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    Tytuł:
    Honesty of scientists and reliability of science. Practice
    Autorzy:
    Grabski, Maciej W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703354.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    science
    honesty
    dishonesty
    reliability
    misconduct
    Opis:
    The changing environment of science and transformed methods of practising science are a tough test of its honesty and honour. The situation today is completely different than a few decades ago, when science was able to deal by itself with disclosed cases of dishonesty in the community. Today new discoveries require huge outlays of public money, team work, interinstitutional and multidisciplinary methods, and international co-operation. Furthermore, increasingly close interactions between politics, business and society on the one hand, and science on the other, have become a lasting element of the contemporary world, bringing with it conflicts of interest and the threat of intellectual corruption. These factors have led to pathological trends in science that are hard to control, while the problem of scientific misconduct is no longer an internal concern of the scientific community. To maintain public confidence in science and the trust science should have in itself, it is necessary to create an environment which would properly, institutionally protect and promote diligence and an attachment to compliance with high standards. This process began in the world twenty years ago, but has yet to be started in Poland. This is why the scientific community, acting in its own interest, should demand of administrators of science in Poland that they, like their counterparts in other countries which want to play a major role in science and its international partnership, undertake genuine measures aimed at introducing a system for protecting science from the pathologies and various forms of dishonesty it is plagued by. The solutions are simple, and many well-tested examples exist. Unless this succeeds, our lack of preparation for dealing with inevitably approaching events will cause us to pay a huge social price.
    Źródło:
    Nauka; 2009, 2
    1231-8515
    Pojawia się w:
    Nauka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polygraph Tests - Benefits and Challenges
    Autorzy:
    Babu Rajan, Panthayil
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1037954.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    polygraph
    autonomic responses
    truthfulness
    dishonesty
    misclassification
    Opis:
    This research describes the working, benefits and challengers of polygraph tests. Polygraph tests are lie-detecting devices that help ascertain individuals’ honesty based on physiological indicators. The heart rate/blood pressure, respiration, and skin responses are the three indicators measured in the test to assess honest/deceitful behavior. The underlying assumption behind the working of polygraph tests is that the autonomic responses of dishonest individuals are distinctively different from those of honest people because the liars will be more nervous than truth tellers. Control Question Test (CQT), Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) or Concealed Information Test (CIT) and Neuroscience-Based Advanced Polygraph Tests are the important types of polygraph tests used today. Polygraph tests are used to detect truthfulness of individuals in such important fields as crime investigation departments, national security agencies, and business and industry. However, accuracy of polygraph tests and ethical issues associated with the tests are highly debated.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2019, 19; 146-155
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kłamstwo w miejscu pracy
    Lying in the workplace
    Autorzy:
    Maciejewska, Renata
    Maciejewska, Barbara
    Maciejewska, Natalia Maria
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082728.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-09
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
    Tematy:
    kłamstwo
    praca
    nieuczciwość
    lie
    work
    dishonesty
    Opis:
    W procesie kłamstwa istotną rolę odgrywa relacja interpersonalna, a także kontekstspołeczny w jakim akt kłamstwa następuje. Kłamstwo w miejscu pracy może przybierać różne formy. Może to być kłamstwo wypowiedziane pracodawcy przez pracownika lub odwrotnie. Może to być kłamstwo w CV lub kłamstwo wypowiedziane podczas rozmowy kwalifikacyjnej, kłamstwo stosowane jako usprawiedliwienie niewywiązania się z powierzonych obowiązków lub tzw. białe kłamstwa, które są związane z utrzymywaniem prawidłowych kontaktów społecznych. Istnieje wiele typów kłamstw i sytuacji, w których pracownicy mogą je stosować. Pracownicy kłamiąc starają się prezentować bardziej efektywnie niż są w rzeczywistości, próbują zamaskować własne niekompetencje i brak sukcesu, często dlatego, że nie mogą zrozumieć, dlaczego nie odnoszą sukcesów i nie wiedzą, jak zmienić swoją sytuację, a w końcu aby być postrzeganym wśród współpracowników jako osoba powszechnie lubiana. Jednak o ile kłamstwo jest rozumiane jako endemiczna cecha społeczeństwa rzadko było centralnym problemem badań organizacji. W artykule zaprezentowano fragment wyników badań własnych przeprowadzonych wśród pracowników z terenu województwa lubuskiego. Celem ogólnym poniższego opracowania jest przedstawienie kłamstwa jako zachowania występującego w miejscu pracy. Podstawę źródłową stanowi analiza literatury przedmiotu oraz analiza fragmentu wyników badań własnych.
    In the process of lying, an important role is played by the interpersonal relationship as well as the social context in which the act of lying occurs. Lying in the workplace can take many forms. It may be a lie told to the employer by the employee or vice versa. It may be a lie on your CV or a lie said during an interview, a lie used as an excuse for not fulfilling your duties or the so-called white lies that are related to maintaining proper social contacts. There are many types of lies and situations in which employees can apply them. Employees lying, try to present more effectively than they really are, try to mask their own incompetence and lack of success, often because they cannot understand why they are not successful and do not know how to change their situation and finally be perceived among colleagues as a common person liked. However, as far as lying is understood as an endemic trait of society, it has rarely been a central research problem of an organization. The article presents a fragment of the results of own research conducted among employees from the Lubuskie Voivodeship. The general aim of the following study isto present lying as behavior occurring in the workplace. The source basisis an analysis of the literature on the subject and an analysis of a fragment of the results of own research.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Ekonomicznego w Zielonej Górze; 2022, 9, 17; 32-49
    2391-7830
    2545-3661
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Ekonomicznego w Zielonej Górze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pedagogika „na twardo” i/lub „na miękko”?
    “Hard-boiled” and/or “soft-boiled” pedagogy?
    Autorzy:
    Śliwerski, Bogusław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1368597.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    science
    logology
    reviews
    scientific publications
    pathologies
    academic dishonesty
    scientists
    Opis:
    The article elaborates on the condition of partial moral anomy in the academic environment, in Poland that not only weakens the ethical causal power of scientific staff, but also results in weakening social capital and also in pathologies in the process of scientific promotion. The narration has been subject to a metaphor of eggs (equivalent of types of scientific publications or a contradiction thereof) and their hatching in various types of hens breeding (scientific or pseudo academic schools) in order to sharpen the conditions and results of academic dishonesty and dysfunction and to notice problems in reviewing scientific degrees and titles’ dissertations.
    Źródło:
    Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej; 2017, 16; 15-31
    2300-391X
    Pojawia się w:
    Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Chinese Students’ Perception on Plagiarism: a Case of Anhui, China
    Autorzy:
    Fatima, Anam
    Abbas, Asad
    Ming, Wan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1969343.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    academic dishonesty
    China
    plagiarism
    public sector universities
    student perception
    Opis:
    Anhui is one of the leading knowledge-based regions of China, which relies on academic research innovation. This publication aims to present the factors that influence of plagiarism on Chinese students and also explores the common perceptions of students themselves on the idea and act of plagiarism in higher level education environments. The literature provided identifies two major facets of plagiarism, which are both internal and external factors. Qualitative evidence from students demonstrates that both internal and external factors encourage Chinese students to plagiarize during their studies due to the availability of the internet (ICT and Web), lack of teaching expertise, poor academic skills, pressure from family members and peer groups, and financial constraints. It was also found that personal pride played a significant role in catalyzing the decision to plagiarize. On the basis of the said literature and qualitative evidence, the authors provide relevant recommendations about overcoming the concerns of students regarding plagiarism at the university level.
    Źródło:
    The New Educational Review; 2018, 53; 95-101
    1732-6729
    Pojawia się w:
    The New Educational Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Scientific Ethics in Teaching of Social Sciences in Iran
    Autorzy:
    Qarakhani, Masoumeh
    Mirzaie, Seyyed Ayatollah
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1037880.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    ethics of science
    ethics of education
    academic dishonesty
    structure
    actor
    Opis:
    The ethic of education is a set of professional rules and regulations agreed upon by the scientific community that obliges actors to comply with codes of conduct in the science education process. This article is asking about levels and types of academic dishonesty and recognizing factors affecting it in Iran’s social sciences education. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with Ph.D. students of public Universities in Tehran were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Research findings show that academic dishonesty and factors affecting it are evident in the education of social science at two levels of micro and macro. At the micro or actor’s level, individual characteristics and personality traits of students and professors impact on the occurrence of academic dishonesty. Moreover, at the macro or structural level, the way of distribution of resources and rules in the education paves the way for and facilitates the occurrence of academic dishonesty. Consequently, dishonesty in the education of Iran’s social sciences and factors affecting it can be explained in the light of a structuration approach.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2018, 18; 73-82
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    La "Vergogna": Annotazioni linguistiche per una ricerca nella Bibia
    Autorzy:
    Tarocchi, Stefano
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/511814.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    vergogna
    umiltà
    disonestà
    insulto
    stoltezza
    shame
    humility
    dishonesty
    insult
    stupidity
    Opis:
    The term “shame” is none other than the evolution of spoken Latin verecundia language. So Dante Alighieri, the father of the Italian language: for “shame I mean three passions necessary to foundation of our good life: one is the Amazement; the other Modesty; the third is Shame: actually, Shame is a fear of being dishonored for a foul committed”. Two main families terms are used to describe the vocabulary of shame in the Greek Bible: 1) the verb αἰσχύνομαι (with the compound ἐπαισχύνομαι) and the noun αἰσχύνη [which corresponds to the Hebrew bóš], and the adverb αἰσχρῶς, derived by αἶσχος, „ugly” opposite of καλός; 2) the ὀνειδίζω verb [which corresponds to the Hebrew ḥārap, piel, „outrage”] and nouns ὄνειδος and ὀνειδισμός [translating Hebrew ḥerpâ].
    Źródło:
    Studia Theologica Varsaviensia; 2016, 54, 1; 35-48
    0585-5594
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Theologica Varsaviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zjawisko plagiaryzmu w środowisku akademickim
    The phenomenon of plagiarism in the academic environment
    Autorzy:
    Łozińska, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/472920.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa
    Tematy:
    plagiat
    nieuczciwość akademicka
    plagiaryzm
    uniwersytet
    plagiarism
    academic dishonesty
    university
    higher education institutions
    Opis:
    Artykuł omawia zjawisko plagiaryzmu w środowisku akademickim. Jego celem jest zapoznanie czytelników z tym zjawiskiem i wskazanie, że nie jest to problem marginalny we współczesnych szkołach wyższych. Autorka zaprezentowała wyjaśnienia definicyjne dla pojęć „plagiatu”, „ghostwritingu”, „plagiaryzmu”, a także wyniki dostępnych badań na temat skali przypadków plagiatów wśród studentów oraz pracowników naukowych. Wyjaśnia także wieloaspektowe przyczyny.
    This article discusses the phenomenon of plagiarism in the academic world. Its purpose is to familiarize the readers with this phenomenon and to point out that this is not a marginal problem at modern universities. The author presents the definitions of plagiarism, ghostwriting, and the results of research into the scale of plagiarism among students and academics. She also explains its multi-faceted causes.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy; 2018, 3, 28; 189-199
    1896-8333
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Plagiarism. Educational, social and cultural contexts
    Autorzy:
    Gromkowska-Melosik, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703352.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    plagiarism
    educational success
    academic dishonesty
    students' cheating
    on-line papers
    instant culture
    university integrity
    Opis:
    The paper is devoted to analysing various aspects of contemporary plagiarism at the higher educational level. In the first part the short history of plagiarism is included as well as classifications of this term. Next, the different ways and forms of plagiarism are considered against the background of motives of the people which are involved in this kind of dishonesty. In the last part of paper the plagiarism is analysed as a part of contemporary culture with its obsession of educational success and instant gratification.
    Źródło:
    Nauka; 2009, 2
    1231-8515
    Pojawia się w:
    Nauka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane współczesne zagrożenia dla edukacji w aspekcie psychologicznym
    Selected Contemporary Threats in Education in the Psychological Perspective
    Autorzy:
    ENGLERT-BATOR, ANNA
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/455459.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
    Tematy:
    zagrożenia w edukacji prokrastynacja
    nieuczciwość akademicka
    wielozadaniowość
    Threats in education
    academic dishonesty
    academic procrastination
    multitasking
    Opis:
    Artykuł jest próbą wglądu w niektóre współczesne zagrożenia, które mogą utrudniać proces edukacji: nieuczciwość akademicką, prokrastynację, wielozadaniowość. Autorka opisuje te zjawiska i towarzyszące im trudności oraz analizuje konsekwencje dla uczącej się młodzieży.
    This article reviews contemporary phenomena that pose threats to effective education: academic disintegrity, academic procrastination, multitasking. The author makes a brief description of these phenomena and difficulties that might be associated with them and shows negative consequences for the learning youth.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2017, 8, 4; 84-90
    2080-9069
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    REFLEKSYJNOŚĆ CZY BEZREFLEKSYJNOŚĆ ŚCIĄGAJĄCYCH STUDENTÓW? PRÓBA ODCZYTANIA RÓŻNYCH ZNACZEŃ ZJAWISKA
    Reflective or unreflective attractiveness students? Attempt to read the different meanings of the cheating phenomenon
    Autorzy:
    Łozińska, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/464190.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
    Tematy:
    ściąganie
    plagiat
    nieuczciwość akademicka
    refleksja
    refleksyjność
    kreatywność
    innowacyjność
    cheating
    plagiarism
    academic dishonesty
    reflection
    reflectivity
    creativity
    innovation
    Opis:
    W artykule poruszane są kwestie związane ze zjawiskiem ściągania i plagiaryzmu we współczesnych szkołach wyższych. Opisano ustalenia terminologiczne, skalę ściągania i niektóre uwarunkowania. Artykuł skupia się jednak na odniesieniu zjawiska ściągania do kompetencji kluczowych wynikających ze sprawności procesów myślenia takich jak refleksyjność, kreatywność i innowacyjność. Dzięki wyjaśnieniu tych pojęć, umiejscowieniu ich na pewnej osi od bezrefleksyjności do refleksyjności i potem kreatywności oraz innowacyjności, dokonano teoretycznej analizy tego, gdzie na tej osi znajdują się ściągający studenci. Artykuł omawia zarówno ściągających studentów jako bezrefleksyjnych konformistów, jak i refleksyjne i kreatywne osoby decydujące się na ściąganie.
    The article discusses issues related to the phenomenon of cheating and plagiarism in modern universities. It describes the determination of terminology, the scale of cheating, and some conditions. The article, however, focuses on the phenomenon of cheating in regard to key competences, resulting from the efficiency of thought processes, such as reflexivity, creativity and innovation. By clarifying these concepts and placing them on an axis of no-reflexivity to reflexivity, and then on axis of creativity and innovation, theoretical analysis of where on those axis cheating students are, was made. This article discusses cheating students as both: thoughtless conformists, as well as reflective and creative people who decide to cheat.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja Dorosłych; 2017, 1; 137-146
    1230-929X
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja Dorosłych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Magisterkę kupię”. Przedstawianie cudzych prac dyplomowych jako dysfunkcjonalna innowacyjna strategia edukacyjna
    Autorzy:
    Bielska, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041594.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    submitting somebody else’s MA thesis as one’s own
    contract cheating
    Robert Merton’s functionalism
    academic dishonesty
    anomy
    plagiarism
    Opis:
    Purpose of his article is to present to the reader the phenomenon of submitting somebody else’s MA thesis as one’s own. Based on author’s studies (experiment, in-depth interviews and content analysis) the most important characteristics of this “business” are described: terms of transactions, buyers and sellers characteristics, prices, seasonal, types of thesis and so on. In the second part of this article is presented the interpretation of the phenomenon contexted to Robert Merton’s functional theory. The theory helps to present selling and buying thesis as an innovative strategy in educational system, but at the same time dysfunctional. Not only a microsociological point of view is presented but also a broader context is described: anomy phenomena in Polish society.
    Źródło:
    Kultura i Edukacja; 2015, 3(109); 135-155
    1230-266X
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura i Edukacja
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relacje w rodzinie i postrzegane wsparcie społeczne jako predyktory nieuczciwości akademickiej
    Family Relations and Perceived Social Support as Predictors of Academic Dishonesty
    Autorzy:
    WOŁPIUK-OCHOCIŃSKA, ANNA
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/457056.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
    Tematy:
    nieuczciwość akademicka
    oszustwo akademickie
    uczciwość
    relacje rodzinne
    wsparcie społeczne
    autonomia–kontrola
    academic dishonesty
    honesty, social suport
    family relations
    autonomy-control
    Opis:
    Zachowania nieuczciwie w praktyce akademickiej stają się coraz bardziej powszechnym pro-blemem. Ich uwarunkowania mają zarówno charakter motywacyjno-osobowościowy, jak i spo-łeczny. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki analiz badań przeprowadzonych na 257 studentach podkarpackich uczelni na temat predyktorów nieuczciwości akademickiej w postaci społecznego wsparcia i relacji w rodzinie. Okazuje się, że wsparcie nauczycielskie i autonomia w rodzinie obniżają tendencje do oszukiwania w szkole, natomiast wysoki poziom tożsamości w rodzinie i poczucie wsparcia rówieśniczego podwyższają ryzyko zachowań nieuczciwych.
    Dishonest behavior in academic practice is becoming more common problem. There are mo-tivational, social and individualistic sources of the issue. This article presents the results of the analysis of research conducted on 257 University students from Podkarpackie and shows predic-tors of academic dishonesty connected with social support and family relationships. It turns out that teacher support and family autonomy reduce the tendency to cheating at school, while high levels of family identity and peer support increase the risk of dishonest behavior.
    Źródło:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka; 2018, 9, 1; 314-320
    2080-9069
    Pojawia się w:
    Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Poetyka ewokacji (nie)uczciwości w opowiadaniu Człowiek, który zdemoralizował Hadleyburg Marka Twaina
    The Poetics of Evoking (Dis)Honesty in the Short Story The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg by Mark Twain
    Autorzy:
    Garlej, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2036518.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    honesty-dishonesty
    axiological paradigm
    aesthetically significant qualities
    phaseality
    the poetics of evocation
    moral (ethical) value
    “honesty” as a variation of good
    Opis:
    The article refers to the axiological paradigm of (dis)honesty (the notion taken from Tadeusz Kotarbiński’s analysis) capable of being one of the dedicated devices of the poetics of evocation. The point of reference for these theoretical reflections is Mark Twain’s short story entitled “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”. The writer’s presentation of the still up-to-date and relevant axiological paradigm of (dis)honesty is at the hub of the deliberations,which aim to ascertain what constitutes the origin of its uniqueness and the freshness of its display. Primarily with the help of the concept taken from Roman Ingarden’s “catalogue” of aesthetically valuable qualities (“the ‘novelty’ variant”), and also drawing on the philosopher’s reflections devoted to one of the two ontological dimensions of the construction of a literary work (phaseality), an attempt is made to identify the specificity of the epically visualised phenomenon of (dis)honesty, and determine the methodological character of the poetics of evocation, necessary for this purpose.
    Źródło:
    Przestrzenie Teorii; 2021, 35; 263-278
    2450-5765
    Pojawia się w:
    Przestrzenie Teorii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rozmiary i uwarunkowania zachowań dewiacyjnych młodzieży wiejskiej
    Extent and Causes of Deviant Behaviour in the Rural Youth
    Autorzy:
    Siemaszko, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699232.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1986
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    zachowanie
    młodzież
    przestępczość
    aresztowanie
    klasa społeczna
    geneza przestępczości
    zbiorowość
    niesubordynacja
    nieuczciwość
    statystyka
    socjologia
    behaviour
    youth deviations
    delinquency
    arrests
    social class
    genesis of crime
    community
    insubordination
    dishonesty
    statistics
    sociology
    ommunity
    Opis:
    In the years 1978-1979, a study of the extent and causes of deviant behaviour in older schoolchildren was carried out in Warsaw which included three thousand persons. boys and girls. Since there was a lack of comprehensive studies of the extent and causes of social maladjustment of the rural, youth in Poland' it was decided that this study should be repeated in typically agricultural regions. The study, carried out in late l981, was aimed at the following: to construct a Polish version of the self-report delinquency scale, to estimate the extent of deviant behaviour in the analyzed populations, and to determine the variables particularly closely related to deviant behaviour. The stratified random sample consisted of 2,144 persons (1,7O2 boys and 429 girls). They were students of 86 different grades of various secondary schools, and were aged 14- 19. The study was carried out by an anonymous questionnaire which contained 124 questions; among them. there were 42 questions - about the various types of deviant behaviour, while the remaining ones concerned the separate groups of independent  variables. The data on the following groups of independent variables were collected:1. the attitudes towards the family, the past and present and future family situation, and the character of interactions within the family; 2. deviance in the environment; 3. the attitudes towards friends, the character of interactions with friends and the intensity of bonds with the reference groups; 4. the attitudes towards school and the learning progress; 5. attitudes towards the legal norms; 6. the appraisal of life prospects and of the chances for fulfilment of aims and aspirations by means of legitimate methods; 7. the system of values, outlook on life and attitude towards moral norms; 8. engagement in social, cultural and sports activities and the like. A distinct  group were the so-called alcohol variables, analyzed separately and the socio-demographic variables. Moreover, the questionnaire contained a ninc-question lye scale. The dependent variable was an index of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour. The possible answers to all the questions were indentical: "never", "once or twice", "several times", "a dozen or more times" and "more often". The sum of the respondents' affirmative answers to the questions about deviant behaviour formed the so-called variety scale. The frequency scale resulted from summing up all types of answers to each of the questions. Since the correlation between the scales of variety and frequency exceeded r :0.90, the variety scale was used in the analysis. This was due to its simplicity and a greater easiness of statistical interpretation. Three groups of deviant behaviour were distinguished for the purposes of the analysis. The first of them were manifestations of behaviour given a working term of insubordination. Though not forbidden by the law, such behaviour is improper in consideration of age or represents a challenge to the authority of the parents" guardians. teachers etc. For instance. the following types of behaviour were included here: staying away from home all night without the parents' consent. running away from home, or smoking before the age of 14. The second group were acts of "dishonesty" also not penalized as a rule– e.g. failure to give a lost thing back to its owner, or steadling rides. The third and most important group were acts that bore the character of transgressions or offences. Among others, this category included brawls. beatings and other offences against person. robbery thefts. breaking and entering, receiving stolen property, and other offences against property. The examined young persons committed the following acts, most frequently: smoking before the age of 14. stealing rides. failure to give the change left from shopping back-to the parents (over 80f of affirmative answers), failure to give the change back to a shopkeeper, failure to give back a found object (over 70% of affirmatie answers). misdemeanour at school. beating. participation in a brawl (over 50% of affirmative answers). Most seldom they admited taking drugs, picking public telephones and slipping out of a pub without paying the bill (less than 10%, of the examined persons). Generally, about 35% of the examined boys (i.e. 583 persons) admitted having committed at least once a half of the, 42 acts included in the questionnaire. over 20% of boys had a high, and 7.7% a Very high level of deviance. In the Warsaw study. a very high level of deviance was found in 6.1%, of boys. Therefore, the percentage of boys with a high level of deviance is similar in both studies and nearing other Polish estimates of the extent of social maladjustment of the school youth. In the present study, hypotheses were verified which were derived from some of the most popular theories of deviance: i.a., Sutherland's theory of differential associations, Hirschi's control theory, Merton's aims – means theory, (and the related conceptions of Cloward and Ohlin), Sykes and Matza's theory of neutralization. Also certain hypotheses were verified indirectly that were derived from the Gluecks' multifactor conception and the labeling theory: The major findings were as follows: Family situation Four items of the questionnaire made together the scale of ties with the family. These were the following questions: "Do your parents try to understand your problems?'', "Do your parents trust you?,  ,,Do you generally like to discuss your plans with your parents?", "Do you trust your parents?". The scale of family ties revealed a rather high negative correlation with the deviance scale (r = -0.34 for boys and. R = -0.28 for girls). It appeared that the lesser the sense of ties with the parents. the higher the tendency to deviant behaviour. Two questions concerned the general apprasal of the atmosphere at home and the degree of the respondents' identification with their families. A strong interdependence was found between the way of defining the atmosphere- at home and the level of deviance. .The respondents who scored highest on the deviance scale, defined their atmosphere at home as bad several times more frequently, and much more seldom as good or very good, as compared with the others. As regards the question whether the respondents would like their own future families to be similar to their parental homes,  the distribution of answers was alike. Among the respondents who would not like it at all or rather would not like it, there were nearly three times more of those who scored highest on the deviance scale. The global index of the attitude towards the family (constructed with the answers to all questions concerning the ties and identification with the family) revealed a negative and rather high correlation with the deviance scale, both in the case of boys (r = -0.30) and of girls (r = -0.26). Thus it appeared that deviant behaviour is inversely related to family ties and identification. Those of the examined persons who revealed a nelative attitude towards their families scored significantly higher on the scale of deviance as compared with those whose appraisal of their homes was favourable. Deviance of the environment and attitudes towards friends There were four questions that concerned deviance in the environment, one of which ("Has any member of your closest family ever been convicted by the court?'') concerned the perceived intensity of deviance in the family. Both the boys and the girls whose family member had a criminal record had the highest level of deviance. This finding is of a great theoretical as well as practical value since it demonstrates the groundlessness of the frequently accepted assumption that the family is always the source of pro-social patterns of behaviour. Three questions concerned deviance of the environment, their construction aimed at reflecting various aspects of the problem both as regards the subjective and the objective point of view: the different intensity of deviance and range of environment. The questions were: "Did you ever happened to have problems at school, boarding-school or at home because of your friends?'', "Did any of your acquaintances have a case in a juveni1e court or court of general criminal jurisdiction?", "Are there many young persons in your environment who have troubles with the police?". The distribution of answers to these questions markedly differentiated the examined populations in respect to deviance. In the groups distinguished according to their level of deviance significant differences could be found as far as the deviance of the environment is concerned. The respondents whose level of deviance was the highest appeared to move significantly more often with decidedly negative circles. A scale of deviance in the environment was constructed of the above questions. Of all the scales included in the study, this one showed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour, both in the case of boys (r = 0.56) and of girls (r = 0.36). Instead, the distribution of answers to the questions about emotional ties with the reference groups, the degree of identification with these groups and the emotional stability failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of the degree of deviance; this finding was a surprise. Attitudes towards the law  There were three items in the questionnaire that concerned the attitude towards the law: "The law should be observed"; "Most of the acts people term offences actually cause no harm at all to anybody''' and "In order to get a position in life, lawless behaviour is indispensable"; the latter two were at the same time an operationalization of the Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization. Opinions denying or aggreeing with the statement concerning the harmlessness of offences were the 1east important in the differentiation of the examined populations in respect to the level of deviance. This variable was also least correlated with the general scale of altitudes towards the law. On the other hand, the remaining two variables of this groups did differentiate the respondents well in respect of the level of deviant behaviour. The most discriminating was the question in what situations the law should be observed. The respondents who were\of opinion that "law should always be observed irrespective of the situation'' appeared to reveal the lowest level of deviance. Instead, among the resolute legal nonconformists (,,you can break the law whenever you are certain that you will escape punishment"), those prevailed who scored highest on the deviance scale. The scale of attitudes towards the law was moderately but significantly correlated with the deviance scale, though the relationship of the presently discussed scale with that of deviance was less marked than it was the case with the scales of deviance of environmental and of the attitudes towards the family. The perceived life-chances and material situation Two of the questions concerned the perceived life prospects that can be fulfilled by legitimate means: "what is your estimation of your life prospects as compared with those of the others?", and "Will you be able to get a good job after school?". The differences in the distributions of answers to the above questions in respect of the level of deviance were not great; however. they were significant. The "worst" respondents somewhatimore often had pessimistic, and the "best" ones - optimistic views. However, the constructed index of legitimate opportunities (which consisted of the above two questions failed to reveal a significant relation to deviant behaviour. This means that the sense of blocked opportunities for promotion and success (operationalized as above) is not related to deviant behaviour. The more so as the question about the respondents' estimation of their family material standing - though it differentiated the answers in respect of the level of deviance - also revealed a very small correlation with the scale of deviance (about 0.10). Perception of life prospects and opportunities was also analyzed from a somewhat different point of view. Namely, the respondents were asked whether in their opinion connections were necessary to get a god job. and whether it was possible to succeed in life through good honest work. These questions composed the variable "illegitimate opportunities". Constructed so as to make it complementary in relation to the variable "legitimate opportunities". An attempt was also made to ascertain to what degree this variable was correlated with the attitude towards the law. The questions about the chances of fulfilment of success goals through illegitimate means differentiated the examined populations in respect of the level of deviance. The "worst" respondents stated significantly more frequently that honest work did not lead to success in life. and that connections were necessary to get a good job. It was interesting to find that the variable "illegitimate opportunities'' was moderately correlated both with the attitude towards the law and with the "legitimate opportunities''. It was a moderately good predictor of deviant behaviour since it was correlated with the deviance scale at about 0.20 for boys as well as for girls. Values, moral principles and outlook on life Values treasured most frequently (love, friendship. happy home - over 75% (of all choices) failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of their deviance. Of the remaining ten values, deep religious faith was chosen most frequently by the "best'' respondents, and acquiring individuality as well as learning to "be oneself' - by the ,,worst'' ones. The question about the stability of moral principles (three "types" of morality were distinguished: strict, situational and nihilistic) completely failed to differentiate the group of respondents Separated according to their Scores on the scale of deviance. There were among the moral nihilist as many of the "worst" as of the "best" respondents. The possible answers concerning the attitude towards religion ranged from: "I 'm a decided adherent of secular views" to: "I'm deeply religious". Generally speaking. This question provided but a poor differentiation in respect of the level of deviance. Since nearly 90%  of the examined persons were at least "not-Church-going believers". Those of the examined persons who were deeply religious were an exception. In this group, the level of deviance of this group was decidedly the lowest. Involvement in conventional activities Of the three questions about activities consistent with the norms (active participation in youth organizations, hobbies, participation in organized leisure activities), none appeared to differentiate the examined group in respect of the level of deviance. Instead, the questions about school achievements ("Are you a good, bad or average student?") and about learning motivation ("What is for you the importance of being a good student?") were strongly related to deviance. The "worst" respondents much more often declared themselves to be bad students and admitted not caring about learning. At the same time, the variable of motivation was a much better predictor of deviance (r=  -0.27) than the actual learning achievements (r= -0.11). Of the considered models of deviance, the most strongly confirmed was the theory of differential associations. This may be concluded from the following premises. Firstly, the variable of "devince of the environment'' and its separate elements revealed the highest correlation with the deviance scale. The test of significance of the differences of the value of correlation coefficients justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis as to their random character. Both the question about deviance among the closest friends, and those about deviance in a broader surroundings. revealed a much stronger correlation with deviant behaviour than the remaining variables. Also the question about deviance in the family appeared relate to deviant behaviour. In the light of the results obtained, not only a deviant peer group, but also a deviance in the family seem to be conducive to deviance. The adherents of the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations would find it difficult to argue that it was the deviance in the examined persons that led to deviance in their families. Also the way in which the variable ,, deviance of the environment" is correlated with other variables speaks against the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations since this variable a also revealed rather high correlation with deviant attitudes, the attitude towards learning at school and towards the family. Moreover, the relationship between the  variable "deviance of environment" and ,,deviant behavior” was found to increase with age which is consistent with the known of importance of peer groups in the life of youths and their growing effect. On the other hand the result in question is difficult to interpret in the terms of alternative hypotheses: the "criminal tendencies" or ,.deviant impulses’’ should after all be constant and do not change with time. Still another finding should be mentioned here. In spite of the fact that girls generally have stronger ties with their parents as compared with boys, the correlation of the attitudes towards the family with deviant behaviour was found to be smaller in the group of girls than in the group of boys. Instead, against expectations, the deviance of the environment also revealed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour in the group of girls. Hirschi's control theory was much less confirmed by the findings of the present study. Of the four elements of bonds only the  attachment to the, parents were rather strongly supported. On the other hand, hypotheses derived from the remaining elements of Hirschi.s conception were not confirmed at all (e.g. no confirmation at all was found of Hirsci’s argument that high degree of involvement in conventional types of activity is negatively related to deviance) or confirmed but to a small extent (e.g. the relationship between the school achievements and deviance). Besides the attitudes towards the family, only the attitude towards learning at school proved to be consistent with Hirschi's theory. On the other hand, in spite o| the principal hypothesis of the control theory the most isolated respondents failed to reveal a significantly higher level of deviance. Thus the conception of a solitary deviant promoted by Hirschi appears not tanable in the light of the obtained results. To sump up, if one had to decide basing on the findings of the present study which of the discussed theories was confirmed to a greater degree, it could be concluded that the theory of  differential associations was confirmed to greater extent than Hirschi's control theory. On the other had, the results of the study do not seem to speak for Merton’s aims-means theory or the conception of differential opportunities of Cloward and Ohlin. Also some of the statements of the labelling approach failed to find confirmation.
    In the years 1978-1979, a study of the extent and causes of deviant behaviour in older schoolchildren was carried out in Warsaw which included three thousand persons. boys and girls. Since there was a lack of comprehensive studies of the extent and causes of social maladjustment of the rural, youth in Poland' it was decided that this study should be repeated in typically agricultural regions. The study, carried out in late l981, was aimed at the following: to construct a Polish version of the self-report delinquency scale, to estimate the extent of deviant behaviour in the analyzed populations, and to determine the variables particularly closely related to deviant behaviour. The stratified random sample consisted of 2,144 persons (1,7O2 boys and 429 girls). They were students of 86 different grades of various secondary schools, and were aged 14- 19. The study was carried out by an anonymous questionnaire which contained 124 questions; among them. there were 42 questions - about the various types of deviant behaviour, while the remaining ones concerned the separate groups of independent  variables. The data on the following groups of independent variables were collected:1. the attitudes towards the family, the past and present and future family situation, and the character of interactions within the family; 2. deviance in the environment; 3. the attitudes towards friends, the character of interactions with friends and the intensity of bonds with the reference groups; 4. the attitudes towards school and the learning progress; 5. attitudes towards the legal norms; 6. the appraisal of life prospects and of the chances for fulfilment of aims and aspirations by means of legitimate methods; 7. the system of values, outlook on life and attitude towards moral norms; 8. engagement in social, cultural and sports activities and the like. A distinct  group were the so-called alcohol variables, analyzed separately and the socio-demographic variables. Moreover, the questionnaire contained a ninc-question lye scale. The dependent variable was an index of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour. The possible answers to all the questions were indentical: "never", "once or twice", "several times", "a dozen or more times" and "more often". The sum of the respondents' affirmative answers to the questions about deviant behaviour formed the so-called variety scale. The frequency scale resulted from summing up all types of answers to each of the questions. Since the correlation between the scales of variety and frequency exceeded r :0.90, the variety scale was used in the analysis. This was due to its simplicity and a greater easiness of statistical interpretation. Three groups of deviant behaviour were distinguished for the purposes of the analysis. The first of them were manifestations of behaviour given a working term of insubordination. Though not forbidden by the law, such behaviour is improper in consideration of age or represents a challenge to the authority of the parents" guardians. teachers etc. For instance. the following types of behaviour were included here: staying away from home all night without the parents' consent. running away from home, or smoking before the age of 14. The second group were acts of "dishonesty" also not penalized as a rule– e.g. failure to give a lost thing back to its owner, or steadling rides. The third and most important group were acts that bore the character of transgressions or offences. Among others, this category included brawls. beatings and other offences against person. robbery thefts. breaking and entering, receiving stolen property, and other offences against property. The examined young persons committed the following acts, most frequently: smoking before the age of 14. stealing rides. failure to give the change left from shopping back-to the parents (over 80f of affirmative answers), failure to give the change back to a shopkeeper, failure to give back a found object (over 70% of affirmatie answers). misdemeanour at school. beating. participation in a brawl (over 50% of affirmative answers). Most seldom they admited taking drugs, picking public telephones and slipping out of a pub without paying the bill (less than 10%, of the examined persons). Generally, about 35% of the examined boys (i.e. 583 persons) admitted having committed at least once a half of the, 42 acts included in the questionnaire. over 20% of boys had a high, and 7.7% a Very high level of deviance. In the Warsaw study. a very high level of deviance was found in 6.1%, of boys. Therefore, the percentage of boys with a high level of deviance is similar in both studies and nearing other Polish estimates of the extent of social maladjustment of the school youth. In the present study, hypotheses were verified which were derived from some of the most popular theories of deviance: i.a., Sutherland's theory of differential associations, Hirschi's control theory, Merton's aims – means theory, (and the related conceptions of Cloward and Ohlin), Sykes and Matza's theory of neutralization. Also certain hypotheses were verified indirectly that were derived from the Gluecks' multifactor conception and the labeling theory: The major findings were as follows: Family situation Four items of the questionnaire made together the scale of ties with the family. These were the following questions: "Do your parents try to understand your problems?'', "Do your parents trust you?,  ,,Do you generally like to discuss your plans with your parents?", "Do you trust your parents?". The scale of family ties revealed a rather high negative correlation with the deviance scale (r = -0.34 for boys and. R = -0.28 for girls). It appeared that the lesser the sense of ties with the parents. the higher the tendency to deviant behaviour. Two questions concerned the general apprasal of the atmosphere at home and the degree of the respondents' identification with their families. A strong interdependence was found between the way of defining the atmosphere- at home and the level of deviance. .The respondents who scored highest on the deviance scale, defined their atmosphere at home as bad several times more frequently, and much more seldom as good or very good, as compared with the others. As regards the question whether the respondents would like their own future families to be similar to their parental homes,  the distribution of answers was alike. Among the respondents who would not like it at all or rather would not like it, there were nearly three times more of those who scored highest on the deviance scale. The global index of the attitude towards the family (constructed with the answers to all questions concerning the ties and identification with the family) revealed a negative and rather high correlation with the deviance scale, both in the case of boys (r = -0.30) and of girls (r = -0.26). Thus it appeared that deviant behaviour is inversely related to family ties and identification. Those of the examined persons who revealed a nelative attitude towards their families scored significantly higher on the scale of deviance as compared with those whose appraisal of their homes was favourable. Deviance of the environment and attitudes towards friends There were four questions that concerned deviance in the environment, one of which ("Has any member of your closest family ever been convicted by the court?'') concerned the perceived intensity of deviance in the family. Both the boys and the girls whose family member had a criminal record had the highest level of deviance. This finding is of a great theoretical as well as practical value since it demonstrates the groundlessness of the frequently accepted assumption that the family is always the source of pro-social patterns of behaviour. Three questions concerned deviance of the environment, their construction aimed at reflecting various aspects of the problem both as regards the subjective and the objective point of view: the different intensity of deviance and range of environment. The questions were: "Did you ever happened to have problems at school, boarding-school or at home because of your friends?'', "Did any of your acquaintances have a case in a juveni1e court or court of general criminal jurisdiction?", "Are there many young persons in your environment who have troubles with the police?". The distribution of answers to these questions markedly differentiated the examined populations in respect to deviance. In the groups distinguished according to their level of deviance significant differences could be found as far as the deviance of the environment is concerned. The respondents whose level of deviance was the highest appeared to move significantly more often with decidedly negative circles. A scale of deviance in the environment was constructed of the above questions. Of all the scales included in the study, this one showed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour, both in the case of boys (r = 0.56) and of girls (r = 0.36). Instead, the distribution of answers to the questions about emotional ties with the reference groups, the degree of identification with these groups and the emotional stability failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of the degree of deviance; this finding was a surprise. Attitudes towards the law  There were three items in the questionnaire that concerned the attitude towards the law: "The law should be observed"; "Most of the acts people term offences actually cause no harm at all to anybody''' and "In order to get a position in life, lawless behaviour is indispensable"; the latter two were at the same time an operationalization of the Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization. Opinions denying or aggreeing with the statement concerning the harmlessness of offences were the 1east important in the differentiation of the examined populations in respect to the level of deviance. This variable was also least correlated with the general scale of altitudes towards the law. On the other hand, the remaining two variables of this groups did differentiate the respondents well in respect of the level of deviant behaviour. The most discriminating was the question in what situations the law should be observed. The respondents who were\of opinion that "law should always be observed irrespective of the situation'' appeared to reveal the lowest level of deviance. Instead, among the resolute legal nonconformists (,,you can break the law whenever you are certain that you will escape punishment"), those prevailed who scored highest on the deviance scale. The scale of attitudes towards the law was moderately but significantly correlated with the deviance scale, though the relationship of the presently discussed scale with that of deviance was less marked than it was the case with the scales of deviance of environmental and of the attitudes towards the family. The perceived life-chances and material situation Two of the questions concerned the perceived life prospects that can be fulfilled by legitimate means: "what is your estimation of your life prospects as compared with those of the others?", and "Will you be able to get a good job after school?". The differences in the distributions of answers to the above questions in respect of the level of deviance were not great; however. they were significant. The "worst" respondents somewhatimore often had pessimistic, and the "best" ones - optimistic views. However, the constructed index of legitimate opportunities (which consisted of the above two questions failed to reveal a significant relation to deviant behaviour. This means that the sense of blocked opportunities for promotion and success (operationalized as above) is not related to deviant behaviour. The more so as the question about the respondents' estimation of their family material standing - though it differentiated the answers in respect of the level of deviance - also revealed a very small correlation with the scale of deviance (about 0.10). Perception of life prospects and opportunities was also analyzed from a somewhat different point of view. Namely, the respondents were asked whether in their opinion connections were necessary to get a god job. and whether it was possible to succeed in life through good honest work. These questions composed the variable "illegitimate opportunities". Constructed so as to make it complementary in relation to the variable "legitimate opportunities". An attempt was also made to ascertain to what degree this variable was correlated with the attitude towards the law. The questions about the chances of fulfilment of success goals through illegitimate means differentiated the examined populations in respect of the level of deviance. The "worst" respondents stated significantly more frequently that honest work did not lead to success in life. and that connections were necessary to get a good job. It was interesting to find that the variable "illegitimate opportunities'' was moderately correlated both with the attitude towards the law and with the "legitimate opportunities''. It was a moderately good predictor of deviant behaviour since it was correlated with the deviance scale at about 0.20 for boys as well as for girls. Values, moral principles and outlook on life. Values treasured most frequently (love, friendship. happy home - over 75% (of all choices) failed to differentiate the examined populations in respect of their deviance. Of the remaining ten values, deep religious faith was chosen most frequently by the "best'' respondents, and acquiring individuality as well as learning to "be oneself' - by the ,,worst'' ones. The question about the stability of moral principles (three "types" of morality were distinguished: strict, situational and nihilistic) completely failed to differentiate the group of respondents Separated according to their Scores on the scale of deviance. There were among the moral nihilist as many of the "worst" as of the "best" respondents. The possible answers concerning the attitude towards religion ranged from: "I 'm a decided adherent of secular views" to: "I'm deeply religious". Generally speaking. This question provided but a poor differentiation in respect of the level of deviance. Since nearly 90%  of the examined persons were at least "not-Church-going believers". Those of the examined persons who were deeply religious were an exception. In this group, the level of deviance of this group was decidedly the lowest. Involvement in conventional activities Of the three questions about activities consistent with the norms (active participation in youth organizations, hobbies, participation in organized leisure activities), none appeared to differentiate the examined group in respect of the level of deviance. Instead, the questions about school achievements ("Are you a good, bad or average student?") and about learning motivation ("What is for you the importance of being a good student?") were strongly related to deviance. The "worst" respondents much more often declared themselves to be bad students and admitted not caring about learning. At the same time, the variable of motivation was a much better predictor of deviance (r=  -0.27) than the actual learning achievements (r= -0.11). Of the considered models of deviance, the most strongly confirmed was the theory of differential associations. This may be concluded from the following premises. Firstly, the variable of "devince of the environment'' and its separate elements revealed the highest correlation with the deviance scale. The test of significance of the differences of the value of correlation coefficients justifies the rejection of the null hypothesis as to their random character. Both the question about deviance among the closest friends, and those about deviance in a broader surroundings. revealed a much stronger correlation with deviant behaviour than the remaining variables. Also the question about deviance in the family appeared relate to deviant behaviour. In the light of the results obtained, not only a deviant peer group, but also a deviance in the family seem to be conducive to deviance. The adherents of the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations would find it difficult to argue that it was the deviance in the examined persons that led to deviance in their families. Also the way in which the variable ,, deviance of the environment" is correlated with other variables speaks against the opinion that deviance precedes deviant associations since this variable a also revealed rather high correlation with deviant attitudes, the attitude towards learning at school and towards the family. Moreover, the relationship between the  variable "deviance of environment" and ,,deviant behavior” was found to increase with age which is consistent with the known of importance of peer groups in the life of youths and their growing effect. On the other hand the result in question is difficult to interpret in the terms of alternative hypotheses: the "criminal tendencies" or ,.deviant impulses’’ should after all be constant and do not change with time. Still another finding should be mentioned here. In spite of the fact that girls generally have stronger ties with their parents as compared with boys, the correlation of the attitudes towards the family with deviant behaviour was found to be smaller in the group of girls than in the group of boys. Instead, against expectations, the deviance of the environment also revealed the highest correlation with deviant behaviour in the group of girls. Hirschi's control theory was much less confirmed by the findings of the present study. Of the four elements of bonds only the  attachment to the, parents were rather strongly supported. On the other hand, hypotheses derived from the remaining elements of Hirschi.s conception were not confirmed at all (e.g. no confirmation at all was found of Hirsci’s argument that high degree of involvement in conventional types of activity is negatively related to deviance) or confirmed but to a small extent (e.g. the relationship between the school achievements and deviance). Besides the attitudes towards the family, only the attitude towards learning at school proved to be consistent with Hirschi's theory. On the other hand, in spite o| the principal hypothesis of the control theory the most isolated respondents failed to reveal a significantly higher level of deviance. Thus the conception of a solitary deviant promoted by Hirschi appears not tanable in the light of the obtained results. To sump up, if one had to decide basing on the findings of the present study which of the discussed theories was confirmed to a greater degree, it could be concluded that the theory of  differential associations was confirmed to greater extent than Hirschi's control theory. On the other had, the results of the study do not seem to speak for Merton’s aims-means theory or the conception of differential opportunities of Cloward and Ohlin. Also some of the statements of the labelling approach failed to find confirmation.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1986, XIII; 7-108
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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