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Wyszukujesz frazę "automatic data identification" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Automatyczny system identyfikacji oznakowania kodów oparty na mierze średniokwadratowej
Automatic identyfication sytem based on mse
Autorzy:
Kowalski, J.
Pęksiński, J.
Mikołajczak, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/311850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
automatyczna identyfikacja danych
błąd średniokwadratowy
kod kreskowy
automatic data identification
mean square error
bar code
Opis:
W artykule autorzy przedstawili system identyfikacji oznakowania towarów, którego zasada działania oparta jest na analizie obrazów pozyskanych przy pomocy cyfrowych urządzeń rejestrujących takich jak kamery, skanery. W celu identyfikacji obrazów zastosowano popularną miarę jakości służącą do oceny obrazów cyfrowych "błąd średniokwadratowy".
In this paper the authors present an identification system for marking of goods, the principle of which is based on the analysis of images obtained using digital recording devices such as cameras, scanners. In order to identify popular images used as to evaluate the quality of digital images "mean square error".
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2013, 14, 3; 507-511
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Systemy automatycznej identyfikacji – zastosowania i bezpieczeństwo danych
Automatic identification systems – applications and data security
Autorzy:
Mazur, Zygmunt
Mazur, Hanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/547649.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
Automatyczna identyfikacja
bezpieczeństwo danych
biometria
QR-kod
RFID
Automatic identification
data security
biometric techniques
QR-code
Opis:
Identyfikacja zwierząt, ludzi i przedmiotów stosowana była od bardzo dawna. Obecnie duże znaczenie zyskuje identyfikacja automatyczna umożliwiająca jednoznaczne rozpoznawanie obiektów przez urządzenia (automaty), przy minimalnej ingerencji człowieka. Identyfikacja obiektów wiąże się z kodowaniem danych, znakowaniem obiektów, zapisywaniem i przechowywaniem danych w bazach danych, odczytem danych przez odpowiednie urządzenia oraz wykorzystywaniem odpowiednich systemów informatycznych. Korzyści wynikające ze stosowania identyfikacji automatycznej to m.in: zwiększenie wydajności prac, obniżenie kosztów pracy, przyspieszenie obsługi klientów, możliwość identyfikacji obiektów będących w ruchu lub trudno dostępnych. Stosowana coraz częściej automatyczna identyfikacja obiektów wzbudza uzasadnione zainte-resowanie. Ogromne spektrum zastosowań, duża niezawodność, prostota i wygoda stosowania oraz miniaturowe rozmiary urządzeń, sprawiają, że identyfikacja automatyczna jest wykorzystywana coraz częściej. Cechy identyfikacji takie jak szybkość, jakość i niezawodność mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla jej masowego wykorzystywania. Jednak brak znajomości tych technologii, obawa o utratę prywatności i podejrzenia o możliwość inwigilacji dzięki wykorzystaniu automatycznej identyfikacji bez wiedzy i zgody obywateli w wielu przypadkach stanowi barierę w jeszcze powszechniejszym ich wykorzystywaniu. W pracy przedstawiono popularne obecnie technologie identyfikacji obiektów takie jak: kody kreskowe a w szczególności QR kody, technologię RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) oraz techniki biometryczne. Wskazano liczne różnorodne obszary ich zastosowań oraz korzyści z ich wykorzystywania. Omówiono także możliwe zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa gromadzonych i przetwarzanych danych w tych technologiach oraz obawy obywateli przed ich stosowaniem.
Identification of animals, people and objects has been used for long time. Automatic identifi-cation, which allows for unambiguous recognition of objects by devices (machines) with minimum human intervention, has become a topic of growing importance. Identification of objects is associated with the encoding of data, object marking, saving and storing data in databases, data access with proper equipment and the use of appropriate systems. The benefits of automatic identification include: increased productivity of work, lower labour costs, faster customer service, the ability to identify moving or difficult to access objects. Automatic identification of objects, which is used increasingly often, raises legitimate interest. Huge range of applications, high reliability, the simplicity and convenience of use and miniature sizes of equipment make automatic identification being used more and more frequently. Its characteristics such as speed, quality and reliability are essential to its mass use. However, the lack of comprehension of the technology, fear of loss of privacy and suspicion about the possibility of surveillance through the use of automatic identification without the knowledge and consent of citizens is still in many cases a barrier to their widespread use. This paper presents the currently popular object identification technologies such as bar codes and, in particular, QR codes, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) and biometric techniques. It mentions a number of different areas of their uses and benefits. Also possible threats to the security of data collected and processed with these technologies and concerns of citizens against the use of these technologies are discussed.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2013, 32; 192-206
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Algorithm for Interpolating Ship Motion Vectors
Autorzy:
Hu, Q.
Cai, F.
Yang, C.
Shi, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116863.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Ship Motion
Ship Motion Vector
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Dynamic Information
Algorithm, Ship's Acceleration
AIS Data
Vector Function
Opis:
Interpolation of ship motion vectors is able to be used for estimating the lost ship AIS dynamic information, which is important for replaying marine accidents and for analysing marine traffic data. The previous methods can only interpolate ship’s position, while not including ship's course and speed. In this paper, vector function is used to express the relationship between the ship’s time and space coordinates, and the tangent of the vector function and its change rate are able to express physical characteristics of ship’s course, speed and acceleration. The given AIS dynamic information can be applied to calculate the parameters of ship's vector function and then the interpolation model for ship motion vectors is developed to estimate the lost ship dynamic information at any given moment. Experiment results show that the ship motion vector function is able to depict the characteristics of ship motions accurately and the model can estimate not only the ship’s position but also ship’s course and speed at any given moment with limited differences.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2014, 8, 1; 35-40
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Classifying Ship Encounters to Monitor Traffic Safety on the North Sea from AIS Data
Autorzy:
Iperen, W. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117580.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
AIS Data
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
North Sea
Distance at Closest Point of Approach (DCPA)
Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA)
Classifying Ship Encounters
Traffic Safety
traffic
Opis:
In studies for the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, MARIN has developed methods to classify ship encounters on the North Sea from AIS data. The methods use the Distance at Closest Point of Approach (DCPA), Time to Closest Point of Approach (TCPA), and an estimate of ship domains, to determine for each crossing, head-on, and overtaking encounter, whether these follow abnormal patterns. On august 1 2013, the route structure on the North Sea, was rearranged to improve safety and efficiency. The encounter classification methods were applied to two years of AIS data. Heat maps of encounters show how the junctions have shifted. For these junctions, the numbers of encounters were compared. This paper discusses the methods to classify encounters, and the results of the comparison of the route structures. The results show a decrease of the number of exceptional head-on and crossing encounters in the new route structure.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 51-58
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) for Analysis of Ship Collision Using AIS Data
Autorzy:
Zaman, M.B.
Santoso, A.
Kobayashi, E.
Wakabayashi, D.
Maimun, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
AIS Data
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Formal Safety Assessment (FSA)
geographic information system (GIS)
Analysis of Ship Collision
Collision Avoidance
Malacca Strait
safety at sea
Opis:
Currently, Maritime safety is the best issue in the world. International Maritime organization (IMO) have recommended FSA methodology to enhance maritime safety. In this paper, the research conducted in the Malacca Strait. Malacca Strait is an area that has a high risk for shipping navigation. Many accidents occur in the area are like collision, fire, grounding and so on. Therefore a study on improving safety in this area is very important. it is to produce an output that can be used to provide input to the master and multiple stakeholders to improve safety on board at the time of sailing. In this study, AIS is used as a data source. Sea condition data collected actual traffic through the Automatic Identification System (AIS) equipment installed at Kobe University, Japan, and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Johor, Malaysia. The data is applied to define a method with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 67-72
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maritime Traffic Situations in Bornholmsgat
Autorzy:
Olindersson, F.
Janson, C. E.
Dahlmann, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Traffic
Baltic Sea
Bornholmsgat
COLREGs
AIS Data
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Collision Avoidance
Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS)
Opis:
Maritime traffic situations is regulated in the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), but how well are these rules followed by officers on board vessels? When the world shipping fleet grow and the traffic becomes more intensive, the risk of collision increase. By analysing AIS data from vessels in the traffic separation scheme Bornholmsgat during 24 hours in December 2013, 421 traffic situations were found where the passing distance between the vessels were less than 1.5 nautical miles. The compliance with the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) seems to be good, but the average avoiding action is less than the recommended manoeuver.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 115-120
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Probability of Ship on Collision Courses Based on the New PAW Using MMG Model and AIS Data
Autorzy:
Asmara, I.P.S.
Kobayashi, E.
Artana, K.B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116367.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Modeling of Maneuvering of Ships
Crash Astern Maneuvers
anticollision
mathematical model
Maneuvering
Potential Area of Water (PAW)
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Data
Opis:
This paper proposes an estimation method for ships on collision courses taking crash astern maneuvers based on a new potential area of water (PAW) for maneuvering. A crash astern maneuver is an emergency option a ship can take when exposed to the risk of a collision with other ships that have lost control. However, lateral forces and yaw moments exerted by the reversing propeller, as well as the uncertainty of the initial speed and initial yaw rate, will move the ship out of the intended stopping position landing it in a dangerous area. A new PAW for crash astern maneuvers is thus introduced. The PAW is developed based on a probability density function of the initial yaw rate. Distributions of the yaw rates and speeds are analyzed from automatic identification system (AIS) data in Madura Strait, and estimated paths of the maneuvers are simulated using a mathematical maneuvering group model.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 43-50
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Procedure for Marine Traffic Simulation with AIS Data
Autorzy:
Miyake, R.
Fukuto, J.
Hasegawa, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
AIS Data
Marine Traffic
Marine Traffic Simulation
Collision Avoidance
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
safety at sea
Traffic Simulation
Navigation Environment
Opis:
It is essential to evaluate safety of marine traffic for the improvement of efficiency and safety of marine traffic. Spread of AIS makes observation of actual marine traffic more easily and faster than before. Besides, description of collision avoidance behaviours of ships are indispensable to simulate a realistic marine traffic. It is important to develop and implement an algorithm of collision avoidance corresponding to a target traffic or target area into the marine traffic simulation because actual actions for collision avoidance depend on circumstances where ships are sailing. The authors developed an automated marine traffic simulation system with AIS data. And in this paper, we proposed a series of systematic procedures for marine traffic simulation including analysing for collision avoidance behaviours using AIS data.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 59-66
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identifying and Analyzing Safety Critical Maneuvers from High Resolution AIS Data
Autorzy:
Mestl, T.
Tallakstad, K.T.
Castberg, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117375.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
AIS Data
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
High Resolution AIS Data
Critical Maneuvers
1-2-3 Rule
vessel traffic service (VTS)
AIS Transponder
Safety of Navigation
Opis:
We demonstrate the value in previously disregarded parameters in AIS data, and present a novel way of quickly identifying and characterizing potentially safety critical situations for vessels with a properly configured AIS transponder. The traditional approach of studying (near) collision situations, is through vessel conflict zones, based on vessel location and speed from low resolution AIS data. Our approach utilizes the rate of turn parameter in the AIS signal, at maximum time resolution. From collision investigation reports it is often seen that prior to or at collision navigators perform frenetic rudder actions in the hope to avoid collision in the last second. These hard maneuverings are easily spotted as non-normal rate of turn signals. An identified potential critical situation may then be further characterized by the occurring centripetal acceleration a vessel is exposed to. We demonstrate the novelty of our methodology in a case study of a real ship collision. As the rate of turn parameter is directly linkable to the navigator behavior it provides information about when and to what degree actions were taken. We believe our work will therefore inspire new research on safety and human factors as a risk profiles could be derived based on AIS data.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 1; 69-77
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ship Behavior Analysis for Real Operating of Container Ships Using AIS Data
Autorzy:
Gao, X.
Makino, H.
Furusho, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116131.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Data
Container Ship
Real Operating of Container Ships
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to understand the real activity and operating situation of container ships in order to improve navigation efficiency. The study focused on the navigation for an entire ship voyage to understand the real activity of container ships using the historical ship navigation based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, which is possible so as to unveil the characteristics of real ship activity. The analysis considers ship voyages in the Seto Inland Sea and its oceanic waters, which are the primary traffic routes for container transportation particularly for China, Japan, and South Korea. The results of this study can be used to improve the efficiency of container ships and develop a smoother maritime transportation.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 2; 213-220
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study Reliability of the Information About the CPA and TCPA Indicated by the Ships AIS
Autorzy:
Wawruch, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117321.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime-related data
AIS Data
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
CPA
TCPA
ARPA
reliability of information
colregs
Opis:
According to the IMO recommendation when the target data from AIS and radar tracking are both available and the association criteria are fulfilled such that the AIS and radar information are considered as for one physical target, then as a default condition in radar equipment, the AIS target symbol and the alphanumerical AIS target data should be automatically selected and displayed only. The article presents research conducted in real conditions on the reliability of information presented by the ship's AIS about the passing distance with the other vessel equipped with AIS and time to pass it by comparing data from the AIS with that presented by ARPA.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 3; 417-424
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Comparison Study on AIS Signal Reception Rate with Directional Antenna and Omni Antenna
Autorzy:
Xu, T.
Hu, Q.
Xiang, Z.
Yang, C.
Wang, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Signal
AIS Data
Yagi antenna
Omni antenna
Directional Antenna
reception rate
VHF Technology
Opis:
With the wide use of AIS system in the world, especially in ports and the waters with heavy traffic, AIS message loss may be related to environmental conditions, obstacle, limitation of VHF technology and AIS network overload, thereby reducing the AIS signal successful reception rate. This paper selected typical AIS data received by Yagi and Omni antennas at the same time in specific waters, uses grid and AIS data recovery technology, establishes the AIS signal coverage model, analyzes signal reception rate of Yagi antenna and Omni antenna of AIS base station, and verified the superiority of Yagi antenna in AIS signal reception rate.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 2; 205-211
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of satellite AIS Data to derive weather judging criteria for voyage route selection
Autorzy:
Fujii, M.
Hashimoto, H.
Taniguchi, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116513.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Data
voyage route selection
route planning
satellite AIS Data
North Pacific Ocean
weather forecast
decision-making criteria
Opis:
The operational limitations are discussed at the IMO as a part of the second generation intact stability criteria. Since it is a first attempt to introduce operational efforts into safety regulations, comprehensive discussions are necessary to realize practically acceptable ones. Therefore this study investigates actual navigation routes of container ships and pure car carriers in the trans-North Pacific Ocean in winter, because they are prone to suffer significant parametric roll which is one of stability failure modes. Firstly, interviews are made to shipmasters who have experiences to have operated the subject ships to identify major elements for route selection in the North Pacific Ocean. Secondly, sufficient number of actual navigation records is collected from Satellite AIS data to derive the weather criteria for the route selection in severe weather condition. Finally, shipmaster’s on-board decision-making criteria are discussed by analysing the ship tracking data and weather data.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 2; 271-277
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Expanding the possibilities of AIS data with heuristics
Autorzy:
Smestad, B.B.
Rødseth, Ø.J.
Asbjjørnslett, B.E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116611.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Data
heuristics
commercial ship data registers
heuristic training
heuristic testing
satellite AIS Data
commercial vessel database
Opis:
Automatic Identification System (AIS) is primarily used as a tracking system for ships, but with the launch of satellites to collect these data, new and previously untested possibilities are emerging. This paper presents the development of heuristics for establishing the specific ship type using information retrieved from AIS data alone. These heuristics expand the possibilities of AIS data, as the specific ship type is vital for several transportation research cases, such as emission analyses of ship traffic and studies on slow steaming. The presented method for developing heuristics can be used for a wider range of vessels. These heuristics may form the basis of large-scale studies on ship traffic using AIS data when it is not feasible or desirable to use commercial ship data registers.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 2; 279-286
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measuring container port complementarity and substitutability with Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data – studying the inter-port relationships in the Oslo Fjord multi-port gateway region
Autorzy:
Schøyen, H.
Hjelmervik, K.
Wang, H.
Osen, O.L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116687.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
AIS Data
container port
inter-port relationships
Oslo Fjord
container feeder vessels
Norwegian Port
multi-port gateway region
Opis:
This paper considers the degree of competition among small and medium-sized container ports located in a multi-port gateway region. The level of port competition is evaluated by means of an analysis of the revealed preferences in the port-calling pattern of container feeder vessels deployed on their various links and routes. Unit of analysis is feeder vessel sailing legs and ports stays at/between adjacent container ports. At these ports’ terminals, ships are moored and loading and unloading of containers are performed. The vessel movement data is provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). A study of the principal container ports in the Oslo Fjord area is performed, measuring the actual container feeder traffic during the year of 2015. It is demonstrated to which extent ports in the Oslo Fjord region are acting as substitutes, and to which extent they are functioning more as a complement to each other.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 2; 265-270
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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