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Tytuł:
Inflacja normatywna w prawie karnym – rzeczywistość czy złudzenie?
Normative Inflation in Criminal Law – Reality or Fiction?
Autorzy:
Zgryzek, Kazimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035803.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-10
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
criminal law
amendments
Opis:
The author discusses the problem of excessive normative production in Polish legal system on the example of the changes implemented by amending the Code of Criminal Procedure. The article presents the changes implemented in the particular codes of criminal proceedings, starting with the first code of the independent Poland, the Code of 1928, followed by the amendments to that code, which remained in effect until December 31, 1969, as well as modified normative solutions remaining in effect prior to the change of the political and economic system, and concluding with the Code of Criminal Procedure which came into force on September 1, 1998. Such comparative study of the activity of the Polish Parliament between 1928 and 2017 reveals a severe excessive normative production with regard to criminal law in the recent years. The author argues that any normative changes to code regulations should be implemented only once the regulations subject to change have been tested in practice and have undergone an in-depth discussion in all groups that use the modified norms. As a positive example, the author enumerates the efforts of the Codification Commission of the Criminal Law, which resulted in the amendment of September, 2013, and compares it with the procedure of amending the Code of Criminal Procedure in March, 2016.
Źródło:
Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2017, 27, 1; 221-235
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opinia prawna w sprawie interpretacji art. 14 ust. 2 ustawy o wykonywaniu inicjatywy ustawodawczej przez obywateli
Legal opinion on the interpretation of Article 14 paragraph 2 of the Act on Exercise of the Legislative Initiative by Citizens
Autorzy:
Czarny, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16647719.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
legislative initiative
constitution
amendments
Opis:
A representative of the legislative initiative committee of citizens shall have the right to make amendments to a bill prepared and filed by this committee. This interpretation of Article 14 paragraph 2 of the Act, in conjunction with Article 36 paragraph 4 of the Standing Orders of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, implements – to the fullest –the applicant’s right to introduce amendments to a bill under Article 119 Paragraph 2 of the Constitution. That right is, however, limited by a statutory requirement to represent the committee, and therefore amendments going beyond the scope of authorization, which may have the form of a „general power of attorney” or specific suggestions, guidelines or prohibitions, must be regarded as invalid.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2012, 3(35); 57-66
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish approach to the IMO model course 1.27 on operational use of ECDIS
Autorzy:
Weintrit, A.
Kopacz, P.
Bąk, A.
Uriasz, J.
Naus, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/320546.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Forum Nawigacyjne
Tematy:
Manila Amendments
STCW
ECDIS model course
Opis:
In consequence of the adoption of the Manila Amendments to the STCW Convention and Code, the ECDIS model course would need to be reviewed and updated. Accordingly, three Polish matitime academies/universities present common position what necessary steps should be taken to revise and update existing IMO model course on Operational Use of ECDIS. Notes and comments relate to both the current existing IMO model course 1.27 on operational use of ECDIS and its new version proposed by the United States in the document STW 43/3/1. Comments and remarks to revised draft model course 1.27 cover the following parts and topics: Course Framework, Course Outline and Timetable, Detailed Teaching Syllabus, Instructor Manual, Evaluation and Assessment, and appendices for the ECDIS Instructor: Introduction of Operational use of ECDIS, ECDIS Performance Standard references, ECDIS Carriage Requirements, STCW Manila Amendments on ECDIS, Training scenario types and scenario success, and Integrated navigation training example.
Źródło:
Annual of Navigation; 2012, No. 19, part 2; 155-170
1640-8632
Pojawia się w:
Annual of Navigation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Les modifications apportées à la Constitution de la République Populaire de Pologne
Autorzy:
Łopatka, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44012316.pdf
Data publikacji:
1976-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
amendments
constitution
Polska
Polish Peoples Republic
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1976, 3-4(31-32); 5-25
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of application of some organic amendments on soil properties, extractable micronutrients and their chemical fractions in a sandy loam soil
Autorzy:
Dey, Ahana
Srivastava, Prakash Chandra
Pachauri, Satya Pratap
Shukla, Arvind Kumar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2088187.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
chemical fractions
micronutrients
organic amendments
soil properties
Opis:
In a 120-day incubation study, farmyard manure (FYM), mushroom compost (MC), poultry manure (PM), vermi-compost (VC), biogas slurry (BS) and biochar from Lantana sp.; a common weed (BC) each added at 15 t ha-1 significantly increased soil electrical conductivity and organic C content, however, only VC failed to increase soil organic C content significantly but increased soil pH when compared with the control sample. Among organic amendments, FYM, MC, VC and BS increased DTPA-extractable Zn and Mn in soil significantly when compared with the control sample, while BC was significantly effective in regard to increasing both DTPA-extractable Mn and hot water soluble B when compared with the control sample. Application of FYM and MC significantly increased DTPA-extractable Cu and Fe, respectively when compared with the control sample. Simple correlation and path coefficient analysis were performed to identify key chemical fractions of micronutrients in soil having the direct and indirect effects on availability of micronutrients in organically amended soils. Based on soil extractable concentrations of micronutrients in organically amended soils, FYM appeared to be the best source of Zn, Cu and Mn, while MC could serve as the best source of Fe. Biochar from Lantana sp. may serve as a good source of B.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Soil Science; 2020, 53, 2; 181-198
0079-2985
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Soil Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does the addition of soil amendments have a positive influence on landfill soils?
Autorzy:
Vaverková, Magdalena Daria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/762851.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
soil contamination, soil amendments, soil phytotoxicity, landfill
Opis:
Waste disposal in landfills is one of most frequently used methods of municipal solid waste (MSW) management. Landfills disturb to a certain extent the landscape character and disposal of waste in landfils represents one of human activities that may impair natural ecosystems. Due to waste decomposition, numerous chemical, physical and biological reactions and changes occur within the landfill body that give rise to dangerous and harmful substances. One of the problems very often occurring in the landfill surrounding is soil contamination. This study is focused on the assessment of soils contamination due to the operation of sanitary MSW landfill. The aim was to determine the effect of diatomite and compost on soil phytotoxicity. Toxicity was assessed in a pot experiment with soil amendments. Soil samples (sample 1–4) for the experiment were taken from the landfill site (sample 1–3) and its surrounding (sample 4). The aim of this study was to check relation between soil amendments added to the soil sample and the amount of biomass produced by some plant species (Sinapis alba L., Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study soil amendments improved soil characteristics. The paper shows that a higher percentage of biomass weight increase was recorded in samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 with the addition of compost. As compared with the addition of diatomite, biomass weight in the samples with the added compost increased on average by 67.25%. Therefore, it can be stated that the addition of diatomite did not advance the plant growth as much as the addition of compost. The potential of using soil amendments in practice is promising. 
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Soil Science; 2018, 51, 2
0079-2985
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Soil Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Current Amendments to Polish Electoral Law in the Light of European Standards
Autorzy:
Rakowska-Trela, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
election
electoral law
Electoral Code
amendments
Polska
Opis:
In December 2017 and January 2018, the Sejm and Senate, thanks to the votes of the deputies of ruling party Law and Justice, passed hugely controversial law amending inter alia Polish Electoral Code. Its adoption was opposed by the parliamentary opposition, by the electoral administration bodies and by many experts, however unsuccessfully. The enactment of this law destabilises the electoral system without a clear or evident need and treats the electoral code as a political instrument. Secondly, it does not provide the sufficient time for adaptation (vacatio legis), which may jeopardise free and fair local elections and the stability of the political system. Thirdly, the bill contains numerous unclear provisions and is in many parts written in a careless and contradictory way. Such amendments do not correspond with the European standards, described in the Venice Commission’s Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2018, 3 (47); 457-466
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Political System of the Republic of Turkey, Past and Present
Autorzy:
Marszałek-Kawa, Joanna
Burak, Ahmet
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616788.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Republic of Turkey
constitution
amendments
presidential system
Opis:
The first constitution of the Ottoman-Turkish Empire was adopted in 1876 – the Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Eng. Fundamental Law). In its history, Turkey has had four constitutions. They were adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, with the latter being presently in force. Nowadays, the creation of a new constitution is the main issue on Turkey’s political agenda. The government of Turkey and Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan want to amend the constitution, and envisage creating an executive presidential system (Tur. Başkanlık sistemi), similar to that of the Russian Federation and the United States. Critics are concerned about what Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s motivation may be. This article analyzes the historical roots of the constitution, its amendments, the presidential system in Turkey and the arguments of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) and Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) against the adoption of a presidential system. The key issues that the authors address are the changes that could be made under Turkey’s new constitution and whether all political power would be concentrated in president’s hands.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2018, 3; 95-108
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mediator as a Profession Incorporated into the System of Common Courts – Civil Mediation Practice in the Light of Recent Changes
Autorzy:
Kalisz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618327.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
civil mediation
mediator
amendments
mediacje cywilne
nowelizacja
Opis:
The article is an attempt to examine the results of the amendments, which have been introduced to civil procedure and to mediation law since the 1st January 2016. Mediation corresponds with the nature of private law and in many other Western countries it has become a significant part of justice in civil, commercial and family matters. The examined updating was meant to: raise the social knowledge and recognition of mediation; increase the number of mediations conducted; motivate lawyers to apply it as a solution for legal disputes; raise the standards of professional court mediators and – last but not least – shorten the length of the civil proceedings. Most of the changes have been inspired by the EU directives on commercial disputes.
Artykuł jest próbą zbadania skutków zmian, które wprowadzono do postępowania cywilnego w zakresie mediacji od 1 stycznia 2016 r. Mediacja koresponduje z naturą prawa prywatnego, w wielu innych krajach zachodnich stała się znaczącą częścią wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach cywilnych, handlowych i rodzinnych. Wprowadzenie zmian miało na celu: podniesienie poziomu wiedzy społecznej i uznanie mediacji, zwiększenie liczby mediacji, zmotywowanie prawników do stosowania jej jako formy rozwiązywania sporów prawnych, podniesienie standardów zawodowych mediatorów sądowych i – co równie ważne – skrócenie czasu postępowania cywilnego. Większość zmian została zainspirowana dyrektywami UE w sprawie sporów handlowych.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2018, 27, 3
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucja nowelizacji konstytucji: zakres, funkcje, interpretacje doktrynalne
The institution of constitutional amendments: the scope, functions, doctrinal interpretations
Autorzy:
Czachor, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2231747.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-29
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
prawo konstytucyjne
konstytucjonalizm
nowelizacja konstytucji
doktryna niekonstytucyjnych poprawek konstytucji
constitutional law
constitutionalism
constitutional amendments
doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments
Opis:
Cel naukowy: Artykuł ma na celu wskazanie potrzeby otwarcia doktryny prawa na pozaprawne, szczególnie polityczne, interpretacje konstytucjonalizmu. W tym celu podjęto problem nowelizacji konstytucji w wymiarze normatywnym i praktycznym oraz krytycznie przybliżono treść mniej znanej polskim czytelnikom koncepcji „niekonstytucyjnych poprawek konstytucji”. Problem i metody badawcze: Podstawowe pytanie badawcze dotyczy tego, jaki zakres i funkcje mogą mieć nowelizacje konstytucji i jak określić granice, tak by nie naruszały one zasady demokratycznego państwa prawnego. Artykuł, zagłębiając się w szczegółowe problemy zagadnień materialnych granic dopuszczalności nowelizacji konstytucji, opiera się na metodzie dogmatycznej, posiłkując się metodą prawnoporównawczą. Proces wywodu: W artykule omówiono problem definicyjnych relacji pomiędzy nowelizacją a zmianą konstytucji. Następnie wskazano, że normatywny rygoryzm i doktrynalny sceptycyzm względem elastyczności przepisów ustawy zasadniczej może mieć skutki odwrotne do zamierzonych i podważać stabilność systemu politycznego. Wyniki analizy naukowej: Potwierdzono definicyjne trudności dotyczące zakresu instytucji nowelizacji oraz zaproponowano opieranie się na kryterium funkcjonalnym, tj. rozróżnianiu nowelizacji formalnych, funkcjonalnych i symbolicznych. Istotą instytucji nowelizacji konstytucji jest umiejętne balansowanie pomiędzy jej ciągłością a nowymi potrzebami. Dla zrozumienia specyfiki funkcjonowania konstytucji w poszczególnych krajach postuluje się głębsze odwoływanie się do lokalnego kontekstu historycznego, kultury prawnej i uwarunkowań społecznych. Wnioski, innowacje i rekomendacje: Dowiedziono, że w zakresie ustalenia dopuszczalności nowelizacji konstytucji pomocne może być przyjęcie orientacji funkcjonalistycznej. Nierozwiązanymi pozostają wątpliwości odnośnie do tego, czy ograniczanie modyfikacji treści konstytucji nie jest w istocie aktem niedemokratycznym i czy nadawanie sądownictwu konstytucyjnemu szczególnej roli nie jest transformacją demokracji ku jurystokracji. Zauważono także, że konstytucjonalizm jest zjawiskiem na tyle różnorodnym, iż uzasadniony jest pluralizm podejść badawczych.
Research objective: The paper argues the need of opening the legal doctrine for non-legal, particularly political interpretations of constitutionalism. Therefore it discusses the problem of constitutional amendments in both normative and practical dimensions and the less known in Poland concept of ‘unconstitutional constitutional amendments’. The research problem and methods: The paper aims to discuss the possible scope and functions of constitutional amendments as well as their limits determined by the principle of a democratic state of law. The following study gives close scrutiny to the delimitation of material boundaries of constitutional amendments, which is already a field of scholar studies as well as a judicial practice. It employs doctrinal and additionally comparative methods. The process of argumentation: The paper starts with a discussion of the relationship between constitutional amendment and constitutional change. Consecutively, it argues that the normative rigidity and skepticism towards constitutional flexibility may result in opposite outcomes of undermining the stability of the political system. Research results: The analysis confirms the importance of the proper delimitation and mutual relation of the constitutional amendment and constitutional change. It advocates for using functional criteria and distinguishing formal, functional, and symbolic amendments. The proper use of amendment aims to keep a balance between the legal continuity and the new political challenges. To understand constitutional development in a particular country it is necessary to comprehensively study its historical, legal and social contexts. Conclusions, innovations, and recommendations: It was argued that the issue of constitutional amenability can be guided by the functionalist approach. Unresolved remain doubts regarding the unamendable constitutional norms. Are such limitations democratic, is the ultimate position of the constitutional courts in determining amendments’ legality in line with democracy or rather creates juristocracy? Definitely, constitutionalism is such a multifaceted phenomenon that there is a strong need for a pluralistic methodological approach.
Źródło:
Horyzonty Polityki; 2022, 13, 42; 11-29
2082-5897
Pojawia się w:
Horyzonty Polityki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Coffee grounds as a soil conditioner: effects on physical and mechanical properties - II. Effects on mechanical properties
Autorzy:
Bedaiwy, M.N.A.
Maksoud, Y.S.A.
Saad, A.F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/971314.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
coffee grounds
mechanical properties
soil amendments
soil conditioners
Opis:
Applying coffee grounds (CG) to sandy, calcareous, and clayey soils resulted in notable effects on soil expansion, cracking, cohesion, internal friction, initial stress and resistance to penetration. In sand, expansion upon saturation was greater after wetting-and-drying cycles. Highest increases were 15.71%, 16.14% and 31.86% for sandy, calcareous and clayey soils, respectively. Effect of CG on cracking was negligible in sand and very slight (<1.0%) in the calcareous soil but marked in clay (14.18% at 10% CG). In sand, cohesion (c) increased significantly with CG up to the 10% content. Cohesion increased by 2.5-folds and 4.5-folds at 5% and 10% CG, respectively. The presence of fine CG grains among larger sand particles, boosted microbial activities, and the resulting cementing and binding effects resulted in increased cohesion. For calcareous soil, cohesion rose from 0.04 kg·cm⁻² to 0.13 kg·cm⁻² as CG increased from 0% to 15%. In clay, maximum cohesion (0.20 kg·cm⁻²) was associated with the 10% CG and was highest of all soils. In sand, the angle of internal friction (φ) decreased notably as CG increased from 5% to 10% but there was no consistent pattern in any of the soils. An increase in initial stress (pi) was observed between 0% and 10% CG in sand and between 0% and 15% in calcareous soil while clay showed no particular trend. Patterns of pi were, thus, consistent with those of cohesion for all soils. Resistance to penetration increased substantially with CG in sand. The effect in calcareous and clayey soils took an opposite trend to that of sand and resistance was generally higher in calcareous soil. Overall effects of CG on resistance were desirable in all soils as far as agriculture (seedling emergence, crop growth, irrigation, etc.) is concerned.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Soil Science; 2019, 52, 2; 277-294
0079-2985
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Soil Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Coffee Grounds as a Soil Conditioner: Effects on Physical and Mechanical Properties - I. Effects on Physical Properties
Autorzy:
Bedaiwy, M. Naguib A.
Abdel Maksoud, Y S
Saad, A F
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/762799.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
coffee grounds
physical properties
soil amendments
soil conditioners
Opis:
Coffee grounds (CG) improved some soil physical properties (dry density, gd; porosity, n; aggregation; hydraulic conductivity, Ks; and infiltration rate, IR). Effects on other properties were inconsistent (e.g., sorptivity, S), or unfavorable (e.g., available water, AW). gd decreased and n increased with CG. CG decreased Ks in sand. In calcareous soil, maximum increase was associated with 10% and 15% CG before and after wetting-and-drying cycles (WDC), respectively. Ks increased with CG in clay, with greatest increase attained at 10% CG. IR decreased with CG in sand. In calcareous and clayey soils, IR decreased with CG before WDC but increased after WDC where maximum increase in clay was linked to 10% CG. No solid trends of soil sorptivity, S, were identified. Before WDC, S had the order: sand > calcareous > clay. For most cases, adding CG increased total water holding capacity (WHC). However, after WDC, the increase in water content at field capacity (FC) with CG was accompanied by a greater increase in wilting point (WP) and therefore a decrease in AW. CG improved soil structure and aggregation and increased non-water-stable aggregates in calcareous and clayey soils. Mean weight diameter (MWD) indicated increase in water-stable aggregates in sand at 5% and 10% CG. In clay, MWD increased only at 5% CG. Although results did not show coherent responses with some tested properties, they, mostly, indicate some beneficial effects of CG, particularly in relation to improving aggregation and water flow.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Soil Science; 2018, 51, 2
0079-2985
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Soil Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of soil amendments on the early growth of Streculia setigera Del. in the nursery
Autorzy:
Buochuama, A.
Akhabue, E. F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031908.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
early growth
nursery
nutrient requirement
propagation
soil amendments
Opis:
There exists an inadequate research on the propagation and nutrient needs of most tropical tree species. Hence, this work involves the developmental impact of soil amendments on the early growth of Streculia setigera Del. in the nursery. Different soil amendments; poultry waste (F1), goat manure (F2), cow manure (F3) and the control, normal soil (F4) were applied to several viable seeds of Streculia setigera in the nursery. The seeds were subjected to the same routine nursery practices. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and lasted for ninety (90) days. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were used in the data analysis. The findings revealed that the entire growth response of Streculia setigera seedlings were only sparely affected by the soil amendments (P<0.05). F3 was found to be the most preferred soil amendment for this species, followed by F2 and F4 consecutively. The result obtained from F1 was very poor and thus it is not ideal for this species.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2020, 30, 2; 287-297
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
W kwestii nowego modelu sprzedaży bezpośredniej produktów rolnych
Question of the agricultural products direct sales model
Autorzy:
Kapała, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531131.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
Tematy:
direct sale
processed agricultural products
draft amendments to regulations
Opis:
In the current law lacks provisions that would enable farmers to sell directly processed products without setting up a business. The Senate submitted draft act amending the Income Tax Act from individuals and the Act on Freedom of Business Activity (AFBA), designed to enable direct sales of processed products. The aim of considerations is to evaluate these legislative proposals. Therefore they were analyzed and compared with the Italian legal solutions. Generally is favorably accepted the proposal to exclude from being subject to the provisions of the AFBA farmers selling to consumers plant or animal products produced on his farm and processed in person or by family members of the farmer, in a manner other than industrial. The proposed criteria of processing, though not entirely precise, may be sufficient to determine the accessory nature of the activity. It would be justified to increase the amount of revenue, or rather of income tax–free to a level that would permit to achieve real additional income for the farmers. In such a situation it would be reasonable to extent the consequences of exceeding the specified limit on the ground of AFBA. This would be a measurable, quantitative parameter limiting the size of a processed products selling activity.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2013, 11; 243-253
1642-0438
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Agraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Główne kierunki nowelizacji kodeksu karnego w drodze ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. oraz ustaw z dnia 11 marca 2016 r.
Autorzy:
Małgorzata, Król-Bogomilska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
amendments
penalties
conditional suspension of execution of custodial sentences
fines
Opis:
This article contains a presentation of all the main amendments to the Penal Code introduced by the Act of February 20, 2015 amending the Act on Penal Code and certain other acts of law (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 396). Most of the provisions of this Act entered into force on July 1, 2015. The change of the criminal law carried out by this Act provides the most extensive amendments to the Penal Code of 1997 from the time of its adoption. The reform of the criminal law was decided due to the defectiveness of practice. At the stage of preparatory works, an emphasis was put on the abuse of custodial sentences with a conditional suspension of their execution, a low rate of individual fines and a too infrequent use of fines and penalties of restriction of liberty. Also, a defective practice was underlined referring to determining the length of a penalty period involving deprivation of liberty at an excessive level in the case of applying conditional suspension of its execution (when the courts determined the term of imprisonment sentences at the level which is much higher than if this sentence was awarded without a conditional suspension of its execution). An emphasis was also put on the presence of high levels of prison population, a high percentage of those serving prison sentences and the existence of a large group of approx. 70 000 people waiting to undergo imprisonment. Most of the changes introduced by this Act refer to penalties. The main changes include creating a broader possibility of applying non-custodial measures. Also, a novelty is an introduction of the possibility of combining the penalty of restriction of liberty with the penalty of imprisonment (which is often referred to as a so-called “mixed punishment”). A number of changes concerning the rules of application of probation measures was introduced. When it comes to conditional suspension of punishment, the possibility of conditional suspension of the penalty of restriction of liberty or an independent fine was excluded; moreover, the possibility of applying this institution was limited – as a rule – only to custodial sentences with a maximum term of imprisonment of one year. In the summary description of the changes to the Penal Code in the article it was emphasized that the far-reaching changes which were introduced were justified mainly by ad-hoc practical considerations. It was considered that the amendments to the Penal Code follow the erroneous – from the point of view of rationality – trend of attempting to solve the current problems of practice by introducing substantive changes. The article also presents subsequent changes to the Penal Code resulting from two acts enacted on the day of March 11, 2016 (Journal of Laws of 2016, item 428) and Journal of Laws of 2016, item 437). The changes referring to the regulations amended or introduced by the act which was discussed in the article were indicated. These changes consist, e.g. in eliminating the new form of execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty associated with the use of an electronic surveillance system and in repealing Article 59a giving rise to the discontinuation of criminal proceedings against the perpetrator, who, prior to the start of the trial in the first instance, repaired the damage or compensated the harm caused, as well as in repealing Article 60a on the so-called “plea-bargaining”.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 7-24
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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