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Tytuł:
Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter under in vitro conditions
Autorzy:
Hajyzadeh, M.
Yildirim, M.U.
Mokhtarzadeh, S.
Sarihan, E.O.
Khawar, K.M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/12680343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie
Tematy:
Iris suaveolens
ornamental plant
seed dormancy
dormancy breaking
in vitro condition
Opis:
Iris species have great economic importance for their use in ornamental and pharmaceutical industry. Flora of Turkey reports about 43 local taxons of which 16 are endemic. Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter is an endemic species with high seed dormancy and has high tolerance to cold and drought. This study focused on seed dormancy break of I. suaveolens under in vitro conditions. In the first experiment, the seeds were given stratification treatment on MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP with or without NAA. The 2nd experiment reports effects of alternative combinations of cold (at 4°C, 24 h dark) – warm (16 h light photoperiod) conditions on medium containing different concentrations of plant growth regulators on agar solidified MS medium. Both experiments showed about 8.33% seed germination against 64.5% seed viability as confirmed by tetrazolium test. All germinating seeds were abnormal and very weak. In the third experiment, 10 minutes acid scarified seeds cultured at 24°C in 16 h light photo period on MS medium achieved 60.0% germination. Similar treatment under cold + dark condition was inhibitory and failed to show identical results. This underlines the importance of acid scarification, photoperiod and warm treatments of I. suaveolens seeds to break seed dormancy. All germinated seeds showed normal growth and development under field conditions.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus; 2019, 18, 4; 15-24
1644-0692
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of Seed Emergence, Seedling Vigor Enhancement of Some Populations From Satureja Bachtiarica With Chemical, Mechanical and Physiological Treatment
Autorzy:
Alizadeh, M. A.
Arab, H.A.
Tabaie, R.
Nasiri, M.
Jafari, A.A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-20
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
dormancy
germination
Satureja bachtiarica
vigor
Opis:
The seeds of 3 populations from Satureja bachtiarica were collected from three native vegetation areas (Simirom2, Sharkord and Yazd). The different treatments including: cold stratification, gibberlic acid (50 and 100 ppm) Potassium nitrate (0.2 and 0.4 percent). Physical scarification (sand paper), chemical scarification (Ethylic alcohol %70) and distilled water (control) were used for breaking dormancy of the seed samples. For greenhouse experiment, the seed samples were treated with treatments and then were sown in pots using randomize design with three replications. Emergence percentage, emergence speed, length of root and shoot, seedling length, root/shoot length ratio, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight, dry/fresh weight ratio were evaluated during 45 days of experiment. Comparing of population Semirom2 form savory of Bachtiary was higher than other population. It was concluded that effect of gibberlic acid and potassium nitrate was higher than physical scarification and chemical scarification comparing with control.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2016, 74; 37-44
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of several methods for breakind dormancy of bitter vetch seeds (Vicia Ervilia L.)
Autorzy:
Sepehri, Ali
Rouhi, Hossein Reza
Sefidkhani, Leila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199637.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-20
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
bitter vetch
seed dormancy
germination
Opis:
This study analysed the effects of different treatments on breaking dormancy and germination of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) freshly harvested seeds for seeding immediately. Partial scarified seeds (30 seconds with sandpaper) were subjected to different treatments including: GA3 (250, 500 and 750 ppm), KNO3 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% w/v), cold stratification (2, 4 and 6 days), sulfuric acid (25, 50 and 75 seconds), hot water (90°C; for 2.5 and 5 minutes), hydropriming via seed soaking in distilled water (4 and 8 hours) and mechanical scarification. Among the mentioned treatments, cold stratification for 6 days had a best effect on germination related parameters final germination percentage, mean germination time and vigour index than the other periods. In contrast to scarification with acid and hot water, mechanical scarification improved germination parameters but this effect was lower than the cold stratification. The results suggest that bitter vetch seed has both physical and physiological dormancy.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2015, 71; 57-66
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dormancy release and germination in recalcitrant Aesculus hippocastanum seeds
Autorzy:
Obroucheva, N V
Lityagina, S.V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
dormancy
germination
cytokinin
growth initiation
seed
Aesculus hippocastanum
horse chestnut
embryo dormancy
Balkan Peninsula
Opis:
The investigation of dormancy release in Aesculus hippocastanum seeds was aimed at estimating the proportion of coat-imposed to embryo dormancy, and studying the growth initiation providing embryo dormancy release. During winter, horse chestnut seeds exhibited 16–17 week-lasting deep dormancy, which predominantly was determined by coat-imposed dormancy. Embryo dormancy lasted for 11–12 weeks of wet cold stratification. Embryo dormancy was weak, even the embryo axes excised from deeply dormant seeds were capable of extending to the size exceeding the axis length in intact seeds at radicle protrusion. Embryo dormancy release manifested itself in gradually increasing growth capacity of both embryo axes and cotyledonary petioles. The growth initiation in horse chestnut seeds occurs only by cell elongation. During growth initiation, a more rapid fresh weight gain was observed in comparison with length increment, thus indicating that accumulation of osmotically active substances and active water uptake by embryo axis cells were ahead of their increasing longitudinal cell wall extensibility. Cell wall loosening appeared to be directly related to embryo dormancy release. The hormonal regulation of embryo dormancy release in horse chestnut seeds is discussed.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2007, 57; 27-33
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of scarification on breaking seed dormancy and germination enhancement in Annona muricata L. (Magnoliales: Annonaceae)
Autorzy:
Dada, C. A.
Kayode, J.
Arowosegbe, S.
Ayeni, M. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Annona muricata
Annonaceae
Dormancy
germination
scarification
Opis:
The effect of various scarification method on breaking seed dormancy and germination enhancement in Annona muricata (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) was examined in this study via: mechanical scarification with sandpaper, file and stone; chemical scarification with 10, 25 and 50% H2SO4 for 5 seconds respectively; exposure to wet heat (hot water) for 1, 3 and 5 seconds; exposure to cold treatment by chilling in refrigerator of 4 ºC for 12, 18 and 24 hours; soaking in coconut water for 5, 10 and 15min and untreated seeds as the control. The results of the experiment showed that chemical scarification with H2SO4 at 50% for 5 seconds had significantly highest percentage germination (60%). This was followed by the seeds soaked in coconut water for 15 minutes (39.69). Seeds treated with 25% H2SO4 for 5 seconds had 30% germination. Other treatment were less or not effective. Untreated seeds had the least percentage germination (6%) with mean germination time of 40.20 and germination index of 0.27. The treatments that gave significantly higher germination percentages also produce low Mean Germination Time (30.01) and increased Germination Index (12.26). These characters shows that chemical scarification with H2SO4 at 50% for 5 seconds was the most effective treatment to break dormancy and enhancing seed germination in this species as revealed in this study.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2019, 126; 136-147
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Seed Germination Plasticity of Two Endangered Species of Ferula in the Context of Climate Change
Autorzy:
Shanjani, Parvin Salehi
Mousavi, Amir
Farsad, Faeze Rasoulzadeh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199581.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-27
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
Dormancy
global warming
Iran
highland
local adaptation
Opis:
Ferula assa-foetida and F. gummosa, Apiaceae, are important endemic and endangered medicinal plants. Survival of the species is threatened by climate change, overexploiting (as source of oleo-gum resin and for-age) and lack of organized cultivation. Cultivation of these valuable medicinal plants is restricted by insuffi-cient domestication knowledge. Germination characteristics of different populations of Ferula taxa were studied with the aim of describing and comparing their responses to continuous cold stratification condition. Germination cues for the species were complex, with dormancy mechanisms present to restrict germination until cold stratification are fulfilled. Results indicated that a period of 4 weeks of stratification is sufficient for germination of F. assa-foetida, but optimal germination of F. gummosa require stratification for periods of 8 weeks. Both species were able to germinate at very low temperatures (4°C). Within-taxon differences in dor-mancy breaking and seedling emergence may interpret as local adaptations. The continued regeneration and propagation of the species in the wild will depend on the temperature and moisture status of the soil during winter and the maintenance of conditions suitable for stratification for an appropriate length of time.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2019, 80; 13-33
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Seed Germination Plasticity of Two Endangered Species of Ferula in the Context of Climate Change
Autorzy:
Shanjani, Parvin Salehi
Mousavi, Amir
Farsad, Faeze Rasoulzadeh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
dormancy
global warming
highland
Iran
local adaptation
Opis:
Ferula assa-foetida and F. gummosa, Apiaceae, are important endemic and endangered medicinal plants. Survival of the species is threatened by climate change, overexploiting (as source of oleo-gum resin and forage) and lack of organized cultivation. Cultivation of these valuable medicinal plants is restricted by insufficient domestication knowledge. Germination characteristics of different popula-tions of Ferula taxa were studied with the aim of describing and comparing their responses to continu-ous cold stratification condition. Germination cues for the species were complex, with dormancy mechanisms present to restrict germination until cold stratification are fulfilled. Results indicated that a period of 4 weeks of stratification is sufficient for germination of F. assa-foetida, but optimal germi-nation of F. gummosa require stratification for periods of 8 weeks. Both species were able to germi-nate at very low temperatures (4°C). Within-taxon differences in dormancy breaking and seedling emergence may interpret as local adaptations. The continued regeneration and propagation of the species in the wild will depend on the temperature and moisture status of the soil during winter and the maintenance of conditions suitable for stratification for an appropriate length of time.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2019, 79; 71-90
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ krótkoterminowego przechowywania nasion osiemnastu genotypów pomidora (Solanum lycopersicum L.) na ich kiełkowanie
Effect of short-term storage of seeds of eighteen tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes on their germination
Autorzy:
Chojnowski, M.
Wawrzyniak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2118938.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Ogrodnictwa
Tematy:
tomato
genotypes
seed storage
germination
primary dormancy
Opis:
The aim of the research was to determine the occurrence of primary dormancy in seeds of 18 tomato genotypes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) – 16 cultivars and two local genotypes – regenerated for the active collection of the National Institute for Horticultural Research. The plants were grown in the field in accordance with the adopted methodology of seed reproduction in the collection of genetic resources of vegetable plants. Tomato fruits were harvested twice a week from July 18 to September 26, 2019. Immediately after harvest, the seeds were extracted from the fruit, cleaned and dried according to FAO standards for gene banks. The seeds prepared in this way were stored for a period of sixty weeks at a temperature of 4±2°C in airtight containers with the addition of silica gel. During this period, after twenty, forty and sixty weeks of storage, their germination was tested. The studied tomato genotypes differed significantly in terms of depth of primary dormancy and rate of releasing from dormancy. Two of the tested cultivars – ‘Parteno’ and ‘Reper’, were characterized by seed dormancy at the level of 44.5% and 35.5%, two genotypes – ‘Amber’ and the local genotype POLPOB17-27 were characterized by dormancy levels of 15% and 18%. Seeds of two of the genotypes studied that did not show primary dormancy twenty weeks after harvest – ‘Zealand’ and the local genotype POLPOB17-28 – after storage for sixty weeks showed a reduced germination rate and a longer mean germination time. It is concluded that the optimum time for testing the germination of tomato seeds stored after harvest at 4 °C is forty weeks after harvest. The level of primary dormancy of the seeds is then the lowest, but the induction of secondary dormancy does not occur yet. When testing the seed germination in an earlier period, dormancy breaking procedures should be considered to obtain correct results.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Ogrodnictwa; 2021, 29; 15-24
2300-5882
2391-8969
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Ogrodnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effects of temperature on the dormancy and germination of Cirsium arvense [L.] Scop. seeds
Autorzy:
Bochenek, A
Golaszewski, J.
Piotrowicz-Cieslak, A.I.
Gorecki, R.J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/57089.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
Tematy:
weed
stratification
weed seed
seed
seed dormancy
life cycle
dormancy
temperature effect
afterripening
Cirsium arvense
germination
perennial species
Opis:
The ecophysiological regulation of seed dormancy in perennial species and those with a varied life cycle has not been studied in detail yet. That is why an attempt has been made to determine the Cirsium arvense seed water relations during stratification and afterripening at different temperatures and germination at constant or fluctuating temperatures on the basis of the hydrotime model. The obtained results showed that breaking of the primary dormancy of achenes took place only during the first stratification month at moderate temperatures, mainly due to an increase in the average water-stress tolerance in a seed population. The induction of secondary seed dormancy during after-ripening at all temperatures resulted mostly from a substantial loss of the seeds' ability to tolerate water stress. Fluctuating temperatures affected neither seed germination nor the hydrotime model parameters. The analysis of the variations of hydrotime model parameters allows a better understanding of the physiological basis of seed dormancy relief and induction.
Źródło:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae; 2009, 78, 2; 105-114
0001-6977
2083-9480
Pojawia się w:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NO-induced alleviation of dormancy of apple embryos is related to modification of phytohormonal signaling pathways
Autorzy:
Andryka, P.
Wisniewska, A.
Gniazdowska, A.
Krasuska, U.
Bogatek, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/80008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
conference
apple embryo
embryo dormancy
morphological abnormality
seed dormancy
abscisic acid
transduction pathway
gibberellin
phytohormone
signalling pathway
Źródło:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology; 2013, 94, 3
0860-7796
Pojawia się w:
BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dormancy breaking in Savin juniper [Juniperus sabina L.] seeds
Autorzy:
Tylkowski, T
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/56737.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
Tematy:
stratification
dormancy breaking
seed dormancy
seedling
propagation
Savin juniper
shrub
natural stand
Pieniny Mountains
Juniperus sabina
seed
vegetation season
Opis:
Savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) is a relict shrub in Poland with only one natural stand in Pieniny Mts. Se- eds require warm followed by cold stratification to overcome dormancy. Application of temperature regime at 20°/3°C layout, for 14 and 17 weeks respectively, is more effective than stratification at 15°/3°C. Interruption of warm stratification phase after 7 weeks and seeds drying at room temperature for 3-days with warm stratification follow-on resulted in increasing of germination capacity from 25% to approximately 45%. Germinated seeds pricked to substrate into containers gave seedlings 3 cm high when cultivated under plastic tunnel in the first vegetation season.
Źródło:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae; 2010, 79, 1; 27-29
0001-6977
2083-9480
Pojawia się w:
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Plausible Mechanisms by Which Ultrasonic Waves Affect Seeds
Autorzy:
Pour, Mohammad Eteghadi
Hobbi, Mahsa
Ghasemi, Hadi
Nazari, Meisam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199664.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-20
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
cell area
barley
germination
seed dormancy breaking
sonication
Opis:
To study the effect of sonication on the seed germination percentage and rate as well as the cell area of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) a laboratorial experiment was performed as Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications. The results indicated that the ultrasonic waves affect the seed germination, germination rate and cell area significantly (at 0.05). The results of the mean comparison tests (LSD, 0.05) showed that the highest germination percentage (100 %), germination rate and cell area (1370.71 µ2 ) is achieved through 15 minutes exposure to ultrasonic waves. It is concluded that weakening the seed’s cell wall rigidity by sonication results in more and faster water imbibition by the cells and improved germination.
Źródło:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science; 2016, 74; 85-92
1429-3862
2083-599X
Pojawia się w:
Plant Breeding and Seed Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental Evidence for Non-encysted, Freeze-resistant Stages of Terrestrial Naked Amoebae Capable of Resumed Growth after Freeze-thaw Events
Autorzy:
Anderson, O. Roger
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/763509.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
Cold adaptations, cryoprotective dormancy, resting cells, winter freeze resistance
Opis:
Experimental evidence is presented to support a hypothesis that terrestrial naked amoebae, collected during late autumn from cold, moist temperate soil, develop a non-encysted, freeze-thaw resistant stage that is capable of surviving winter frozen soil. Therefore, in addition to cyst formation, naked amoebae may survive harsh, frozen winter soil in a dormant or resting stage that is capable of rapid resumed growth in spring, thus gaining an immediate competitive advantage in exploiting food and other environmental resources early after the winter thaw.
Źródło:
Acta Protozoologica; 2016, 55, 1
1689-0027
Pojawia się w:
Acta Protozoologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamics of epicotyl emergence of Quercus robur from different climatic regions is strongly driven by post-germination temperature and humidity conditions
Autorzy:
Jastrzebowski, S.
Ukalska, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2077749.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
epicotyl dormancy
Richards models
growth models
acorns
ecological niche
Opis:
Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) is an important component of temperate forests in the north- ern hemisphere. It occurs naturally across Europe and in parts of North Africa, the Balkans, the Urals and the Caucasus. In Poland, it predominantly grows on the plains at ≤700 m a.s.l. The main objective of this study was to determine how different temperature-humidity growth conditions influence dormancy breakage and epicotyl emergence in Q. robur, using growth curve models. We also in- vestigated whether these differences result from changes in the climatic conditions under which the oak populations grow naturally. In this study, we selected four pedunculate oak stands in western and eastern Poland. These sites were char- acterised by oceanic and continental climates, respectively. Mature acorns were collected in the autumn of 2016 and pretreated for two weeks in the cold (4 °C). The acorns were then sown in plastic pots filled with a peat/sand substrate. Four climatic variants (cold-dry, cold-wet, warm-dry and warm-wet) and a control (average conditions) were used. Epicotyl emergence was monitored daily for 74 days. Epicotyl emergence dynamics (maximum absolute growth rate, lag time, T50), number of days to epicotyl emergence, and cu- mulative epicotyl emergence were measured or calculated. The acorns from oceanic climates required more intense warm humid conditions for epicotyl emergence than those from continental climates. In contrast, acorns from continental climates had an evolutionary advantage in that their epicotyl emergence occurred both in cold-dry and warm-wet seasons. This indicated that each population was adapted to its local environment.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2019, 81; 73-85
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Seed characteristics of Amygdalus arabica in Adıyaman region of Turkey
Autorzy:
Yilmaz, M.
Kalkan, M.
Demirbağ, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078191.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
mountain almond tree
hot-arid areas
seed germination
prechilling
dormancy
Opis:
Mountain almond (Amygdalus arabica) is a shrub with naturally distributing in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. A. arabica also known as bitter almond and can reach up to 2.5 m. The natural distribution of mountain almond is generally in the Southeast Region of Turkey. The present study carried out to determine the morphological and physiological characteristics of the seed of mountain almond. The seeds were collected from three different populations of A. arabica in Adıyaman. For different each populations seed weight, height, width, thickness, and 1000-seed weight were measured in the laboratory. Morphological characteristics of A. arabica seeds varied according to their populations. Seed germination tests were conducted at 20 °C, after prechilling for 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks at 4 °C. Prechilling treatments of 3 weeks were insufficient, but 6 and 9 weeks of prechilling were found to eliminate seed dormancy and led to the highest germination percentage. The average germination percentage after 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks of prechilling were 3.1%, 49.6%, 80.4%, and 81.1%, respectively. The average mean germination time was approximately between 8 and 10 days.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2020, 84; 49-57
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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