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Tytuł:
Zmiany klimatyczne w Arktyce Kanadyjskiej w ostatnim ćwierćwieczu XX i na początku XXI wieku
Changes in some features of the climate in the Canadian Arctic in the last 25-year period of 20th century and in the first years of 21st century
Autorzy:
Zblewski, S.
Marsz, A. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/261015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
Morze Beauforta
Zatoka Hudsona
Morze Baffina
Arktyka Kanadyjska
zmiany klimatu
cyrkulacja atmosferyczna
NAO
PNA
Beaufort Sea
Hudson Bay
Baffin Bay
atmospheric circulation
Opis:
Praca omawia zmiany temperatury powietrza na obszarze Subarktyki i Arktyki Kanadyjskiej oraz otaczających je akwenów oraz podejmuje próbę ustalenia roli cyrkulacji atmosferycznej w kształtowaniu tych zmian. Analizie poddano temperaturę powietrza, temperaturę powierzchni morza oraz koncentrację lodów morskich w latach 1982-2009. Stwierdzono występowanie dodatnich trendów temperatury rocznej powietrza na całym obszarze. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zmianami temperatury powietrza, temperatury powierzchni morza i koncentracji lodów morskich w rejonie wschodniej części Arktyki Kanadyjskiej (Zatoka Baffina, Ziemia Baffina, Wyspa Devon, Półwysep Bothia i Basen Foxe'a) steruje NAO. Kierunki zmian wymienionych elementów są odwrotne do fazy NAO (ujemna faza NAO – wzrost temperatury powietrza i morza, spadek koncentracji lodów, dodatnia faza NAO – odwrotnie). Oddziaływanie NAO na temperaturę powietrza jest najsilniejsze w okresie zimowym, oddziaływanie zimowego NAO na temperaturę powierzchni morza i koncentrację lodów jest asynchro-niczne (najsilniejsze latem) i realizuje się poprzez działanie ogniwa pośredniego, jakim jest grubość lodów morskich. Na zachód od linii Cambridge Bay – Baker Lake głównym czynnikiem sterującym zmianami temperatury powietrza jest układ telekoneksyjny PNA. Jego działanie jest najsilniejsze w końcu jesieni i początku zimy, najwyraźniej działanie PNA zaznacza się na obszarze Kanadyjskiej Subarktyki i słabnie w kierunku N i NE. Zmienność PNA wywiera niewielki wpływ (tylko w sierpniu) na koncentrację lodów i temperaturę wody Morza Beauforta. Dodatnim fazom PNA odpowiada wzrost temperatury powietrza. Wystąpienie wzrostu rocznej temperatury powietrza na całym obszarze Arktyki i Subarktyki Kanadyjskiej wymaga wystąpienia w tym samym roku ujemnej fazy NAO i dodatniej fazy PNA. Jeśli w danym roku wystąpią jednoimienne fazy obu oscylacji, stosownie do znaków obu oscylacji na części badanego obszaru zaznaczy się występowanie dodatnich, a na części – ujemnych anomalii temperatury powietrza. Ponieważ w badanym okresie w zmienności NAO zaznacza się trend ujemny, w przebiegu PNA słaby trend dodatni, można uważać, że obserwowany wzrost temperatury powietrza nad obszarem Arktyki i Subarktyki Kanadyjskiej w dużej części jest rezultatem długookresowych zmian warunków cyrkulacyjnych.
This work describes changes in air temperature in the region of Subarctic and Canadian Arctic and in the sea area adjacent to them and is an attempt to define the influence of atmospheric circulation on these changes. The analysis covered the air temperature, sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration. The analyzed period lasted from 1982-2009. Positive trends in air temperature were noted over the whole area. The results of the research indicate that NAO is responsible for the changes in the air temperature, sea surface temperature and the concentration of sea ice in the region of the eastern part of the Canadian Arctic (the Baffin Bay, Baffin Island, Devon Island, the Bothnia Peninsula and Foxe Basin). The direction of changes is opposite to the phase of NAO (negative phase of NAO – increase in sea and air temperatures, decrease in ice concentration, positive phase of NAO – just the other way round). The strongest impact of NAO on air temperature is observed in winter. The influence of winter NAO on sea surface temperature and on ice concentration is asynchronous (the strongest in summer) and employs action of an indirect factor, i.e. the thickness of ice. West of Cambridge Bay – Baker Lake line the main factor responsible for the changes in air temperature is teleconnection pattern of PNA (Pacific-North American). Its impact is the strongest at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter (October-December). Most clearly the influence of PNA is marked in the region of the Canadian Subarctic (southern and central party of Northwest Territories), its influence becomes weaker northwards and north-eastward. Changeability of PNA has little influence on sea surface temperature of the Beaufort Sea and on its ice concentration. Positive phases of PNA are associated with the increase in air temperature. The observed increase in annual air temperature over the entire area of the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic must be accompanied by negative phase of NAO in the same year and by positive phase of PNA. If in a given year there are the same phases of both oscillations, following the signs of these oscillations, positive anomalies in air temperature are observed in the Subarctic region and in the Canadian Arctic and negative anomalies in some parts. As in the analyzed period of NAO variability a negative trend is marked and in PNA a weak positive trend is noted, it may be assumed that the observed increase in air temperature over the Subarctic region and in the Canadian Arctic results, to a great extent, from long term changes in conditions of circulation.
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2010, 20; 45-62
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zlodzenie Zatoki Admiralicji a temperatura wody w energoaktywnej strefie Morza Bellingshausena (1982-1997)
Sea ice condition in the Admiralty Bay and the water temperature in the energy-active region of the Bellingshausen Sea (1982-1997)
Autorzy:
Kruszewski, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
zjawiska lodowe
Morze Bellingshausena
Zatoka Admiralicji
pokrywa lodowa
zlodzenia
ice phenomena
Bellingshausen Sea
Admiralty Bay
ice cover
sea ice
Opis:
Correlations, especially those on a regional scale, between the sea ice cover formation and the air and sea surface temperatures have been pointed out by a number of authors. Region that is clearly marked by such correlation is located NW of the Antarctic Peninsula (among others Weatherly and others, King 1994, Styszyńska 1997, 2000). The intensity of ice formation in the relatively small Admiralty Bay noted in a given winter season indicates strong correlation with the winter sea ice cover extent in a regional scale (Kruszew-ski 1999, 2000). This ice cover is influenced (among others) by the sea surface temperature. The possible nature of the correlation between the sea surface temperature (SST) at the meridian of 080°W and the changes in air temperature in the region of the Southern Shetlands as described by Styszyńska suggested the presence of similar correlations with the intensity of ice formation in that region, so in this way also in the Admiralty Bay. With the help of Spearmann correlation coefficient a number of statistically significant relations have been found between the course of SST in the region of 086-062°W and the intensity of ice formation in the Admiralty Bay are presented in a categorised way. These relations are both synchronic and asynchronic. The synchronic correlation is observed mainly between SST in winter months and the ice cover category in the same year (the increase in SST is followed by the decrease in ice cover category).These correlations are most significant in the region 62-66°S (July - September). They also occur farther north 56-58°S but this time in the eastern part of the said region (March-July) and they are also observed in 60-64° (but in January and February). The asynchronic correlations have been observed between SST in October and ice cover category of the Admiralty Bay in the following year(8-11month slater). These correlations are most significantly marked in 56-64°S (the northern part of the Bellingshausen Sea and in the Circumpolar Current region) especially in 60°S 080°W (r = -0.677, p < 0.01) and their character is similar to those of the previously mentioned synchronic correlations.
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2001, 11; 105-112
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zjawiska lodowe na Zatoce Admiralicji w roku 1999 (Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Szetlandy Południowe)
Ice phenomena in the Admiralty Bay in 1999 (King George Island, South Shetland Islands)
Autorzy:
Zblewski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260869.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
zjawiska lodowe
Zatoka Admiralicji
Wyspa Króla Jerzego
Szetlandy Południowe
ice phenomena
Admiralty Bay
King George Island
South Shetland Islands
Opis:
In 1999 hydrometeorological observations were carried out at H. Arctowski Station. Ice phenomena in the Admiralty Bay and in the visible neighbouring area of the Bransfield Strait were, among others, the subject of these observations. The Admiralty Bay is a typical fjord and is the biggest bay in the Southern Shetlands archipelago, covering 122.08 km2. Winter ice cover formation of this area varies in different years. Once every 4-5 years the waters of the Bay do not freeze and the ice observed there originates from the Bransfield Strait. During the whole year glacial ice (brash ice, growlers, bergy bits and icebergs) originating from local sources and from other sea areas can be observed in the Admiralty Bay. In 1999 the process of the ice cover formation was characterised by variability both in time and space. During the observational period floating ice formed ice fields of different shapes and concentration. Brash ice and growlers often covered the weatter shore during high tidal waters. The icebergs in the said period are mainly observed at the entrance of the Bay (in the region of the Syrezol Rocks) less frequently inside the Bay. They usually drifted in the axial part of the Bay hardly ever reaching its central part. The autochthonous sea ice formed only near the shore and during the whole year it was the inflowing ice which was predominant. First forms of new ice in the waters of the Admiralty Bay occurred in the second decade of June. These forms were initial stage forms (frazil ice and grease ice) which never changed into more advanced form of sea ice. At the end of June the process of ice inflow from the Bransfield Strait started. The allochthonous ice reached mainly the axial and central parts of the Bay, however there were few cases noted in which the ice reached the auxiliary bays. The observations showed that the character of the main features of the winter sea ice cover of the Admiralty Bay was predominantly influenced by wind and ice conditions of the Bransfield Strait. In 1999 the Admiralty Bay was not covered by consolidated ice but by drifting ice which changed its position and edge very quickly. The course of ice phenomena in winter season 1999 had a mild character and according to Kruszewski's categories (1999) defining the ice conditions in the Admiralty Bay may be classed as number one.
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2001, 11; 113-120
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zarys środowisk sedymentacyjnych w dolinie Anthemousa (północna Grecja). Wstępne wyniki badań geoarcheologicznych w ramach projektu Anthemous Valley Archaeological Project
Autorzy:
Niebieszczański, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023908.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Central Macedonia
Northern Greece
Northern Aegean Neolithic
Northern Aegean Bronze Age
Thermaic Bay
Thessaloniki Bay
Thessaloniki Plain
Anthemous Valley
Anthemountas Valley
Geoarchaeology
Alluvial Valleys
Buried Archaeology
Opis:
This paper provides an overview of the first results of the Anthemous Valley Archaeological Project II, financed by the Polish National Science Centre (grant: 2013/09/N/HS3/ /01092). The aim of the project is to reconstruct the former landscapes of the alluvial Anthemous Valley in Northern Greece, near Thessaloniki City, in the light of archaeological and palaeogeographical data. The paper presents the results of two field surveys, which were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in order to gain a general understanding of the diversity of sedimentary environments in the valley in a wider context. Some palaeogeographical observations are also given.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2016, 21; 355-374
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie unijnych środków pomocowych w publicznym transporcie zbiorowym na przykładzie Metropolii Zatoki Gdańskiej
The use of EU aid in the public transport on the example of the Gulf of Gdansk Metropolis
Autorzy:
Kołodziejski, H.
Wyszomirski, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/315092.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
transport publiczny
transport miejski
Metropolia Zatoki Gdańskiej
transport metropolitalny
pomoc unijna
public transport
urban transport
Metropolis of Gdansk Bay
metropolitan transport
EU aid
EU funds
Opis:
Rozwój i funkcjonowanie transportu miejskiego w dużym stopniu zależą od wyboru polityki transportowej przez samorząd terytorialny oraz od sposobu realizacji tej polityki. Najczęściej dąży się do realizacji tzw. polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu miejskiego. Działania w tym zakresie wymagają realizacji inwestycji umożliwiających zaspokojenie potrzeb przewozowych mieszkańców. Unijne środki pomocowe powinny stanowić fundament finansowania tych inwestycji. Przykład Metropolii Zatoki Gdańskiej pokazuje, że jest możliwa absorpcja tych środków, a w rezultacie możliwe jest również zapewnienie obsługi transportowej mieszkańcom na pożądanym przez nich poziomie.
Development and operation of urban transport in a large extent depend on the choice of transport policy by the local government and on the way it is implemented. Most often it is attempted to implement so-called the policy of sustainable development of the urban transport. Activities in this field require the investments in order to meet the transport needs of the residents. EU aid should form the basis of financing of these investments. The example of the Gulf of Gdansk Metropolis shows that it is possible to absorpt these funds and, consequently, it is also possible to provide the transport service to the people on the level which they desire.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2014, 15, 4; 24-30
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ podsypki na trwałość nawierzchni z kostki
Impact of the sand bed on stability of cobblestone pavement
Autorzy:
Czarnecka, W.
Firlej, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/389962.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:
trwałość konstrukcji
układ wielowarstwowy
koleinowanie
kostka betonowa
zatoki autobusowe
construction durability
multilayer systems
retting
concrete stone
public transportation
bus bay
Opis:
Nawierzchnie zatok autobusowych to ciągle nie rozwiązany do końca problem przede wszystkim elementów transportu miejskiego. Przejściowo uznawano za właściwe stosowanie podbudów z betonu asfaltowo - cementowego (BAC). Jednakże dłuższe użytkowanie próbnych zatok nie wykazało wyraźnych różnic w stosunku do innych typowych rozwiązań. W niniejszej pracy autorzy skupili swą uwagę na zatokach autobusowych w Lublinie, gdzie w zakresie prac utrzymaniowych wiele z nich zostało wyremontowanych, a inne będą remontowane. Wysoka częstotliwość remontów obejmujących wymianę nawierzchni a nawet podbudowy rodzi pytanie o ich przyczynę, jakość prowadzonych robót, jakość stosowanych materiałów drogowych, stabilność warstwy ścieralnej w tym konieczność przekładania kostki z nawierzchni kostkowych. W pracy zawarto krótką historię nawierzchni z kostek, oceny nawierzchni kostkowych w opublikowanych materiałach. Podjęto próbę powiązania trwałości nawierzchni ze stosowanymi w konstrukcji zatok autobusowych materiałami.
The observation of public transportation bus bays in Lublin (and probably in other cities) made of concrete or stone blocks pavement shows that on many streets it is not very durable. The assessment of its durability was made for traffic on the KR-3 and KR-4 using mechanistic method that is used for road surfacing on the basis of its own program of multilayer systems in cylindrical coordinates. The article presents the results of the studies of typical constructions at public transportation bus bay .
Źródło:
Budownictwo i Architektura; 2014, 13, 1; 317-328
1899-0665
Pojawia się w:
Budownictwo i Architektura
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej na temperaturę powietrza w północnej Kanadzie i na Alasce
The influence of the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation on the air temperature in Northern Canada and Alaska
Autorzy:
Marsz, A. A.
Styszyńska, A.
Zblewski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
Tematy:
Arktyka Kanadyjska
Zatoka Baffina
cyrkulacja atmosferyczna
makrotypy Wangengejma-Girsa
Alaska
Canadian Arctic
Baffin Bay
air temperature
Wangengejm-Girs macro-types
atmospheric circulation
Opis:
Praca omawia wpływ zmian frekwencji „pacyficzno-amerykańskich” makrotypów cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej Wangengejma-Girsa na kształtowanie się temperatury powietrza na obszarze północnej Kanady i Alaski (> 60°N). Związki te analizowano w przekrojach miesięcznych i rocznych, w latach 1986-2010. Stwierdzono występowanie na ogół słabych związków, wykazujących dodatkowo wyraźne zróżnicowanie sezo-nowe i regionalne. Te na ogół słabe w przekrojach miesięcznych związki wynikają z niewielkiego zróżnicowania kierunków adwekcji stowarzyszonych z występowaniem poszczególnych makrotypów. Na obszarze leżącym na E od 125°W dla każdego z występujących makrotypów charakterystyczna jest dominacja napływów z północy. Związki temperatury rocznej z cyrkulacją środkowotroposferyczną różnicują się w zależności od rozmiarów zmian temperatury. W badanym okresie na obszarze położonym na W od 125°W temperatura roczna nie wykazuje statystycznie istotnego trendu (+0,022(š0,020)°Cźrok-1), a na E od tej długości występuje silny i istotny trend (+0,135(š0,025)°Cźrok-1). Na całym obszarze zmiany temperatury rocznej objaśnia zmienność frekwencji makro-typu Z w styczniu, przy czym na obszarze na W od 125°W objaśnienie to jest niewielkie (~31% zmienności), na E od 125°W zmienność frekwencji tego makrotypu objaśnia ~49% rocznej wariancji temperatury rocznej. W rów-naniu regresji wielokrotnej, której zmiennymi niezależnymi są frekwencje makrotypu Z w styczniu oraz makrotypu M1 w lipcu i wrześniu, zmienność frekwencji wymienionych makrotypów objaśnia 69% wariancji temperatury rocznej, jaka występuje na wschód od 125°W. Analiza wykazuje, że wzrost temperatury na całym obszarze jest związany z ujemnym trendem występującym we frekwencji makrotypu Z w styczniu i zastępowaniem go przez makrotyp M2, a na środkowej i wschodniej części obszaru dodatkowo z dodatnim trendem frekwencji makrotypu M1 w lipcu i wrześniu. Spadek frekwencji makrotypu Z w styczniu nie jest monotoniczny, gwałtowny spadek frekwencji tego makrotypu zaznaczył się w latach 1995-1996. Spadkowi frekwencji tego makrotypu odpowiada wzrost temperatury powietrza na wschód od 125°W o 2 deg. Najbardziej prawdopodobną przyczyną tej zmiany cyrkulacji środkowotroposfe-rycznej jest występujący w tym samym czasie spadek powierzchni lodów morskich na Zatoce Baffina. Ogólnie, zmiany temperatury rocznej na obszarze Alaski i północnej Kanady w latach 1986-2010 są niemal całkowicie objaśnione przez zachodzące w tym samym czasie zmiany cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej.
The paper discusses the influence of the frequency of "Pacific-American" Wangengejma-Girs macro-types of mid-tropospheric circulation on the air temperature in the area of northern Canada and Alaska (> 60°N). These correlations were analyzed monthly and annually, the period of analysis covered the years of 1986-2010. Generally weak correlations were found which also showed clear seasonal and regional variations. Generally weak links between the monthly frequency of macro-types and the air temperature result from a slight variation in directions of advection above the described area associated with the occurrence of the particular macro-types. In the area located to the E of 125°W the dominance of the inflows from the north is characteristic for each of the observed macro-types. Relationships of annual temperature with the mid-tropospheric circulation vary depending on the temperature changes in the analyzed area. In the area located W of 125° annual temperature during the examined period does not show a statistically significant trend (0.022 (š 0.020)°Cź year-1), E of this longitude there is a strong and significant trend (0.135 (š 0.025)°Cźyear-1). Changeability in the frequency of the macro-type Z in January explains the changes in the annual temperature in the entire area but in the area W of 125°W the explanation is small (~31% of the variation), in the area E of 125°W the changeability in the frequency of that macro-type explains ~49% of the annual variation of annual temperature. In the multiple regression equation where the frequencies of the macro-type Z in January and the macro-type M1 in July and September are the independent variables, the variability of frequency of the said macro-types explains 69% of the annual temperature variation which is observed east of 125°W. The analysis shows that the temperature rise in the whole area is associated with a negative trend in the frequency of the macro-type Z in January and its replacement by the macro-type M2, and in the central and eastern part of the area it is also associated with the positive trend in the frequency of the macro-type M1 in July and September. The decrease in the frequency of the macro-type Z in January is not monotonic, the sudden drop in the frequency of this macro-type was observed in 1995-1996. The decrease in the frequency of this macro-type is accompanied by the visible increase in the air temperature by 2 degrees E of 125° at the same time. The most likely cause of this change in the mid-tropospheric circulation is, the observed at the same time, decrease in sea ice in the Baffin Bay. Generally, the changes in the annual tempe-rature in the region of Alaska and Northern Canada in the years 1986-2010 are almost entirely explained by the changes in the mid-tropospheric circulation observed at the same time.
Źródło:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2012, 22; 117-151
1234-0715
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Warszawscy rzeźbiarze czasów saskich w roli projektantów
Warsaw Sculptors of the Saxon Times as Designers
Autorzy:
Sito, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16025932.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Sztuki PAN
Tematy:
Bartłomiej Michał Bernatowicz
Johann Georg Plersch
Johann Sigmund Deybel
Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann
Johann Chrisostom Redtler
Carl Antoni Bay
rzeźbiarze warszawscy XVII-XVIII w.
Warsaw Sculptors of the Saxon Times
Opis:
Artykuł dotyczy projektowych kompetencji rzeźbiarzy warszawskich. Z uwagi na ogromne straty w materiale źródłowym, obserwacje autora oparte są na danych wyrywkowych. Do poszczególnych artystów odnoszą się one w sposób niejednorodny. W przypadku Plerscha mamy do czynienia z największą liczbą zachowanych projektów rysunkowych, zaś w odniesieniu do Redtlera zachowała się największa liczba wzmianek archiwalnych. To co wszakże uderza w sposób nie budzący wątpliwości, to ścisła współpraca warszawskich rzeźbiarzy z architektami, nierzadko przybierająca postać swoistych spółek architektoniczno-rzeźbiarskich. Dodajmy iż chodzi tu o architektów wybitnych, wyróżniających się w skali polskiej, a nawet środkowoeuropejskiej, jak Carlo Antonio Bay, Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann, Johann Sigmund Deybel czy Jakub Fontana, pozostających w służbie dworu królewskiego i wielkich panów, a także stołecznych domów zakonnych, najczęściej silnie zależnych od magnaterii. Architekci i rzeźbiarze aktywni na stołecznych placach budów byli zmuszeni do ścisłej kooperacji. W Warszawie odmiennie też niż w większości ośrodków polskich to właśnie architekci z zasady odpowiadali za projekty elementów rzeźbiarskich, często do najmniejszego szczegółu, również w dziedzinach tradycyjnie uznawanych za domenę rzeźbiarzy, jak np. ołtarze. Z drugiej strony twórcy dłuta, zwłaszcza ci wybitni, a takich tu nie brakowało, traktowani byli przez architektów w znacznie większym stopniu niż gdzie indziej w sposób partnerski.  
One of the main aspects of the activity of a Baroque sculptor’s workshop was the  design of an art piece in which sculpture was of major importance, both as far as a human figure or figural groups were concerned, and in the case of architectural framings, e.g. a portal, tympanum, wall, gate, altar, tomb, pulpit, and other sacral and secular works. The departure point for every sculpture piece was essentially either a two- or a three-dimensional model approved by the client. The client commissioning a definite piece could either call a competition for the design or address several artists, asking them to prepare such a design. Cases are known of several sculptors bidding for the same order and submitting both drawn models and a 3-D-modelletta. Sculptors like Gianlorenzo Bernini, Alessandro Algardi, François Duquesnoy, Ferdinand Maximilian Brokoffa, Johann Baptist Straub, Raffael Donner, or Baltasar Permoser designed so-called small architecture/ elements of bigger edifices or free-standing objects: altars, tombs, epitaphs, and even fragments of architecture, e.g. portals, balustrades, etc. The sculptor-designers were on the one hand renowned artists, permanently employed at royal and aristocratic courts, by higher clergy and monasteries, yet on the other hand active in the cultural peripheries where they would not be confronted by important competition of architects and stonemasons. However, the designing of sculpture works was not only and exclusively the domain of their direct creators. Designs of prestigious works were often commissioned from architects: e.g. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Lodovico Burnacini, or from painters: Charles Le Brun or Michael Willman. Sculptors themselves, such as Gianlorenz Bernini, Alessandro Algardi, François Duquesnoy, Ferdinand Maximilian Brokoff, Johann Baptist Straub, Raffael Donner, or Baltasar Permoser designed altars, epitaphs or garden statues. The question of Baroque sculptors participating in designing art pieces, including the figures they would later sculpt, has not been a subject of separate studies in Polish literature. Only minor mentions on the topic have been included in broader studies, monographs on respective sculptors, as well as architects, in synthetic analyses of respective artistic centres, or studies on artistic patronage. These observations have focused mainly on the Warsaw circles, which should not be surprising, since they have been relatively well identified (as compared to other centres of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), and had a relatively high output. It is Bartłomiej Michał Bernatowicz (d. 1730) that can be ranked among the Warsaw sculptor-designers; he was active in the second and third decades of the century, running a flourishing and popular studio, or more appropriately said, a sculpting enterprise responsible for the majority of the Warsaw output from ca 1715 to 1730. He executed sculpting jobs, mainly altars, pulpits, and tombs for Warsaw convent churches: of the Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, Paulites, Piarists, Trinitarians, and others. It is known that independent designs were created in that workshop (e.g. Kodeń Church high altar); furthermore, Bernatowicz cooperated with  Carl Antoni Bay, the most outstanding Warsaw architect of the first four decades of the 18th century; coming originally from northern Italy, and educated in Rome in ca 1700, he was a student of Andrea Pozzo. He cooperated with the latter working on the tomb of Cardinal Michał Radziejowski (1719- 21), and was responsible for the design of the figure of the deceased. However, the major personality among Warsaw sculptors active during the reign of the Saxon House was Johann Georg Plersch, from ca 1735 head of the large royal studio. He contributed to the external and internal sculpture decoration of the first edifices in the capital: the Royal Castle, the Saxon Palace, a substantial part of the newly created and modernized older magnate palaces, garden ensembles or churches. The prominent position of Plersch resulted from his cooperation with the most illustrious Warsaw architects of the Saxon era, mainly royal, meaning Johann Sigmund Deybel and Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann. The style of their design closely echoing the aesthetics of French Neo-Classicism with Rococo elements was characterized by restraint and certain rigorism, underpinned with subtlety. The silhouette effect of those palaces was cocreated by a meticulously arranged, yet modest, but tasteful sculpture decoration. Sculpture accents focused at the central composition knots: on mansard roofs, on attics, either full or with balustrade, with a line of statues or sculpture groups, on external stairs, gate ensembles, or walls. Educated mainly on Roman patterns and the Prague Baroque sculpture, thus within the circle of a completely different tradition, Plersch quickly adjusted to the needs of sumptuousness expressed in Warsaw’s palace architecture and the circle of its impact. Interestingly, the design sections containing figural decoration were drawn by Pöppelmann taking into account Plersch’s dynamic sculpting manner, clearly ‘ready-made for his chisel’. From the 1740s, Plersch began cooperating with Jakub Fontana, Warsaw’s architect of Italian descent. What stands out among the Warsaw architectural works designed by Fontana and decorated by Plersch are the following: the spectacular extension of the Bieliński Palace; the façade of the Church of the Holy Cross with a sumptuous forecourt for coaches; the Rococo fragments of the façade and interior of the Church of the Nuns of the Visitation; and last but not least, the interior of the new Deputies’ Chamber in the Warsaw Royal Castle. Furthermore, Plersch may have contributed to the planned construction of the Piarist Collegium Nobilium. Educated in Europe (he had made an Italian and French educational trip), Fontana formed his own unique style, combining elements of Italian High and Late Baroque as well as French Rococo, with a continuously lingering classical component. This style appealed greatly to the background and sensitivity of his regular partner that Plersch was. Both shared Rome-based education and esteem for the tradition of the Seicento art, particularly in its lively expressive variant from the latter half of the 17th century. Both eagerly made references to Bernini and his followers, with Plersch less tempted to classicize, although he remained capable of yielding to the requirements of the clients and the architect in this respect. In the course of the Fontana – Plersch cooperation respective architect’s and sculptor’s contribution was not clearly discernible. Some of the smaller architectural pieces, or their fragments, were designed by the sculptor himself, who used, however, the style vocabularium of Fontana. Such was the case with the design of the statue of St John of Nepomuk at Trzech Krzyży Square, or the loggia balconies in the Church of the Holly Cross. Even in the designs of the lateral altars in the Saxon Chapel, designed essentially under C.F.Pöppelmann, Plersch used Fontana’s language of forms. As a designer in the strict meaning of the term, Plersch is mentioned in 1746 in the description of the execution of the supraporte over the portal to the sacristy in the Collegiate Church of St John, in the design drawings of the high altar in the Paulinite Church in Leśna, or in the contracts to execute the loggias of the Church of the Holy Cross. The famous epitaph of Jan Tarło from the Piarist Church was  ‘rendered with Plersch’s exquisite art in harmony with his mastery’, which may mean at least that he participated in its designing (next to Jakub Fontana). Another, next to Plersch, most proliferous Warsaw sculptor of the Rococo period was Johann Chrisostom Redtler who came from the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy, most likely Austria. He was very well acquainted with the art of Vienna, not only sculpture, but also small-sized architectural pieces, which is testified to by his later creative cooperation with Warsaw architects, mainly Jakub Fontana. The sculptor had this unusual capacity of adapting to the requirements of the architect, and ruthlessly subduing his own imagination to the requirements of the architectural composition. Redtler was inspired not only by single sculptures or sculpture groups from Vienna, but also architecture segments connected with them: galleries, attics, portals, porticos, stairs, gates, or fences. As seen against the records, Redtler seems to have been an artist of some degree of independence, author of two- and three-dimensional models of sculptures as well as of architectural detail. The designing skills of the sculptor are best testified to by fragments of the correspondents with his main customers: Hetman Branicki and General of Lithuanian Artillery Potocki. They are also confirmed by his very works, mainly the detail of the Potocki Palace in Radzyń, the Branicki Palace in Białystok, or the Brühl Palace in Warsaw. Moreover, Redtler designed architectural details, and even consulted major construction designs; on some occasions, he altered works of other sculptors following his own design. The latter was the case in the decoration of the attics and gables in the Branicki Palace in Warsaw; its elements were imported from Gdansk. Bearing in mind ample losses in the source materials, the above observations related to designing competences of Warsaw sculptors were for obvious reasons based on fragmented data. These are not found homogenously for respective artists. In the event of Plersch we deal with the largest number of drawing designs, while for Redtler what has been preserved is the biggest number of archival mentions, yet it seems quite obvious that these are all but a fraction of the original records. What strikes, however, with indisputable certainty is the close cooperation that Warsaw sculptors had with architects, frequently taking on the form of a peculiar architectural joint venture. Those architects boasting a well-shaped creative personality and a clear artistic attitude rooted in he world of European models submitted attractive offers, well appreciated in the Warsaw market. Their essential element was high-quality sculpture serving as component of both interior furnishing and décor, as well as richness of exterior decoration. Warsaw sculptors, particularly the most talented ones, often adopted that design language of their ‘partners’ – architects, and also absorbed the artistic and intellectual attitude they presented. They would design first of all those fragments of the buildings that were most strictly connected with sculpture: portals, niches, attics, supraportes, and in sacral architecture altars, pulpits, tombs, or epitaphs. When wishing to have lower-scale pieces and lower-profile projects, clients would often just turn to them directly, without the need to involve all the instrumentation of the largest Warsaw builders. Playing the role of independent artists, to the extent of occasionally being called ‘architects’, as was in the case of Plersch when he was designing the  supraporte for the Warsaw Collegiate Church, Warsaw sculptors made efforts to dignifiedly represent their ‘patrons’ in the artis inventionis sphere.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki; 2019, 81, 3; 355-388
0006-3967
2719-4612
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variations of physical conditions, nutrients and chlorophyll α contents in Admiralty Bay (Kind George Island, South Shetland Islands, 1979)
Autorzy:
Lipski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2053244.pdf
Data publikacji:
1987
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Antarctica
Admiralty Bay
hydrology
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 1987, 8, 4; 307-332
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variations in organic matter bound in fluffy layer suspended matter from the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea)
Autorzy:
Pazdro, K.
Staniszewski, A.
Beldowski, J.
Emeis, K.C.
Leipe, T.
Pempkowiak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
organic matter
Pomeranian Bay
suspended matter
lipid
fluffy layer suspended matter
Baltic Sea
sediment
fatty acid
Opis:
Fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) and surface sediment samples from the Pomeranian Bay were examined for fatty acid, lipid and organic matter contents. FLSM is a several-centimetre-thick layer of fairly concentrated particulate matter lying on the sea floor significantly affecting the flux of matter to depositional basins. Analyses of fatty acids were used to establish sources and decomposition rates of labile organic matter along a transect from the shallow, highly dynamic, Odra estuary to the Arkona Basin, a deep, low energy, depositional area. In FLSM and sediments respectively, the ranges of organic matter contents were 4.0–25.0% and 5.1–23.0%, those of lipids 0.1–5.4% and 0.30–1.67%, and those of fatty acids 50–991 μg g−1 dry wt. and 100–546 μg g−1 dry wt. In shallow waters, the contents of these compounds are very variable, mirroring variations in biological activity and hydrological conditions. The high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in shallow areas indicates the presence of fresh, undegraded, labile organic matter of autochthonous origin. Fatty acids, the most labile components, are transported as suspended matter attached to minerals and finally accumulated in the depositional area in the form of condensed organic macromolecules. The intensity of bacterial decomposition of organic matter in this system is reflected in the high percentage of branched fatty acids. The low fatty acid content in the organic matter is attributed to the high rate of decomposition of the labile organic matter. No linear correlation was found between the contents of fatty acids and lipids.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2001, 43, 4
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Uwarunkowania ekologiczne mezozooplanktonu w wodach Zatoki Pomorskiej
Ecological conditions for mezozooplankton in the waters of Pomeranian Bay
Autorzy:
Machula, S
Raczyńska, M
Chojnacki, J
Kubiak, J
Grzeszczyk-Kowalska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/401520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
mezozooplankton
sukcesja
wskaźniki biocenotyczne
Zatoka Pomorska
succession
indicator of biocenotic
Pomeranian Bay
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono sukcesję sezonową mezozooplanktonu w wodach Zatoki Pomorskiej. Badania prowadzono wzdłuż wybrzeża od Świnoujścia do Mrzeżyna w latach 2001–2003 w poszczególnych porach roku. Sezonowe i ilościowe zróżnicowanie zooplanktonu przedstawiono również za pomocą wskaźników biocenotycznych. Wykazano, że największym zagęszczeniem zooplanktonu charakteryzowały się wody wysłodzone w rejonie Świnoujścia i Dziwnowa.
The paper presents seasonal succession of mezozooplankton in the waters of Pomeranian Bay. The research was carried out along the sea-shore from Świnoujście to Mrzeżyna in the years of 2001–2003 in particular seasons of the year. Seasonal and quantitative diversification o zooplankton was also depicted by means of biocenotic indices. It has been proven that the fresh waters in the area of Świnoujście and Dzwinowo were characterized by the highest concentration of zooplankton.
Źródło:
Inżynieria Ekologiczna; 2013, 35; 32-45
2081-139X
2392-0629
Pojawia się w:
Inżynieria Ekologiczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using chemometrics to identify water quality in Daya Bay, China
Autorzy:
Wu, M.-L.
Wang, Y.-S.
Sun, C.-C.
Wang, H.
Lou, Z.-P.
Dong, J.-D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49096.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
robust principal component analysis
water quality
chemometrics
China
cluster analysis
Daya Bay
Opis:
In this paper, chemometric approaches based on cluster analysis, classical and robust principal component analysis were employed to identify water quality in Daya Bay (DYB), China. The results show that these approaches divided water quality in DYB into two groups: stations S3, S8, S10 and S11 belong to cluster A, which lie in Dapeng Cove, Aotou Harbor and the north-eastern part of DYB, where water quality is related mainly to anthropogenic activities. The other stations belong to cluster B, which lie in the southern, central and eastern parts of DYB, where the quality is related mainly to water exchange with the South China Sea. Cluster analysis yields good results as a first exploratory method for evaluating spatial difference, but it fails to demonstrate the relationship between variables and environmental quality on the one hand and the untreated data on the other. However, with the aid of suitable chemometric approaches, the relationship between samples or variables can be investigated. Classical and robust principal component analysis can provide a visual aid for identifying the water environment in DYB, and then extracting specific information about relationships between variables and spatial variation trends in water quality.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2009, 51, 2; 217-232
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Understanding changes in the supply pattern of Roman cooking pottery from Morphou Bay to Nea Paphos: evidence from the Paphos Agora Project
Autorzy:
Nocoń, Kamila
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033273.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Nea Paphos
cooking pottery
Morphou Bay
early/late Roman period
macroscopic fabric analysis
typological studies
Opis:
The thin-walled cooking pottery of the early to late Roman period originating from the area of Morphou Bay in the northern part of Cyprus, excavated by the Paphos Agora Project of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, is studied in this paper in order to shed new light on the nature of the supply patterns of this extraordinary class of pottery. The collected data—on the macroscopic characteristic of the ware and shape—and a chronological analysis as well as quantitative study of the assemblage have indicated a continuous presence of this group in Nea Paphos, reflecting perhaps some sort of special social requirements combined with an economic background.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2021, 30(2); 231-249
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 215

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