczeń, w których przebywają sprawcy i ingerencji organu w ich kontakty ze światem zewnętrznym. Ponadto w artykule zaprezentowano pozostałe obowiązki osoby kierującej innym zakładem przewidzianym w przepisach prawa karnego wykonawczego, a także dokonano oceny rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie podjętej problematyki zawartych w ustawach oraz w przepisach pozaustawowych.
    The paper concerns the performance of protective measures under the provisions of the Executive Penal Code (k.k.w.). Primarily, it presents the authorisation and duties of one of the organs dealing with criminal enforcement proceedings, provided for in Art. 2 item 5 of k.k.w., that is a person managing another facility regulated by the criminal law. In particular, this entity is responsible for the execution of measures awarded in criminal proceedings. The above issues are current in the light of the doctrine, legal solutions, as well as from the practical point of view since it is the actions undertaken by the body of executive proceedings that determine effective and proper enforcement of the judgment whereby a protective measure was awarded against the perpetrator. This study features an analysis of the powers that a manager of another facility has, as referred to in the k.k.w. related to his/her competence to admit a perpetrator into the facility, implement the judicial decision concerning the application of protective measures, inspect the rooms where perpetrators are detained, and interfere with detainees’ contacts with the outside world. Further, the paper presents other duties of persons heading another penal facility as provided by the Executive Penal Code. It also offers an appraisal of legal solutions to be found in statutes and regulations other than statutes.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2014, 24, 1; 45-70
    1507-7896
    2544-5227
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Assessment of combined treatment with vigabatrin and antihypertensive drugs against electroconvulsions in mice
    Autorzy:
    Lukawski, K.
    Raszewski, G.
    Czuczwar, S.J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3559.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Medycyny Wsi
    Tematy:
    combined treatment
    treatment
    vigabatrin
    antihypertensive drug
    electroconvulsion
    mice
    mouse
    receptor antagonist
    diuretic drug
    cardiovascular drug
    human disease
    anticonvulsant effect
    Opis:
    Introduction and objective: It is likely that cardiovascular drugs will be used in epileptic patients because heart failure and hypertension are common comorbid conditions with epilepsy. Experimental studies show that some cardiovascular drugs can affect the protective activity of antiepileptics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects in mice of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (captopril and perindopril), angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists (losartan and candesartan) and diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide and ethacrynic acid) on the anticonvulsant activity of vigabatrin (VGB), a second generation antiepileptic drug. Material and Methods: Adult Swiss mice were used in the study. The anticonvulsant action of VGB was assessed in the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test. Combined treatment with VGB and antihypertensive drugs was also tested for adverse effects in the passive avoidance task and chimney test. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally. Results: Captopril (50 mg/kg), perindopril (10 mg/kg), losartan (50 mg/kg), candesartan (8 mg/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (100 mg/kg) and ethacrynic acid (100 mg/kg) did not influence the protective action of VGB. The combined treatment with VGB (700 mg/kg) and antihypertensive drugs showed a strong tendency towards impaired retention in the passive avoidance task, and in the case of the combination of VGB with ethacrynic acid it reached statistical significance (P < 0.05). Mice were not disturbed in the chimney test following applied treatment. Conclusions: From the preclinical point of view, the use of the tested antihypertensive drugs in patients treated with VGB seems neutral regarding its anticonvulsant activity.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research; 2015, 09, 1
    1898-2395
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Profilaktyka narkomanii w szkołach - zapobieganie, leczenie i reintegracja społeczna
    Battle against Drug Addiction in Schools - Prevention, Treatment and Social Reintegration
    Autorzy:
    Antkiewicz, Barbara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416915.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-04
    Wydawca:
    Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
    Tematy:
    drug addiction
    prevention
    social reintegration
    schoolchildren
    treatment
    Opis:
    Combating drug addiction comprises such measures as prevention, support for those already addicted (treatment, rehabilitation, reduction of health damage and social reintegration), as well as reduction of demand. In the years 2012 2013, the Supreme Audit Office carried out a comprehensive audit of the drug addiction prevention system addressed to schoolchildren and young students. The audit comprised 61 units at the central level (National Office for Drug Addiction Prevention, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Culture), and at the local level (city offices, municipal Police headquarters and schools), as well as selected non-governmental organisations. The audit was conducted in eight regions of Poland and it was aimed at evaluating the regularity and effectiveness of drug addiction prevention in the country. The article presents detailed results of the audit.
    Źródło:
    Kontrola Państwowa; 2014, 59, 2(355); 132-144
    0452-5027
    Pojawia się w:
    Kontrola Państwowa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Difficulties and prospects for change among drug addicts before and after withdrawal treatment
    Autorzy:
    Anna, Chmielewska,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/893284.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-07-13
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
    Tematy:
    drug addiction
    withdrawal treatment
    addiction treatment centre
    social worker
    change
    support
    accompanying
    motivating
    difficulties
    Opis:
    The purpose of the article is to show the life situation of drug addicts before the start of the withdrawal treatment in an addiction treatment centre and after all stages of the treatment have been completed. It is important to show the difference in perception of a person’s life status before and after treatment. Despite similar potential problems, for example in the housing, professional, health and family situation, there is a fundamental change in the way they are assessed and how to solve them. The reason is the confrontation with the disease that occurs during the stay in the centre. Thanks to it, it is possible to think about what to change in the person’s life. The broadly understood change is possible thanks to appropriate support after leaving the centre. This support, provided, among others, by social workers, consists in accompanying such a person in the implementation of subsequent challenges and in solving emerging problems. It is associated with motivating, indicating resources and strengthening the sense of agency in life.
    Źródło:
    Praca Socjalna; 2020, 35(3); 24-41
    0860-3480
    Pojawia się w:
    Praca Socjalna
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmiana kategorii dostępności produktów leczniczych na polskim rynku farmaceutycznym
    Changing of the legal status of drug products in the Polish pharmaceutical market
    Autorzy:
    Ronowicz, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/762619.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-20
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
    Tematy:
    samoleczenie
    kategoria dostępności
    lek dostępny bez recepty
    self-treatment
    legal status
    OTC drug product
    Opis:
    It can be observed that the legal status of many prescription medicines is being changed to over-the-counter drug products in the Polish pharmaceutical market. This situation creates the possibility of advertising these OTC drugs and consequently, it leads to increased sales and financial benefits for the marketing authorization holder. The increasing availability of OTC drugs makes the self-treatment of patients possible. In this way, public spending on healthcare in Poland may be also reduced. A changing of the legal status from prescription drugs to OTC drugs is called a switch. The legal acts describe in detail a way of drug products qualification to a certain category which is also specified in the marketing authorization. The marketing authorization holder may submit an application for a change in the legal status of a drug product to the President of the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products. The Commission for Medicinal Products provides an opinion on the application submitted by the marketing authorization holder. In recent years, many prescription medicines have changed their legal status to OTC drugs. This so called switch often raises concerns and controversies among doctors and pharmacists. Each drug product may indicate some adverse drug reactions and may also interact with food and other medicines. An increased product availability by changing the legal status to OTC drugs may increase the risk of drug abuse. There is also a risk of using medicines inconsistently with the therapeutic indication or a risk of using drug products for a too long time period. The legitimacy of using OTC drug products should be supervised by the pharmacist dispensing drugs from a community pharmacy. There is no doubt that the availability of OTC drugs may lead to reduce public spending on healthcare in Poland. However, health education of patients is undoubtedly an essential element of responsible self-treatment in which doctors as well pharmacists should be committed.
    W ostatnim czasie obserwujemy, że na rynku farmaceutycznym coraz więcej produktów leczniczych - będących dostępnych dotychczas na receptę - trafia do sprzedaży odręcznej. Stwarza to możliwość reklamy produktu, co przekłada się na wzrost sprzedaży i korzyści finansowe dla producenta. Zwiększenie dostępności leków OTC sprzyja samoleczeniu pacjentów, a jednocześnie pozwala na obniżenie publicznych wydatków na ochronę zdrowia w Polsce. Przez switch (ang. zmieniać) rozumie się zmianę kategorii dostępności produktu leczniczego z Rp na OTC. Akty prawne regulują sposób kwalifikacji produktów leczniczych do danej kategorii dostępności. Kategoria dostępności produktu leczniczego jest określona w pozwoleniu na dopuszczenie do obrotu. Podmiot odpowiedzialny może złożyć wniosek o zmianę kategorii dostępności produktu leczniczego do Prezesa Urzędu Rejestracji Produktów Leczniczych, Wyrobów Medycznych i Produktów Biobójczych. W ostatnich latach kilkanaście produktów leczniczych Rp zmieniło swoją kategorię dostępności na OTC. Switch produktów leczniczych nierzadko budzi obawy i kontrowersje w środowisku lekarzy i farmaceutów. Każdy produkt leczniczy wykazuje działania niepożądane oraz może wchodzić w interakcje z żywnością oraz innymi stosowanymi przez pacjenta lekami. Zwiększona dostępność produktu poprzez zmianę kategorii dostępności na OTC może zwiększyć ryzyko nadużywania leku przez pacjentów. Pojawia się również ryzyko użycia leku niezgodnie ze wskazaniem terapeutycznym bądź ryzyko stosowania produktu przez zbyt długi okres czasu. Nad zasadnością użycia danego produktu OTC powinien czuwać farmaceuta wydający lek z apteki. Możliwość wykupywania produktów leczniczych bez recepty lekarskiej pozwala zmniejszyć publiczne wydatki na ochronę zdrowia w Polsce. Jednak niezbędnym elementem odpowiedzialnego samoleczenia jest edukacja zdrowotna pacjentów, w którą powinni być zaangażowani zarówno lekarze jak i farmaceuci.
    Źródło:
    Farmacja Polska; 2020, 75, 12; 704-709
    0014-8261
    2544-8552
    Pojawia się w:
    Farmacja Polska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: The efficiency of sertaconazole 2% cream vs. tacrolimus 0.03% cream
    Autorzy:
    Goldust, M.
    Rezaee, E.
    Raghifar, R.
    Hemayat, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/5733.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    treatment
    seborrheic dermatitis
    efficiency
    sertaconazole cream
    tacrolimus cream
    drug effect
    antifungal agent
    Malassezia
    human disease
    Źródło:
    Annals of Parasitology; 2013, 59, 2
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Parasitology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zastosowanie topiramatu w leczeniu stanu padaczkowego
    Usefulness of topiramate in status epilepticus treatment
    Autorzy:
    Kaczorowska, Beata
    Przybyła, Monika
    Chudzik, Wiesław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058200.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Medical Communications
    Tematy:
    antiepileptic drugs
    epilepsy
    status epilepticus drug-resistant
    topiramat
    topiramate
    treatment
    stan padaczkowy lekooporny
    leczenie
    padaczka
    leki przeciwpadaczkowe
    Opis:
    Status epilepticus or continuous seizures occur as a result of many hard disorders and complications in epilepsy which appear in brain on different backgrounds. Most often these cases may become serious danger for the patient’s life, so they demand immediate intervention and appropriate treatment. Particularly it concerns convulsion epilepsy seizure, appearing with metabolic disorders, which lead to acidosis and brain oedema. The aim of pharmacological treatment of status epilepticus is to stop its clinical symptoms (seizures and its other forms) as quickly as possible and to normalize its bioelectric exponent EEG. Giving the classic drugs (benzodiazepines, phenytoin, phenobarbital – phenobarbiturates, sodium valproate) not always helps to take control over this state. In case of the lack of results of this treatment one may try to use the drugs of new generation. Last days there have appeared some information concerning the efficiency of topiramate treatment in status epilepticus unresponsive to traditional pharmacological therapies. The authors present a case of a 26-year-old patient with partial epileptic attack with secondary generalization, in whom there occurred status epilepticus resistant to treatment with commonly applied drugs. Only the administration of topiramate did allow to control the status epilepticus.
    Stan padaczkowy lub napady gromadne są wyrazem wielu ostrych zaburzeń i komplikacji w przebiegu padaczki zachodzących w mózgu na różnym tle. Są to w większości przypadków stany zagrażające życiu pacjenta, wymagają więc pilnej interwencji i odpowiedniego leczenia. Dotyczy to szczególnie napadów padaczkowych drgawkowych, przebiegających z zaburzeniami metabolicznymi, prowadzącymi do kwasicy i obrzęku mózgu. Celem farmakologicznego leczenia stanu padaczkowego jest jak najszybsze przerwanie jego objawów klinicznych (drgawek i innych jego form) oraz doprowadzenie do normalizacji jego bioelektrycznego wykładnika w badaniu EEG. Podawanie klasycznych leków (benzodiazepin, fenytoiny, fenobarbitalu czy walproinianu sodu) nie zawsze pozwala na opanowanie tego stanu. W przypadku nieskuteczności tego leczenia można podejmować próby stosowania leków nowej generacji. W ostatnim okresie pojawiło się kilka doniesień na temat skuteczności topiramatu w stanie padaczkowym opornym na leczenie tradycyjnymi lekami. Autorzy przedstawiają przypadek 26-letniego chorego z napadami częściowymi złożonymi wtórnie uogólniającymi się, u którego wystąpił stan padaczkowy niepoddający się leczeniu lekami powszechnie stosowanymi. Dopiero zastosowanie topiramatu, podawanego przez sondę żołądkową w postaci rozkruszonych tabletek, pozwoliło na opanowanie stanu padaczkowego.
    Źródło:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne; 2010, 10, 4; 218-220
    1641-9227
    2451-0696
    Pojawia się w:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zastosowanie topiramatu w leczeniu stanu padaczkowego
    Usefulness of topiramate in status epilepticus treatment
    Autorzy:
    Kaczorowska, Beata
    Przybyła, Monika
    Chudzik, Wiesław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1061301.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Medical Communications
    Tematy:
    antiepileptic drugs
    epilepsy
    status epilepticus drug-resistant
    topiramate
    treatment
    leczenie
    leki przeciwpadaczkowe
    padaczka stan padaczkowy lekooporny
    topiramat
    Opis:
    Status epilepticus or continuous seizures occur as a result of many hard disorders and complications in epilepsy which appear in brain on different backgrounds. Most often these cases may become serious danger for the patient’s life, so they demand immediate intervention and appropriate treatment. Particularly it concerns convulsion epilepsy seizure, appearing with metabolic disorders, which lead to acidosis and brain oedema. The aim of pharmacological treatment of status epilepticus is to stop its clinical symptoms (seizures and its other forms) as quickly as possible and to normalize its bioelectric exponent EEG. Giving the classic drugs (benzodiazepines, phenytoin, phenobarbital – phenobarbiturates, sodium valproate) not always helps to take control over this state. In case of the lack of results of this treatment one may try to use the drugs of new generation. Last days there have appeared some information concerning the efficiency of topiramate treatment in status epilepticus unresponsive to traditional pharmacological therapies. The authors present a case of a 26-year-old patient with partial epileptic attack with secondary generalization, in whom there occurred status epilepticus resistant to treatment with commonly applied drugs. Only the administration of topiramate did allow to control the status epilepticus.
    Stan padaczkowy lub napady gromadne są wyrazem wielu ostrych zaburzeń i komplikacji w przebiegu padaczki zachodzących w mózgu na różnym tle. Są to w większości przypadków stany zagrażające życiu pacjenta, wymagają więc pilnej interwencji i odpowiedniego leczenia. Dotyczy to szczególnie napadów padaczkowych drgawkowych, przebiegających z zaburzeniami metabolicznymi, prowadzącymi do kwasicy i obrzęku mózgu. Celem farmakologicznego leczenia stanu padaczkowego jest jak najszybsze przerwanie jego objawów klinicznych (drgawek i innych jego form) oraz doprowadzenie do normalizacji jego bioelektrycznego wykładnika w badaniu EEG. Podawanie klasycznych leków (benzodiazepin, fenytoiny, fenobarbitalu czy walproinianu sodu) nie zawsze pozwala na opanowanie tego stanu. W przypadku nieskuteczności tego leczenia można podejmować próby stosowania leków nowej generacji. W ostatnim okresie pojawiło się kilka doniesień na temat skuteczności topiramatu w stanie padaczkowym opornym na leczenie tradycyjnymi lekami. Autorzy przedstawiają przypadek 26-letniego chorego z napadami częściowymi złożonymi wtórnie uogólniającymi się, u którego wystąpił stan padaczkowy niepoddający się leczeniu lekami powszechnie stosowanymi. Dopiero zastosowanie topiramatu, podawanego przez sondę żołądkową w postaci rozkruszonych tabletek, pozwoliło na opanowanie stanu padaczkowego.
    Źródło:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne; 2006, 6, 3; 191-194
    1641-9227
    2451-0696
    Pojawia się w:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Koncepcje przeciwdziałania alkoholizmowi i narkomanii w Polsce okresu międzywojennego
    Ideas on counteracting alcohol and drug addiction in Poland between the two world wars
    Autorzy:
    Nelken, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699251.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1987
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    alkoholizm
    narkomania
    kokainizm
    trzeźwość
    alkohologia
    przeciwdziałanie
    alcohol
    ustawodastwo
    leczenie
    alcoholism
    drug addiction
    cocainism
    sobriety
    alcohology
    counteraction
    legislation
    treatment
    Opis:
    The birth of the independent Poland in 1918 activated a social movement against alcoholism and drug addiction. In 1919, the Polish Society for Fighting Alcoholism ,,Trzeźwość'' ("Sobriety'') was established which operated nationwide and which in the period between the two wars became the main factor of fighting alcoholism. In the light of the Statute of "Trzeźwość" and resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses, as well as the postulates of psychiatrists, the ideas of how to fight alcoholism included three spheres: a. anti-alcoholic legislation and its practical enforcement; b. anti-alcoholic propaganda and education; c. treatment of alcoholics.             In 1919, a draft was submitted to the Diet that proposed a total prohibition of production and sale of alcoholic beverages. It was referred to a Diet commission which subsequently changed its contents. Then. The Diet passed an Act of 23 April 1920 on restrictions in sale of alcoholic beverages. The Act, based on a concept of partial prohibition. Introduced considerable restrictions in sale of beverages containing over 2.5 per cent of pure alcohol, and a total prohibition of sale of beverages with over 45 per cent alcohol. Moreover, the sale of alcohol was prohibited to workers on paydays and holidays, as well as at markets, fairs, church fairs, pilgrimages, on trains and at railway stations. According to the Act, each rural or urban commune could introduce on its territory a total prohibition of sale of alcoholic beverages by voting. The Act limited the number of places where alcohol could be sold or served to one per 2,500 of the population all over the country. A licence issued by administrative authorities was required to sell or serve alcohol. The statutory instrument to this Act created commissions for fighting alcoholism of the 1st and 2nd instances which were to supervise the compliance to the Act of 1920 and to impose penalties provided for the infringement of its provisions. The commissions consisted of representatives of the State administration and social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. Moreover, the Act of 2l January 1922 introduced a penalty of fine or arrest for being drunk in public. A person who brought another person to the state of intoxication was also liable to these penalties.             The complete execution of the anti-alcoholic Act met with obstacles: for instance, alcohol was secretly served on the days of prohibition (e.g. during fairs). The Act of 31 July 1924 established the Polish Spirit Monopoly (P.M.S.). The production of spirit and pure vodka thus became a State monopoly' Production and sale of the P.M.S. beverages increased gradually as it constituted an important source of the State revenue. For this reason. a new anti-alcoholic Act of 21 March 1931 was passed which greatly reduced the restrictions in the sale of alcohol as compared with former regulations. A further reduction in these restrictions resulted from Acts of 1932 and 1934. The P.M.S. Board of Directors argued that a growth in production was necessary to suppress illegal distilling of alcohol the products of which were imperfectly rectified and threatened the health of the population. Instead according to the conception of "Trzeźwość’’ and other social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. illegal distilling of alcohol should be detected and suppresed by the police while it was in the interest of the health and morals of the population to curtail greatly the sale of alcohol and for this reason it was necessary to reintroduce the anti-alcoholic Act of 1920 However, in consideration of the State's fiscal interests. the Act was not reintroduced and the other Acts that extended the production and sale of the P.M.S. products were only replaced after World War II.             According to the ideas of ,,Trzeźwość'' and other organizations fighting alcoholism, anti-alcoholic propaganda and education should be made by professionals and have a wide range, since it is impossible to fight alcoholism without informing the population of the harmful effects of alcohol. Guidelines for this activity were worked out at the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses of which there were seven in the period between the wars.             Besides, in 1937 the 21st International Anti-Alcoholic Congress took place in Warsaw during which the Polish draft of an international anti-alcoholic convention was Supported. The draft provided a considerable limitation of alcohol sale, a regulation of penal liability for offences and transgressions committed in the state of intoxication, and lectures on alcohology in schools. The states signatories to the convention would be called upon to pass acts consistent with the content of the convention. The work on this draft was stopped by the outbreak of the war.             The resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses demanded lectures on alcohology in all types of schools, at teachers courses and at specialist courses for employees of various departments, the Ministry in of Communication particular. The range of alcohology taught at schools should be conformed to the type of school and the general knowledge or students. The postulate of teaching alcohology in schools was partly realized and courses were organized for railway employees by the Abstainer Railwaymen League. At the State School of  Hygiene in Warsaw a several days course in alcohology was organized every year in which 200--300 persons participated, mainly teachers, physicians and clergymen of various denominations. Besides, ,,Trzeźwość'' organized travelling exhibitions that made tours of towns to show the harmful effects of alcoholism. The Abstainer Railwaymen League organized, an exhibition in a railway carriage which was visited by many thousands of persons at railway stations in different parts of the country. A lecturer on alcohology was employed to have talks during the exhibition. In early February every year a nationwide Sobriety Propagation Week was organized. Various publications were also brought out which demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol and the ways of fighting alcoholism, both scientific and those for general use. Treatment  of alcoholics was postulated; it was carried out in closed hospital wards or in out-patient clinics. The former was more effective; however it was less frequently applied as compared with the out-patient treatment since there were no provisions which would  legalize compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts and it was easier to obtain the patient's consent to treatment in a clinic than in a hospital. Compulsory treatment was only possible if the court applied medical security measures in cases of offences connected with abuse of alcohol or drugs. (Art. 82 of the Penal code of 1932). The mental hygiene, movement, initiated in Poland in the early thirties, resulted in a growth in the number of clinics engaged in prevention and treatment, that is in a development of treatment of alcoholics in specialized anti-alcoholic clinics. The necessity of taking the children of alcoholics under educational and medical indicated. An important part is this field fell to social nurses attached to the clinics whose task was among other things to bring the alcoholics children to the clinic and see to their medical treatment if necessary. The organization of special schools for mentally deficient and morally neglected children, whose parents were frequently alcoholics, was also initiated.             Psychiatrists demanded an elaboration and introduction of an act on compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts, organization of special wards for notorious alcoholics in mental hospitals, prolongation of treatment from 6 to 12 months (which was considered particularly necessary in the case of chronic alcoholism), a joint alcoholism and psychiatric treatment if required, in the case of alcohol psychosis in particular, and check-up of the cured alcoholics and drug addicts.             In Poland drug addiction has never reached the proportions of alcoholism. Its most frequent forms were morphinism and cocainism. Its fighting was facilitated by the passing of an Act of June 23, 1923 which prohibited production, processing, export. import. storage of and any trade in all drugs. For infringement of the Act, penalties of fine and up to 5 years deprivation of liberty were provided. However, there was no act to legalize compulsory treatment of drug addicts. They could only be treated in closed hospital wards since in the case of drug addiction, out-patient treatment was considered to be ineffective. In 1931, the Polish Committee for Drugs and Prevention of Drug Addiction was set up as, an advisory body attached to the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, which consisted mainly of physicians and chemists. In order to fight drug addiction effectively, increased detection of export and sale of drugs was postulated as well as supervision of prescriptions and of obtaining drugs on prescription at chemist's. Chemists were compelled to keep a special book of in- and out-goings of drugs which could only be sold on prescription for therapeutical purposes. Attenton was drawn to the necessity of an instruction, to be passed by the Minister of Internal Affairs, according to which the production of doctors seals and forms would only be possible on presentation of the identity card, since drug addicts used to order seals and forms bearing names of famous practitioners. Medical check-up of released prisoners who had been cured of drug addiction when serving their sentences was also postulated.             In consequence of the spread of ether drinking in the Upper Silesia in 1936, a wide-range operation was carried out which consisted in a vigorous fight against smuggling and sale of ether (which was mainly smuggled from Germany) and in informing the population as to the harmful effects of ether drinking.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 201-225
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Klozapina – jak zwiększyć bezpieczeństwo terapii? Problem zaparć
    Autorzy:
    Rychlewska-Kłaput, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2223254.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-05-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Naukowe Medyk sp. z o.o.
    Tematy:
    klozapina
    leki przeciwpsychotyczne
    schizofrenia lekooporna
    działania niepożądane
    zaparcia
    interakcje lekowe
    clozapine
    antipsychotics
    treatment-resistant schizophrenia
    side effects
    constipation
    drug interactions
    Opis:
    Klozapina, lek z wyboru w przypadku schizofrenii opornej na leczenie, ma wiele skutków ubocznych, które w pewnych przypadkach mogą być poważne, a nawet zagrażać życiu. Nadal zgłaszane są ciężkie następstwa zaparć, wtórne do zaburzeń motoryki przewodu pokarmowego wywołanych przez klozapinę (niedrożność jelit, niedokrwienie jelit, martwica przewodu pokarmowego, toksyczne rozdęcie okrężnicy i śmierć). Zmniejszona motoryka przewodu pokarmowego wywołana przez klozapinę jest znacznie częstsza niż dyskrazje krwi i ma wyższy wskaźnik śmiertelności. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie wskazówek, jak zapewnić bezpieczeństwo pacjentom podczas przyjmowania klozapiny; promuje wczesną identyfikację i leczenie zaparć wywołanych przez klozapinę. W pracy opublikowanej w 2017 r. przedstawiono wyniki analizy pharmacovigilance z Nowej Zelandii i Australii, z której wynika, że częstość przypadków poważnych powikłań gastrologicznych jest wyraźnie niedoszacowana i wynosi 37/10 000, a współczynnik śmiertelności jest wysoki, rzędu 20%. W ostatnim komunikacie bezpieczeństwa dotyczącym klozapiny Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) przedstawiła wyniki analizy raportów działań niepożądanych, wskazując na fakt, że klozapina może doprowadzić do fatalnych w skutkach zaparć, nawet w monoterapii. Inne leki przeciwpsychotyczne (np. olanzapina) również mogą być odpowiedzialne za taki efekt, ale tylko w połączeniu z innymi środkami o działaniu przeciwcholinergicznym.
    Clozapine, a drug of choice for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, has many side effects, which can be serious or even life-threatening in some cases. Severe sequelae of constipation, secondary to clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility (ileus, intestinal obstruction, bowel ischemia, gastrointestinal necrosis, toxic megacolon, and death) continue to be reported. Clozapine-induced gastrointestinal hypomotility is significantly more common than blood dyscrasias and has a higher fatality rate. This article guides health care professionals to ensure patient safety when taking clozapine; promotes early identification and management of clozapine-induced constipation.
    Źródło:
    Lek w Polsce; 2023, 384, 5; 33-40
    2353-8597
    Pojawia się w:
    Lek w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane farmakokinetyczne interakcje leków w trakcie leczenia padaczki. Część I
    Selected pharmacokinetic drug interactions during treatment of epilepsy. Part I
    Autorzy:
    Kacperska, Magdalena Justyna
    Jastrzębski, Karol
    Kozera-Kępiniak, Alicja
    Klimek, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1053406.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Medical Communications
    Tematy:
    padaczka
    farmakokinetyczne interakcje leków
    leczenie padaczki
    leki przeciwpadaczkowe
    padaczka lekooporna
    absorbcja
    dystrybucja leku
    cytochrom p450
    epilepsy
    pharmacokinetic drug interactions
    treatment of epilepsy
    antiepileptic drugs
    resistant epilepsy
    absorption
    drug distribution
    cytochrome p450
    Opis:
    Epilepsy is one of the oldest known diseases. The word epilepsia has 2 500 years and comes from the Greek epilamvanein, which means ‘attack’, ‘grab’, ‘possess’. Seizures were treated as an expression possessed by demons, evil spirits and therefore for a long time it was considered as “sacred disease”. Epilepsy is not a disease in the classic sense, but rather a complex pathophysiological process, the numerous and complex symptoms are the result of various disorders of brain function. Epilepsy is one of the most difficult problems neuroepidemiology. Seizures are an expression of pathological brain activity in different areas of the course of many disease processes. Source discharges in the clinical pathological form of epileptic seizure can be traumatic scars, compression changes, inflammatory, degenerative, vascular fire or developmental disorders. Focal epileptic tissue is modified zone lying between the damage and the area healthy. This is a group of neurons that generates periodic paroxysmal bioelectrical activity in the form of paroxysmal discharge depolarization generating clinical seizures. Most epilepsies are primary brain disorder, but there are also many processes outbrain disturbing systemic homeostasis. In the treatment of epilepsy, there is no one standard way to proceed. The aim of epilepsy treatment is complete seizure control and getting the least side effects during treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Knowledge and experience are the most important practitioners of the factors contributing to the care of patients with epilepsy. The drug should be tailored to the type of seizure or epilepsy syndrome, the frequency and severity of seizures. The emergence of a new generation of drugs gave them some advantage over older-generation drugs. They are characterized by greater specificity of action, improved pharmacokinetic properties, better evaluation of clinical trials and less side effects. These drugs are in clinical trials, and direct observation of lessons can be drawn that they are very useful in some types of epilepsy. There is no doubt that further research and observation
    Padaczka jest jedną z najdłużej znanych chorób. Słowo epilepsia liczy 2500 lat i pochodzi od greckiego epilamvanein, co znaczy ‘atakować’, ‘chwycić’, ‘posiąść’. Napady padaczkowe traktowane były jako wyraz owładnięcia przez demony, złe duchy, w związku z czym padaczkę przez długi czas uważano za „świętą chorobę”. Nie jest to choroba w klasycznym znaczeniu, a raczej skomplikowany proces patofizjologiczny, którego bardzo liczne i złożone objawy są wynikiem różnych zaburzeń funkcji mózgu. Padaczka należy do najtrudniejszych problemów neuroepidemiologicznych. Napady padaczkowe są wyrazem patologicznej czynności różnych obszarów mózgu w przebiegu wielu procesów chorobowych. Źródłem patologicznych wyładowań w klinicznej formie napadu padaczkowego mogą być blizny pourazowe, zmiany uciskowe, zapalne, zwyrodnieniowe, ogniska naczyniopochodne czy zaburzenia rozwojowe. Ogniskiem padaczkowym jest strefa zmienionej tkanki, leżącej między uszkodzeniem a okolicą zdrową. To grupa neuronów generująca okresowo napadową czynność bioelektryczną w formie napadowych wyładowań depolaryzacyjnych generujących kliniczny napad padaczkowy. Większość padaczek to zaburzenia pierwotne mózgowe, choć istnieje również wiele procesów pozamózgowych zaburzających homeostazę ustrojową. W leczeniu padaczki nie występuje jeden standardowy sposób postępowania. Celem terapii jest całkowita kontrola napadów i uzyskanie jak najmniejszych objawów niepożądanych podczas leczenia lekami przeciwpadaczkowymi. Wiedza i doświadczenie lekarzy praktyków są najistotniejszym czynnikiem wpływającym na opiekę nad chorym z padaczką. Lek powinien być dostosowany do typu napadu lub zespołu padaczkowego, częstości i ciężkości napadów. Pojawienie się leków nowej generacji dało im pewną przewagę w stosunku do starszych leków. Cechują je: większa swoistość działania, lepsze właściwości farmakokinetyczne, lepsza ocena klinicznych prób i słabsze objawy niepożądane. Z badań klinicznych i z bezpośrednich obserwacji wynika, iż są to leki bardzo przydatne w niektórych typach padaczek. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że potrzebne są dalsze badania i obserwacje.
    Źródło:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne; 2013, 13, 1; 40-49
    1641-9227
    2451-0696
    Pojawia się w:
    Aktualności Neurologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    On the Preventative Effect of Sanctions for Drug Crime: The United States, Germany, and Portugal
    Autorzy:
    Kury, Helmut
    Kuhlmann, Annette
    Quintas, Jorge
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962402.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    polityka narkotykowa
    rozwój przestępczości narkotykowej
    prewencyjny efekt surowego karania
    alternatywy wobec karania
    terapia zamiast kary
    drug policies
    development of drug crime
    crime prevention
    effect of harsh punishment
    alternatives to punishment
    treatment instead of punishment
    Opis:
    One of the most discussed types of crime in Western countries is the use and sale of illegal drugs, especially hard drugs. The debate has become more heated over the few last years in the context of controversies over migration from the south to the north and an intensification of drug dealing. On the one hand, we find an increasing acceptance of soft drugs, while on the other hand, conservative groups argue for harsher punishment to reduce the problem. This chapter discusses the developments in the USA, Germany, and Portugal and raises doubts about the effectiveness of more and harsher punishment on crime prevention.   Używanie oraz sprzedaż narkotyków, szczególnie narkotyków twardych, jest jednym z najszerzej omawianych rodzajów przestępczości w krajach zachodnich, który jednocześnie budzi najwięcej kontrowersji. Debata wokół tej kwestii zyskała na znaczeniu w ostatnich latach w związku z nasileniem krytyki migracji z krajów globalnego Południa do krajów globalnej Północy i wzrostem zjawiska handlu narkotykami. Z jednej strony widać rosnącą akceptację używania narkotyków miękkich, z drugiej jednak grupy konserwatystów rozwiązanie problemu używania i sprzedaży narkotyków widzą w zaostrzeniu sankcji karnych. Niniejszy tekst omawia te zjawiska na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych, Niemiec oraz Portugalii, podając w wątpliwość prewencyjne skutki zaostrzenia kar.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/1; 261-295
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Postawy rodziców i opiekunów wobec zażywania środków uzależniających przez młodych pacjentów poradni odwykowych
    Parents’ Attitudes Towards Drug Addiction of Young Patients of Disaccustoming Clinics
    Autorzy:
    Zakrzewski, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698502.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1991
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    młodociani
    środki uzależniające
    narkomania
    badania socjologiczne
    badania kryminologiczne
    rodzice
    opiekunowie
    leczenie uzależnień
    juvenile
    addictive substances
    drug addiction
    sociological research
    criminological research
    parents
    addiction treatment
    Opis:
    The paper presents the finding of a longitudinal study of two problems: the addicts’ prospects of quitting drugs, and  the psycho-social factors conducive to success in this respect. The first study (conducted in the years 1974–1976) concerned all patients aged 15–28 treated in that period for repeated taking of drugs, at the disaccustoming clinic for young persons and at district clinics for adults in the city of Łódź. The total of 107 patients were examined (23 per cent of girls and 77 per cent of young men). According to medical diagnosis, 21 per cent of them suffered from a social, 50 per cent – from a psychological, and 29 per cent – from a physical dependence. After about 10 years, a catamnesis was carried out which concerned 80 patients. The methods applied in both parts of the study were: detailed interviews with the patients and their families; medical examination; and  analysis of a variety of documents. For the estimation of the fates of the sample, the following issues were of the key importance: persistence in or abandonment of addiction; permanence of abstinence; and the extent of self-dependence achieved. This complexity of the examined persons’ situation taken into account, the following criteria of improvement have been adopted: a) medical (persistence in abstinence); b) psychological (psychological acceptance of abstinence and the resulting change of lifestyle); and c) social (active engagement in the appropriate social roles). Basing on the above criteria, the following categories were distinguished within the sample:1) persons who persisted in addiction; 2) deceased in consequence of addiction; 3) those who quit taking drugs but still had various problems resulting from their former addiction; and 4) those who quit and had no special problems. Against previous expectations, persons who kept taking drugs (26 per cent) did not constitute the mos tnumerous group. Their mean period of taking drugs was 13.6 years. Their interests and social contacts were narrowed to problems related to the taking and production or obtaining drugs. They were generally emaciated and had increasing withdrawal symptoms. Persons of this group went through several months’periods of abstinence due to treatment, imprisonment, or a favourable occurrence in their lives. All of them, however, relapsed into addiction quite promptly, particularly when faced with unavoidable difficulties. Family life or married persons in this group was unhappy, and most marriages broke up: only those between two addicts still lasted. Biographies similar to those discussed above were also found in the case of persons (9 per cent) who died during catamnesis in circumstances that pointed to their death’s relationship with the taking of drugs and with addiction, interpreted also as a certain lifestyle. All persons of this group had been taking drugs for a long time (over five years), and their death was due either to serious diseases combined with emaciation, or occurred in unexplained circumstances as a border-line case between accident, suicide, and homicide. 3.The largest group (46 per cent) consisted of persons who admittedly quit taking drugs but still had various health and social problems related to their previous addiction. Their main problems were as follows: in the sphere of physical health, chronic gastritis, entero-gastric disorders. diseases of liver, heart probiems, reduced physical endurance, disturbances of sleep, and in the sphere of mental health: anxiety, hypersensibility, difficulties in establishing relations with others, depression, low selfesteem, lack of self-confidence, high emotional instability, latent inward anxiety, etc. The most important and frequent social problems included leaving secondary school and the related subsequent lack of professional qualifications, a more difficult start into adult life, the need to relinquish certain professional aspirations and a more interesting job, and a lack of prospects of promotion. In most respondents, this caused a sense of instability and inevitably gave rise to frustrations, increasing their passiveness and apathy. This situation was particularly painful for persons whose intellligence had been rather high before they started taking drugs and who used to have various interests and aspirations. The coincidence of the ahove circumstances also negatively affected their family and marital situation. The fates of persons who quit after several years of taking drugs seem to indicate that those persons’ tolerance to stress and ability to overcome difficulties had been greatly impaired during the period of addiction: as a consequence, they were subsequently unable to cope even with everyday matters which they perceived as great problems. The last group consisted of persons (19 per cent) who had been taking drugs for a shorter period as a rule (not longer than five years in general), and who were not only able to persist in abstinence during catamnesis but also met the psychological and social criteria of improvement. A high proportion of girls in this group (over 50 per cent) seems characteristic. Moreover, nearly all those persons were married: their marriages, happy as a rule, were a great assistance to them. Therefore, the total of 65 per cent of the sample succeeded to quit addiction. What was crucial here was not exactly the form of dependence (social, psychological, physical) but rather the length of the period of taking drugs. If a person has been taking drugs for over five years, his prospects of improvement diminish greatly, and favourable results can only be obtained in the course of a prolonged rehabilitation. The reasons that made most persons in the sample abandon their addiction were seeked both in their personality traits and family environments. What is characteristic is that a considerable portion of respondents come from the intelligentsia, with an average or even high social status and good material situation (in which respect they differ greatly from e.g. juvenile delinquents or young alcoholics). There is in such families a rather small extent of pathology such as alcoholism, crime, or prostitution. In most cases, the parents’ attitude to their children’s taking of drugs should be estimated as proper. The parents played an effective role, fighting for their children to quit as a general rule. Aware of the dangers related to drugs, they took energetic steps which consisted among others in changing the child’s environment (e. g. moving with him to another town), inducing him to undergo treatment and organizing that treatment, supervising his leisure activities, etc. Parents’ improper attitudes such as scenes, turning the child out, etc., were most seldom. The analysis of the reasons which made about two-thirds of respondents quit addiction included their character and intellectual traits defined in the course of psychiatric examination. There was in the sample a rather large number of individuals with the so-called immature personality, who at the age of about 25 were still characterized by traits such as a passive attitude to life; inconsideration for their own future; a poorly developed critical attitude towards themselves and their situation; emotional immaturity; dependence on others (e.g. the mother or friends); inabitity to act effectively, to overcome obstacles and to achieve distant aims; easy discouragement when faced with difficulties, etc. It was only during catamnesis, at the age of about 25, that the respondents’ former, largely childish attitudes were transformed with delay into normal traits of young persons. This development and the crystallization of personality, connected with the parents’ activities and their proper attitude towards the children’s addiction, were conducive to abandonment of addiction by, a considerable portion of the sample. Other factors which played this favourable role in the respondents’ biographies were: a rather high intellectual level; the “psychological shock” caused e.g. by detoxification at a mental hospital or the death of a close friend due to overdose; and imprisonment and going through the withdrawal syndrome in such conditions, etc. To interpret the findings, the conception of American alcohologist J. Ewing has been used: it speaks of inducing and protecting factors in the development of alcoholism. According to Ewing, an individual who starts taking drugs regularly is influenced by a number of biological, psychological, and social factors, some of them conducive to the development of addiction and others protecting the individual against it. Despite the opinions of some researchers, “protecting” factors prove strong enough to hold back even an already addicted person and to contribute to his abandonment of drugs. With the prolongation of the period of taking drugs, the influence of protecting factors wanes, and that of the ones which induce the individual to continue the taking of drugs and thus foster a further development of addiction spreads. The following practical conclusions have been drawn from the study: – Intensified therapeutic and rehabilitative treatment, during the first years of taking drugs in particular. – Co-operation with the addicts’ parents who should be instructed (e.g. about the ways of soothing difficulties in adjustment); whose activity should be assisted, e.g. through the organization of parents’ self-help associations; whose contacts with specialist clinics should be made easier, etc. – Creation of possibilities of medical and rehabilitative treatment for various cotegories of young persons addicted to drugs (not all of them feel comfortable in the existing centres, e.g. of the MONAR movement). – Short-term hospital treatments are reasonable at the initial stage of addiction (several years of taking drugs), as in that period the addicted person’s power of resistance can be strengthened inherent both in his personality and the environment. Help and care should be provided for addicts who have already drugs but have life problems caused or aggravaquited by their previous addiction.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1991, XVII; 339-373
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Принципы оказания помощи лицам с алкогольной зависимостью
    Principles of care for persons with alcohol dependence
    Autorzy:
    Vozniy, D.V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1032344.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
    Tematy:
    алкогольная зависимость
    медико-психологическая
    помощь
    этапность лечения
    комплексная терапия
    наркология
    alcohol addiction
    medical and psychological assistance
    stages of
    treatment
    combination therapy
    drug and alcohol abuse
    Opis:
    В статье описана этапность оказания и организация медикопсихологической помощи лицам с алкогольной зависимостью в мире. Рассмотрены основные принципы и методы лечения алкогольной зависимости, которые на данный момент являются наиболее распространенными в амбулаторной и диспансерной практике оказания помощи алкозависимым в мировой практике.
    The article describes the phasing of the provision and organization of medical and psychological care for people with alcohol dependence in the world. The basic principles and methods of treatment of alcohol dependence, which are currently the most common in the outpatient dispensary practice and assist alcohol addicted in the world.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Health Sciences; 2014, 4, 1; 303-312
    1429-9623
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Health Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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