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Tytuł:
Istota kary kryminalnej
The nature of criminal punishment
Autorzy:
Miłek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38911444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
prawo karne
kara
istota kary kryminalnej
criminal law
punishment
the nature of criminal punishment
Opis:
The article is devoted to the issue of criminal penalty. This problem has been the subject of investigation of a antique representatives of various sciences, in particular, Philosophy and Law. During the development of philosophical and legal thinking on the nature of criminal punishment, there are two opposite views that exist today under the name of the absolute theory of punishment and the relative theory of punishment. The concepts of absolute theory proceed from the assumption that punishment is primarily an act of retribution by the state for offenders to be made by the offense. The relative theories recognize that punishment is an instrument that is designed to meet specific goals: improving the criminals, crime prevention, education of the public. In the face of these extreme concepts it seems the most appropriate to combine the elements of both theories of punishment (concepts mixed), with a focus on the issue of retribution for the offender's conduct detrimental to the applicable standards of law. This approach combines the philosophical considerations with practice. The attainment of apenalty, in particular by improving the offender, is difficult to reach, and in many cases even impossible, and the best proof to that is the phenomenon of recidivism.
Źródło:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2008, 4, 1; 251-268
1896-6365
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Criminalization of Certain Types of Actions under Martial Law
Autorzy:
Prysiazhniuk, Ivan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24866912.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
criminal punishment
information activities
digitalization
disclosure of information
military actions
Opis:
Martial law is always accompanied by an increased level of tension and threats to national security. In such circumstances, there is a need to respond to specific types of acts that may threaten public safety and national interests. The criminalization of these acts becomes an important tool for preventing and counteracting threats, as well as for establishing responsibility for their commission. In this article, the author analyzed the legal provisions that were adopted as a supplement to the Criminal Code of Ukraine after the start of the full-scale invasion. The author notes that most of the articles in one way or another relate to criminal punishment for acts that occur in the information sphere and are related to the disclosure and dissemination of information, disinformation, unauthorized data transfer, etc. Based on this, the author emphasizes the need to criminalize acts during martial law relating to the digital, information and cyberspace spheres. The criminalization of certain categories of violations during the war is a topical issue, as it is aimed at ensuring the security of the state and preserving its integrity. The legislation should be comprehensively aimed at countering the aggressor and protecting civilians. It is important to note that a large number of innovations in criminalization relate to the information sphere and data transmission. The involvement of information and electronic communication systems in important aspects of modern life, such as healthcare, finance, energy and national security, creates new threats that can have serious consequences for society and the country as a whole. Therefore, in order to ensure stability and protect the rights and interests of citizens and businesses, the need to strengthen criminal liability for violations of information and cybersecurity is justified, among other things. The purpose of the article is to analyze certain types of punishments which were categorized as criminal offenses under martial law. In addition, the purpose of the article is to highlight the special role of criminal acts in the digital and information sphere and to justify the need for their criminalization.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2023, 4(40); 177-187
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Lipcowa” nowelizacja Kodeksu karnego. Nowa filozofia prawa i wątpliwości konstytucyjne
“July” Amendment of the Criminal Code. New Philosophy of Law and Constitutional Concerns
Autorzy:
Daśko, Natalia
Bojarski, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27177682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
kodeks karny
polityka kryminalna
kara kryminalna
populizm penalny
criminal code
criminal policy
criminal punishment
penal populism
Opis:
The Act of July 7, 2022 introduced a thorough reform of criminal law. The effect of these changes is a significant tightening of criminal repression, e.g. in the form of extending the possible sentence of imprisonment from one month to 15 years to a period from one month to 30 years, lowering the age of criminal responsibility in special cases to 14 years or the possibility of imposing a penalty life imprisonment without the possibility of conditional early release. The changes that appeared in the Penal Code can be considered the next stage in the political struggle through activities known as penal populism. However, these changes can be viewed as the result of adopting a philosophy of criminal law different from the previous one and adopting the assumptions of neoclassicism in criminal law. However, some of these changes raise serious constitutional questions.
Ustawą z 7 lipca 2022 r. dokonano gruntownej reformy prawa karnego. Efektem tych zmian jest znaczne zaostrzenie represji karnej, np. w postaci wydłużenia możliwej do orzekania kary pozbawienia wolności z okresu od miesiąca do 15 lat, na okres od miesiąca do 30 lat, obniżenia wieku odpowiedzialności karnej w szczególnych przypadkach do 14 lat czy możliwości orzeczenia kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności bez możliwości warunkowego przedterminowego zwolnienia. Zmiany, które pojawiły się w Kodeksie karnym, można uznać za kolejny etap w walce politycznej poprzez działania określane mianem populizmu penalnego. Jednakże można na te zmiany spojrzeć jako na efekt przyjęcia odmiennej od dotychczasowej filozofii prawa karnego i przyjęcie założeń neoklasycyzmu w prawie karnym. Niektóre z tych zmian budzą jednak poważne wątpliwości konstytucyjne.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2023, 6(76); 287-302
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspekty moralne odpowiedzialności w prawie karnym
The moral foundations of criminal responsibility
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964980.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
criminal law
public law
justification of criminal punishment
moral responsibility
prawo karne
prawo publiczne
uzasadnienie karania
odpowiedzialność moralna
Opis:
Celem pracy jest charakterystyka prawa karnego jako gałęzi prawa o szczególnym natężeniu pierwiastka moralnego, przesądzającego o jego specyfice. Wyróżniono dwa aspekty rozważań. Pierwszy dotyczy oceny moralnej zachowań uznanych za przestępstwo i założenia, że potępienie moralne czynu ma odróżniać prawo karne od innych gałęzi prawa publicznego. Drugi aspekt dotyczy założenia, że wyróżnikiem kary kryminalnej ma być komunikowana przez nią dezaprobata dla sprawcy, co z kolei wiąże się z pytaniem o winę i jej związek z odpowiedzialnością moralną. Tradycyjna nowożytna filozofia poszukiwała moralnych podstaw prawa karnego w różnie rozumianej idei dobra wspólnego realizowanego przez wolę „suwerennego ludu”, lecz współcześnie ten punkt odniesienia traci na ostrości. Nowoczesna filozofia prawa nie sformułowała alternatywnego i dostosowanego do wymogów współczesności moralnego uzasadnienia prawa karnego.
The subject matter of this paper are moral problems of criminal liability, with a particular focus on an attempt to find such features in the area of morality whose accumulation in criminal law determines its specificity. We may distinguish two aspects of deliberations on moral problems of criminal liability. The first of the aspects concerns the issue whether all behaviours regarded as criminal offences are morally wrong. It is particularly important as such condemnation of the act is supposed to distinguish criminal law from other branches of public law. The second aspect concerns the issue of criminal penalty and it is related to the issue of guilt and its relationship with moral responsibility. The main argument of this paper is the fact that the contemporary philosophy of law has not created any coherent concept making it possible to distinguish criminal law from other branches of public law on grounds of morality.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2015, 75
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wymiar miłosierdzia w stanowieniu i stosowaniu prawa
The Dimention of Mercy in the Appointment and Aplication of Law
Autorzy:
Krzewicki, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22792708.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Tematy:
prawo
moralność
sprawiedliwość
miłosierdzie
kara kryminalna
przebaczenie
pojednanie
law
morality
justice
mercy
criminal punishment
forgiveness
reconciliation
Opis:
Miłosierdzie jako kategoria życia społecznego niejako automatycznie wchodzi w stosunki społeczne podlegające prawnej regulacji. Obok wymiaru przedmiotowego, jest związane z pewną postawą, która polega na afirmacji człowieka, okazaniu mu współczucia i otwarciu drogi do naprawy zburzonych relacji. Dziś konieczne jest odważniejsze oznaczenie podstaw aksjologicznych, na których zbudowany jest system praw w chrześcijańskim kontekście kulturowym. Dotyczy to głównie Konstytucji. Na tej podstawie możliwe byłoby odkrycie elementów treściowo i funkcjonalnie dopełniających zasadę sprawiedliwości w prawie, które odpowiadają zasadzie miłosierdzia. Choć miłosierdzie nie przynależy do słownika pojęć prawnych, to jego zadomowienie się w nim wydaje się możliwe i pożądane. Bogate w treść pojęcie miłosierdzia progresywnie zakorzenia się w świadomości społecznej. Pożytkiem wprowadzenia go do systemu prawa może być większa elastyczność prawa, jego bardziej konkretny i indywidualny charakter oraz większa bliższość życiu.
The mercy as a category of social life automatically enters into the social relations subject to legal regulation. In addition to the objective dimension, it is associated with a certain attitude, which is based on the affirmation of a man, showing him compassion and opening the way to repair the broken relations. Today, it is necessary to bolderly determine the axiological foundations on which the system of rights is built in the Christian cultural context. This mainly applies to the Constitution. On this basis, it would be possible to discover elements that content and functionally complement the principle of justice in law, which correspond to the principle of mercy. Although mercy does not belong to the dictionary of legal concepts, its establishment in it seems possible and desirable. The content-rich concept of mercy is progressively rooted in the social consciousness. The introduction of it into the legal system may be greater flexibility of the law, its more specific and individual character and greater closeness to life.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego; 2018, 13, 15 (2); 159-176
2719-3128
2719-7336
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Represyjność czy łagodność w polskim prawie karnym
Repressiveness or Leniency in Polish Criminal Law
Autorzy:
Jaroch, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/33574572.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Penal policy
criminal punishment
restitutionary remission
restorative justice
incarceration rate
Polityka karna
kara kryminalna
umorzenie restytucyjne
sprawiedliwość naprawcza
współczynnik prizonizacji
Opis:
Polityka karna jest jednym z elementów polityki kryminalnej, stąd pozostaje w obszarze szczególnego zainteresowania społecznego, zwłaszcza że nie ma jednolitego przekonania i stanowiska, co do kierunku zmian dotyczących realizacji celów, jakie ma spełniać kara. W artykule zawarta została analiza określonych zmian legislacyjnych prawa karnego pod względem jego skuteczności w sferze przeciwdziałania przestępczości, w szczególności dotyczy kwestii, czy zwiększona represyjność prawa karnego ma przełożenie na ograniczenie przestępczości w praktyce. Autor podejmuje próbę oceny zmian legislacyjnych w obszarze prawa karnego, stąd też swoje zainteresowania koncentruje na modyfikacjach założeń polityki karnej. Stosowanie sankcji prawnokarnych (tj. poszczególnych jej rodzajów, częstotliwości, stopnia nasilenia) – czyli polityka karania – zależy od poglądów i założeń dotyczących stosowania reakcji karnych, przy czym wiele zależy od akcentu położonego na wybrane cele stosowania sankcji prawnokarnych. Preferencyjny wybór prowadzi do osiągania i realizacji określonych celów. Z badań wynika bowiem, iż konsekwencją przyjętych założeń jest zaostrzenie sankcji wielu przestępstw, prymat kar izolacyjnych, odejście od kar alternatywnych dla pozbawienia wolności, co z kolei pozostaje w sprzeczności z zaleceniami polityki karnej Unii Europejskiej, gdzie w większości państw obserwuje się wzrost liczby kar alternatywnych, przy jednoczesnym spadku liczby kar izolacyjnych. W Polsce analiza danych nie wskazuje na zmniejszenie się liczby osób pozbawionych wolności czy liczby przestępstw (od 2014 r. utrzymuje się na poziomie 700–800 tys. przestępstw). Zauważalne są natomiast – utrzymujące się na wysokim poziomie w porównaniu z innymi krajami – tendencje wzrostu orzeczeń bezwzględnego pozbawienia wolności i spadku liczby orzeczeń warunkowego zawieszenia kary pozbawienia wolności. Autor poprzez analizę danych, które przedstawia w formie tabel oraz wykresów, dochodzi do wniosków, iż surowość kary ani jej zaostrzanie nie prowadzi do ograniczenia przestępczości, ale kara pozostaje środkiem realizacji jej celów (sprawiedliwościowy, ogólno- i szczególnoprewencyjny czy kompensacyjny).
Penal policy is one of the elements of criminal policy, and, as such, it continues to be of particular interest to society, especially since there is no uniform conviction and standpoint as to the direction of changes regarding achieving the objectives of punishment. The aim of the article is to analyse and verify legislative changes in criminal law in terms of its effectiveness in preventing crime, in particular to show whether increased repressiveness of criminal law has an impact on crime reduction. The author attempts to assess legislative changes in the area of criminal law, hence he focuses his interest on modifications to the assumptions of penal policy. The research shows that the consequence of the adopted premises is the toughening of sanctions for many crimes, the dominance of custodial punishments, the departure from other forms of punishments as alternative to imprisonment, which stands in contrast to the policy of the European Union, where, in most countries, an increase in the number of alternative punishments is observed, accompanied by a decrease in the number of custodial sentences. Analysis of the relevant data indicates neither a decrease in the number of persons deprived of their liberty nor a decrease in the number of crimes committed. There is a noticeable trend of an increase in absolute prison sentences and a decrease in the number of conditionally suspended imprisonment sentences. Incarceration rates remain high, compared to other countries. The author analyses the data and presenting them in the form of tables and graphs. Research findings are clear: the severity of punishment and its aggravation do not lead to a reduction in crime, but punishment remains a means to achieve its goals of justice, general and special-prevention or compensation.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny; 2023, 2; 29-62
1898-2166
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy kar jest za dużo? Wokół Douglasa Husaka koncepcji kryminalizacji
Are there too many punishments? Around Douglas Husak’s concept of criminalization
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
criminality
minimalism in criminal law
philosophy of criminal law
punishment
criminal responsibility
Opis:
The author endeavours to make a critical reflection on the concept of criminalization as formulated by Douglas Husak. D. Husak’s views on criminal policy are presented in a wider philosophical context and juxtaposed with assumptions of basic critical trends in criminal law science. Also, some suggestions are formulated to supplement Husak’s concept, who points out, above all, when punishment should not be applied. A supplement to Husak’s idea is a somewhat perverse attempt to collect model situations, in which recognition of an act as a crime can be justified (which the author himself tried to avoid). In addition, the article attempts to combine the philosophy of law with criminal policy and indicates the need to take into consideration philosophical foundations of criminal law policy.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2018, 16, 2; 177-201
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evasion from Payment of a Fine: Problem Aspects of the Issues of Criminal Enforcement and Criminal Procedure
Autorzy:
Osadchuk Mykhailivna, Kateryna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931302.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
punishment
probation body
criminal executive inspection
punishment enforcement
voluntary payment of a fine
Opis:
General short summary of the main content of the article. The problem of evasion from a fine payment as a type of punishment under the laws of Ukraine has been studied in the article. In Section 1 “Fines payment controlling authorities” the criminal laws in the field of punishment enforcement, namely their authorities, have been analyzed. A large number of gaps in the laws and regulatory legal acts have been identified and solutions have been proposed to address them. In Section 2 “Evasion from payment of a fine”, the legal aspects of a fine payment evasion as a criminal offence have been considered; an analysis of various laws and constitutional rights of a sentenced person have been made; and it has been determined that if a sentenced to a fine person has not voluntarily paid the fine during two years, such a person cannot be criminally prosecuted in compliance with Article 389 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Practical significance of the article. The results of the article can be used in determining the policy of Ukraine on the issue of activities of the probation bodies and the possibility of returning the enforcement service of the Ministry of Justice, or consideration of the issue of granting appropriate powers to the probation bodies; - rethinking the possibility of returning the enforcement of punishment, which in turn will lead to a higher percentage in payment of fines, and replenishment of the state treasury; - establishment of uniform practice of application of the criminal law norms.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 1(25); 37-46
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reforma systemu kar po nowelizacji kodeksu karnego z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.
Autorzy:
Michał, Królikowski,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902386.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
punishment
criminal responsibility
suspended inprisonment
judicial independency
legislation
Opis:
The article describes a reform of material criminal law based on perspective of legal doctrine, practice of jurisdiction and prosecution, as well as management of the system of criminal law. It is based on the experiences from legislation procedure that has led to a new law enacted. The author indicates the differences between concepts of Criminal Law Codification Committee and possibilities of the legislation project.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 71-92
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryteria rozgraniczania przestępstw i wykroczeń
The differences between crimes and misdemeanours
Autorzy:
Kowalski, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Tematy:
crime
offense
punishment
social harm
criminal and administrative law
Opis:
The aim of this article is to defi ne boundaries between crime and misdemeanours. The reference point for discussion are provisions of the Codes as well as out of them. First discussed part presents three main European models of responsibility for the misdemeanours (French, Austrian and German) and stages of development of the law on misdemeanours in Poland. The second part concerns strict criteria for delimiting areas of crime and delinquency. Particular attention is given to the following issues: decision-making body, breach or threat different to the penalty, the adjudicating authority, violating the legal interests, criminal threats and the degree of social harm. One of the conclusions of the thesis is the absence of the present possible solutions to the dispute over the qualitative or quantitative difference between the offenses
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland; 2014, 2; 11-22
2299-8055
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Argument ze strachu – Roberta Nozicka uzasadnienie odpowiedzialności karnej
The Argument of Fear – Robert Nozick’s Libertarian Concept of the Justification of Criminal Responsibility. the Pure Retributive Concept of Punishment
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1596479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
the retributive justification of punishment
libertarianism
criminal law
criminal responsibility
punishment
Nozick
koncepcje uzasadnienia karania
retrybutywizm
libertarianizm
prawo karne
odpowiedzialność karna
kara
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu jest koncepcja uzasadnienia karania Roberta Nozicka. Podejście Nozicka wpisuje się w ogólne ramy jego libertariańskiej filozofii politycznej. Libertarianizm może wydawać się zbyt radykalny, jednak w przypadku uzasadnienia karania propozycje wysuwane przez przedstawicieli tego nurty wydają się być niezwykle interesujące. Przede wszystkim, libertariańskie uzasadnienie karania opiera się na czystym retrybutywizmie i przekonaniu, że praktyka karania jest konieczna ze względu na naturę człowieka. Należy karać wyłącznie czyny stanowiące zło samo w sobie i powodujące cierpienie, zaś jedynym usprawiedliwieniem kary jest odpłata – „szachowanie ryzykiem kary” tych, którzy generują strach przed ryzykiem stania się ofiarą przestępstwa.
In the article I wish to present an interpretation of the Nozick’s concept of punishment. It can be easily known, that Nozick’s approach is strongly connected with the libertarian philosophy of the state and its function. Prima facie, libertarianism as the political philosophy can be seen as too radical, particularly from the lawyers point of view. In fact, the libertarian concept of punishment is clearly retributive. However It is worth to remember, that libertarianism in the criminal law can be treated as the smart way of justification of punishment. Libertarianism seeks to find a harmony between the social necessity of the practice of punishment and an individual freedom. The harmony can be achieved by virtue of proper principles of criminal policy. Only the so called malum per se should be punished and the only way of justification of the punishment in such cases is our fear of pain (as the result of crime). Translated by Michał Peno
Źródło:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2015, 10, 2; 61-78
2083-4373
2545-3181
Pojawia się w:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stosowanie tymczasowego aresztowania względem członka zorganizowanej grupy przestępczej w kontekście prawa jednostki do wolności
Pretrial Detention of Members of Organised Criminal Groups in the Context of the Right to Individual Freedom
Autorzy:
Skoczylas-Wardzyńska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/782407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
criminal process
organised criminal group
pretrial detention
presumption of obstructing criminal justice
threat of severe punishment
right to freedom
Opis:
The article analyses grounds for application of pretrial detention in respect of individuals who have been charged with the criminal offence of participation in an organised criminal group or with participation in an organised criminal association aiming at committing a criminal offence. The paper addresses two presumptions: 1) the presumption of fear that a suspect or the accused shall obstruct criminal proceedings because of their participation in an organised criminal group; 2) the presumption that the suspect or accused shall attempt to obstruct the proper conduct of the proceedings because of the threat that they will be severely punished. The author tries to answer the question whether the presumptions underlying application of pretrial detention at the early stages of criminal proceedings are sufficient for extension of pretrial detention. This is particularly important given the fact that these presumptions operate in schemes which might raise fears that orders of pretrial detention are used as an element of criminal policy against criminal groups. It must be noted that application of pretrial detention enters the sensitive realm of human rights and civil liberties. On the other hand, a failure to apply pretrial detention makes it difficult or even impossible for law enforcement authorities to effectively break up criminal networks and prevent them resurfacing. The fight of law enforcement authorities against organised crime requires application of adequate custodial and non-custodial measures by criminal justice system but is connected with a need to respect personal freedom guaranteed by the Polish Constitution and international treaties.
Źródło:
Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2020, 30, 4; 181-196
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System kar i represji karnej w starożytności
Ancient system of penalties and criminal sanctions
Autorzy:
Ślęzak, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902072.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna
Tematy:
punishment
crime
criminal law
ancient times
kara
przestępstwo
prawo karne
starożytność
Opis:
In ancient Egypt the punishment had public character. Capital punishments and corporal punishments were also used. Code of Hammurabi was based on lex talionis. The most severe punishment was capital punishment. Liability of builders, physicians, veterinarians was based on objective principle. Hebrew law was based on the principle of fued. In ancient Greece were functioning the expanded catalogue of punishments. In Roman law was functioning the division of crimes on crimina publica and delicta privata
Źródło:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość; 2014, 11; 73-84
1731-8440
Pojawia się w:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odpowiedzialność karna a determinizm antropologiczny
The Theory of Punishment and the Problem of Determinism
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698586.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka kryminalna
teoria kary
criminology
theory of punishment
determinism
criminal responsibility
Opis:
Much has been written recently about the problem of justifying punishment in the context of anthropological determinism and incompatibilism. However, the problem of the relationship between determinism, on the one hand, and the theory of punishment, on the other, is multi-dimensional. This article focuses on criminal responsibility in a world of determinism. It is mostly an attempt to review the basic concepts and issues in the philosophy of responsibility and compare them with the concepts and issues of the criminal law as broadly defined. The starting point is the observation that if the thesis of determinism is true and it is not possible to reconcile determinism with human freedom, then it will be particularly difficult to justify punishment. Prima facie, this applies to retributionism, although a more thorough analysis leads to the conclusion that various utilitarian approaches will also have to be significantly modified to allow for determinism. Punishment can obviously implement certain goals and be useful in some way without necessarily being just (it can even be cruel and/or immoral). Punishment may be formally fair (like revenge) and constitute “an eye for an eye.” However, if people do not have free will, then they are not responsible for their misdeeds. This is problematic as they do not deserve revenge and their behaviour does not merit condemnation. However, it is possible to apply different measures which are closer to the sui generis of preventive measures. This paper attempts to demonstrate that there is a link between criminal punishment and moral responsibility. This follows from the fact that punishment is marked by moral condemnation and only a morally responsible person can be condemned. Excluding moral responsibility therefore makes it impossible to condemn a perpetrator. The distinguishing feature of, and (indirectly) the moral justification for, criminal punishment are thereby eliminated. In particular, from a retributionist viewpoint, punishment can only be justified if the wrongdoer is morally responsible for his/her actions (in the sense that he/she can be accused of having upset the moral order). If the perpetrator is not morally responsible, it is difficult to morally justify the legitimacy and practice of punishment. Furthermore, the premise about moral responsibility is a prerequisite for justifying punishment in any case involving the notion of guilt. A lack of moral responsibility in a world ruled by determinism does not necessarily mean that people should not be punished for wrongdoing. Nor does it mean that there are no arguments in favour of maintaining the practice of punishment. The basic question is what views – empirical or emotional – should be given priority in the science of criminal law. The answer lies in the demand for minimalism in the criminal law and for a reflective analysis of the foundations of criminal responsibility.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2014, XXXVI; 109-132
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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