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Tytuł:
The Structure of Goal Contents Revisited. A Verification of the Model in Polish Samples
Autorzy:
Górnik-Durose, Małgorzata
Jach, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128336.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
goals
Self-Determination Theory
Aspiration Index
Opis:
The article presents an attempt to confirm the circumplex structure of goal contents, identified in 15 cultures around the world (Grouzet et al., 2005), in nine Polish samples. The procedure followed steps from the original study and included testing the assumed 11-factor goal structure and the two-dimensional circular organization of the goal contents. None of the analyses showed outcomes that would explicitly confirm the results attained in the original study. The CFA showed rather poor fits. Results of the MDS generally supported the assumption about the two-dimensional goal contents structure, however ipsative distance analysis reproduced only one of the two assumed dimensions. Finally, although the CIRCUM analysis showed in principle that in the Polish sample the organization of goal contents on the circumference was quite similar to original, the RMSEA indicated poor fit. Methodological and conceptual reasons for the replication failure are analyzed and discussed.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 4; 451-463
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Etyka pracy i motywacja do pracy osób z różnych grup wiekowych – podobieństwa i różnice
Autorzy:
Chrupała-Pniak, Małgorzata
Grabowski, Damian
Chudzicka-Czupała, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2157587.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
work ethic
self-determined motivation
self-determination theory
generational differences
Opis:
The paper focuses on issues of work motivation and work ethic believes presented by members of orga- nizations. Ryan Deci’s Self Determination Theory (2000) and Weber’s work ethic concept (2011) serve as a theoretical basis for the explanation of work attitudes. The aim of our research is to present how the generational affiliation differentiate work ethic and work motivation in three groups of employees. The sample consists of 312 employees from Polish organizations in various industries. The study did not confirm any differences between age groups in their attitude towards work (work ethic), except from the acceptance of hard work. Young workers value the hard work more than others and they believe it leads to success. Significant differences also have been confirmed in the case of amotivation (scores higher for older employees) and external regulation (lower scores in older workers).
Źródło:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne; 2015, 1(16); 107-118
1898-0171
Pojawia się w:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Motywacja do studiów na kierunku turystyka i rekreacja w różnych typach uczelni
Autorzy:
Tomik, Rajmund
Ardeńska, Agnieszka
Borek, Zbigniew
Ardeńska, Magdalena
Vierek, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1789792.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
motivation
students
the Self-Determination Theory
tourism and recreation
Opis:
The aim of this study was to present the tool used to identify, analyse and diagnose students’ motivation to study. The research is based on the Self Determination Theory. This research included 442 students of tourism and recreation at three types of universities. The Academic Motivation Scale was used and the method of the diagnostic survey using the questionnaire technique was applied. Results indicated that the respondents were a homogeneous group. The students scored the highest on two subscales of extrinsic motivation (external regulation and identification) and on the subscale of intrinsic motivation to know. Results revealed significant difference between female students of different universities regarding amotivation. Female students of the university of economics scored higher on amotivation than female students of other universities. Diagnosis of students’ motivation requires regular monitoring and should be done at least two times every education cycle. The most alarming result regarding students’ motivation to study is the high, or even soaring level of amotivation. Conversely, the internal motivation is the most autonomous and therefore the most desirable type of motivation for students and should be nurtured. Internal motivation refers to the act of doing something for the sole pleasure of the activity, excluding the external structure of punishment and reward, the so-called “carrot and stick” method.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny; 2020, 65(1 (255)); 192-205
0023-5938
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Validation of the Voluntary Participation in Online Surveys Scale
Autorzy:
Kaczmarek, Łukasz D.
Haładziński, Piotr
Kaczmarek, Lech
Bączkowski, Błażej
Ziarko, Michał
Dombrowski, Stephan U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
motivation
response rate
web-based surveys
Self-Determination Theory
Opis:
A comprehensive understanding of participants’ motives to complete web-based surveys has the potential to improve data quality. In this study we tested the construct validity of a scale developed to measure motivation to participate in webbased surveys. We expected that 7 different motivations observed in our previous study will form a 3-factor structure, as predicted by Self-Determination Theory. This web-based questionnaire study comprised 257 participants completing the Voluntary Participation in Online Studies Scale. Their responses to 21 items underwent a principal component analysis and confi rmatory factor analysis. As we expected, three factors were identifi ed: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation. In line with Self-Determination Theory there are three distinct groups of motives among web-surveys participants with amotivation as an understudied motivational state. We discuss the results suggesting which types of motivation might lead to higher quality of data with an emphasis on possible negative effects of amotivation.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2012, 43, 3; 210-214
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Intrinsic Motivation Predicting Performance Satisfaction in Athletes: Further Psychometric Evaluations of the Sport Motivation Scale-6
Autorzy:
Blecharz, Jan
Horodyska, Karolina
Zarychta, Karolina
Adamiec, Aleksandra
Luszczynska, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430449.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-06-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
sport
intrinsic motivation
self-determination theory
self-efficacy
satisfaction
psychometric characteristics
Opis:
The study investigated psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6), assessing intrinsic regulation, four extrinsic regulation constructs, and amotivation among athletes competing at a regional and national level. In particular, we tested the factorial structure of SMS-6, its short-term stability, and the associations of SMS-6 constructs with self-efficacy, self-esteem, motivational climate, and satisfaction with sport performance. Participants were 197 athletes (57.4% women), representing team (54.7%) and individual disciplines. The measurement was repeated at the three-week follow-up (n = 107). Results yielded support for the six first-order factor structure (three second-order factors). More autonomous forms of motivation were related to higher levels of self-efficacy, performance satisfaction, and taskoriented motivational climate in sport organizations. Sequential multiple mediation analysis showed that the association between general self-efficacy and performance satisfaction at a follow-up was mediated by introjected regulation and personal-barrier self-efficacy.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 2; 309-319
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Successful language learning in a corporate setting: The role of attribution theory and its relation to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Autorzy:
Kálmán, Csaba
Gutierrez Eugenio, Esther
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780449.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
attribution theory
self-determination theory
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
adult learners
Opis:
Attribution theory (Weiner, 1985) and self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) have been explored as contributors to L2 motivation (cf. Dörnyei, 2001) but have never been studied quantitatively in concert. In addition, students’ attributions for success in learning a foreign language have never been measured through the use of a questionnaire. The aim of this paper is therefore (a) to develop a questionnaire with reliable constructs that allows to measure adult learners’ attributions for their success in learning English in a corporate setting, (b) to investigate these learners’ attributions, and (c) to investigate the relationship between students’ attributions and the constructs of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation central to self-determination theory. Our main results show that among the attributions measured, interest, effort and corporate culture seemed to be the main causes that students recognised as directly involved in their success in learning English. Of all the attributional scales, interest and ability appeared to importantly contribute to intrinsic motivation, while corporate culture, encounters with foreign professionals and ability contributed to a lower extent to extrinsic motivation. It must be noted, however, that attributions for success to teacher and task were so consistently high that they could not be reliably measured with the questionnaire.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2015, 5, 4; 583-608
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of the Impact of OBE-Based Teaching Reform on Students’ Learning Experiences : From the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory
Autorzy:
Liu, Xia’nan
Somasundram, Piriya A/P
He, Yanbin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2233945.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
outcome-based education
self-determination theory
academic
achievement
learning satisfaction
Opis:
This study employed a questionnaire survey method and utilised the Self-Determination Theory as a theoretical framework to simulate students’ “needs”. The aim was to investigate the impact of OBE-based teaching reform on students’ academic achievement, satisfaction, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The study used a quasi-experimental research design with 80 students from Changzhi Medical College as the sample and found that OBE teaching can improve students’ academic achievement, especially for middle and low-performance students. It can improve students’ satisfaction with the course and relatedness experience.
Źródło:
The New Educational Review; 2023, 72; 108-121
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:
The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relationships among Orientation to Exercise, Personality, Well-being, and Self-Efficacy among Recreational Runners
Autorzy:
Cypryańska, Marzena
Nezlek, John B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
exercise motivation
well-being
Self Determination Theory
diary study
BFI-44
Opis:
Participants in the study were recreational runners who completed measures of their orientation to exercise, the Five Factor Model of personality, self-efficacy as a specific adaptation (a socio-cognitive construct of personality) and measures of subjective well-being (life satisfaction) and eudaimonic well-being (life engagement). Consistent with previous research, task-oriented (internally focused) motivation to exercise was positively related to extraversion and to conscientiousness, and ego-oriented (externally focused) motivation was positively related to extraversion. Also consistent with previous research, self-efficacy and measures of well-being were positively related to extraversion and conscientiousness. Mediational analyses found that well-being mediated relationships between task-oriented motives and both extraversion and conscientiousness. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between ego-oriented motives and extraversion. The implications of these results for the study individual differences in exercise motivation are discussed.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2018, 49, 2; 158-165
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Total Participation Management:Toward Psychological Determinants of Subjective Well-Being at Work
Autorzy:
Mika, Katarzyna
Stocki, Ryszard
Bożek, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/475042.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Fundacja Upowszechniająca Wiedzę i Naukę Cognitione
Tematy:
Total participation management
subjective well-being
basic psychological needs
self-determination theory
Opis:
Aiming to determine which management practice has the strongest influence on the subjective well-being (SWB) of employees, three workplaces were assessed with reference to different levels of total participation management (TPM), an innovative approach to human resource management. The study examined whether the level of TPM is positively related with SWB, defined according to Diener’s (1984) affective and cognitive facets of work. The psychological explanation of the predicted dependence was the level of satisfaction of three basic needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) distinguished by Deci and Ryan (2000a). The hypothesis about a positive relationship between SWB and TPM was confirmed. Results indicate that the least participative company has employees with the lowest subjective well-being and with the lowest satisfaction of basic psychological needs.
Źródło:
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation; 2013, 9, 4; 29-52
2299-7075
2299-7326
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Use of Game Elements in Higher Education in the Context of Motivating Different Types of Users of Gamified Systems
Autorzy:
Witoszek-Kubicka, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1197616.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-26
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
Gamifikacja
Typy użytkowników gamifikacji
Teoria autodeterminacji
Gamification
Gamification user types
Self Determination Theory
Opis:
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the article is to select the elements of games that increase the student’s external and internal motivation tailored to the specific type of player he/she represents. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is the issue of motivating students using gamification. The author addresses the issue of preparation of classes that will actually translate into motivation to learn practical skills, but also to develop, pose difficult questions and engage in the learning process. The research is based on the Self-Determination Theory and Marczewski gamification users typology. The basic method used in the presented research is an analysis of a questionnaire conducted among students of the Cracow University of Economics. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article consists of two main parts. The first presents the concept of gamification and its use in motivating. Second part of the article is divided into three subsections. First of them contains characteristics of different participants types in gamification projects. Second of them presents assumption and research hypotheses, the other one includes analysis of the results and conclusions of the study. RESEARCH RESULTS: Thanks to the conducted research and based on the subject literature, the predispositions of students to accept the use of selected mechanisms known from games were determined. The conducted research confirmed the assumed hypothesis that the legitimacy of using particular elements of gamification depends on the target group of participants. However, the hypothesis of ineffectiveness of the use of elements specific to the type of player was not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Further research is needed to verify this assumption, e.g. using a gamification project. Due to the limited research sample, the results do not reflect the entire population, but provide a basis for further research on the motivational elements of individual participants.
Opracowanie podejmuje problematykę motywowania studentów przy zastosowaniu gamifikacji. Przygotowanie zajęć, które rzeczywiście przełożą się nie tylko na motywację do nauki praktycznych umiejętności, ale też rozwoju, stawiania trudnych pytań i zaangażowania w proces uczenia się okazuje się złożonym problemem. Temat jest opisywany zarówno w literaturze zagranicznej, jak i polskiej, jednakże determinanty skuteczności zastosowania grywalizacji w motywowaniu wymagają dalszych badań. Celem artykułu jest dobór mechanizmów gier zwiększających motywację zewnętrzną i wewnętrzną studenta dostosowanych do określonego typu gracza, jaki reprezentuje. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych podjęta zostanie próba wyznaczenia wspólnego typu gracza właściwego dla studentów UEK. Dzięki przeprowadzonym badaniom i w oparciu o literaturę przedmiotu określono predyspozycje studentów do akceptacji zastosowania wybranych mechanizmów znanych z gier.
Źródło:
Horyzonty Wychowania; 2020, 19, 51; 57-67
1643-9171
2391-9485
Pojawia się w:
Horyzonty Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cele życiowe ojców i ich dzieci: perspektywa teorii autodeterminacji
Father’s and their children`s life goals in the context of Self-Determination Theory
Autorzy:
Wojtowicz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-05-07
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
Tematy:
cele życiowe
ojcowie
rodzina
teoria autodeterminacji
family
fathers
personal goals
Self-Determination Theory
Opis:
Celem badania było sprawdzenie różnic i podobieństw w wartościowaniu celów życiowych przez ojców i dzieci. Zgodnie z motywacyjną teorią autodeterminacji dokonano podziału aspiracji na cele zewnętrzne (np. finanse, władza, sława) i wewnętrzne (np. afiliacja i cele prospołeczne). Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują, że młodzież wyżej niż ojcowie ceni cele afiliacyjne. Badania pokazało również, że w obu grupach istnieją związki celów: prospołecznych, podkreślających wagę bliskich relacji i samoakceptacji.
The aim of this study was to examine the similarities and differences in goals valuation in father’s and children’s life. According to the motivative Self-Determination Theory (Deci, Ryan, 2000) the aspirations were divided into two groups: external goals (i.e. finance, power, fame) and internal goals (i.e. affiliation and prosocial goals). The results suggest that teens, unlike their fathers, estimate higher affiliation goals. The report also shows (in both groups) relations between three categories of goals: prosocial, close relationships and self- acceptance.
Źródło:
Forum Oświatowe; 2013, 25, 1(48); 73-85
0867-0323
2450-3452
Pojawia się w:
Forum Oświatowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ROLA MOTYWACJI W PROCESIE UCZENIA SIĘ JĘZYKA PRZEZ UCZNIÓW Z DOŚWIADCZENIEM MIGRACJI – METODA JES-PL
Motivation to learn languages by immigrant students – JES PL Method
Autorzy:
Pamuła-Behrens, Małgorzata
Morena, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/443054.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
migracja
metoda JES-PL
teoria samoukierunkowania
migration
JES-PL Method
self-determination theory
Opis:
An increasing number of immigrant students pose new challenges for the Polish school. The immigrant groups consist of foreign children, but also Polish children who migrate with their parents. Their adaptation to a new place and integration are not always easy. These children do not only need professional support from the school and its staff, but also from Polish students. The key to succeeding in this complex process is to learn the language and culture of the country of settlement. Acquisition of this knowledge is conditioned by a motivation to face the Other, the language and culture. The purpose of the paper is to explore the role of motivation to learn the new language and culture of the country of settlement. In particular, we focus on determinants of motivation in the context of language learning and problems immigrant and refugee students are faced with in a new country. We also present the JES-PL Method which aims to support the development of language and communication skills within an immigrant family in the context of school language education (JES).
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2019, 52/1; 43-60
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
What makes an efficacious teacher? The role of basic psychological needs and recovery from stressors in relation to teachers self-efficacy and performance
Autorzy:
Szulawski, Michał
Baka, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/46622373.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-09-17
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
teachers
self-determination theory
basic psychological needs
individual performance
recovery from stressors
teachers self-efficacy
Opis:
Background Studies suggest that teachers’ ability to perform their work tasks well is one of the most important antecedents of the achievements of students. This project was focused on verifying an underresearched relation among basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, the way the teachers use their time to recover from work stressors, with their performance and self-efficacy. Material and Methods The participants were 503 teachers from a representative sample of schools in Poland. In the study performance (Individual Work Performance Questionnaire), self-efficacy (Norwegian Teachers Self-Efficacy Scale), basic psychological needs (Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale), and recovery processes (Recovery Experience Questionnaire) were measured. Results As expected, the results showed that there is a strong relation between basic psychological needs and teachers’ individual performance and self-efficacy. However, this relation is partially mediated by some recovery processes, mostly control and detachment. Conclusions The results prove that, to some extent, the relation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and teachers’ performance and self-efficacy could be explained by the stress recovery processes undertaken by teachers in their free time. This study focused on explaining these relations and suggesting ideas for further studies in this domain.
Źródło:
Medycyna Pracy. Workers’ Health and Safety; 2024, 75, 4; 309-320
0465-5893
2353-1339
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Pracy. Workers’ Health and Safety
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konstrukcja kwestionariusza motywacji do nauki w oparciu o koncepcję Self-Determination Theory E. Deciego, R.M. Ryana
Construction questionnaire on motivation In education in the basis Self-Determination Theory E. Deci’s, R.M. Ryan’s
Autorzy:
Góźdź, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/544444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
Tematy:
Self-Determination Theory
amotywacja
motywacja zewnętrzna
motywacja introjektowana
motywacja oparta na identyfikacji
motywacja wewnętrzna
Opis:
Artykuł prezentuje problematykę motywacji w edukacji. Przedstawiono w nim zwięźle pojęcie motywacji oraz główne nurty teoretyczne odnoszące się do tego zagadnienia. Szczególne miejsce poświęcono koncepcji Self-Determination Theory E. Deciego i R.M. Ryana, gdzie przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne koncepcji oraz scharakteryzowano procesy zewnętrznej i wewnętrznej regulacji zachowania. Koncepcja ta stanowi bazę dla stworzonego kwestionariusza motywacji do nauki. W artykule przedstawiono proces konstrukcji narzędzia wraz z wynikami badań jego rzetelności i trafności, ostateczną formę kwestionariusza wraz z kluczem odpowiedzi odnoszących się do wyszczególnionych rodzajów motywacji.
Źródło:
Przegląd Pedagogiczny; 2015, 1; 263-270
1897-6557
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Autonomy, Mastery, Purpose – a basis for good practice in organising university courses
Autorzy:
Zielicz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/451781.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
Tematy:
self-determination theory
autonomy
mastery
purpose
motivation
university teaching
course organization
module structure
assessment
Opis:
In this article we present a comparative case study of two master courses in mathematics organised respectively by a university in the UK and in Germany. The two cases are analysed in terms of the aspects of Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose which are related to the self-determination theory of Deci and Ryan and its concept of autonomous motivation. We reveal the differences between the two universities and consider their influence on the students behaviour and performance. Stronger features of Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose coincide with positive effects, which is in accordance with the predictions of self-determination theory. We propose Autonomy, Mastery and Purpose as a basis for establishing good practice in university teaching and make some suggestions for practical implementation.
Źródło:
Journal of Modern Science; 2017, 32, 1; 183-208
1734-2031
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Modern Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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