Temat: Victim - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Ofiary włamań mieszkaniowych (wyniki międzynarodowych badań porównawczych)
Victims of Burglary (Findings of an international comparative survey)
Autorzy:: Ostrihanska, Zofia
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Mawby, Rob J.
Walklate, Sandra
Görgenyi, Ilona
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698698.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1998
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: ofiara
włamanie
badanie międzynarodowe
victim
burglary
international survey
Opis:: Burglary is a serious offense which particularly affects the victim. It often has more one victim, and its effects react on ihe entire family and broader community. For the victim, its important element is not only the loss of and possibly damage to property, but also violation of privacy and of the related feeling of safety. The survey discussed in the paper was conducted in 6 cities in the following countries: Germany - Monchengladbach; Poland - Warsaw and Lublin; Hungary - Miskolc; and United Kingdom - Plynouth and Salford. Discussed here will be mainly the findings obtained in Warsaw and Lublin, and data from the rest of the sample will be referred to on some issues only. The survey focused on the following issuess: 1/ circumstances of the offense and losses suffered by the victims; 2/ respondents’ attitudes to the police and appraisal of police work in their case; 3/ assistance received, self-organization, steps undertaken by the victims to prevent further burglaries; 4/ respondents’ feelings, their reactions to the offense and persistence of those reactions. The survey based on data from interviews with victims of burglary and on information obtained from the police (the questionnaire was developed by the designer and head of the project, Prof. R.I. Mawby and contained some questions from the British Crime Survey Questionnaire of 1984, 1988, and l992). Sampled in each city selected for the project were 400 reported cases of burglary; interviews were conducted in a half of those cases (200 burglaries) on two occassions, that is at least 6 to 8 weeks and 16 to 18 weeks after the date burglary was reported. As was shown by comparison of data on the socio-demographic situation of victims of burglary in different countries, variables such as age, structure of family, or material or housing situation significantly differentiate individual national samples (e.g. persons living alone were much fewer in Poland as compared to Hungary and the United Kingdom). The circumstances of burglary, losses suffered and anti-burglary protection measures shape differently in different countries. In the United Kingdom, the number of burglaries committed during the night while the victims were at home and asleep was twice as big as in Poland and Germany. On some points, however, no differences were found. About a half of respondents in all countries said that some of the objects stolen during the burglary were to them of sentimental value. Besides, property stolen most often throughout the sample was electronic equipment. Polish respondents were below the average as regards special protective measures. For example, a slight proportion only had alarm devices installed, and a mere one-third had taken out an insuranie policy. Due to high costs of insurance in Poland, the insurance sum was low as a rule and seldom corresponded with the actual value of equipment. As a result, Polish respondents could not get compensation from the insurance company; when compensation was paid, the loss actually suffered was hardly made up for. Interestingly, though, the taking out of insurance was related neither to respondent's level of education nor to his self-appraised material situation. Polish respondents' attitude to the police and opinion on police work tended to be more critical compared to the rest of the sample. Criticized were many aspects of police work in cases of burglary. Polish respondents stated more often that the police had arrived too late, ignored their suggestions as to possibly identity of the burglars, and failed to interrogate persons they indicated. A vast majority of Polish respondents believe that the police failed to inform them properly about the state of investigation. Fewer Polish victims of burglary are also satisfied with the way in which the police conducted the investigation in their case (about 20% compared to about 75% of British and Hungarian respondents). Policemen enjoy a lower prestige among Polish victims. Social perception of the police depends on their treatment of the victim but also on the national tradition, previous experiences with police forces being used by the authorities to perform political tasks, the image of the force created by the media etc. In view of the more critical opinion on the police found among Polish respondents, it is inieresting to find out whether such opinion has any objective grounds, that is whether the proportion of offenders detected in Polish cases was lower compared to the rest of the sample. The answer is no. In cases of burglary, detectability rate was low throughout the sample and Poland was by no means inferior in this respect. Polish victims' tendency to be the most critical of all towards police work may have a number of reasons. It may be related to actually greater shortages of the force (e.g. inferior equipment); to a greater pain involved in losses suffered by Polish victims; or to society’s critical attitude towards the police fixed under the past regime. On the grounds of our data, it would be difficult to select any of the above three explanations. Considering the reasons of Polish respondents' critical attitude towards the police, one can hardly ignore the fact that with a growth in both crime and thę social sense of threat in the country, also society's expectations and demands of the police have gone up. As we know, burglary causes not only material losses but also psychological effects which tend to persist for a long time in many victims. Inquired about in the survey were respondents' first reactions to burglary; the persistence of those reactions; reactions of their family members; and the aspect the victims considered the worst of all in their experience of burglary. As follows from the findings, the psychological effects of burglary suffered by the victims are similar in all countries in the sample. Most respondents felt depressed, and this frame of mind persisted in onefourth of the sample. The worst experience mentioned most often was material loss (which frequently amounted a loss of possessions that had taken a person's lifetime to amass); worsening of the living conditions; and in many cases the accompanying sense of harm and injustice. Another worst experience mentioned was invasion of privacy, a loss of trust in one's fellow men, and helplessness. Persons who consider themselves the most ,,affected” by burglary among Polish respondents are those calling themselves not too well-off, the not insured, and women rather than men. Compared to the rest of the sample, British respondents feel less affected by burglary; however, burglary was found to affect victims in a similar way irrespective of the country. Interestingly, the frequency of victims' psychological reactions followed the same pattern throughout the sample. Anger ranked first, followed by shock, anxiety, sleep disorders, and crying. Burglaries examined within the Polish sample affected a greater number of persons compared to those committed in the remaining countries: Polish households that were burgled were bigger. We also strove to find out whether respondents felt threatened with crime. Such sense of threat was more intense in Polish compared to Hungarian and British respondents. The system of assistance to victims was the best in terms of organization and functioning in United Kingdom followed by Germany, Hungary and Poland. The situation of Polish victims of burglary proved the most unfavorable as regards the possibility of getting both compensation for material losses and assistance from competent institutions. As opposed to the rest of the sample, Polish respondents were less often satisfied with the way in which the police handled their case and much more critical towards police work. The findings show that, in Poland in particular, the insurance system has to be reconsidered and differently regulated, and there is an urgent need for a systemic and coordinated program of comprehensive assistance to victims. The more critical opinion on police work found in Polish respondents also suggests that the treatment of victims by the police in Poland requires a thorough analysis.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1998, XXIII-XXIV; 75-113
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Teoretyczne podstawy mediacji między ofiarą a sprawcą przestępstwa
The Theoretical Foundations of Mediation Between the Victim and Offender
Autorzy:: Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698941.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2000
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: mediacja
ofiara
konflikt
przestępca
victim
offender
mediation
conflict
Opis:: Mediation as a method of conflict resolution also applicable to conflict resulting from an offences is the alternative of legal solution of disputes, a technique shared by various models that promote the use in practice of consensus. This novel plocedure fot conflict resolution (which is however derived from the traditions of the oldest societies) - a consensual one, based on agreement between parties - has been developing most dynamically over the recent decades, and pervaded all branches of the law in most legal systems (H. Jung, T. Marshall). In the specific context of criminal justice, mediation does not necessarily aim at conflict resolution. For this reason, it is defined as a process, where parties to proceedings are offered the possibility to actively participate in resolving issues that result from the offence, and are assisted in so doing by an impartial third person or mediator. Mediation may take a variety of forms (direct or indirect); it may be conducted by professional or lay mediators, under auspices of the law enforcement agencies or by an independent social organization, and the parties to it may include not only the victim and the offender but also their relatives and other supporters as well as representatives of the criminal justice system. As has already been mentioned, the origins of mediation between the offender and his victim date back to the oldest past when all issues related to harm involved in acts that are today treated as offences were adjusted in the course of negotiations by those directly concerned assisted by their families and clans. The offences was seen as a conflict between the victim and the perpetrator, with due consideration to the social context. Once the function of reacting to crime was taken over by the state, the reactions initially resembled the modern rules of civil law. Later on, when crime was interpreted as violation of the order established by the ruler, penal sanctions aimed not only at compensating the victim but also at supporting the authority of the state. Although Nils Christie's picture of the state stealing the conflict is a convincing illustration of this situation, the fact should be borne in mind that the state's taking over of the function of punishing was an immense cultural achievement of its time, especially for those members of the conmunity who were too weak to vindicate their claims (B.-D. Meier). Solutions that provide for specific forms of consensus can also be found in modern legal systems. In the area of mediation between the victim and offender, the practice outpaced theory. It was inspired, among other things, by examples of "community justice'' of non-Western cultures; by the movement on behalf of victims, the progress of victimology, the diversion conception, and abolitionism; by the theory of social peace and conflict resolution and by the conception of reparatory justice. This latter conception deals with most problems posed by the other ones. It is, however, difficult to define, and its essence is difficult to explain, especially if we try to embrace threads important for all the trends on which it bases. Thus in the end, a simpler definition suggested by T. Marshall won general acceptance: "reparatory justice is an approach to crime, oriented on solving the problem, which engages perionally all parties involved in it as well as the community, in active relation to the public sector institutions. It is not a specific activity but a set of ruled that may set the direction of the bulk of actions of all institutions or groups related to crime. Reparatory justice is a process in which all parties involved in a specific offence meet to reach a joint solution of the issue of effects of crime and conclusions for the future". This definition was subsequently modified somewhat by other authors. In particular, it was accepted by an international body - the International Research Network on Reparatory Juvenile Justice in its Leuven Declaration of May 1997 concerning advisability of promoting the reparatory approach to juvenile delinquency. Reparatory justice is discussed as a specific trend, approach, philosophy or even idea; according to most authors, however, it has not yet developed into a consistent theory, although incessant efforts are made towards this aim. The term "reparatory justice'' is attributed to R. Barnett; H. Zehr's contribution is the first general model of that justice as an "alternative paradigm of justice" whose main principles are opposed to those of the traditional retributive justice. Also J. Braithwaite's idea of "reintegrating confusion'' was of importance for the development of the reparatory justice conception. It is associated e.g. with Hirschi's theory of control, Matza's neutralization theory, Luhmann's systemic theory, and also with the traditional penal law theories under which evil has to be compensated by punishment, but compensation involving suffering prohibits a better arrangement of social relartions. Instead, reparatory justice balances the harm involved in crime through action aimed at compensation and “doing good” (Ch. Pelikan, B.D. Meier). M. Wright stresses that this conception largely tallies with the common-sense ideas as to how society should react to crime, supported by appropriate actions, analysis, and studies. Mediation and other restorative reactions are sometimes shown as responses that function instead, parallel or within the traditional justice system. Much speaks, however, for integration of reparatory justice with the criminal justice system. The approach that isolates mediation altogether from criminal justice pays insufficient attention to the danger of inequality of the parties to mediation in the area of efficient execution of their conflicting interests. Thus public interest requires that the course and results of mediation proceedings be supervised. The manner in which reparatory justice may replace repressive one depends first and foremost on the seriousness of crime. It is not in all cases that a purely reparatory reaction should be recommended as sufficient. This is among the frequent arguments of critics of reparatory justice (although even its supporters accept the existence of limits to its application). Skeptics also stress that reparatory justice violates a number of generally accepted rules of procedure, especially that of equality before the law (which, however, could be disputed) and the offender’s procedural rights due to him in criminal proceedings (which is in fact a weakness of reparatory justice, but collisions might be solved by appropriate rules and standards of the reparatory process or e.g. by judicial review of negotiated solutions). The conception of reparatory justice is often explicated through opposition of the basic models of reaction to crime (although faulty in some respects, this method well illustrates the most fundamental features). Reparatory justice is sometimes called the "third path'', an alternative to the (neo-) retributive penal law and the rehabilitation model which proves ineffective, and a fully mature self-standing model (L. Walgrave, I. Aertsen). M. Wright stressed two spccial ideas that distinguish reparatory justice from the traditional criminal justice system. The first of them is that the process itself constitutes an essential element of the reaction, that it is constructive and may even have a therapeutic importance. The other idea is compensation interpreted in a much broader sense - from symbolic actions such as work to those reducing the risk of the offender relapsing into crime. The justification and legitimization of mediation in criminal cases bases not only on new theorietical conceptions. Such justification can also be found in the assumptions of the traditional justice system. This is what B.D. Meier did assuming as his point of departure the penal law system's public function, including in particular that of restoring public order that has been violated through crime, and also that of preventing repeated violations. The traditional systems have always provided for two or three different models of reaction to crime. Prevalent is punishment imposed on the person who has been found guilty. The second model involves imposition of special measures irrespective of the offender's liability (security and preventive measures). The third model, of crucial importance for legitimization of mediation in the criminal justice system, consists in renouncing formal proceedings, e.g. in view of slight social harmfulness of the act, the fact that no public interest is involved in the imposition of penalty, or reasons of general and special prevention. According to T. Marshall, justifications of reparatory justice (fulfilled i.a. through mediation) should be sought in the community nature of the offence and its effects. Explaining the theoretical foundations of mediation between the victim and the offender is a complex task because of the multitude of its sources as well as theories and conceptions quoted, and particularly because of the lack of agreement as to the essence of the usually quoted conception of reparatory justice and as to its treatment as "competitive'' with fespect to traditional justice or (for which interpretation I would like to declare) as that system's highly profitable logical supplementation, improvement and expansion. Also in Poland, the practice of actions involving mediation have outpaced the theory: for several years now, there has been quite a rapid growth in its application in practice. In both spheres, there are many problems and challenges worth taking up. At the same time, expanding the theory is of importance for the practice. Explanation of the ideas, aims and foundations of mediation and of its position with respect to traditional justice is paramount for the institution's reasonable development, evaluation and shaping towards its meeting the expectations.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 9-28
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość i polityka karna w krajach postkomunistycznych: spojrzenie laika
Crime and Penal Policy in Post-Communist States: a Layman’s Perspective
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699122.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość
polityka karna
państwa postkomunistyczne
kara
polityka kryminalna
badania wiktymizacyjne
crime
penal policy
post-communist states
punishment
criminal policy
victim study
Opis:: Can we seriously analyse penal policy trends in the post-communist states if we have no idea on the penal legislation in these countries, on trends in crime combat and prevention or the current shape of the penal policy, including in particular penal code reforms that are being developed or implemented? We would naturally say no. The author, however, attempts to prove that such an analysis is possible provided one has access to relevant statistical data. The data are contained mainly in three publications: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Penological Information Bulletin and Atlas przestępczości w Polsce [Overview of Crime in Poland]. For the purposes of this paper, the data were significantly modified not to include some of the post-communist states. For various reasons, mainly due to the data credibility and completeness, the author focussed only on ten such states, i.e. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary. Some comparisons also include Bulgaria. Firstly, an analysis of the data shows that the common characteristics of the post-communist states under discussion are their high crime levels, both in terms of dynamics and prevalence. An exceptionally high level of crime risk is also displayed in the victimological research results. Secondly, a comparison of crime reporting levels clearly shows that the crime level in our region is actually much higher than police statistics might suggest. This is also confirmed by the results of nationwide Polish research held every four years within the International Crime Survey. We usually are one of the last countries in terms of crime reporting levels. It seems that people in our region are generally quite reluctant to report crime (due to our mistrust in police effectiveness), which makes our official crime statistics extremely unreliable. Therefore, while victimological research in the Western European countries may be treated as an interesting alternative to police statistics (and we actually could do without the latter), in our region, such research is a must. Thirdly, due to the extremely unreliable police statistics, it is essential to initiate victimological research in the countries of our region, and ideally to include them in the International Crime Survey. Without reliable victimological studies, we will have to rely on the police data that sometimes seem to be a tactless joke. The author's analysis, although not aimed at establishing any general rules, but rather at clearly describing the facts, naturally brings some obvious conclusions. The first conclusion is that all the former Soviet bloc countries were characterised by high crime levels at the turn of the 21st century. And the times are not conducive to softening penal repressions, which makes it obvious that most states under discussion continued their rather harsh penal policy compared to the Western countries. Poland was an interesting exception with its new and extremely liberal penal legislation having been introduced in the period of an extremely sharp crime growth. However, the author underlines that these developments had fortunately little influence on the judicial practice, all the more so since the main legislative and judicial changes to ease penal repressions had been introduced earlier. In other words, already before 1997 when the new penal codification was adopted, we had reached a dead end in crime policy liberalisation and there was no space left for more such changes for fear of mass protests and riots. The fact that the new and much more liberal penal code did not bring significant changes in the judicial practice proves the advantage of the judicial opinion over penal code solutions. This means and is clearly confirmed in the Polish experience that the form of penal legislation is much less important (though not unimportant) than specific judicial practice. All the states under analysis still show a disastrous structure of the length of unsuspended prison sentences. On the one hand, the shortest terms (up to one year, or even six months) are used too rarely, and on the other, too seldom are also the relatively long terms of ten and more years of prison. That makes sentence diversification seem insufficient. In all the states under discussion, the dominating group of imprisonment sentences are those from one to three years, which is inefficient from the criminology perspective, quite costly, and leads to the overpopulation of prisons. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that all these countries have such high imprisonment rates per 100,000 inhabitants.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 67-94
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Handel ludźmi - aspekty społeczne i prawne
Human Trafficking – Social and Legal Aspects
Autorzy:: Lasocik, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137101.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2007
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: human trafficking
victim of human trafficking
human smuggling
slavery
servitude
modern−day slavery
handel ludźmi
ofiara handlu ludźmi
zniewolenie
współczesne formy niewolnictwa
Opis:: Human trafficking has been a growing concern for the international public opinion in recent years. While slavery and similar practices seem to be a thing of the past, the problem persists in a variety of forms, including forced prostitution, forced labour, child pornography or trafficking of human organs and may even take on less explicit forms, such as forced marriages. Whatever the form, human trafficking means total servitude and leads to denial of humanity. Human trafficking is a form of slavery, a serious crime and a major violation of human rights. Because of this, governments must provide an effective means to combat the problem and first and foremost protect and support the victims. Civil society also carries an important responsibility and has its role to play. There must be public awareness of the problem of human trafficking to exert pressure on governments to meet their responsibilities and develop social infrastructure designed to support and protect the victims. Human trafficking has been and continues to be on the agenda of a variety of international fora and is the subject of international and national legal regulations.
Handel ludźmi to zjawisko, które w ostatnich latach ogniskuje uwagę tzw. międzynarodowej opinii publicznej. Chociaż wydawać by się mogło, że niewolnictwo i praktyki zbliżone do niewolnictwa należą do przeszłości, to jednak okazuje się, że jest to zjawisko wciąż obecne w życiu społecznym i przybiera różnorodne formy, takie jak: wymuszona prostytucja, praca przymusowa, pornografia dziecięca czy handel narządami ludzkimi. Czasem przybiera formy mniej jednoznaczne, np. małżeństwa przymusowe. W każdej z tych form handel ludźmi prowadzi do absolutnego zniewolenia, a przez to jest drastycznym zaprzeczeniem człowieczeństwa. Handel ludźmi jest zatem formą niewolnictwa. Jest to jedno z najcięższych przestępstw (zbrodnia) oraz naruszenie praw człowieka. Z tych wszystkich powodów na instytucjach państwa spoczywa obowiązek skutecznego przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku, ale przede wszystkim obowiązek ochrony i opieki nad ofiarą. Obowiązki ciążą także na członkach społeczeństwa, zorganizowanych w społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Obowiązki te streszczają się w oczekiwaniu, że społeczeństwo będzie posiadało wiedzę na temat handlu ludźmi, będzie wywierało naciski na państwo, aby to wywiązywało się, że swoich zobowiązań, ale przede wszystkim, że stworzy infrastrukturę społeczną, która zagwarantuje ofierze rzeczywistą opiekę. Handel ludźmi był i jest przedmiotem obrad licznych gremiów międzynarodowych, a także regulacji prawnych, tak międzynarodowych jak i narodowych.
Źródło:: Studia Socjologiczne; 2007, 4(187); 31-57
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:: Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Assisting Victims: The British Model in Comparative Context
Autorzy:: Mawby, Robert I.
Simmonds, Lesley A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698726.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: ofiary przestępstw
wymiar sprawiedliwości
pomoc ofiarom przetępstw
crime victims
criminal justice system
victim assistance programmes
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 555-565
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Czynniki ryzyka i konsekwencje doświadczania przemocy fizycznej wśród młodzieży
Risk factors and consequences of childhood experience of physical violence in adolescents
Autorzy:: Gmitrowicz, Agnieszka
Lewandowska, Aleksandra
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/945467.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Medical Communications
Tematy:: adolescent
czynniki ryzyka
emotional disorders
młodzież
ofiara
physical violence
przemoc fizyczna
risk factors
victim
zaburzenia emocjonalne
Opis:: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of consequences of experience of physical violence in school-age adolescents and analysis of selected risk factors in victims of physical violence in the study population. Over the school year 2006/2007, we performed an anonymous questionnaire-based study among adolescents attending randomly selected secondary schools in Łódź, Poland (N=1445; thereof 62% were males). The questionnaire included closed questions addressing responders’ family structure, academic performance, legal status, abuse of psychoactive substances, level of self-esteem, emotional disturbances including deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideas. Experience of physical violence was defined according to selected criteria concerning response to severe stress (F43 acc. to ICD-10), i.e. experience of direct mental or other conse-quences for at least one hour. Over 1/5 of adolescents included in the study have experienced physical violence at least once in their life. Institutionalised persons have experienced physical violence most often and those brought up in incomplete families. In the study population, most frequent direct consequences of exposure to physical violence were anger and aggression. As compared with their peers who have not experienced physical violence, adolescents who have had such experiences significantly more often reported feelings of lack of control, anxiety, sadness, truancy, escapes, consumption of alcohol and abuse of psychoactive substances. In this population, elevated risk of experiencing physical violence was associated with outbreaks of anger, male gender and experience of mental violence and deliberate self-harm. Furthermore, a correlation was found between experience of physical violence and pathological phenomena in the responders’ family, e.g. mental disorders, abuse of psychoactive substances, suicidal attempts and deliberate self-harm.
Celem badań była ocena występowania następstw doznania przemocy fizycznej wśród młodzieży szkolnej, a także analiza wybranych czynników ryzyka u ofiar przemocy fizycznej w badanej populacji. W roku szkolnym 2006/2007 przeprowadzono anonimowe badania ankietowe uczniów w wybranych losowo szkołach ponadpodstawowych w Łodzi (N=1445; w tym 62% chłopców). Ankieta zawierała pytania zamknięte nt.: sytuacji rodzinnej, szkolnej, prawnej, używania substancji psychoaktywnych, poziomu zadowolenia z siebie, obecności zaburzeń emocjonalnych, w tym samouszkodzeń i myśli samobójczych. Jako doświadczenie przemocy fizycznej (DPF) przyjęto spełnienie wybranych kryteriów reakcji na ciężki stres (F43 według ICD-10), czyli odczuwanie bezpośrednich następstw psychicznych lub innych przez co najmniej 1 godzinę. Ponad 1/5 badanych uczniów doświadczyła co najmniej raz w życiu przemocy fizycznej. Najczęściej doświadczali jej uczniowie mieszkający w placówkach lub z jednym rodzicem. Bezpośrednimi następstwami doświadczania przemocy fizycznej (DPF) u badanych były najczęściej gniew oraz agresja. Uczniowie, którzy doświadczyli przemocy fizycznej, istotnie częściej w porównaniu z uczniami bez DPF skarżyli się na brak kontroli, lęk, smutek oraz potwierdzali wagarowanie, ucieczki, picie alkoholu, używanie substancji psychoaktywnych (SPA). Wysokie ryzyko PDF dotyczyło przede wszystkim reprezentantów płci męskiej, było powiązane z występowaniem u uczniów wybuchów złości, a następnie z doświadczaniem przez nich przemocy psychicznej oraz dokonywaniem samouszkodzeń. Ponadto stwierdzono związek między DPF a występowaniem zjawisk patologicznych w rodzinie, tj. z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, nadużywaniem SPA, próbami samobójczymi, samouszkodzeniami.
Źródło:: Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna; 2008, 8, 4; 192-203
1644-6313
2451-0645
Pojawia się w:: Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: International Crime Victim Survey ‘04/05: Polska na tle wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej
International Crime Victim Survey 2004/2005: Poland and Selected Countries of the European Union
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698866.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: International Crime Victim Survey
międzynarodowe badanie ofiar przestępstw
ocena pracy policji
punitywność
lęk przed przestępczością
ofiary przestępstw
wiktymizacja
victims of crime
fear of crime
victimization
ICVS
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 169-192
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Wykorzystanie węży tłocznych w ratownictwie na akwenach pokrytych lodem
Autorzy:: Krasowski, T.
Cybulska, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/373854.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:: wąż pożarniczy
miejsce zdarzenia
akcja ratownicza
poszkodowany
ewakuacja
fire hose
rescue
victim
evacuation
Opis:: Artykuł przedstawia możliwość wykorzystania węży pożarniczych W75 na zamarzniętych akwenach podczas akcji ratowniczych.
The article presents rescue technique on frozen water regions with non-standard use of fire hoses W 75.
Źródło:: Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2008, 4; 177-187
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:: Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Does the Victim of a Crime Have the Right to a Fair Trail? Remarks on the Protection of Crime Victims in the Light of the Guarantees in the European Convention on Human Rights
Autorzy:: Mezykowska, Aleksandra
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706869.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: ECHR
European Convention on Human Rights
victim of crime
Opis:: None of the provisions guaranteeing the right to a fair trial contained in the principal international agreements were explicitly drafted to assure such a right to victims of crimes. Therefore, over the last two decades one could observe a shift in the attitude of the European Court of Human Rights towards the rights of victims, in order to extend the protection granted under the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights to victims taking part in criminal proceedings. The Court directly extends the rights of victims by elaborating the procedural obligations of States (mainly under Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention), and through a broader understanding of the concept of civil rights and obligations, which enables the extension of the guarantees granted under Article 6 to victims participating in criminal proceedings. The purpose of this analysis is to attempt to answer the questions: under what circumstances in criminal proceedings may victims benefit from the right to a fair trial, and to what extent are they entitled to claim the protection of the guarantees provided for under the Convention?
Źródło:: Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2011, 31; 285-313
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:: Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Mobbing jako problem etyki w zarządzaniu
Mobbing as an Ethics of Management Problem
Autorzy:: Kowal, Jolanta
Pilarek, Grażyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20249650.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: mobbing
ethics
management
mobbing victim
Opis:: The positive company image and its good reputation are usually results of ethical and honest behaviour towards employees and may cause competitiveness and benefits increase, customer satisfaction and new job places creating. However it occurs often in dynamically developing firms that ethical norms are not kept and this process is observed by lack of equal chances to get a job – people without connections remain without work. Due to different research the very serious problem is a phenomena of mobbing. Psychological terror or mobbing in working life involves hostile and unethical communication which is directed in a systematic manner by one or more individuals, mainly toward one individual, who, due to mobbing, is pushed into a helpless and defenceless position and held there by means of continuing mobbing activities. These actions occur on a very frequent basis (statistical definition: at least once a week) and over a long period of time (statistical definition: at least six months´ duration). Because of the high frequency and long duration of hostile behaviour, this maltreatment results in considerable mental, psychosomatic and social misery.
Źródło:: Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2011, 14, 1; 227-240
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:: Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Nowe wyzwania dla sądów i kuratorów sądowych w świetle znowelizowanej ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie
New challenges for the courts and guardians on the amended act under anti-domestic violence
Autorzy:: Sęk, Andrzej
Sęk, Łukasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164246.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011-12-15
Wydawca:: Ostrołęckie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:: kurator
przemoc w rodzinie
ofiara
sąd
Policja
pracownik socjalny
curator
domestic violence
the victim
court
police
social worker
Opis:: Nasilające się brutalne akty przemocy wobec małoletnich zmusiły agendy rządowe do podjęcia działań mających na celu ograniczenie skali tego zjawiska. Niewątpliwie jednym z elementów tych działań było opracowanie projektu zmiany ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie. Efektem tych przedsięwzięć było uchwalenie przez Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w dniu 10 czerwca 2010 r. zmiany ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu przemocy w rodzinie oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Z chwilą wejścia w życie znowelizowanych aktów prawnych pojawiły się nowe zadania dla sądów i kuratorów sądowych. Kuratorzy sądowi będą m.in. uczestniczyli w pracach zespołów interdyscyplinarnych powoływanych przez organy wykonawcze gmin, sądy zaś otrzymały, jak się wydaje, skuteczny instrument prawny w postaci możliwości orzekania wobec sprawcy przemocy zakazu kontaktowania się z określonymi osobami, zakazu zbliżania się do określonych osób lub zakazu opuszczania określonego miejsca pobytu bez zgody sądu.
Increasing number of the the brutal acts of violence against minors forced on government agencies to take action to reduce the scale of this phenomenon. Undoubtedly one of elements of these activities was to develop a proposal to amend the law on preventing domestic violence. The result of these projects was the adoption by the Polish Parliament on 10 June 2010 amendments to the law on preventing domestic violence and other acts. With the entry into force of the revised legislation there are new tasks for the courts and probation officers. Curators of the court will participate in the interdisciplinary teams appointed by the municipal executive bodies, courts and they received, as it seems, an effective legal instrument as a possible rule to ban the perpetrator in contact with certain individuals, a ban on approaching the prohibition of certain persons or leaving a particular place of residence without permission of the court.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego; 2011, Zeszyt, XXV; 615-626
0860-9608
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Obowiązki nakładane na osoby skazane z art. 207 § 1 k.k. w orzecznictwie sądów rejonowych
Duties imposed under 207§1 of Polish Criminal Code in district courts’ judicature
Autorzy:: Wrona, Grzegorz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698985.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przemoc domowa
przemoc wobec kobiet
polityka kryminalna
criminal law
victimization
victim
Opis:: The article contains an analysis of district court sentences which included protective and re-straining orders under article 72§1 of Polish Criminal Code (hereinafter referred to as PCC) on perpetrators of harassment punishable under article 207§1 of PCC. Because of the character of the crime of harassment, the main part of the article concerns orders of refraining from contacts with victims and of leaving the common place of residence. The article contains analysis and conclusions of a research of cases which ended in a decree absolute in 2008 – 2009 and concerned prosecution under article 207§1 of the Code. The research, completed in 2010, was conducted in eleven district courts, all of them subordinate to different courts of appeals. The results of the research show a significant divergence in the manner of sentencing restraining orders throughout the country. One may notice the extremes of the approach, particularly as far as the order of leaving the common place of residence is concerned. As a result, the courts use such opportunity only in a few percent of the cases where such orders can be sentenced. It is hard to speak of any line of sentencing with such a small number of cases. Meanwhile, the legislator amended the Act on Family Violence Prevention with the view on the duties imposed under article 72§1 of PCC. As a result of this amendment, two changes were introduced. The first consisted in distinguishing correctional and educational actions in section 6a. The second concerned the order of refraining from contacts with the victim in section 7a of the said article which was extended by adding a restraining order of staying away at a minimum distance from the victim. At the same time the legislator did not take into account the doubts expressed by the doctrine about possibility of successful enforcement of orders under sections 7a and 7b (order to leave the common place of residence). The conclusions of the article concern the necessity of more frequent interpretation of duties under article 72§1 sections 7a and 7b PCC by the courts and, as a consequence, of es-tablishing a uniform and consistent judicature in sentencing such restraining orders. It is sug-gested that this can be achieved if the guidelines by Polish Attorney General on preliminary proceedings in family violence cases include an instruction for the prosecutors to apply to courts for such restraining orders. This way, the courts of law will be obliged to take a stance on such motions and a chance to standardise the manner of sentencing them will arise.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2011, XXXIII; 213-225
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Rozważania wokół fenomenu pomocy
Deliberations on the Phenomenon of Assistance
Autorzy:: Filek, Janina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/889740.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Małopolska Szkoła Administracji Publicznej
Tematy:: Pomoc publiczna
Pomoc poszkodowanym
Przemoc
Językoznawstwo
Public aid
Victim assistance
Abuse
Linguistics
Opis:: Prezentowany poniżej tekst ma charakter refleksji nad fenomenem pomocy - zjawiskiem coraz powszechniej występującym w życiu społecznym, choć raczej słabo obecnym w analizach filozoficzno-społecznych. Należy jednak od razu zaznaczyć, że prowadzone tu rozważania mają charakter wstępny, w dużym bowiem stopniu koncentrują się na analizie językowej. Analiza ta oparta jest na założeniu, że w rozumieniu wielu zjawisk pomocne może się okazać badanie pojęć je opisujących, ponieważ właśnie w języku skumulowana jest wiedza człowieka o otaczającej go rzeczywistości, czasami nawet nie w pełni przez niego uświadamiana. W drugiej części artykułu uwagę skoncentrowano na zaskakującej, zarówno w sensie językowym, jak i w przestrzeni działań praktycznych, bliskości pomocy i przemocy. (abstrakt oryginalny)
The paper offers some reflections on assistance - a phenomenon that whose presence in social life is becoming more and more pronounced, although less so socio-philosophical analyses. The considerations presented here are preliminary in nature, and to a considerable extent focus on linguistic analysis.The author's approach is based on the assumption that an understanding of a number of phenomena can be aided by research into the notions that describe it, since it is within language that people accumulate their knowledge of surrounding reality, sometimes without fully realising it. The second part of the article focuses on the surprising closeness between assistance and violence, both in their literal senses and in practice. (original abstract)
Źródło:: Ekonomia Społeczna; 2011, 2; 7-20
2081-321X
Pojawia się w:: Ekonomia Społeczna
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Dzieci jako adresaci i odbiorcy reklam telewizyjnych
Children as Recipients of Advertising
Autorzy:: Starosta, Anna Maria
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/644886.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: television childhood
„home” variation of advertisement
victim unaware of the coming danger
the initiator of shopping
„an advertisement for children”
Opis:: Living in XXI century, experiencing personally technological and psycho – social changes that modern world provides us with, usually we cannot see many phenomena. One of them is undoubtedly the impact of TV commercials on children’s personality development process. – Yet, it has become one of the most important factors affecting the child in the process of the social – economic development that exerts great influence on the way of thinking and behavior. It mainly results from the fact that children today live in a world completely different from previous generations to such an extent that more and more often their childhood is described as „television childhood”. The child starts to experience the television (and what comes with it – TV commercials) at home continues throughout the childhood and his youth. A particular concern is the fact that children nowadays have a contact with the medium very early – it starts once their level of development allows them to focus on the screen for some (not long though) time. The range of their contact with the small screen is very wide – what is the most important – it is systematic, daily, lasting for many hours, it has the multifaceted nature and individual character.
Źródło:: Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2012, 2; 173-188
2300-0422
Pojawia się w:: Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki