Temat: cooling rate - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: The influence of incondensible gases on the refrigeration capacity of the reliquefaction plant during ethylene carriage by sea
Autorzy:: Nanowski, D.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246338.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: ethylene carrier
cargo cooling rate
reliquefaction plant
Opis:: This paper presents a performance of the reliquefaction cascade plant during ethylene carriage by sea. Parameters of this plant are discussed because of dramatic low cooling rate of the cargo. Ability to decrease ethylene temperature from approx. minus 96°C to minus 103°C on board the ship is essential. Modern ethylene carriers are able to keep cooling rate about 2K per day, on the other hand old ones do it with rate approx. 0,2 K per day and require weeks to achieve proper temperature of ethylene for discharging. Of course, economic issue of such journey is not very satisfying but many factors influence on this. In this paper almost new one – nine months – old ship is considered, with capacity 21 000m3. Main reason of problem is analysed, including heat ingress through the cargo tanks insulation. Gassing-up of the ship is explained and influence of presence incondensable gases in the cargo tanks described. Operation of the reliquefaction plant is shown, especially with the vent valve of LPG condenser. Analysis of pressures in the cargo tanks is carried out – on board the ship and with help of ProSimPlus – thermodynamic simulator. Conclusions contain discussion of the reliquefaction plant problems and remarks what should be improved on board the ethylene carrier to avoid such problems.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 359-364
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: The operation limitation of the two-stage reliquefaction cycle employed on board the ethylene carrier
Autorzy:: Nanowski, D.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242707.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: ethylene carrier
cargo-cooling rate
reliquefaction plant
Opis:: Ethylene, propane, commercial propane or HD-5 is cargoes very often carried by sea. In order to reduce the time of loading and later cooling down to required parameters of temperature and pressure in the cargo tanks two-stage reliquefaction cycle is used. For above-mentioned cargoes, two-stage cycle with liquid subcooling and interstage cooler is one of the most often utilized. In this paper operation of this cycle is discussed, based on parameters of the reciprocating cargo compressor and its cycle used on board the one of the biggest – 21 500 m3 – ethylene carrier in the world. It is explained how some vapour mixtures decrease cooling rate during reliquefaction of the cargo and some parameters of pressure and temperature of these mixtures are calculated with help of ProSimPlus – thermodynamic simulator. In this way, changes of the mixtures composition across reliquefaction plant are discussed. Increased pressure of the cargoes condensing as a way of solving of explained problem is analysed. Three stage – cycle of reliquefaction plant used for pure propane or ethylene is shown and some of its disadvantages are explained. Based on this discussion, three-stage cycle with liquid injection is proposed to fulfil operation requirements of the cargoes and improve their loading and cooling processes on board the ethylene carrier. Analysis of refrigeration capacity for both cycles is carried out.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 4; 359-365
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: The cooling rate of the heated vapor compression cycle in case of using refrigerants R134a, R22, and R600a
Autorzy:: Abd-Elhady, Mohamed Salama
Melad, Emmanoueil Bishara
Abd-Elhalim, Mohamed
Seif Alnasr, Ahmed
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1845463.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: compression
cycle
power saving
refrigerant
refrigerating cycle
cooling rate
Opis:: The most power consuming part in the vapor compression cycle (VCC) is the gas compressor. Heating the refrigerant under constant volume after the compressor increases the condenser pressure, which consequently increases the cooling rate of the VCC. This study examined the influence of heating different refrigerants, i.e. R143a, R22, and R600a on the cooling rate of the VCC. Four experiments have been performed: the first experiment is a normal VCC, i.e. without heating, while in the second, third, and fourth experiments were carried out to raise the temperature of the refrigerant to 50◦C, 100◦C, and 150◦C. It has been found that heating raises the refrigerant pressure in VCC and thereby improves the refrigerant’s mass flow rate resulting in an improvement in the cooling power for the same compressor power. Heating the refrigerant after the mechanical compressor increases the temperature of the condenser as well as the temperature of the evaporator when using refrigerant R134a, which prevents the refrigeration cycle to be used in freezing applications, however using refrigerant R22 or refrigerant R600a promotes the heated VCC to be used in freezing applications. Refrigerant R600a has the lowest operating pressure compared to R134a and R22, which promotes R600a to be used rather than R134a and R22 from a leakage point of view.
Źródło:: Archives of Thermodynamics; 2021, 42, 2; 11-30
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: The Effect of Rapid Cooling on the Corrosion Resistance of As-Cast Aluminium Alloy 5052
Autorzy:: Szklarz, Z.
Krawiec, H.
Rogal, Ł.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/106959.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:: aluminium alloys
cooling rate
EIS
passive films
pitting corrosion
Opis:: The effect of rapid cooling by the vacuum suction casting method (VSC) on the microstructure and electrochemical response of the as-cast 5052 aluminium alloy is presented. The VSC method allowed us to obtain massive samples with a very high cooling rate (102 – 103)oC/s. The microstructure of the quick-cooled sample (QC) has been significantly changed. Finer grains and more-homogeneous intermetallic phase distribution has been observed. Corrosion potential (OCP) and polarization measurements (LSV) revealed a higher activity of the QC alloy than ingot (IN), which leads to a denser and thicker corrosion-product formation on the surface. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) indicates higher resistance values, which suggests a greater thickness of the corrosion products.
Źródło:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering; 2017, 1, 2; 48-52
2543-9901
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Effect of Cooling Rates and Intermediate Slab Blank Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the X70 Pipeline Steel
Autorzy:: Xu, Haijian
Han, Chufei
Yan, Pingyuan
Zhao, Baochun
Li, Weijuan
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099617.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: cooling rate
microstructure
pipe steel
acicular ferrite
low-alloy
Opis:: In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of X70 pipeline steels produced with varying Mo contents, accelerated cooling rate and intermediate slab blank thickness are systematically investigated. Results showed that the microstructures and mechanical properties of the X70 pipeline steels were strongly affected by Mo addition. The pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite formation is obviously inhibited in containing-Mo steel and the acicular ferrite (AF) is obtained in a wide range of cooling rates. With the increasing the cooling rates, the AF constituent amount increases. The grains can be refined by increasing the thickness of intermediate slab for enhancing the cumulative reduction rates, and meanwhile increase the number density of precipitates. It was proved by simulation and industrial trials that the low-alloy X70 pipeline steels can be produced increasing cooling rates and the thickness of intermediate slab without strength and toughness degradation which also reduce alloy cost.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 649--658
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: To Study the Microstructural Evolution of EN353 Steel under Different Heat Treatment Conditions
Autorzy:: Sharma, Lochan
Chaubey, Sandeep Kumar
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313870.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: CCT curves
cooling rate
heat treatment
bainite
ferrite
pearlite
microstructure
Opis:: Steel is basically used in construction, automobile, buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, appliances, machines and weapons due to its good mechanical as well as metallurgical properties. Heat treatment of steels significantly enhance its mechanical and metallurgical properties due to the formation of various phases depending upon the type of steel used for specific application. In present study, blank of EN353 grade steel having different sizes were used to investigate the effect of heat treatment and microstructural changes. JMat-Pro software was used to predict the continuous cooling transformation behaviour of EN353 steel. Different phases such as bainite, perlite and other carbide inclusion can be observed in the microstructural examination. Pearlitic microstructure developed for the specimen of size 40×40×40 mm heated at 870°C for 2 hrs and then isothermal heating was performed for same specimen at 600°C for 73 min followed by air cooling. Relevance Statement: Steel is an important material which is frequently used in almost all areas such as structure building, pressure vessels, transportation and many more other applications. Addition of alloying elements in parent steel significantly improve the metallurgical as well as mechanical properties. Steel properties like tensile strength, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, hardness, hot hardness, weldability, fatigue etc. significantly improved with the addition of alloying and heat treatment. Heat treatment processes can be used to improve the properties of steel which are frequently used in many manufacturing industries. Different grades of steels which are heat treated under a set of sequence of heating and cooling to change their physical and mechanical properties so that it can fulfil its function under loading condition. With the help of heat treatment process desired microstructure has been achieved which exhibit good mechanical properties of steels.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 423--430
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Grain-Size Prediction Model in Aluminum Castings Manufactured by Low-Pressure Technology
Autorzy:: Fernández-Calvo, A. I.
Lizarralde, I.
Sal, E.
Rodríguez, P.
de Zabalegui, E. O.
Cia, I.
Rios, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/106923.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:: grain refinement
AlSi7Mg alloy
thermal modulus
cooling rate
solidification evolution
Opis:: The grain refinement in a real casting manufactured by Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) such as wheels and steering knuckles depends on the grain-refinement potential of the metal and the geometry of the part/process parameters. For this study, the effect of the cooling rate on the AlSi7Mg alloy with different metal qualities in terms of grain refinement was tested. The grain size has been metallographically evaluated in cylindrical test pieces and in the real wheels and steering knuckles manufactured at the Mapsa and Fagor Ederlan foundries. The Thermolan®-Al system has been used to evaluate the nucleation potential in terms of grain size on a standard cup. The grain size has been modeled taking into account the effect of the cooling rate measured in the center of the cylindrical test parts and the different grain-size potential. Different grades of refinement have been tested. The grain size measured in a real casting (wheel and steering knuckle) was used to calibrate the model for a real part in LPDC for different grain-size potential.
Źródło:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering; 2018, 2, 4; 71-77
2543-9901
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Structure formation and properties of overheated steel depending on thermokinetic parameters of crystallization
Autorzy:: Kondratyuk, S. Ye.
Veis, V. I.
Parkhomchuk, Z. V.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/367984.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Komputerowej Nauki o Materiałach i Inżynierii Powierzchni w Gliwicach
Tematy:: steel
overheating
structure
crystallization
cooling rate
stal
przegrzewanie
struktura
krystalizacja
szybkość chłodzenia
Opis:: Purpose: The aim of the proposed research is to investigate the mutual influence of the temperature of an overheated melt and its cooling rate during crystallization on the formation of the cast structure and mechanical properties of structural steels. Design/methodology/approach: Two structural medium-carbon steels were melted in induction furnace and poured from temperatures 1520-1670°C into casting moulds with different heat removal ability. This ensured the crystallization and structure formation of the studied steel castings at cooling rates (Vc) of 5°C/sec (sand-clay mould), 45°C/sec (steel mould), 350°C/sec (water cooled copper mould). It was studied a change of structure formation, mechanical characteristics depending on the temperature-kinetic conditions of the processing of the melt. Based on the processing of the array of obtained experimental data using linear regression analysis and a software package, interpolation models and their graphic images obtained allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation. Findings: Among the technological factors that determine the formation of the cast structure and the mechanical properties of steels, the dominant role is played by the intensity of heat removal during the solidification of castings. The high cooling rate of the melt during crystallization determines an increase in the number of crystallization nuclei due to an increase in the degree of supercooling of the melt, eliminates the negative effect of the high overheating temperature of the metal before casting. Research limitations/implications: In the future, the results can be complemented by studies of the influence of the duration of isothermal exposure of the melt at different temperatures of superheating and cooling conditions. Practical implications: The obtained mathematical models (regression equations) that determine the mutual influence of the cooling rate and the temperature of the melt overheating on the structure and mechanical properties of the studied steels make it possible to obtain steel castings with predetermined properties at the level of properties of wrought steel of similar chemical composition. Originality/value: Interpolation models that allow a quantitative assessment of the established patterns of structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the studied steels depending on the melt temperature (T, °C) and its cooling rate (Vc, °C/sec) during crystallization and structure formation are obtained.
Źródło:: Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering; 2019, 97, 2; 49-56
1734-8412
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Influence of Melt Quality on the Formation of Fe Intermetallic in A360 Alloy
Autorzy:: Bas, E. N.
Alper, S.
Tuncay, Tansel
Dispinar, Derya
Kirtay, Sebahattin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2174621.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: A360
intermetallic
melt quality
cooling rate
intermetalik
jakość stopu
szybkość chłodzenia
Opis:: The solubility of Fe in aluminium alloys is known to be a problem in the casting of aluminium alloys. Due to the formation of various intermetallic phases, the mechanical properties decrease. Therefore, it is important to determine the formation mechanisms of such intermetallic. In this work, A360 alloy was used, and Fe additions were made. The alloy was cast into the sand and die moulds that consisted of three different thicknesses. In this way, the effect of the cooling rate was investigated. The holding time was selected to be 5 hours and every hour, a sample was collected from the melt for microstructural analysis. Additionally, the melt quality change was also examined by means of using a reduced pressure test where the bifilm index was measured. It was found that the iron content was increased after 2 hours of holding and the melt quality was decreased. There was a correlation between the duration and bifilm index. The size of Al-Si-Mn-Fe phases was increased in parallel with the bifilm content regardless of the iron content.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2022, 22, 3; 53--59
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloy castings as a function of structure refinement and porosity fraction
Autorzy:: Hajkowski, M.
Bernat, Ł.
Hajkowski, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380306.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: właściwości mechaniczne
silumin
szybkość chłodzenia
porowatość
mechanical properties
cooling rate
structure
porosity
Opis:: During design of the casting products technology, an important issue is a possibility of prediction of mechanical properties resulting from the course of the casting solidification process. Frequently there is a need for relations describing mechanical properties of silumin alloys as a function of phase refinement in a structure and a porosity fraction, and relations describing phase refinement in the structure and the porosity fraction as a function of solidification conditions. The study was conducted on castings of a 22 mm thick plate, made of EN AC-AlSi7Mg0,3 alloy in moulds: of quartz sand, of quartz sand with chill and in permanent moulds. On the basis of cooling curves, values of cooling rate in various casting parts were calculated. The paper also presents results of examination of distance between arms in dendrites of a solid solution \alfa (DASL), precipitations length of silicon in an eutectic (DlSi) and gas-shrinkage porosity (Por) as a function of cooling rate. Statistical relations of DASL, DlSi, Por as a function of cooling rate and statistical multiparameter dependencies describing mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation) of alloy as a function of DASL, DlSi and Por are also presented in the paper.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2012, 12, 4; 57-64
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-33 wt.% Cu Alloy
Autorzy:: Lee, Yeon-Joo
Kwon, Do-Hun
Cha, Eun-Ji
Song, Yong-Wook
Choi, Hyun Joo
Kim, Hwi-Jun
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2203708.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: laser melting
cooling rate
lamellar spacing
hardness
Al-33wt.%Cu alloy
Opis:: Directed energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process wherein an energy source is focused on a substrate on which a feedstock material is simultaneously delivered, thereby forming a small melt pool. Melting, solidification, and subsequent cooling occur at high rates with considerable thermal gradients compared with traditional metallurgical processes. Hence, it is important to examine the effects of cooling rates on the microstructures and properties of the additive manufactured materials. In this study, after performing DED with various energy densities, we investigated the changes in the microstructures and Vickers hardness of cast Al-33 wt.% Cu alloy, which is widely used to estimate the cooling rate during processing by measuring the lamellar spacing of the microstructure after solidification. The effects of the energy density on the cooling rate and resultant mechanical properties are discussed, which suggests a simple way to estimate the cooling rate indirectly. This study corresponds to the basic stage of the current study, and will continue to apply DED in the future.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 1; 43--46
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Effect of Sintering Holding Time and Cooling Rate on the Austenite Stability and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline FeCrC Alloy
Autorzy:: Kim, Gwanghun
Jeon, Junhyub
Seo, Namhyuk
Choi, Seunggyu
Oh, Min-Suk
Son, Seung Bae
Lee, Seok-Jae
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049287.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: Fe-Cr-C alloy
sintering holding time
cooling rate
austenite stability
nanocrystalline
Opis:: The effects of the sintering holding time and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Fe-Cr-C alloy were investigated. Nanocrystalline Fe-1.5Cr-1C (wt.%) alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Different process conditions were applied to fabricate the sintered samples. The phase fraction and grain size were measured using X-ray powder diffraction and confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction. The stability and volume fraction of the austenite phase, which could affect the mechanical properties of the Fe-based alloy, were calculated using an empirical equation. The sample names consist of a number and a letter, which correspond to the holding time and cooling method, respectively. For the 0A, 0W, 10A, and 10W samples, the volume fraction was measured at 5.56, 44.95, 6.15, and 61.44 vol.%. To evaluate the mechanical properties, the hardness of 0A, 0W, 10A, and 10W samples were measured as 44.6, 63.1, 42.5, and 53.8 HRC. These results show that there is a difference in carbon diffusion and solubility depending on the sintering holding time and cooling rate.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 3; 759-763
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Novel Modeling of the Phenomenon of Air-Cooled Solid
Autorzy:: Pluta, Z.
Hryniewicz, T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411916.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:: phenomenon of body cooling
thermal space-time
potential field
time constant
cooling rate
temperature
time
Opis:: The paper turns the attention to the thermal problems of the solid cooling in air. The physical aspect of mathematic approach has been underlined. The analysis and critical evaluation of Newton's Law concerning the solid air-cooling have been performed. The cognitive path leading to the solution is presented with the result being the body temperature dependence on time of cooling down in the air. Then the course of solution concerning the result of the adequate dependence of temperature of the cooled body on time has been presented. In the study, the stress is put on constant magnitudes chich characterize the susceptibility of solid to the cooling in the air. In the end, the synthetic formulation of all functional characteristics of the thermal phenomenon discussed in the paper, have been presented.
Źródło:: International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2013, 1; 1-16
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:: International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Determination of Eutectoid Transformation Temperatures in Ductile Cast Iron
Autorzy:: Orłowicz, A. W.
Trytek, A.
Mróz, M.
Tupaj, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380051.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: ductile cast iron
eutectoid transformation
cooling rate
żeliwo sferoidalne
przemiana eutektoidalna
szybkość chłodzenia
Opis:: The paper proposes a methodology useful in verification of results of dilatometric tests aimed at determination of temperatures defining the start and the end of eutectoid transformation in the course of ductile cast iron cooling, based on quenching techniques and metallographic examination. For an industrial melt of ductile cast iron, the effect of the rate of cooling after austenitization at temperature 900°C carried out for 30 minutes on temperatures TAr₁ ^start and TAr₁^end was determined. The heating rates applied in the study were the same as the cooling rates and equaled 30, 60, 90, 150, and 300°C/h. It has been found that with increasing cooling rate, values of temperatures TAr₁^start and TAr₁^end decrease by several dozen degrees.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 4; 51-54
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Influence of the Cooling Rate on Damping Characteristics of the ZnAl4Cu1 Alloy
Autorzy:: Piwowarski, Grzegorz
Gracz, Beata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172380.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:: zinc alloys
damping coefficient
damping capacity
high-damping metals
cooling rate
ultrasound testing
Opis:: The paper presents the results of damping coefficient tests in the ZnAl4Cu1 alloy (ZL5). The damping coefficient has been calculated on the basis of specimen measurements obtained with the use of the signal echo method. The method consists in passing the ultrasonic wave through the tested material. The ultrasonic wave from a transmitting and receiving head passes through a specimen, bounces off its bottom surface and comes back to the measuring head in the form of a signal echo. Difference in the signal strength between the first and the second echo in relation to the distance travelled by the ultrasound wave is a measure of the material’s damping characteristics. The specimens were cast into three molds made of different materials, i.e. green sand, plaster and metal. Thermophysical properties of these materials are different what affecting the rate of heat absorption from the cast. Three series of specimens have been obtained which cooled at different rates. The specimens were then subjected to ultrasound and microscopic tests to assess the alloy structure. The internal alloy structure affects its damping properties to a great extent.
Źródło:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering; 2022, 6, 3; 58--63
2543-9901
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 16.

Tytuł:: The Effect of Cooling Rate after Homogenization on the Microstructure and Properties of 2017a Alloy Billets for Extrusion with Solution Heat Treatment on the Press
Autorzy:: Woźnicki, A.
Leśniak, D.
Włoch, G.
Pałka, P.
Leszczyńska-Madej, B.
Wojtyna, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355500.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: 2017A alloy
cooling rate after homogenization
θ (Al2Cu) phase particles precipitation
Opis:: The influence of cooling rate after homogenization on the 2017A alloy microstructure was analysed. The capability of the θ (Al₂Cu) particles, precipitated during various homogenization coolings, for rapid dissolution was estimated. For this purpose, the DSC test was used to determine the effect of the cooling rate after homogenization on the course of melting during a rapid heating. Moreover, the samples after solution heat treatment (with short time annealing) and ageing, were subjected to the microstructure investigations and the microhardness of grains interiors measurements. It was found that cooling after homogenization at 160 °C/h is sufficient for precipitation of fine θ phase particles, which dissolve during the subsequent rapid heating. The cooling at 40 °C/h, causes the precipitation of θ phase in the form of large particles, incapable of further fast dissolution.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 3; 1663-1670
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 17.

Tytuł:: Elimination of Chunky Graphite in Castings with Large Thermal Points
Autorzy:: Futas, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383054.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: ductile iron
chunky graphite
cooling rate
thermal point
żeliwo sferoidalne
szybkość chłodzenia
punkt termiczny
Opis:: The presence of the chunky graphite is unwanted in the cast iron with the spheroidal graphite for this significantly lowers the properties of the ductile iron. This shape of the graphite is formed as the result of the slow cooling rate of the castings with large thermal point and also due to the presence of the elements which suppress the formation of the spheroidal graphite and support formation of the chunky graphite. The spheroidal graphite present in the ductile iron assures the excellent mechanical properties, while the chunky graphite significantly reduces those properties of the ductile iron. Therefore it is of importance to assume conditions under which prevented is the formation of the chunky graphite. The casts were carried out under the conditions of the regular operation of the foundry and tested were various types of modifiers and inoculators and also pre-inoculators containing the elements suppressing the formation of the chunky graphite (Al, Sb a Ba). Applied were also the chromium breaker core to suppress the formation chunky graphite which was present in the structure in the places after the feeders elimination. As whole, executed were eight casts with various types of the modifiers and inoculators.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 4; 57-60
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 18.

Tytuł:: Effect of Modification and Cooling Rate on Primary Grain in Al-Cu Alloy
Autorzy:: Górny, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/383080.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: modification
cooling rate
aluminium alloys
grain refinement
modyfikacja
szybkość chłodzenia
stopy aluminium
rozdrobnienie ziarna
Opis:: This paper presents a study of the effect of the modification and coolingrate on the grain countα(Al) in the Al-5Cu alloy. Research was performed on castings with walls thickness between 3 mm and 25 mm. Cooling curves were recorded to determine the cooling rate and the degree of undercooling at the beginning of solidification. It has been shown that cooling rate increases exponentially as the wall thickness of casting decreases. Moreover it has been demonstrated that the cooling rate of castings changes within a wide range (21ºC/s - 1ºC/s) when the wall thickness changes from 3 up to 25 mm. Metallographic examinations revealed primary grains (primary α(Al) grains).The paper show that the relationship between the grain count and the degree of undercooling (for non-modified and modified alloys) can be represented by the equation N = Nv = np·exp(-b/_Tα), based on the Weibull's distribution of the size of nucleation sites.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 3; 21-24
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 19.

Tytuł:: Wpływ szybkości stygnięcia na liczbę ziaren pierwotnych stopu Al-5Cu
The Influence of Cooling Rate on the Number of Primary Grains in Al-5Cu Alloy
Autorzy:: Górny, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379829.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: metalografia
szybkość stygnięcia
mikrostruktura stopu
stop aluminium
metallography
cooling rate
alloy microstructure
aluminium alloy
Opis:: W niniejszej pracy zbadano zagadnienie wpływu szybkości stygnięcia na liczbę ziaren pierwotnych α(Al) w stopie Al-5Cu. Badania przeprowadzono dla odlewów o grubości ścianek z zakresu 3-25 mm. W celu wyznaczenia szybkości stygnięcia oraz stopnia przechłodzenia na początku krystalizacji zarejestrowano krzywe stygnięcia. Badania wykazały, że szybkość stygnięcia zwiększa się ekspotencjalnie w miarę zmniejszania grubości ścianki odlewu. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że szybkość stygnięcia odlewów zmienia się w szerokim zakresie (21,5-1,6 ºC/s) przy zmianie grubości ścianki od 3-25 mm. Przeprowadzono badania metalograficzne celem określenia gęstości ziaren pierwotnych (liczby ziaren pierwotnych α(Al) na jednostkę objętości). Przedstawiono zależności wiążące liczbę ziaren pierwotnych z szybkością stygnięcia, a także ze stopniem przechłodzenia (ΔT_m= T_e-T_min, gdzie T_e - równowagowa temperatura krystalizacji (likwidus), T_min - minimalna temperatura na początku krystalizacji fazy α(Al)). Badania wykazały, że liczbę ziaren pierwotnych można opisać z wysokim współczynnikiem korelacji za pomocą zależności potęgowej w funkcji szybkości stygnięcia.
This paper investigated the influence of cooling rate on the number of primary grains α(Al) in Al-5Cu alloy. The study was conducted on castings with wall thickness in the range of 3-25 mm. In order to determine cooling rate and maximum undercooling at the beginning of the solidification the cooling curves were recorded. Research has shown that the cooling rate increases exponentially with decreasing wall thickness of the casting. Moreover it has been shown that the cooling rate of castings varies widely (21.5-1.6 °C / s) when changing the wall thickness from 3 up to 25 mm. Metallographic studies were performed to determine the primary grain density (the number of grains of primary α(Al) per unit volume). The relationship combining the number of primary grains with the cooling rate and maximum undercooling (ΔTm=T_e-T_min, where T_e - equilibrium solidification temperature (liquidus), T_min - minimum temperature at the beginning of the solidification of α(Al) phase). Research has also shown that the number of primary grains can be described with a high correlation coefficient by the power function of the cooling rate.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 3 spec.; 25-30
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 20.

Tytuł:: Influence of Direct Thermal Analysis Experimental Conditions on Determination of the High Temperature Phase Transformation Temperatures
Wpływ warunków prowadzenia bezpośredniej analizy termicznej na określenie temperatur wysoko temperaturowych przemian fazowych
Autorzy:: Gryc, K.
Strouhalová, M.
Smetana, B.
Socha, L.
Michalek, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353607.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: nickel
melting/solidification point temperature
direct thermal analysis
heating and cooling rate
sample mass
melting point
cooling rate
temperatura topnienia
temperatura krzepnięcia
nikiel
bezpośrednia analiza termiczna
szybkość ogrzewania
szybkość chłodzenia
masa próbki
Opis:: Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties of metallic systems represent some of the most important data that allows to describe their behaviour under strictly specified conditions. These data are the basic, input data for simulative programs, which can model this behaviour and they can be applied to real conditions. Method of direct thermal analysis is the one of the methods of enabling to obtain such data. This paper deals with application of this method on particular sample of pure standard material. The experimental laboratory system for thermal analysis Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter was used for experimental measurements. This paper is studying the influence of experimental conditions on the obtained temperature of phase transformations and on shift of phase transformation temperatures with respect to the monitored experimental conditions, accuracy and credibility of the measured data. Acquired values of this data could be significantly influenced by experimental conditions, size (mass) of samples, purity of inert atmosphere and also by regimes of controlled heating and cooling rates.
Właściwości fizyczne i termodynamiczne układów metalicznych stanowią jedne z najważniejszych danych, które pozwalają opisać ich zachowanie w ściśle określonych warunkach. Dane te są podstawowymi danymi wejściowymi dla programu, który może symulować model tych zachowań i które mogą być zastosowane do rzeczywistych warunków. Metoda prostej (bezpośredniej) analizy termicznej jest jedną z metod pozwalających na uzyskanie takich danych. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy zastosowania tej metody, w szczególności próbki czystego materiału standardowego. Do pomiarów eksperymentalnych było używane urządzenie dla analizy termicznej Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter. W artykule analizowano wpływ warunków doświadczalnych na uzyskane temperatury przemian fazowych oraz na zmiany temperatur przemian fazowych z uwzględnieniem monitorowanych warunków doświadczalnych, dokładności i wiarygodności danych pomiarowych. Warunki doświadczalne, wielkości (masa) próbek, czystość atmosfery obojętnej, a przedziały kontrolowanej szybkości ogrzewania i chłodzenia mogą w znaczący sposób wpływać na otrzymane wartości tych danych.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 4; 2867-2872
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 21.

Tytuł:: The Effect of Homogenization Conditions on the Structure and Properties of 6082 Alloy Billets
Wpływ warunków homogenizacji na strukturę i własności wlewków ze stopu 6082
Autorzy:: Woźnicki, A.
Leśniak, D.
Włoch, G.
Leszczyńska-Madej, B.
Wojtyna, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351632.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: 6082 alloy
homogenization temperature
cooling rate after homogenization
stop 6082
temperatura homogenizacji
szybkość chłodzenia po homogenizacji
Opis:: The paper presents the results of laboratory homogenization investigations of the 6082 grade alloys, differing in Mg and Si content. At the first stage, the microstructure of alloys was analysed after homogenization finished with water quenching. SEM/EDS investigations and DSC tests were applied to evaluate the dissolution of the Mg₂Si particles and concentration of the main alloying additions in the grains interiors, depending on soaking conditions. In the case of alloy with lower Mg and Si content, homogenization the temperature of 535ºC for 8h is sufficient for significant Mg₂Si particles dissolution. For the alloy with higher Mg and Si content, after homogenization the temperature of 550ºC for 8h, the amount of undissolved Mg₂Si particles decreases visibly, compared to homogenization at 535ºC for 8h. However, an unfavourable tendency of dispersoids growth is observed and these soaking conditions are not found to be recommended. At the second research stage, the influence of homogenization cooling rate on the size and distribution of the Mg₂Si particles observed in the alloys microstructure was analysed. The ability of the Mg₂Si particles, precipitated during various homogenization coolings, to rapid dissolution was estimated. For this purpose, the hardness after solution heat treatment with short annealing and ageing was determined and the DSC tests were performed. It was found, that cooling after homogenization at 315ºC/h is sufficient for precipitation of fine Mg₂Si particles, which dissolve during subsequent rapid heating. Cooling at 40ºC/h, causes precipitation of Mg₂Si phase in the form of large particles, unable for further fast dissolution.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki laboratoryjnych badań homogenizacji dwóch stopów w gatunku 6082, różniących się zawartością Mg i Si. W pierwszym etapie analizowana była struktura stopów po homogenizacji z chłodzeniem w wodzie. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na rozpuszczanie cząstek fazy Mg₂Si podczas wygrzewania oraz zawartość głównych składników stopowych we wnętrzach ziarn. Oceny parametrów wygrzewania dokonano w oparciu o badania SEM/EDS oraz testy DSC. W przypadku stopu z niższą zawartością Mg i Si, homogenizacja w temperaturze 535ºC przez 8 h jest wystarczająca dla znaczącego rozpuszczenia cząstek fazy Mg₂Si. W przypadku stopu z wyższą zawartością Mg i Si, po homogenizacji w temperaturze 550ºC przez 8h, udział nierozpuszczonych cząstek Mg₂Si spada wyraźnie, w porównaniu z homogenizacją w temperaturze 535ºC przez 8h. Jednakże, stwierdzono niekorzystną tendencję do rozrostu dyspersoidów, zatem tych warunków wyżarzania nie uznano za rekomendowane. W drugim etapie analizowano wpływ szybkości chłodzenia z temperatury homogenizacji na wielkość i dystrybucję cząstek Mg₂Si obserwowanych w strukturze stopów. Wykonano badania SEM oraz dokonano oceny możliwości szybkiego rozpuszczania cząstek Mg₂Si wydzielonych podczas chłodzenia z temperatury homogenizacji z różnymi szybkościami. W tym celu wykonano badania twardości stopów po przesycaniu z krótkim wygrzewaniem oraz starzeniu, jak również badania DSC. Stwierdzono, że studzenie z temperatury homogenizacji z szybkością 315ºC/h jest wystarczające dla wydzielenia drobnych cząstek Mg₂Si, które ulegają rozpuszczeniu podczas późniejszego gwałtownego nagrzewania. Chłodzenie z temperatury homogenizacji z szybkością 40ºC/h powoduje wydzielanie fazy Mg₂Si w postaci dużych cząstek, które nie ulegają pełnemu rozpuszczeniu podczas późniejszego szybkiego nagrzewania.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 3A; 1764-71
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 22.

Tytuł:: Influence of Cooling Rate on Intergranular Corrosion in Al-Si7-Mg Alloy
Autorzy:: Bernat, L.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381720.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: Al-Si-Mg alloy
intergranular corrosion
cooling rate
stop Al-Si-Mg
korozja międzykrystaliczna
szybkość chłodzenia
Opis:: The use of aluminium cast alloys in automotive industry results from a tendency to considerably lower vehicle mass. Subject to working conditions, silumin casts may show occurrence of intergranular corrosion that reduces mechanical properties of the parts produced. The paper presents the influence of cooling rate – R of a plate cast of aluminium alloy EN AC-AlSi7Mg0,3 on the depth of appearance of intergranular corrosion. Samples were exposed to corrosive medium by immersion for 2,5; 12; 24 and 48 hours in an aqueous solution of NaCl+HCl+H₂O. The study demonstrated that cooling rate – R and subsurface porosity significantly influence on distribution and depth of intergranular corrosion in casts of subeutectic silumin.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 3 spec.; 107-111
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 23.

Tytuł:: Estimation Of Cooling Rates In Suction Casting And Copper-Mould Casting Processes
Oszacowanie szybkości chłodzenia stopów w metodach suction casting i copper-mould casting
Autorzy:: Kozieł, T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353134.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: suction casting
copper mould casting
cooling rate
cellular solidification
eutectic solidification
szybkość chłodzenia
krystalizacja komórkowa
krystalizacja eutektyczna
Opis:: The cooling rates associated with suction and copper-mould casting of ø2, ø3 and ø5 mm rods made in Fe-25wt%Ni and Al-33wt%Cu alloys were determined based on their cellular and lamellar spacings, respectively. The work showed that the temperature profile in cylindrical samples can not be determined merely by microstructural examination of eutectic sample alloys. A concave solidification front, as a result of eutectic transformation, caused decrease of a lamellar spacing while approaching to the rod centre. The minimum axial cooling rates, estimated based on the cellular spacing in the Fe-25wt%Ni alloy, were evaluated to be about 200 K/s for both ø2 and ø3 mm and only 30 K/s for the ø5 mm suction cast rods. The corresponding values were slightly lower for the copper-mould cast rods.
Na podstawie analizy wielkości dendrytów komórkowych w stopie Fe-25Ni i odległości międzypłytkowych w stopie Al-33Cu zostały oszacowane szybkości chłodzenia w trakcie odlewania stopów metodami suction casting i copper-mould casting. Badania wykazały, że rozkład szybkości chłodzenia w cylindrycznych próbkach nie może być oszacowany w stopach z krystalizacją eutektyczną. W tym przypadku bowiem dochodzi do zmniejszania odległości międzypłytkowej w miarę zbliżania się do osi pręta, ze względu na wklęsły charakter frontu krystalizacji. Minimalna szybkość chłodzenia w osi prętów odlanych za pomocą metody suction casting, wyznaczona w oparciu o pomiary wielkości dendrytów komórkowych w stopie Fe-25wt%Ni, wyniosła ok. 200 K/s dla stopów o średnicy ø2 i ø3 mm, i tylko 30 K/s dla stopów o średnicy ø5 mm. W przypadku stopów odlanych metodą copper-mould casting oszacowane wartości były nieznacznie mniejsze.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2A; 767-771
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Meteoryty żelazne – klasyfikacja w obrazach
Iron meteorites – classification in pictures
Autorzy:: Woźniak, Marek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1830332.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Meteorytowe
Tematy:: Morasko
Schwetz
Seeläsgen
Tartak
ataxites
classification
cooling rate
hexahedrites
iron meteorites
meteorite mineralogy
octahedrites
parent body
trace elements
Opis:: Meteoryty żelazne to grupa meteorytów, których głównym składnikiem jest żelazo (Fe) i nikiel (Ni), występujące w dwóch formach stopu Fe-Ni – kamacytu i taenitu. Ponieważ ich skład czyni je bardziej odpornymi na rozbicie (kruszenie) i trudniej ulegają procesowi ablacji przy przelocie przez atmosferę, więc statystycznie spadają one w postaci większych brył niż meteoryty kamienne lub żelazno-kamienne. Ich metaliczna budowa i wyjątkowo duża waga czynią z nich meteoryty łatwe do odróżnienia od zwykłych skał. Masa wszystkich znanych meteorytów żelaznych wynosi ponad 500 ton, co stanowi ~89% masy znanych meteorytów, ale spadki meteorytów żelaznych stanowią już tylko 4,56% wszystkich obserwowanych spadków (Wiki.Meteoritica.pl). Dziesięć największych okazów meteorytów na świecie to meteoryty żelazne! Dawniej na określenie meteorytów żelaznych używano określenia syderyt (siderite). Podziału meteorytów żelaznych dokonuje się według dwóch kryteriów. Starsza metoda bazuje na średniej zawartości niklu i na strukturze krystalicznej ujawniającej się na przeciętych i wytrawionych powierzchniach tzw. figury Thomsona-Widmanstättena. Przy takim podziale wyróżniamy trzy grupy: heksaedryty (hexahedrites) (śr. 4–6wt.% Ni), najpopularniejsze oktaedryty (octahedrites) (śr. 6–12wt.% Ni) oraz ataksyty (ataxites) (>12wt.% Ni). Druga, nowsza metoda klasyfikacji meteorytów żelaznych, opiera się na ich składzie chemicznym, w szczególności na zawartości pierwiastków śladowych (trace elements), takich jak german (Ge), gal (Ga), platyna (Pt), arsen (As), złoto (Au) i iryd (Ir). Drugim parametrem definiującym grupy meteorytów żelaznych jest ich skład mineralny. Minerałami „wskaźnikowymi” są występujące w formie różnych związków oraz w różnej formie i wielkości: siarczki, fosforki, węgliki, azotki i inkluzje krzemianowe. Zawartość pierwiastków śladowych versus zawartość niklu ujawnia chemiczne klastry (skupienia, clusters) reprezentujące różne chemiczne grupy meteorytów żelaznych. Część meteorytów żelaznych pochodzi z częściowo zdyferencjonowanych planetozymali rozerwanych na początku formowania żelaznego jądra i bogatej w krzemiany skorupy (to grupy IAB i IIE). Pozostałe meteoryty z innych grup pochodzą z jąder małych całkowicie zdyferencjonowanych planetozymali, rozbitych w zderzeniach, krótko po uformowaniu się.
Iron meteorites are meteorites whose main constituent is iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni), which occur in two forms of Fe-Ni minerals – kamacite and taenite. Since their composition makes them more resistant to shattering (crushing), and they are more challenging to ablate when passing through the atmosphere, they statistically fall in the form of larger lumps than stone or iron-stone meteorites. Their metallic structure and highly high weight make them easy to distinguish from ordinary rocks. The mass of all known iron meteorites is over 500 tons, which is ~89% of known meteorites, but falls of iron meteorites account for only 4.56% of all observed falls (wiki.meteoritica.pl). The ten largest meteorites in the world are iron meteorites! In the past, the term siderite was used to describe iron meteorites. The classification of iron meteorites is based on two criteria. The older method is based on the average nickel content and the crystal structure revealed on cut and etched surfaces, the so-called the Thomson-Widmanstätten patterns. In this division, we distinguish three groups: hexahedrites (4–6 wt.% Ni), the most popular octahedrites (6–12 wt.% Ni) and ataxites (>12 wt.% Ni). The second, more recent method of classifying iron meteorites is based on their chemical composition, in particular the content of trace elements such as germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), platinum (Pt), arsenic (As), gold ( Au) and iridium (Ir). Another parameter that defines the groups of iron meteorites is their mineral composition. “Indicator” minerals are in the form of various compounds and multiple shapes and sizes: sulfides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides, and silicate inclusions. Trace element content versus nickel content reveals chemical clusters representing the different chemical groups of iron meteorites. Some of the iron meteorites come from the partially differentiated asteroid ruptured at the beginning of forming the iron core and the silicate-rich shell (these are groups IAB and IIE). The remaining meteorites from other groups come from the nuclei of minor differentiated asteroids, shattered in collisions shortly after formation.
Źródło:: Acta Societatis Metheoriticae Polonorum; 2021, 12; 149-216
2080-5497
Pojawia się w:: Acta Societatis Metheoriticae Polonorum
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: The Effect of Cooling Rate on Properties of Intermetallic Phase in a Complex Al-Si Alloy
Autorzy:: Tupaj, M.
Orłowicz, A. W.
Mróz, M.
Trytek, A.
Markowska, O.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380384.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: alloy Al-Si
intermetallic phase
cooling rate
silicon crystals
stop Al-Si
faza międzymetaliczna
szybkość chłodzenia
kryształy krzemu
Opis:: The cooling rate is one of the main tools available to the process engineer by means of which it is possible to influence the crystallisation process. Imposing a desired microstructure on a casting as early as in the casting solidification phase widens significantly the scope of technological options at disposal in the process of aluminium-silicon alloy parts design and application. By changing the cooling rate it is possible to influence the course of the crystallisation process and thus also the material properties of individual microstructure components. In the study reported in this paper it has been found that the increase of cooling rate within the range of solidification temperatures of a complex aluminium-silicon alloy resulted in a decrease of values of the instrumented indentation hardness (HIT) and the instrumented indentation elastic modulus (EIT) characterising the intermetallic phase occurring in the form of polygons, rich in aluminium, iron, silicon, manganese, and chromium, containing also copper, nickel, and vanadium. Increased cooling rate resulted in supersaturation of the matrix with alloying elements.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 125-128
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 26.

Tytuł:: Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-Mn structural PM steels
Mikrostruktura i własności mechaniczne spiekanych, konstrukcyjnych stali chromowo-manganowych
Autorzy:: Sułowski, M.
Ciaś, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351061.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: stal chromowo-manganowa
spiekanie
szybkość chłodzenia
własności mechaniczne
PM Cr-Mn steels
mechanical properties
sintering atmosphere
cooling rate
sinter-hardening
Opis:: The effects of chemical composition, sintering atmosphere and cooling rate on density, microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-3%Mn-(Cr)-(Mo)-0.3%C PM steels are described. Pre-alloyed Astaloy CrM and Astaloy CrL, ferromanganese and graphite powders were used as the starting materials. After pressing in rigid dies the compacts were sintered at 1120 and 1250°C for 60 minutes atmospheres with different H2/N2 ratios and cooled either at 1.4°Cmin-1 (with the furnace) or 65°Cmin-1 (convective cooling). The convective cooled specimens were subsequently tempered at 200°C for 60 and 240 minutes. All specimens were tested for tensile strength (UTS), elongation (A), offset yield strength (R0.2), TRS, impact toughness and apparent surface hardness (HV 30). After mechanical tests the microstructure of the Fe-Mn-Cr-Mo-C PM steels was studied by optical microscopy. It has been found that by sintering in inexpensive and safe nitrogen-rich atmospheres it is possible to achieve properties similar to those shown by specimens sintered in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
W pracy przedstawiono wpływ składu chemicznego mieszanki proszków, a także rodzaju atmosfery oraz szybkości chłodzenia na gęstość, mikrostrukturę oraz własności mechaniczne spiekanych stali konstrukcyjnych Fe-3%Mn-(Cr)-(Mo)-0.3%C. Do badań wykorzystane zostały wstępnie stopowane, komercyjne proszki żelaza Astaloy CrL i Astaloy CrM, produkcji szwedzkiej firmy Höganäs oraz niskowęglowy proszek żelazomanganu i proszek grafitu. Prasowanie mieszanek proszków o żądanym składzie chemicznym realizowano w stalowych matrycach, wykonując wypraski prostopadłościenne o wymiarach 5×10×55 mm oraz wytrzymałościowe (zgodne z PN-EN ISO 2740). Spiekanie kształtek odbywało się w temperaturze 1120 i 1250°C w czasie 60 minut, w atmosferze o różnej zawartości wodoru i azotu. Chłodzenie spieków prowadzono z szybkością 1,4°C/min (z piecem) lub 65°C/min (konwekcyjnie w chłodnicy pieca). Spieki chłodzone z szybkością 65°C/min poddane zostały odpuszczaniu w temperaturze 200°C w czasie 60 i 240 minut. Spieczone kształtki poddano statycznej próbie rozciągania oraz próbie trójpunktowego zginania; przeprowadzone również zostały badania udarności oraz pomiary twardości. Badania mikrostruktury spiekanych stali prowadzono z wykorzystaniem mikroskopii świetlnej. W toku prowadzonych badań wykazano, że spiekanie kształtek w taniej i bezpiecznej atmosferze azotu (lub w atmosferach bogatych w azot) pozwala uzyskać zadowalające własności mechaniczne spieków, porównywalne z własnościami tych stali, wytwarzanych poprzez spiekanie w atmosferze wodoru.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2011, 56, 2; 293-303
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 27.

Tytuł:: Investigations of the Influence of the Zone of Chills on the Casting Made of AlSi7Mg Alloy with Various Wall Thicknesses
Autorzy:: Piękoś, M.
Zych, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379681.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: mechanical properties
thermal characteristics
cooling rate
AlSi7Mg alloy
chill
właściwości mechaniczne
charakterystyka termiczna
tempo schładzania
stop AlSi7Mg
Opis:: The influence of the chill on the AlSi7Mg alloy properties after the heat treatment T6, was realised in the system of the horizontally cast plate of dimensions 160x240 mm and thickness of 10 and 15 m. The cooling course in individual casting zones was recorded, which allowed to determine the solidification rate. Castings were subjected to the heat treatment T6 process. Several properties of the alloy such as: hardness BHN, density, tensile strength UTS, elongation %E were determined. The microstructure images were presented and the structural SDAS parameter determined. The performed investigations as well as the analysis of the results allowed to determine the influence zone of the chill. The research shows that there is a certain dependence between the thickness of the casting wall and the influence zone of the chill, being not less than 2g, where g is the casting wall thickness. The next aim of successive investigations will be finding the confirmation that there is the dependence between the casting wall thickness and the influence zone of the chill for other thicknesses of walls. We would like to prove that this principle is of a universal character.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2019, 1; 127-132
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 28.

Tytuł:: Usable Properties of AlSi7Mg Alloy after Sodium or Strontium Modification
Autorzy:: Tupaj, M.
Orłowicz, A. W.
Mróz, M.
Trytek, M.
Markowska, O.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381773.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: alloy AlSi7Mg
refining
modification
cooling rate
microstructural parameters
usable properties
stop AlSi7Mg
rafinacja
modyfikacja
szybkość chłodzenia
parametry mikrostruktury
właściwości użytkowe
Opis:: The paper deals with the effect of microstructure diversified by means of variable cooling rate on service properties of AlSi7Mg cast alloy refined traditionally with Dursalit EG 281, grain refining with titanium-boron and modified with sodium and a variant of the same alloy barbotage-refined with argon and simultaneously grain refining with titanium-boron and modified with strontium. For both alloy variants, the castings were subject to T6 thermal treatment (solution heat treatment and artificial aging). It turned out that AlSi7Mg alloy after simultaneous barbotage refining with argon and grain refining with titanium-boron and modified with strontium was characterised with lower values of representative microstructure parameters (SDAS – secondary dendrite arm spacing, λE, lmax) and lower value of the porosity ratio compared to the alloy refined traditionally with Dursalit EG 281 and grain refining with titanium-boron and modified with sodium. The higher values of mechanical properties and fatigue strength parameters were obtained for the alloy simultaneously barbotage-refined with argon and grain refining with titanium-boron and modified with strontium.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 129-132
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 29.

Tytuł:: Influence of plunger motion profile of high pressure die casting on the casting porosity and solidification rate
Autorzy:: Żak, Katarzyna
Dańko, Rafał
Żak, Paweł L.
Kowalczyk, Wojciech
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27311424.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: high-pressure die casting
computer simulation
cooling rate
numerical methods
aluminium alloy
odlewanie pod wysokim ciśnieniem
symulacja komputerowa
tempo schładzania
metody numeryczne
stop aluminium
Opis:: The high pressure die casting (HPDC) is a technique that allows us to produce parts for various sectors of industry. It has a great application in such sectors as automotive, energy, medicine, as the HPDC allows us to produce parts very fast and very cheaply. The HPDC casting quality depends on many parameters. The parameters among others, are cast alloy alloy metallurgy, filling system design, casting technology elements geometry and orientation, as well as, machine operation settings. In the article, different plunger motion schemes of the HPDC machine were taken into account. Analyses lead to learning about plunger motion influence on the casting porosity and solidification process run. Numerical experiments were run with the use of MAGMASoft® simulation software. Experiments were performed for industrial casting of water pump for automotive. Main parameter taken into account was maximal velocity of the plunger in the second phase. The analysis covered porosity distribution, feeding time through the gate, temperature field during whole process, solidification time. Cooling curves of the casting in chosen points were also analysed. Obtained results allow us to formulate conclusions that connect plunger motion scheme, gate solidification time and the casting wall thickness on the solidification rate and porosity of the casting.
Źródło:: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2023, 71, 5; art. no. e147339
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:: Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 30.

Tytuł:: Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure of Thin-Walled Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings
Autorzy:: Górny, M.
Kawalec, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380738.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: innovative foundry technologies
innovative materials
vermicular graphite cast iron
cooling rate
thermal analysis
microstructure
innowacyjne technologie odlewnicze
materiały innowacyjne
żeliwo grafitowe wermikularne
chłodzenie
analiza termiczna
mikrostruktura
Opis:: This article addresses the effect of cooling rate and of titanium additions on the microstructure of thin-walled vermicular graphite iron (TWCI) castings as determined by changing molding media, section size and Ferro Titanium. The research work was carried out on TWCI castings and reference castings of 2-5 mm and 13-mm wall thickness, respectively. Various molding materials were employed (silica sand and insulating sand ‘‘LDASC’’) to achieve different cooling rates. Thermal analysis was implemented for determinations of the actual cooling rates at the onset of solidification. This study shows that the cooling rates exhibited in the TWCI castings varies widely (70- 14oC/s) when the wall thickness is changed from 2 to 5 mm. In turn, this is accompanied by a significant variation in the vermicular graphite fraction. The resultant cooling rates were effectively reduced by applying an insulating sand in order to obtain the desired vermicular graphite shape. In addition, good agreement was found between the theoretical predictions of the solidification process and the experimental outcome. Ti additions in combination with LDASC sand molds were highly effective in promoting the development of over 80 % vermicular graphite in castings with wall thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm as evidenced by quantitative metallographic analyses.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 1 spec.; 139-142
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 31.

Tytuł:: Cooling and heating of the fluid in the cylindrical volume
Autorzy:: Tkachenko, Stanislav
Vlasenko, Olha
Rezydent, Nataliia
Stepanov, Dmytro
Stepanova, Nataliia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2142869.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Centrum Badań i Innowacji Pro-Akademia
Tematy:: non-stationary heat exchange
regular thermal mode
cooling rate
heating rate
heat transfer coefficient
uneven temperatures distribution coefficient
niestacjonarna wymiana ciepła
zwykły tryb termiczny
szybkość chłodzenia
szybkość ogrzewania
współczynnik przenikania ciepła
współczynnik rozkładu temperatur
Opis:: Experimental studies of the non-stationary heat exchange in the system «environment I – body II» have been carried out. It is established that in the body II, which consists of the fluid and thin-walled metal envelope, the characteristic features of the regular thermal mode occur, i.e., cooling (heating) rate of the body II- m = const; heat transfer coefficient between the water (environment I) and body II is practically stable α1 = const; uneven temperatures distribution coefficient in the body II ψ = const. This new notion of the heat transfer regularities in the body II is planned to apply for further development of the experimental-calculation method for the forecasting of the heat exchange intensity in the compound fluid media with limited information regarding thermophysical and rheological properties.
Źródło:: Acta Innovations; 2022, 42; 15-26
2300-5599
Pojawia się w:: Acta Innovations
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 32.

Tytuł:: Fatigue Properties of AlSi7Mg Alloy with Diversified Microstructure
Autorzy:: Tupaj, M.
Orłowicz, A. W.
Mróz, M.
Trytek, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380962.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: AlSi7Mg03 alloy
alloy refining
alloy modification
cooling rate
microstructure parameter
fatigue strength
stop AlSi7Mg03
rafinacja stopu
modyfikacja stopu
szybkość chłodzenia
parametr mikrostrukturalny
wytrzymałość zmęczeniowa
Opis:: The paper discusses the effect of microstructure on the fatigue strength of AlSi7Mg casting alloy refined conventionally with hexachloroethane without modifying and modified with TiB and Na. Castings made of both alloy variants were subjected to T6 heat treatment. It turned out that the applied refining secured satisfactory compactness of the material. In view of absence of gas and shrinkage porosity in the castings, short cracks nucleated on largest silicon precipitates and largest intermetallic phase precipitations as these were the locations where stress concentrations reached their highest values. Comprehensive modification of the alloy resulted in reduction of the value of SDAS parameter characterizing α(Al) phase dendrites, a decrease of the distance between silicone precipitates in the eutectic λ_E, and a decrease of the maximum size of silicone precipitates l_maxSi. The ultimate effect of these changes was an increase of the fatigue strength.
Źródło:: Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 3 spec.; 87-90
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 33.

Tytuł:: The effect of cooling rate on selected structural parameters of advanced cast Ni – base superalloys
Autorzy:: Belan, J.
Vaško, A.
Kuchariková, L.
Švecová, I.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/114811.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Menedżerów Jakości i Produkcji
Tematy:: Ni-base superalloys
quantitative metallography methods
cooling rate
secondary dendrite arms spacing
gamma prime evaluation
carbide evaluation
heat treatment
superstopy na bazie niklu
obróbka cieplna
rozstaw ramion dendrytu
rozmiar węglików
rozkład węglików
metody metalografii ilościowej
Opis:: The Ni – base superalloys are used in aircraft industry for production of aero engine most stressed parts, as are turbine blades or turbine discs. The most stressing factor at Ni – base superalloys loading or working conditions are high temperature range of 700°C up to 850°C and, of course, centrifugal forces, and small vibrations, which produce bending of turbine blades inserted into turbine discs. All these factors cause various forms of microstructure degradation closely connected with decreasing of mechanical properties and shortening of working life as well. From this reason a dendrite arm spacing, carbides size and distribution, morphology, number and value of γ’ - phase are very important structural characteristics for blade lifetime prediction as well as aero engine its self. In this article are used methods of quantitative metallography for evaluation of structural characteristics mentioned above on experimental materials – Ni base superalloys ŽS6K and Inconel IN 738. The high temperature effect represented here by heat treatment at 800°C for 10 hours, and cooling rate, here represented by three various cooling mediums as water, air, and oil, on structural characteristics and application of quantitative methods evaluation with using of SEM are presented in this paper.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe. Quality. Production. Improvement; 2017, 1 (6); 20-30
2544-2813
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe. Quality. Production. Improvement
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 34.

Tytuł:: Impact of Coolant Water Flow Rate and Temperature Underside Cooling Slope on Solidification with Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Casted AZ91 Mg Alloy
Autorzy:: Sahu, Sambeet
Kund, Nirmal
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099567.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:: coolant water flow rate
coolant water temperature
cooling slope
microstructure
mechanical properties
Opis:: Present study describes about the effect of coolant water flow rate and coolant water temperature underside cooling slope on structural characteristics of casted AZ91 Mg alloy. Here, over the cooling slope, hot melt flows from top to bottom. Additionally, under the cooling slope, coolant water flows from bottom to top. Slurry gets obtained at bottom of cooling slope by pouring AZ91 Mg melt from top of the slope. Coolant water flow rate with coolant water temperature underside cooling slope warrant necessary solidification and shear to obtain AZ91 Mg slurry. Specifically, slurry at 5 different coolant water flow rates (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 lpm) and at 5 different coolant water temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C) underside cooling slope are delivered inside metal mould. Modest coolant water flow rate of 8 lpm with coolant water temperature of 25°C (underside cooling slope) results fairly modest solidification that would enormously contribute towards enhanced structural characteristics. As, quite smaller/bigger coolant water flow rate/temperature underside cooling slope would reason shearing that causes inferior structural characteristics. Ultimately, favoured microstructure was realized at 8 lpm coolant water flow rate and 25°C coolant water temperature underside cooling slope with grain size, shape factor, primary α-phase fraction and grain density of 63 µm, 0.71, 0.68 and 198, respectively. Correspondingly, superior mechanical properties was realized at 8 lpm coolant water flow rate and 25°C coolant water temperature underside cooling slope with tensile strength, elongation, yield strength and hardness of 250 MPa, 8%, 192 MPa and 80 HV, respectively.
Źródło:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 673--680
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 35.

Tytuł:: Size-dependent growth kinetics of vitamin C crystals in water solutions of L(+)-ascorbic acid with the addition of methanol and ethanol
Autorzy:: Wierzbowska, B.
Piotrowski, K.
Koralewska, J.
Matynia, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778259.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:: witamina C
metanol
etanol
krystalizator okresowy
szybkość wzrostu kryształów
kinetyka SDG
vitamin C
methanol
ethanol
batch cooling crystallizer
crystals growth rate
size-dependent growth (SDG) kinetics
Opis:: Growth kinetics of vitamin C crystals during the batch mass crystallization process in L(+)-ascorbic acid - methanol - ethanol - water system was determined. The linear growth rate values were estimated on the basis of the product crystal size distributions. The kinetic model of the continuous process in a MSMPR crystallizer was adopted for the batch mode description according to Nyvlt's conception, taking the sizedependent growth (SDG) rate effects into consideration. The kinetic parameter values were determined with a Rojkowski hyperbolic SDG model. A good compatibility between the experimental product crystal population density distributions and the SDG model predictions was observed. The interpretation of the kinetic data was presented and discussed.
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2008, 10, 1; 60-65
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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